JP5965108B2 - 遺伝子解析および化学解析用の単分子アレイ - Google Patents
遺伝子解析および化学解析用の単分子アレイ Download PDFInfo
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- Automatic Analysis And Handling Materials Therefor (AREA)
Description
本発明の一態様では、高分子構造が、試料(例えば患者、経済的に重要な生物などから得られるゲノムDNAまたはcDNA)から抽出または誘導されるポリヌクレオチド分析物(すなわちターゲット配列)のコンカテマーを含む。そのような単分子を含む本発明のランダムアレイは、配列決定、SNP測定、アレルの定量、コピー数測定などを含むゲノムワイドな解析を行うのに役立つ。哺乳類サイズのゲノムの場合、好ましくは断片化を少なくとも二段階で行い、第1段階では、約100キロ塩基(Kb)〜約250キロ塩基のサイズ範囲にあるフラグメントの集団を生成させ、各100〜250Kbフラグメントに個別に適用される第2段階では、約50〜600ヌクレオチド、より好ましくは約300〜600ヌクレオチドのサイズ範囲にある、ランダムアレイ用のコンカテマーを生成させるためのフラグメントを生成させる。本発明のいくつかの態様では、断片化の第1段階を、そのようなフラグメントの予め決定されたサブセット(例えばシグナル伝達系路のタンパク質をコードする遺伝子を含有するフラグメントなど)を選択するために使用することもできる。本発明のアレイを構築するのに必要なゲノムDNAの量は広く変動しうる。ある態様では、哺乳類サイズのゲノムに関して、少なくとも10ゲノム相当のDNAからフラグメントを生成させ;もう一つの態様では、少なくとも30ゲノム相当のDNAからフラグメントを生成させ;もう一つの態様では、少なくとも60ゲノム相当のDNAからフラグメントを生成させる。
本発明の一態様では、単分子が、通常のローリングサークル複製(RCR)反応で作成されたポリヌクレオチド(通例、ポリヌクレオチド分析物、すなわちターゲット配列)のコンカテマーを含む。RCR反応の条件および試薬を選択するための手引きは、参照により本明細書に組み入れられる以下の文献からもわかるように、当業者が利用できる数多くの文献に見出すことができる:Koolの米国特許第5,426,180号;Lizardiの米国特許第5,854,033号および同第6,143,495号;Landegrenの米国特許第5,871,921号など。一般に、RCR反応の構成要素は、一本鎖DNAサークル、DNAサークルにアニールする一つ以上のプライマー、DNAサークルにアニールさせたプライマーの3'末端を伸長するための鎖置換活性を持つDNAポリメラーゼ、ヌクレオシド三リン酸、および通常のポリメラーゼ反応バッファーが含まれる。そのような構成要素を、プライマーがDNAサークルにアニールし、DNAポリメラーゼによって伸長されて、DNAサークル相補鎖のコンカテマーを形成することができるような条件下で混合する。代表的なRCR反応プロトコールは以下のとおりである。50μLの反応混合物に以下の成分を集める:2〜50pmolの環状DNA、0.5単位/μLのファージφ29 DNAポリメラーゼ、0.2μg/μLのBSA、3mM dNTP、1×φ29 DNAポリメラーゼ反応バッファー(Amersham)。RCR反応を30℃で12時間行う。いくつかの実施形態では、からみ合いおよび他の分子間相互作用を避けるために、ポリメラーゼ反応における環状DNAの濃度を、低く(1mlあたり約100億〜1000億サークル、すなわち1ピコリットルあたり10〜100サークル)選択することができる。
本発明の一態様では、高分子構造が、少なくとも一つのユニークな官能基(ポリヌクレオチドの場合、これは通例、5'または3'末端の官能基である)と、固形支持体の表面の反応性官能基と特異的に反応する能力を持つ複数の相補的官能基とを持つポリマーを含む。分岐ポリマー(特に分岐ポリヌクレオチド)を含む高分子構造は、Gryaznov(前掲)、Urdea(前掲)などの文献に開示されているように、さまざまな方法で合成することができる。一態様として、本発明の分岐ポリマーには、櫛型分岐ポリマーが包含され、これは、一つ以上の分岐点が内部モノマーおよび/または連結部分に置かれた線状ポリマーユニットを含む。本発明の分岐ポリマーにはフォーク型分岐ポリマーも包含され、これは、一つまたは二つの分岐点が末端モノマーおよび/または連結部分に置かれた線状ポリマーユニットを含む。本発明の高分子構造には、一つ以上の二重鎖または三重鎖によって一つに結合された線状および/または分岐ポリヌクレオチドのアセンブリも包含される。そのようなアセンブリは、例えばGoodmanら, Science, 310: 1661-1665 (2005);Biracら, J. Mol. Graph Model, (April 18, 2006);Seemanらの米国特許第6,255,469号など(これらは参照により本明細書に組み入れられる)などによって開示されているように、構成要素線状ポリヌクレオチドから自己集合させうる。ある態様では、本発明の線状ポリマーユニットが、「-(M-L)n-」の形式を持つ(式中、Lはリンカー部分であり、Mは、不活性非立体障害スペーサー部分として役立つことから、他の構成要素を取付けるための分岐点として、あるいはラベルを取付けるための部位;例えばUrdeaらの米国特許第5,124,246号またはWangらの米国特許第4,925,785号に記述されているようにアンプリファイヤ(amplifier)鎖またはアンプリファイヤ構造にハイブリダイズまたは結合させるオリゴヌクレオチドまたは他の結合ポリマーを取付けるための部位;例えばWhiteleyらの米国特許第4,883,750号に記述されているように「フック(hook)」を取付けるための部位;あるいは溶解度に影響を与え、二重鎖および/または三重鎖形成を促進するための他の基(例えばインターカレーター、アルキル化剤など)を取付けるための部位として役立ちうる反応性官能基を提供することまで、さまざまな機能を提供するために、広範囲にわたるさまざまな化学構造から選択されうるモノマーである)。