JP5767041B2 - Cd20に対するヒトモノクローナル抗体 - Google Patents
Cd20に対するヒトモノクローナル抗体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5767041B2 JP5767041B2 JP2011148994A JP2011148994A JP5767041B2 JP 5767041 B2 JP5767041 B2 JP 5767041B2 JP 2011148994 A JP2011148994 A JP 2011148994A JP 2011148994 A JP2011148994 A JP 2011148994A JP 5767041 B2 JP5767041 B2 JP 5767041B2
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Description
本出願は、両者とも標題「CD20に対するヒトモノクローナル抗体」であり、また両者とも全文をこの言及をもってここに援用することとする2002年10月17日出願の米国仮出願第60/419163号、及び2003年4月2日出願の米国仮出願第60/460028号に基づく優先権を主張するものである。
CD20分子(またヒトBリンパ球限定分化抗原又はBp35とも言及される)は、分子量が約35kDの疎水性の膜貫通タンパク質であり、プレB及び成熟Bリンパ球上に位置する (Valentine et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264(19):11282-11287(非特許文献1);and Einfield et al. (1988) EMBO J. 7(3):711-717(非特許文献2)。CD20は末梢血又はリンパ器官由来のB細胞のうち90%を越える細胞の表面に見られ、初期のプレB細胞発生中に発現し、プラズマ細胞分化まで留まる。CD20は正常B細胞及び悪性B細胞の両方の上に存在する。具体的には、CD20は、B細胞非ホジキンリンパ腫(NHL)の90%を越えるものの上で発現する (Anderson et al. (1984) Blood 63(6):1424-1433(非特許文献3))が、造血幹細胞、プロB細胞、正常プラズマ細胞、又は他の正常な組織上には見られない (Tedder et al. (1985) J. Immunol. 135(2):973-979(非特許文献4))。
(Tedder et al. (1986) Eur.J. Immunol. 16:881-887(非特許文献6)、カルシウムイオン・チャンネルとして働いているのではないかと考えられている (Tedder et al. (1990) J. Cell. Biochem. 14D:195(非特許文献7))。
(a)前記CDR1、CDR2、及びCDR3ヒト重鎖領域が、図53、55、又は57に示すアミノ酸配列CDR1、CDR2、及びCDR3(配列番号13-15、19-21、及び25-27)並びにそれらの保存的配列改変から成る群より選択されるアミノ酸配列を含み、
(b)前記CDR1、CDR2、及びCDR3ヒト軽鎖領域が、図53、55、又は57に示すアミノ酸配列CDR1、CDR2、及びCDR3(配列番号16-18、22-24、及び28-30)並びにその保存的配列改変から成る群より選択されるアミノ酸配列を含む、
ようなものがある。
a)ヒトCD20に対する特異性;
b)ここで実施例5(図9)に開示した結合実験で判定したときに約10 nM以下、好ましくは約5 nM以下、そしてより好ましくは約1-3 nM以下の、CD20に対する結合親和性(KD);
c)ここで実施例5(図9)に開示した解離速度実験で判定したときに約10-4 sec-1以下、好ましくは約10-5 sec-1 以下、そしてより好ましくは約10-6 sec-1以下、のCD20からの解離速度定数(kd);
d)CD55/59 陰性又はCD55/59陽性細胞に対して高レベルのCDCを媒介する能力;
e)CD20への結合時に脂質ラフトに転位する能力;
f)CD20を発現する細胞の成長を阻害する能力;
g)CD20を発現する細胞のアポトーシスを誘導する能力;
h)CD20を発現する細胞の同型接着を誘導する能力;
i)CD20を発現する細胞のADCCをエフェクタ細胞の存在下で誘導する能力;
j)CD20を発現する腫瘍細胞を有する対象の生存を延長する能力;
k)CD20を発現する細胞を枯渇させる能力;及び/又は
l)低レベルのCD20を発現する細胞(CD20low細胞)を枯渇させる能力
のうちの一つ以上を特徴とすることができる。
本発明は、CD20発現細胞が関与する多種の異常を治療及び診断するための優れた抗体ベースの治療法を提供するものである。本発明の治療法は、CD20上に存在するエピトープに特異的に結合する単離されたヒトモノクローナル抗体を利用する。本発明に包含される単離されたヒトモノクローナル抗体には、IgA、IgG1-4、IgE、IgM、及びIgD抗体がある。
CD20発現細胞の補体媒介性細胞傷害性(CDC);
CD20発現細胞のアポトーシス;
CD20発現細胞のエフェクタ細胞貪食;又は
CD20発現細胞のエフェクタ細胞抗体依存性細胞傷害性(ADCC)
のうちの1つ以上で起きるであろう。
(例えばHolliger, P., et al. (1993) Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-6448; Poljak,R.J., et al. (1994) Structure 2:1121-1123)。
(J.Mol. Biol. (48):444-453 (1970))のアルゴリズムを用い、Blossum 62 行列又はPAM250行列のいずれかを用いて、ギャップ・ウェイトを16、14、12、10、8、6、又は4にし、レングス・ウェイトを1、2、3、4、5、又は6にして、決定することができる。
New York (1987)を参照されたい。
(例えばIgG、IgA 及び/又は IgE)のヒトモノクローナル抗体を産生することができる。
本発明のモノクローナル抗体は、従来のモノクローナル抗体法、例えばKohler and Milstein (1975) Nature 256: 495の標準的な体細胞ハイブリダイゼーション技術など、を含む多様な技術により作製できる。体細胞ハイブリダイゼーション法が基本的には好適であるが、モノクローナル抗体を作製する他の技術、例えばBリンパ球のウィルス又は腫瘍形成性形質転換や、ヒト抗体遺伝子のライブラリを用いたファージ・ディスプレイ技術など、も利用できる。
CD20に対する完全ヒトモノクローナル抗体を作製するためには、ヒト免疫グロブリン遺伝子を含有するトランスジェニックもしくはトランスクロモソーマル・マウス(例えばHCo12、HCo7又はKMマウス)を、上記のLonberg, N. et al. (1994) 上記のFishwild, D. et al. (1996) 及び WO 98/24884に解説されたようにCD20抗原の濃縮製剤及び/又はCD20発現細胞で免疫することができる。代替的には、マウスをヒトCD20をコードするDNAでめんえきすることができる。好ましくは、当該マウスは1回目の輸注時に6乃至16週齢であるとよい。例えば、CD20抗原の濃縮製剤(5乃至50μg)を用いて、HuMAbマウスを腹腔内により免疫することができる。CD20抗原の精製もしくは濃縮製剤を用いた免疫処置でも抗体が生じない場合、細胞株など、CD20発現細胞でマウスを免疫して、免疫応答を促進することもできる。