以下の参考文献には、本発明における使用に適したいくつかのホスホロアミダイトおよび/またはハイドロゲンホスホネートモノマーが開示されており、それらの合成およびオリゴヌクレオチドへの組み込みに関する手引きが記載されている:Newtonら, Nucleic Acids Research, 21:1155-1162 (1993);Griffinら, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114:7976-7982 (1992);Jaschkeら, Tetrahedron Letters, 34:301-304 (1992);Maらの国際出願PCT/CA92/00423;Zonらの国際出願PCT/US90/06630;Durandら, Nucleic Acids Research, 18:6353-6359 (1990);Salunkheら, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114:8768-8772 (1992);Urdeaらの米国特許第5,093,232号;Ruthの米国特許第4,948,882号;Cruickshankの米国特許第5,091,519号;Haralambidisら, Nucleic Acids Research, 15:4857-4876 (1987)など。より具体的には、Mは、1〜20個の炭素原子と酸素、窒素、および硫黄からなる群より選択される0〜10個のヘテロ原子とを含有する直鎖状、環状、または分岐状の有機分子構造である。好ましくは、Mは、1〜16個の炭素原子を含有するアルキル、アルコキシ、アルケニル、またはアリール;3〜8個の炭素原子と、酸素、窒素、および硫黄からなる群より選択される1〜3個のヘテロ原子とを持つ複素環;グリコシル;またはヌクレオシジルである。より好ましくは、Mは、1〜8個の炭素原子を含有するアルキル、アルコキシ、アルケニル、またはアリール;グリコシル;またはヌクレオシジルである。好ましくは、Lは、リン(V)連結基であり、これは、ホスホジエステル、ホスホトリエステル、メチルまたはエチルホスホネート、ホスホロチオエート、ホスホロジチオエート、ホスホロアミデートなどであることができる。一般に、ホスホロアミダイトまたはハイドロゲンホスホネート前駆体から誘導される結合は好ましいので、本発明の線状ポリマーユニットは、例えばApplied Biosystems, Inc.(カリフォルニア州フォスターシティー)モデル394などの市販自動DNA合成装置を使って、簡便に合成することができる。nは、MおよびLの性質に依存してかなり変化しうる。通例、nは約3から約100まで変化する。Mがヌクレオシドもしくはその類似体またはヌクレオシドサイズのモノマーであり、Lがリン(V)結合である場合、nは約12から約100まで変化する。好ましくは、Mがヌクレオシドもしくはその類似体またはヌクレオシドサイズのモノマーであり、Lがリン(V)結合である場合、nは約12〜約40まで変化する。ポリマーユニットは、それらの間に一つ以上の共有結合架橋を形成させることによって、アセンブルすることができる。ある態様では、一つ以上の構成要素上にあるチオール、ホスホロチオエート、またはホスホロジチオエート基を、一つ以上の他の構成要素上にあるハロアシル-またはハロアルキル-アミノ基と反応させて、一つ以上のチオ-もしくはジチオ-ホスホリルアシルまたはチオ-もしくはジチオ-ホスホリルアルキル架橋を形成させることにより、架橋が形成される。一般に、そのような架橋は、以下に挙げる形式の一つを持つ:-NHRSP(=Z)(O-)-- または-NHRS-(式中、Rはアルキルまたはアシルであり、Zは硫黄または酸素である)。アセンブリ反応には、その実施形態に依存して2〜20個の構成要素が関与しうるが、好ましくは2〜8個の構成要素が関与し、より好ましくは2〜4個の構成要素が関与する。好ましくは、上記ハロアシルアミノまたはハロアルキルアミノ基はハロアセチルアミノ基であり、より好ましくはハロアセチルアミノ基がブロモアセチルアミノ基である。ハロアシル-またはハロアルキル-アミノ基のアシル部分またはアルキル部分は、1〜12個の炭素原子を含有し、より好ましくは、そのような部分が1〜8個の炭素原子を含有する。反応は広範囲にわたるさまざまな溶媒系で行うことができるが、一般的には、アセンブリ反応は液体水性条件下で行われるか、例えば液体水性反応混合物の温度を低下させることによって得られる氷中に凍結した状態で行われる。もう一つの選択肢として、DMSO/H2Oにおけるチオホスホリルアセチルアミノ架橋の形成が、Thuongら, Tetrahedron Letters, 28:4157-4160 (1987)およびFrancoisら, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 86:9702-9706 (1989)によって報告されている。典型的な水性条件には、25mM NaClおよび15mMリン酸緩衝液(pH7.0)中、4μMの反応物が含まれる。チオ-もしくはジチオ-ホスホリルアシル-またはチオ-もしくはジチオ-ホスホリルアルキル-アミノ架橋は好ましい。なぜなら、それらは、硝酸銀、ヨウ化カリウムなどの酸化剤によって、容易にかつ選択的に切断することができるからである。好ましくは、架橋のおよそ百倍モル過剰に相当する濃度のヨウ化カリウムKI3を使って、架橋を切断する。通例、KI3は約0.1Mの濃度で使用される。これらの架橋の切断が容易であることは、複雑な高分子構造の合成において、著しい利点である。というのも、それは、最終産物を解析して最終産物の構造が正しいことを確認するための簡便な方法になるからである。3'-ハロアシルまたはハロアルキル-アミノ(この例ではハロアセチルアミノ)誘導体化オリゴヌクレオチド1を、5'-ホスホロチオエート誘導体化オリゴヌクレオチド2と、以下のスキームに従って反応させる:
5'-BBB ... B-NHC(=O)CH2X+ (1)
S-P(=O)(O-)-BBB ... B-3'→ (2)
5'-BBB ... B-NHC(=O)CH2SP(=O)(O-)O-BBB ... B-3'
[式中、Xはハロであり、Bはヌクレオチドである]。ヌクレオチドが、より一般的な上述のポリマーユニット(M-L)nの代表例に過ぎないことは、言うまでもない。化合物1は、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)中のN-スクシンイミジルハロアセテートを、ホウ酸ナトリウムバッファー中の3'-アミノデオキシリボヌクレオチド前駆体と、室温で反応させることによって製造することができる。約35分後に、その混合物を(例えばH2Oで)希釈し、脱塩し、(例えば逆相HPLCによって)精製する。Y-アミノデオキシリボヌクレオチド前駆体は、GryaznovおよびLetsinger, Nucleic Acids Research, 20:3403-3409 (1992)に記述されているように製造することができる。簡単に述べると、脱保護後に、標準的なスクシニル結合によって支持体に連結されているデオキシチミジンの5'ヒドロキシルを、ジクロロメタン/ジイソプロピルエチルアミンなどの適当な溶媒中で、クロロ-(ジイソプロピルエチルアミノ)-メトキシホスフィンとの反応により、ホスフィチル化する。