CD20に対するヒトモノクローナル抗体を産生するハイブリドーマを作製するには、免疫後のマウスから脾細胞及びリンパ節細胞を単離し、マウス骨髄腫細胞株などの適した不死化細胞株に融合させることができる。こうして出来たハイブリドーマを次に、抗原特異的抗体の産生についてスクリーニングすることができる。例えば免疫されたマウス由来の脾臓リンパ球の単個細胞懸濁液を、50%PEGで、P3X63-Ag8.653非分泌性マウス骨髄腫細胞 (ATCC, CRL 1580)の数の6分の1に融合させることができる。細胞を平底の微量定量プレートに約2×105になるようにプレートし、20%ウシクローン血清、18%「653」調整培地、5%オリゲン(IGEN社)、4 mM L-グルタミン、1 mM L~グルタミン、1 mM ピルビン酸ナトリウム、5mM HEPES、0.055 mM 2-メルカプトエタノール、50 単位/ml ペニシリン、50 mg/ml ストレプトマイシン、50 mg/ml ゲンタマイシン及び1×HAT (シグマ社;HATは輸注から24時間後に加える)を含有する選択培地で2週間インキュベートする。ほぼ2週間後、HATをHTに取り替えた培地で細胞を培養する。次に個々のウェルをELISAによりヒトカッパ軽鎖含有抗体について、そしてFACS分析によりCD20発現細胞を用いてCD20特異性についてスクリーニングすることができる。広汎なハイブリドーマ成長が起きたら培地を通常10乃至14日後に観察する。抗体を分泌しているハイブリドーマを再度プレートし、再度スクリーニングし、ヒトIgGについてまだ尚陽性であれば、高CD20モノクローナル抗体を限界希釈により少なくとも2回、サブクローニングすることができる。次に安定なサブクローンをin vitroで培養して、少量の抗体を組織培養培地中に生じさせ、特徴付けに向ける。
本発明のヒト抗体は、当業で公知のように、組換えDNA技術及び遺伝子トランスフェクション法の組合せなどを用いて、ホスト細胞トランスフェクトーマで作製することもできる
(Morrison,S. (1985) Science 229:1202)。
代替的には、クローニングされた抗体遺伝子を、E. coliなどの微生物など、原核細胞を含む他の発現系で発現させて、一本鎖Fv抗体、藻類や昆虫細胞を作製することができる。さらに、本抗体は、ヒツジ及びウサギからの乳中に、又は、ニワトリの卵中に、又はトランスジェニック植物中になど、非ヒトトランスジェニック動物中に産生させることができる。例えばVerma, R., et al. (1998). Antibody engineering: Comparison of bacterial, yeast, insect
and mammalian expression systems. J.Immunol.Meth. 216:165-181; Pollock, et al. (1999). Transgenic milk as a method for the production of recombinant antibodies. J.Immunol.Meth. 231:147-157; 及びFischer, R., et al. (1999). Molecular farming of recombinant antibodies in plants. Biol.Chem. 380:825-839を参照されたい。
抗体は、標的抗原と、主に6番目の重鎖及び軽鎖相補性決定領域(CDR)に位置するアミノ酸残基を通じて相互作用する。このために、CDR内のアミノ酸配列は、CDRの外側のアミノ酸配列よりも個々の抗体間で多様である。CDR配列は大半の抗体−抗原相互作用を担っているため、特定の天然発生型抗体由来のCDR配列を、異なる特性を持つ異なる抗体由来のフレームワーク領域内に移植した形で含有する発現ベクタを構築することにより、特定の天然発生型抗体の特性を模倣した組換え抗体を発現させることが可能である(例えばRiechmann, L. et al. (1998) Nature 332:323-327; Jones,