テトラゾールで活性化した後、その5'-ホスフィチル化チミジンを5'-トリチル-O-3'-アミノ-3'-デオキシヌクレオシドと反応させて、ヌクレオシド部分がホスホロアミデート結合によって共有結合的に接合されているヌクレオシド-チミジン二量体を形成させる。オリゴヌクレオチドの残りの部分は、標準的なホスホロアミダイトケミストリーによって合成される。スクシニル結合を切断した後、酸処理(例えば80%酢酸水溶液、室温で18〜20時間)によってホスホロアミデート結合を切断することにより、3'末端アミノ基を持つオリゴヌクレチドを生成させる。5'-モノホスホロチオエートオリゴヌクレオチド2は、以下のように形成される:5'モノホスフェートを、オリゴヌクレチドの5'末端に、化学的にまたはキナーゼを使って酵素的に取付ける(例えばSambrookら「Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual」第2版(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory、ニューヨーク、1989))。好ましくは、オリゴヌクレオチド合成の最終ステップとして、Eckstein編「Oligonucleotides and Analogues」(IRL Press、オックスフォード、1991)の第12章にThuongおよびAssclineが記載している、またはTetrahedron Lett., 27:4705 (1986)にHornおよびUrdeaが記載している、化学的リン酸化により(例えばClontech Labortories(カリフォルニア州パロアルト)の5'Phosphate-ON(商標)などといった市販の試薬を使って)モノホスフェートを付加する。次に、その5'-モノホスフェートを、通常の硫化剤、例えばS8の5%ピフィジン(pyfidine)/CS2溶液による処理(1:1、v/v、室温で45分間)、または米国特許第5,003,097号、同第5,151,510号、もしくは同第5,166,387号に記載されている硫化剤による処理を使って硫化する。モノホスホロジチオエートも類似の手法で製造される(例えばFroehlerらの欧州特許公開0 360 609 A2;Caruthersらの国際出願PCT/US89/02293など)。上記と同様に、5'-ハロアセチルアミノ誘導体化オリゴヌクレオチド3を、以下のスキームに従って、3'-モノホスホロチオエートオリゴヌクレオチド4と反応させる:
3'-BBB ... B-NHC(=O)CH2X+ (3)
S-P(=O)(O-)O-BBB ... B-5'→ (4)
3'-BBB ... B-NHC(=O)CH2SP(=O)(O-)-BBB ... B-5'
[式中、jマーおよびkマーのヌクレオチドモノマーが反対向きである点以外、記号は上記と同意義である]。この場合、化合物3は、3'-アミノオリゴヌクレオチドについて上述したように、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)中のN-スクシンイミジルハロアセテートを、ホウ酸ナトリウムバッファー中の5'-アミノデオキシリボヌクレオチド前駆体と室温で反応させることによって、製造することができる。5'-アミノデオキシヌクレオシドは、Glinskiら, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm., 915-916 (1970);Millerら, J. Org. Chem. 29:1772 (1964);Ozolsら, Synthesis, 7:557-559 (1980);およびAzhayevら, Nucleic Acids Research, 6:625-643 (1979)(これらは参照により本明細書に組み入れられる)に従って製造される。3'-モノホスホロチオエートオリゴヌクレオチド4は、ThuongおよびAsscline(前掲)が記述しているように、製造することができる。オリゴヌクレオチド1と4および2と3を反応させて、それぞれ二つの5'末端または二つの3'末端を持つポリマーユニットを形成させてもよい。
本発明では広範囲にわたるさまざまな支持体を使用することができる。ある態様では、支持体が、表面(好ましくは、調査対象の単分子を同じ平面に置くことができるように、実質的に平面状である表面)を持つ堅い固体である。平面状という特徴は、検出光学機器による効率の良いシグナル収集を可能にする。もう一つの態様では、本発明の固形支持体が無孔性である(特に、単分子のランダムアレイが、所要体積の小さいハイブリダイゼーション反応によって解析される場合)。適切な固形支持体材料として、例えばガラス、ポリアクリルアミド被覆ガラス、セラミックス、シリカ、シリコン、石英、種々のプラスチックなどの材料が挙げられる。一態様として、平面状の表面の面積は0.5〜4cm2の範囲にあることができる。ある態様では、固形支持体が、均一にシラン処理された表面を持つ顕微鏡スライドなどのガラスまたは石英である。これは、例えば酸処理後に、3-グリシドキシプロピルトリメトキシシラン、N,N-ジイソプロピルエチルアミン、および無水キシレン(8:1:24 v/v)の溶液に、80℃で浸漬することなど、通常のプロトコールを使って達成することができる(例えばBeattieら (1995), Molecular Biotechnology, 4: 213)。そのような表面は、例えば表面への適用に先だって捕捉オリゴヌクレオチドに3'または5'トリエチレングリコールホスホリルスペーサーを設けること(これにより、エポキシシラン化された表面が形成される)などによって(Beattieら(前掲)参照)、捕捉オリゴヌクレオチドの末端取付けが可能になるように、たやすく処理される。Beaucage(前掲)の開示からもわかるように、ガラスおよび他の表面に反応性官能基を付加するには、他にも多くのプロトコールを使用することができる。
1)ガラスウエハを洗浄する
2)HMDSで表面をプライミングする
3)フォトレジストに結合部位をパターニングする
4)HMDSを除去するために酸素で結合部位表面を反応性イオンエッチングする
5)0.3%3-アミノプロピルジメチルエトキシシランでシラン処理する
6)裁断中のウエハを保護するためにフォトレジストでコーティングする
7)ウエハをチップに裁断する
8)フォトレジストを剥がす
9)10%ピリジンおよび90%N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)の溶液で、溶液1mlにつき2.25mgのp-フェニレンジイソチオシアネート(PDC)を使って、結合部位を2時間誘導体化した後、メタノール、アセトン、および水ですすぐ。