P. et al. (1986) Nature 321:522-525; 及びQueen, C. et al. (1989) Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci.. U.S.A. 86:10029-10033を参照されたい)。このようなフレームワーク配列は、生殖細胞系抗体遺伝子配列を含む公共のDNAデータベースから得ることができる。これらの生殖細胞系配列は、B細胞成熟中のV(D)J接合により形成される、完全に集合した可変遺伝子を含まないこととなるため、成熟抗体遺伝子配列とは異なるであろう。生殖細胞遺伝子配列はまた、高親和二次レパートリ抗体の配列からも、可変領域全体にわたって個々に均一に異なるであろう。例えば、体細胞変異は、フレームワーク領域1のアミノ末端部分と、フレームワーク領域4のカルボキシ末端部分では、あまり頻繁には起きない。さらに、多くの体細胞変異は、本抗体の結合特性を大きくは変化させない。この理由で、もとの抗体のものと同じ結合特性を有するインタクト組換え抗体を作り直すためにも、特定の抗体の全DNA配列を得る必要はない(WO 99/45962を参照されたい)。CDR領域にわたる部分的重鎖及び軽鎖配列があれば、この目的には充分であることが多い。この部分的配列を用いて、どの生殖細胞系可変及びジョイニング遺伝子セグメントが、組換えられた抗体可変遺伝子に寄与したかを決定する。次に、この生殖細胞系配列を用いて、可変領域の消失部分を充填する。重鎖及び軽鎖リーダ配列は、タンパク質の成熟中に切断されるため、最終的な抗体の特性には寄与しない。消失配列を加えるために、クローニングされたcDNA配列を合成オリゴヌクレオチドにライゲーション又はPCR増幅法により組み合わせることができる。代替的には、可変領域全体を、一組の短い、重複のあるオリゴヌクレオチドとして合成し、PCR増幅で組合せて、完全に合成の可変領域クローンを作製することもできる。このプロセスは、消失又は含有又は特性の制限部位や、あるいは、特定のコドンの最適化など、いくつかの長所を有する。
(1)CD20からの低い解離速度;
(2)CD20への高親和結合;
(3)CD20上の固有のエピトープへの結合、及び/又は、CD20への特異的配向での結合、及び/又は、特異的な形のCD20への結合;
(4)CD55/59 陰性もしくはCD55/59陽性細胞上における高レベルのCDCの媒介;
(5)CD20への結合時の脂質ラフトへの転位;
(6)CD20を発現する細胞の成長の阻害;
(7)CD20を発現する細胞のアポトーシスの誘導;
(8)CD20を発現する細胞の同型接着の誘導;
(9)CD20を発現する腫瘍細胞を有する対象の生存率延長;
(10)適したエフェクタ細胞と混合したときの、CD20標的のADCCの媒介;
(11)CD20を発現する細胞を枯渇させる能力;及び/又は
(12)低レベルのCD20を発現する細胞(CD20low細胞)を枯渇させる能力;
など、本発明の抗体の他の機能上の特性をそれらが保持しているかで、選抜されてもよい。
ヒト抗CD20抗体を精製するために、選抜されたハイブリドーマを、モノクローナル抗体精製用の2リットル入りスピナ・フラスコで成長させることができる。上清を濾過し、濃縮してから、プロテインA−セファロース(IgG1アイソタイプ抗体の場合)(ニュージャージー州ピスカタウェイ、ファルマシア社)、あるいは、IgG3アイソタイプ抗体の場合は抗ヒトIgG被覆セファロース又はプロテインG−セファロースで、アフィニティ・クロマトグラフィすることができる。溶出したIgGをゲル電気泳動法及び高速液体クロマトグラフィでチェックして、純度を確認することができる。緩衝溶液をPBSに交換し、濃度は、OD280により、1.43吸光係数を用いて判定することができる。本モノクローナル抗体をアリクォートし、−80℃で保存することができる。
CD20への特異的結合に加え、ヒトモノクローナル抗CD20抗体を、CD20発現細胞の貪食及び致死の媒介能についても、検査することができる。モノクローナル抗体活性のin vitro での検査は、in vivoモデルで検査を行う前の最初のスクリーニングとなるであろう。簡単に説明すると、健康なドナーからの多核白血球(PMN)、NK細胞、単球又は他のエフェクタ細胞をフィッコール・ハイパック密度遠心分離法で精製し、混入赤血球を溶解させることができる。洗浄後のPMNを、10% 熱不活化ウシ胎児血清を加えたRPMIに懸濁させ、51Crで標識したCD20発現細胞に、多様なエフェクタ細胞対腫瘍細胞の比率(エフェクタ細胞:腫瘍細胞)で加えることができる。次に、精製済みのヒト抗CD20 IgGs を多様な濃度で加えることができる。無関係のヒトIgGは陰性コントロールとして用いることができる。検定は、用いるエフェクタ細胞の種類に応じて、37℃dえ4乃至20時間、行うことができる。試料は、培養上清中に遊離する51Crを測定することにより、細胞溶解について検定することができる。抗CD20 モノクローナル抗体を組み合わせて検査して、細胞溶解が複数のモノクローナル抗体で促進されるかどうかを調べることもできる。