1)ガラスウエハを洗浄する
2)HMDSで表面をプライミングする
3)電子線でPMMAに結合部位をパターニングする
4)HMDSを除去するために酸素で結合部位表面を反応性イオンエッチングする
5)0.3%3-アミノプロピルジメチルエトキシシランでシラン処理する
6)裁断中のウエハを保護するためにフォトレジストでコーティングする
7)ウエハをチップに裁断する
8)フォトレジストを剥がす
9)10%ピリジンおよび90%N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)の溶液で、溶液1mlにつき2.25mgのp-フェニレンジイソチオシアネート(PDC)を使って、結合部位を2時間誘導体化した後、メタノール、アセトン、および水ですすぐ。
1)ガラスウエハを洗浄する
2)HMDSの表面をプライミングする
3)転写層でウエハをコーティングする
4)ナノインプリントテンプレートおよび転写層の上にあるフォトポリマーを使って、コンタクトプリントパターニングする
5)パターンを転写層まで乾式エッチングする
6)HMDSを除去するために酸素で結合部位表面を反応性イオンエッチングする
7)0.3%3-アミノプロピルジメチルエトキシシランでシラン処理する
8)裁断中のウエハを保護するためにフォトレジストでコーティングする
9)ウエハをチップに裁断する
10)フォトレジストを剥がす
11)10%ピリジンおよび90%N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)の溶液で、溶液1mlにつき2.25mgのp-フェニレンジイソチオシアネート(PDC)を使って、結合部位を2時間誘導体化した後、メタノール、アセトン、および水ですすぐ。
上述のように、本発明に従って作製されたランダムアレイ上の単分子からはシグナルが生成し、そのシグナルは、走査電子顕微鏡、近接場走査型光学顕微鏡(NSOM)、全反射照明蛍光顕微鏡(TIRFM)など、いくつかの検出システムによって検出される。表面上のナノスケール構造を解析し検出することを目的とするそのような技法の応用については、以下に挙げる文献(これらは参照により本明細書に組み入れられる)からもわかるように、豊富な手引きが文献に見出される:Reimerら編「Scanning Electron Microscopy: Physics of Image Formation and Microanalysis」第2版(Springer, 1998);Nieら, Anal. Chem., 78: 1528-1534 (2006);Hechtら, Journal Chemical Physics, 112: 7761-7774 (2000);Zhuら編「Near-Field Optics: Principles and Applications」(World Scientific Publishing、シンガポール、1999);Drmanacの国際特許公開WO 2004/076683;Lehrら, Anal. Chem., 75: 2414-2420 (2003);Neuschaferら, Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 18: 489-497 (2003);Neuschaferらの米国特許第6,289,144号など。特に興味深いのは、例えばNeuschaferらの米国特許第6,289,144号;Lehrら(前掲);およびDrmanacの国際特許公開WO 2004/076683などに開示されているTIRFMである。一態様として、本発明のアレイと共に使用される機器は、三つの基本構成要素を含む:(i)プローブ、洗浄液などの試薬類を貯蔵し、アレイに移動させ、加工するためのフルイディクスシステム;(ii)アレイを保持または包含し、フロースルーおよび温度制御能を持つ、反応チャンバまたはフローセル;ならびに(iii)照明および検出システム。ある実施形態では、フローセルが、温度を約5〜95℃(より具体的には10〜85℃)の範囲に維持することができる温度制御サブシステムを持ち、毎秒約0.5〜2℃の速度で温度を変化させることができる。
上述のように、生体分子(例えばゲノムDNAフラグメントまたはcDNAフラグメント)のランダムアレイは、大規模配列決定のプラットフォーム、およびSAGE(serial analysis of gene expression)法やMPSS(masively parallel signature sequencing)法によってなされる測定と同様の方法で配列タグを計数することに基づくゲノムワイドな測定のプラットフォームになる(例えばVelculescuら, (1995), Science 270, 484-487;およびBrennerら (2000), Nature Biotechnology, 18: 630-634)。そのようなゲノムワイドな測定には、限定するわけではないが、例えば、当業者に知られる広範囲にわたるさまざまなアッセイによって行うことができるような、多形(ヌクレオチドの置換、欠失、および挿入、逆位など)の決定、メチル化パターン、コピー数パターンなどの決定が含まれる(例えばSyvanen (2005), Nature Genetics Supplement, 37: S5-S10;Gundersonら (2005), Nature Genetics, 37: 549-554;Fanら (2003), Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, LXVIII: 69-78;および米国特許第4,883,750号;同第6,858,412号;同第5,871,921号;同第6,355,431号など;これらは参照により本明細書に組み入れられる)。
8〜20マーRCR産物のデコーディング:この応用例では、DNAコンカテマーの形をしたユニークな8〜20塩基認識配列のランダムな分布として、アレイを形成させる。8〜20塩基プローブ領域の配列を決定するために、プローブをデコードする必要がある。これを行うために少なくとも二つの選択肢を利用することができ、以下の例では、12マーについて、その工程を説明する。まず最初に、短いプローブのハイブリダイゼーション特異性および完全にマッチしたハイブリッドのライゲーション特異性を利用して、配列の半分を決定する。12マーに隣接する6〜10塩基は予め定義され、6マー〜10マーオリゴヌクレオチドのサポート(support)として機能する。この短い6マーは、その3'末端で4つの標識6マー〜10マーの一つに連結する。これらのデコーディングプローブは、4つのオリゴヌクレオチドプールからなり、各オリゴヌクレオチドは、4〜9個の縮重塩基と1個の所定塩基とからなる。また、このオリゴヌクレオチドは4つの蛍光ラベルの一つで標識されるだろう。したがって、4つの考えうる塩基A、C、G、またはTのそれぞれは、蛍光色素によって表されるだろう。例えば、これら5群の4つのオリゴヌクレオチドと1つのユニバーサルオリゴヌクレオチド(Us)を、ライゲーションアッセイで使用することにより、12マーの最初の5塩基を配列決定することができる:B=末端の特定色素またはタグと関連づけられた4塩基のそれぞれ:
UUUUUUUU.BNNNNNNN*
UUUUUUUU.NBNNNNNN
UUUUUUUU.NNBNNNNN
UUUUUUUU.NNNBNNNN
UUUUUUUU.NNNNBNNN。
6個以上の塩基は、追加のプローブプールを使って配列決定することができる。12マーの中央近くの位置における識別を改善するために、6マーオリゴヌクレオチドをさらに12マー配列中に置くことができる。これには、そのシフトに対応するために、非標識オリゴヌクレオチドの3'末端に縮重塩基を組み込む必要があるだろう。これは、12マーの6位および7位に関するデコーディングプローブの一例である。
UUUUUUNN.NNNBNNNN
UUUUUUNN.NNNNBNNN。
1)1〜4個の4マーまたはより多くの5マーアンカーをハイブリダイズして、1DNAあたり70〜80%の1または2アンカーを得る。プールからどのアンカーが陽性であるかを識別するための一方法は、異なるハイブリッド安定性を持つ(おそらくNの数も異なる)特異的プローブを混合することである。プールからどのアンカーがスポットにハイブリダイズされるかを決定するために、アンカーにタグ付けしてもよい。追加DNAセグメントとしてのタグは、検出方法としてのアジャスタブルディスプレイスメント(adjustable displacement)に、使用することができる。例えば、EEEEEEEENNNAAAAAおよびFFFFFFFFNNNCCCCCプローブは、ハイブリダイゼーションまたはハイブリダイゼーションおよびライゲーション後に、対応する二つのディスプレーサー(displacer):EEEEEEEENNNNNおよびFFFFFFFFNNNNNNNNによって、差別的に除去することができ、この場合は、2番目の方が効率的である。どのアンカーが陽性であるかを決定するためだけに、別個のサイクルを使用することができる。この目的には、複数の色で標識またはタグ付けされたアンカーを、非標識N7〜N10サポーターオリゴヌクレオチドに連結することができる。
2)4つの塩基に対応する4色を持つBNNNNNNNNプローブをハイブリダイズさせる;二つのアンカーが一つのDNA中で陽性である場合には、弁別的に洗浄して(またはタグに対する相補鎖で置換して)、スコアリングされた二つの塩基のどちらがどちらのアンカーに関連するかを読み取る。このようにして、二つの7〜10塩基配列を同時にスコアリングすることができる。
本発明のオリゴヌクレオチドプローブは、放射性部分、蛍光部分、比色部分、化学発光部分などの直接的または間接的取付けなど、さまざまな方法で標識することができる。DNAを標識する方法およびDNAアダプターを構築する方法に関する包括的な総説は、本発明のオリゴヌクレオチドプローブの構築に応用できる手引きになる。そのような総説には、Kricka, Ann. Clin. Biochem., 39: 114-129 (2002);Schaferlingら, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., (April 12, 2006);Matthewsら, Anal. Biochem., Vol 169, 1-25 (1988);Haugland「Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals」第10版(Invitrogen/Molecular Probes, Inc.、ユージーン、2006);KellerおよびManak「DNA Probes」第2版(Stockton Press、ニューヨーク、1993);ならびにEckstein編「Oligonucleotides and Analogues: A Practical Approach」(IRL Press、オックスフォード、1991);Wetmur, Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 26: 227-259 (1991);Hermanson「Bioconjugate Techniques」(Academic Press、ニューヨーク、1996)など。本発明に応用できる多くのより具体的な方法が、以下の参考文献例に開示されている:Fungらの米国特許第4,757,141号;Hobbs, Jr.ら 米国特許第5,151,507号;Cruickshankの米国特許第5,091,519号;(レポーター基を取付けるための官能化オリゴヌクレオチドの合成);Jablonskiら, Nucleic Acids Research, 14: 6115-6128 (1986)(酵素-オリゴヌクレオチドコンジュゲート);Juら, Nature Medicine, 2: 246-249 (1996);Bawendiらの米国特許第6,326,144号(誘導体化蛍光ナノ結晶);Bruchezらの米国特許第6,274,323号(誘導体化蛍光ナノ結晶)など。
本明細書に記載する方法の商業化においては、本発明のランダムアレイを構築し、それをさまざまな応用例に使用するための一定のキットが、とりわけ有用である。本発明のランダムアレイを応用するためのキットには、例えば、ターゲットポリヌクレオチドのヌクレオチド配列を決定するためのキット、基準DNA配列と試験DNA配列の間の相違の大規模同定を行うためのキット、エクソンをプロファイリングするためのキットなどがあるが、これらに限るわけではない。キットは、典型的には、表面を持つ少なくとも一つの支持体、および本発明のランダムアレイを構築するのに、またはそれを使った応用を行うのに、必要または有用な一つ以上の試薬を含む。そのような試薬には、限定するわけではないが、核酸プライマー、プローブ、アダプター、酵素などがあり、それぞれ、流通に適したパッケージ(例えば、限定するわけではないが、箱、封をした小袋、ブリスター包装およびカートンなど)中の容器(例えば、限定するわけではないが、バイアル、チューブまたはボトルなど)に入れられる。パッケージは典型的には、梱包されている材料の使用法を示すラベルまたは添付文書を含む。本明細書にいう「梱包材料」には、キット中の試薬を配布するための梱包に用いられる任意の物品(例えば、限定するわけではないが、容器、バイアル、チューブ、ボトル、小袋、ブリスター包装、ラベル、タグ、指示シートおよび添付文書など)を包含する。
1.DNA(5'-リン酸基および3'-ヒドロキシル基を持つssDNAテンプレート)の長さに応じてDNAを60〜96℃で加熱する。
2.2.2×反応混合物を60℃で約5〜10分間、予熱する。
3.DNAを96℃まで予熱した場合は、それを60℃に冷却する。
4.DNAとバッファーとを冷却せずに60℃で混合し、2〜3時間インキュベートする。
5.ライゲーション反応を停止するために酵素を熱失活させる。
本発明のアレイおよびシークエンシング方法は、ミスマッチ切断技法を用いる多形の大規模同定に使用することができる。突然変異検出のためのいくつかのアプローチでは、ヘテロ二重鎖を使用し、ミスマッチそのものを切断認識に利用する。ヒドロキシルアミンまたは四酸化オスミウムを使って修飾されたミスマッチにおけるピリミジンによる化学的切断は、切断されたフラグメントを放出させるための一つのアプローチになる。同様にして、酵素T7エンドヌクレアーゼIまたはT4エンドヌクレアーゼVIIも、酵素ミスマッチ切断(EMC)技法に使用されている(例えばYouilら, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 92: 87-91 (1995);Mashalら, Nature Genetics, 9: 177-183 (1995);Babonら, Molecular Biotechnology, 23: 73-81 (2003);Ellisら, Nucleic Acids Research, 22: 2710-2711 (1994)など;これらは参照により本明細書に組み入れられる)。Cleavaseは、Third Wave Technologiesから商品化されている切断フラグメント長多形(cleavage fragments length polymorphism:CFLP)技法で使用される。一本鎖DNAをフォールドさせて二次構造をとらせると、DNAは、その鎖の塩基配列に依存する位置に、内部ヘアピンループを形成するだろう。Cleavaseは一本鎖DNAをそのループの5'側で切断するので、そのフラグメントをPAGEまたは同様のサイズ分割技法によって分離することができる。Mut SおよびMut Yなどのミスマッチ結合タンパク質も、その突然変異部位同定能力を、ヘテロ二重鎖の形成に依拠している。ミスマッチは通常、修復されるが、ゲル電気泳動における移動度シフトまたはエキソヌクレアーゼからの保護によってフラグメントを選択するために、これらの酵素の結合作用を使用することができる(例えばEllisら(前掲))。
方法I.上で生成させたヘテロ二重鎖は、図7および図8に図解するように、小さいDNAサークルの選択に使用することができる。図7に示すように、この工程では、試料のヘテロ二重鎖(700)をミスマッチ酵素で処理して、突然変異部(702)を取り囲む両方の鎖(704および706)が切断された産物を生じさせることにより、フラグメント(707)および(705)を得る。T7エンドヌクレアーゼIまたは同様の酵素は、突然変位部位の5'側を切断して、突然変異を取り囲む両方の鎖にさまざま長さの5'オーバーハングを生じさせる。次の段階は、切断産物を増幅およびシークエンシングに適した形で捕捉することである。アダプター(710)を、ミスマッチ切断によって生じたオーバーハングに連結するが(フラグメント(705)だけを図示してある)、オーバーハングの性質がわからないので、少なくとも三つのアダプターが必要であり、各アダプターは考えうる全ての末端に適応するように縮重塩基を使って合成される。バッファー交換および試料精製ならびに所望であれば表面における直接増幅のための捕捉が可能なように、環状化されない鎖の上に内部ビオチン(708)を持つアダプターを製造することができる。
反応の第2ステップは、プライマーまたはブリッジングオリゴヌクレオチドを使って、φ29ポリメラーゼなどの鎖置換ポリメラーゼに、サークルのコンカテマーを生成させることである。次に、長い線状分子を希釈し、1536ウェルプレートに、単分子を含むウェルを選択することができるようにアレイする。ウェルの約10%が1分子を含有することを保証するために、約90%は分子を含まないものとして犠牲にする必要があるだろう。陽性であるウェルを検出するために、ターゲット中のユニバーサル配列を認識するデンドリマーをハイブリダイズさせて、ターゲット1分子あたり10K〜100Kの色素分子を生じさせる。過剰なデンドリマーを、ビオチン化捕捉オリゴへのハイブリダイゼーションによって除去する。ウェルを蛍光プレートリーダーで解析し、DNAの存在をスコアリングする。次に、陽性ウェルを再アレイすることにより、さらなる増幅のために、完備したウェルを持つプレートへとクローンを統合する。
ここに記載する工程は、何千もの遺伝子およびそれらのスプライス変異体の発現レベルを同定および定量するためのランダムDNAアレイと「スマート(smart)」プローブプールに基づく。真核生物では、一次転写物が転写複合体から現われるにつれて、スプライソソームが、一次転写物上のスプライス部位と相互作用して、イントロンを切り出す(例えばManiatisら, Nature, 418: 236-243 (2002))。しかし、スプライス部位配列を改変する突然変異またはスプライソソームとスプライス部位の相互作用に影響を及ぼす外部因子のせいで、選択的スプライス部位または潜在的スプライス部位が選択されて、異なるエクソンセットを持つmRNAによってコードされるタンパク質変異体の発現をもたらすということが起こりうる。大規模ESTシークエンシングプロジェクトで得られたcDNA配列の調査により、50%を超える遺伝子が既知のスプライス変異体を持つことが示された。マイクロアレイに基づくアプローチを使った最近の研究では、75%もの遺伝子が選択的スプライシングを受ると見積られた(例えばJohnsonら, Science, 302: 2141-2144 (2003))。
誘導体化プロトコール
この実施例では、DNAコンカテマーを配置するための支持体として使用されるガラスカバースリップを製造する。以下の材料を使用する:
Millipore DI水
2.5mLの3-アミノプロピルジメチルエトキシシラン(Gelest)
1.6グラムのp-フェニレンジイソチオシアネート(Acros Organics/fisher)
210グラムのKOH(VWR)
エタノール(VWR)
メタノール(VWR)
ピリジン(VWR)
N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(VWR)
アセトン(VWR)
装置
100c乾燥器
磁気撹拌プレート
2インチ×0.5インチ磁気撹拌子 1
4リットルNuncビーカー 2
4インチ×8インチ×4インチ硝子容器 7
1リットルメスシリンダー
100mLメスシリンダー 1
実験用天秤 1
Metzlerはかり 1
大秤量皿 1
小秤量皿 1
厚手ニトリル手袋 1対
大ロート 1対
1mLピペットマン(フィルターチップ付き)
Nalgene撹拌子 1
気密容器(タッパーウェア) 1
大腸菌ゲノムDNA(32μg)(Sigma Chemical Co)をDnaseI(Epicentre)0.16Uを使って37℃で10分間断片化した後、95℃で10分間熱失活させた。アガロースゲル電気泳動で確認したところ、反応産物は平均サイズ200bpで分布していた。反応産物が所要のサイズ分布を満たさない場合は、新しい酵素を加えて、それらをさらに消化した。ゲノムDNAの最終濃度は200ng/μlだった。
炭疽菌(Bacillus anthracis)およびペスト菌(Yersinia pestis)の診断領域に由来するPCR産物を一本鎖DNAに変換し、ユニバーサルアダプターに取付けた。次に、それら二つの試料を混合し、RCRを使って一緒に複製し、ガラス表面上にランダムアレイとして沈着させた。図4に図解するように、アンプリコン特異的プローブによる逐次的ハイブリダイゼーションにより、アレイ上の各スポットが上記二つの配列のどちらか一方にユニークに対応すること、およびそれらをそのプローブと特異的に結びつけうることが示された。この結果は、RCR反応によって生成する約100〜1000コピーのDNAフラグメントを持つサブミクロンサイズのDNAコンカテマー中に存在するDNAを同定する際の感受性および特異性を示している。炭疽菌由来の155bpアンプリコン配列およびペスト菌由来の275bpアンプリコン配列を、プライマーペアのうち一方のプライマーをリン酸化したPCRプライマーを使って、標準的なPCR技術で増幅した。リン酸化された鎖をラムダエキソヌクレアーゼで分解することにより、一本鎖型のPCR産物を生成させた。次に、一本鎖産物をユニバーサルプアダプターに連結することができるように、T4 DNAポリヌクレオチドキナーゼを使って、残った鎖の5'末端をリン酸化した。ターゲットの5'末端とユニバーサルアダプターの3'末端とに相補的なテンプレートオリゴヌクレオチドの助けを借りて、ユニバーサルアダプターをターゲット分子の5'末端に、T4 DNAリガーゼを使って連結した。次に、アダプターを連結したターゲットを、アダプターとターゲットの3'末端とに相補的な塩基を持つブリッジングオリゴヌクレオチドを使って環状化した。エキソヌクレアーゼIを使った処理により、線状DNA分子を除去した。一本鎖試料を混合し、ブリッジングオリゴヌクレオチドを開始プライマーとして、環状化したアダプター-ターゲット分子をφ29ポリマーゼで複製することにより、RCR産物(DNAコンカテマー)を生成させた。
縮重塩基を含有する合成オリゴヌクレオチドの個々の分子は4つの部分集団に分割することができ、それぞれは、その特定位置に、A、C、GまたはT塩基を持ちうる。この合成DNAから作製されるコンカテマーのアレイは、スポットの約25%が、それぞれの塩基を持ちうる。図5に示すように、それら4つの塩基に特異的なプローブペアの、4回にわたる連続的ハイブリダイゼーションおよびライゲーションにより、これらのコンカテマーの部分集団をうまく同定できるということを実証した。5'リン酸化3'TAMRA標識ペンタマーオリゴヌクレオチドを、4つのヘキサマーオリゴヌクレオチドの一つとペアにした。これら4つのライゲーションプローブペアのそれぞれは、A、C、GまたはT含有型ターゲットのいずれか一つにハイブリダイズするはずである。大半のターゲットについて3より高い識別スコアが得られたことから、ナノボールターゲット間の一塩基の相違を同定できることが実証された。識別スコアは、最も高いスポットスコアを、同じスポットの他の3つの塩基特異的シグナルの平均で割ったものである。アッセイ条件(バッファー組成、全ての構成要素の濃度、サイクル中の各ステップの時間および温度)を調節することにより、シグナル対バックグラウンドおよび完全マッチ対ミスマッチ比が高くなると期待される。これは、6マープローブのスポット型アレイで行った類似のライゲーションアッセイによって実証された。この場合、完全マッチ/バックグラウンド比は約50、平均完全マッ対/ミスマッチ比は30だった。これらの結果はさらに、連続的プローブサイクルの数を増やすか、1サイクルにつき異なる色素で標識された4つ以上のプローブを使用することによって、コンカテマー中に存在するDNAの部分配列または完全配列を決定できることも実証している。合成オリゴヌクレオチド(T1A:5'-NNNNNNNNGCATANCACGANGTCATNATCGTNCAAACGTCAGTCCANGAATCNAGATCCACTTAGANTAAAAAAAAAAAA-3')(配列番号13)は、位置32に縮重塩基を含有している。ユニバーサルアダプターをこのオリゴヌクレオチドに連結し、そのアダプター-T1A DNAを、上述のように環状化した。このターゲットでのローリングサークル複製(RCR)反応を使って作製したDNAコンカテマーを、ランダムアレイ上にアレイした。このランダムアレイ上の各スポットは、一分子のT1Aに由来するタンデムに複製されたコピーに相当するので、アレイされた特定スポット中のDNAは、T1Aの位置32に対応する位置にA、またはC、またはG、またはTのいずれか一つを含有するだろう。これらの部分集団を同定するために、4つの塩基のそれぞれに特異的な4つのライゲーションプローブセットを使用した。CAAACという配列を持つ、T1Aの位置33〜37に対応する5'リン酸化3'TAMRA標識ペンタマーオリゴヌクレオチド(プローブT1A9b)を、位置27〜32に対応する以下のヘキサマーオリゴヌクレオチドの一つとペアにした:ACTGTA(プローブT1A9a)、ACTGTC(プローブT1A10a)、ACTGTG(プローブT1A11a)、ACTGTT(プローブT1A12a)。これら4つのライゲーションプローブペアのそれぞれは、A、C、GまたはT含有型T1Aのいずれか一つにハイブリダイズするはずである。各ハイブリダイゼーションサイクルについて、T4 DNAリガーゼを含有するライゲーション/ハイブリダイゼーションバッファー中、20℃で5分間、プローブをアレイと共にインキュベートした。過剰のプローブを20℃で洗い落とし、TIRF顕微鏡で画像を撮影した。次のハイブリダイゼーションの準備をするために、結合しているプローブを剥がした。
上記の合成オリゴヌクレオチドは、ランダムなゲノムDNA末端を真似て、5'末端に8個の縮重塩基を含有している。このオリゴヌクレオチドから作製されるコンカテマーは、アダプター配列のすぐ隣に置かれたこれら8つの縮重塩基を持ちうる。既知のアダプター配列に隣接する未知の2塩基を配列決定することが実行可能であることを実証するために、アダプターの3'末端にハイブリダイズさせるための特異的配列を持つ12マーオリゴヌクレオチド(UK0-12配列5'-ACATTAACGGAC-3')(配列番号17)をアンカーとして使用し、BBNNNNNNの形をした16個のTAMRA標識オリゴヌクレオチドを、配列読み取りプローブとして使用した。各ハイブリダイゼーションサイクルにつき、0.2μMのUK0-12アンカープローブおよび0.4μMのBBNNNNNNプローブを、T4 DNAリガーゼを含有するライゲーション/ハイブリダイゼーションバッファー中、20℃で10分間、アレイと共にインキュベートした。過剰のプローブを20℃で洗い落とし、TIRF顕微鏡で画像を撮影した。次のハイブリダイゼーションの準備をするために、結合しているプローブを剥がした。BBNNNNNNプローブセットのサブセット(すなわちBBの代りにGA、GC、GGおよびGT)を使って、図6に示すように、これら4つのプローブの一つに特異的に結合するターゲットから作製されたコンカテマーアレイ上のスポットを、20を超える平均完全マッチ/ミスマッチ比で、同定することができた。
本明細書で使用する核酸化学、生化学、遺伝学、および分子生物学の用語は、その分野の標準的な専門書および教科書(例えばKornbergおよびBaker「DNA Replication」第2版(W.H. Freeman、ニューヨーク、1992);Lehninger「Biochemistry」第2版(Worth Publishers、ニューヨーク、1975);StrachanおよびRead「Human Molecular Genetics」第2版(Wiley-Liss、ニューヨーク、1999);Eckstein編「Oligonucleotides and Analogs: A Practical Approach」(Oxford University Press、ニューヨーク、1991);Gait編「Oligonucleotide Synthesis: A Practical Approach」(IRL Press、オックスフォード、1984)など)のものに従う。
Claims (16)
- 不連続な相隔たる領域の規則的アレイを有する平面状の表面を持つ支持体であって、各不連続な相隔たる領域は、0.2μm2〜1μm2の範囲の面積を持ち、かつそこに取付けられた反応性官能基を含有するものである、支持体;および
その表面に取付けられた複数の単分子、ここで各単分子は、
(i)ユニークな官能基および複数の取付け官能基を含む、高分子構造と、
(ii)取付け部分を持つ少なくとも一つの分析物とを含み、
取付け部分を持つ分析物は核酸であり、
高分子構造のユニークな官能基は、分析物である核酸の取付け部分に相補的な配列を有するオリゴヌクレオチドであり、
分析物である核酸の取付け部分と高分子構造のユニークな官能基は、結合を形成し、
各高分子構造は、ユニークな官能基、および複数の取付け官能基を含み、
単分子は、高分子構造の取付け官能基と不連続な相隔たる領域の反応性官能基との間の相互作用によって表面に取付けられ、
かつ、分析物が、ユニークな官能基と分析物の取付け部分との間の結合によって高分子構造に取付けられるようになっているものである;
を含む単分子のアレイであって、
前記不連続な相隔たる領域のそれぞれが、前記高分子構造を含まない領域間間隙によって取り囲まれ;
不連続な相隔たる領域はそれぞれ、単一の高分子構造の捕捉しか許さない面積を持ち;かつ
複数の単分子が、不連続な相隔たる領域上に、その不連続な相隔たる領域の少なくとも過半数が単分子を一つだけ含有するように、ランダムに配置される、アレイ。 - 前記不連続な相隔たる領域が前記支持体中のウェルであり、そのウェルがそれぞれ、前記不連続な相隔たる領域の面積に等しいかそれより小さい面積を持つ開口部を有する、請求項1に記載のアレイ。
- 前記不連続な相隔たる領域がそれぞれ0.1〜20μmの範囲の最近接距離を持ち、前記高分子構造が線状ポリヌクレオチドである、請求項1に記載のアレイ。
- 前記最近接距離が0.3〜3μmの範囲にある、請求項3に記載のアレイ。
- 全ての前記不連続な相隔たる領域に単分子が取付けられている、請求項4に記載のアレイ。
- 前記高分子構造が線状ポリヌクレオチドである、請求項4に記載のアレイ。
- 前記不連続な相隔たる領域が、前記平面状の表面に、直線的パターンで配置され、各不連続な相隔たる領域が、0.1〜10μmの直径を持つ円によって囲まれる面積を持つ、請求項4に記載のアレイ。
- 前記分析物がポリヌクレオチドである、請求項4に記載のアレイ。
- 前記ユニークな官能基が第1オリゴヌクレオチドであり、前記取付け部分が、第1オリゴヌクレオチドに相補的な配列を持つ第2オリゴヌクレオチドである、請求項1に記載のアレイ。
- 前記分析物がポリヌクレオチドである、請求項9に記載のアレイ。
- 単分子アレイを構築するためのキットであって、
不連続な相隔たる領域の規則的アレイを有する平面状の表面を持つ支持体であって、各不連続な相隔たる領域は、0.2μm 2 〜1μm 2 の範囲の面積を持ち、かつそこに取付けられた反応性官能基を含有するものである、支持体;および
それぞれがユニークな官能基と複数の取付け官能基とを持つ複数の高分子構造であって、表面上にランダムに取付けることができる高分子構造を含み、ここで、
高分子構造のユニークな官能基は、分析物の取付け部分に相補的な配列を有するオリゴヌクレオチドであり、
分析物は核酸であり、
その取付けは、一つ以上の反応性官能基と一つ以上の取付け官能基との反応によって形成される一つ以上の結合によって形成され;かつ
ユニークな官能基は、分析物上の官能基と選択的に反応して、単分子アレイを形成させる能力を持つものである、
キット。 - 前記不連続な相隔たる領域が、0.1〜20μmの範囲の最近接距離を持つ規則的アレイを形成する、請求項11に記載のキット。
- 高分子構造が、反応性官能基と共有結合を形成する取付け官能基を介して、表面への単分子の多価取付けをもたらす、請求項1に記載のアレイ。
- 高分子構造が、反応性官能基と非共有結合を形成する取付け官能基を介して、表面への単分子の多価取付けをもたらす、請求項1に記載のアレイ。
- 不連続な相隔たる領域の形状がほぼ円形または正方形であり、その結果、それらのサイズを単一の長さ寸法で示すことができ、かつそのような領域のサイズが、125nm〜250nmの範囲、または200nm〜500nmの範囲にあり、かつ不連続な相隔たる領域の形状がほぼ円形の場合には単一の長さ寸法が直径であり、あるいは不連続な相隔たる領域の形状がほぼ正方形である場合には単一の長さ寸法が1辺の長さである、請求項1に記載のアレイ。
- 規則的アレイが直線的パターンを含む、請求項1に記載のアレイ。
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