1. CD20を発現する生存細胞への結合;
2. CD20からの低い解離速度;
3. CD20への高親和結合;
4. CD20上の固有のエピトープへの結合、及び/又は、CD20への特異的配向での結合、及び/又は、特異的な形のCD20への結合;
5. CD20発現細胞のオプソニン化;
6. ヒトエフェクタ細胞存在下でのCD20発現細胞の成長阻害、貪食及び/又は致死の媒介;
7. CD55/59 陰性もしくはCD55/59陽性細胞上におけるCDCの誘導能
8. 同型接着の誘導能;
9. CD20への結合時の脂質ラフトへの転位;
10. アポトーシスの誘導能;
11. CD20発現細胞上のADCCの媒介;
12. CD20を発現する細胞を枯渇させる能力;及び/又は
13. 低レベルのCD20を発現する細胞(CD20low細胞)を枯渇させる能力。
さらに別の局面では、本発明は、CD20に特異的に結合するヒト抗体を発現することのできる、トランスジェニック又はトランスクロモソーマル・マウスなどの非ヒトトランスジェニック及びトランスクロモソーマル動物を提供するものである。ある具体的な実施態様では、本発明は、CD20発現細胞で免疫されたときに、当該のマウスがヒト抗CD20抗体を産生するように、ヒト重鎖導入遺伝子を含むゲノムを有するトランスジェニック又はトランスクロモソーマル・マウスを提供する。該ヒト重鎖導入遺伝子は、ここで詳述し、例示するように、HuMAbマウスなど、トランスジェニックと同様に、マウスの染色体DNAに組み込むことができる。代替的には、該ヒト重鎖導入遺伝子を、WO 02/43478に解説された通りのトランスクロモソーマル(例えばKM)・マウスの場合のように、染色体外に維持することもできる。このようなトランスジェニック及びトランスクロモソーマル動物は、V-D-J/V-J組換え及びアイソタイプ・スイッチングを起こすことにより、CD20に対して複数のアイソタイプ(例えばIgG、IgA 及び/又は IgE)のヒトモノクローナル抗体を産生することができる。外来の抗原刺激に対し、異種の抗体レパートリーで応答する非ヒトトランスジェニック及びトランスクロモソーマル動物のデザインには、当該のトランスジェニック動物に含まれた異種の免疫グロブリン導入遺伝子が、B細胞発生の経路全般にわたって正確に機能する必要がある。これには、例えば、異種重鎖導入遺伝子のアイソタイプ・スイッチングが含まれる。従って、導入遺伝子は、アイソタイプ・スイッチングが誘導されるように構築され、抗体遺伝子の以下の特徴のうちの1つ以上:(1)高レベル及び細胞種特異的な発現、(2)機能的な遺伝子再編成、(3)対立遺伝子排除の活性化及び対立遺伝子排除に対する応答、(4)充分な一次レパートリの発現、(5)シグナル伝達、(6)体細胞超変異、及び(7)免疫応答中の導入遺伝子抗体の優性。
(1)ヒトVL遺伝子セグメント及びヒトJLセグメントにコードされたポリペプチド配列に実質的に同一なポリペプチド配列を有する軽鎖可変領域、及び(2)ヒトCL遺伝子セグメントにコードされたポリペプチド配列に実質的に同一なポリペプチド配列を有する軽鎖定常領域、から成るヒト配列軽鎖と;
(1)ヒトVH遺伝子セグメント、選択的にD領域、及びヒトJHセグメントにコードされたポリペプチド配列に実質的に同一なポリペプチド配列を有する重鎖可変領域、及び(2)ヒトCH遺伝子セグメントにコードされたポリペプチド配列に実質的に同一なポリペプチド配列を有する定常領域、から成るヒト配列重鎖と
を含む。
I.再編成のない重鎖及び再編成される軽鎖免疫グロブリン導入遺伝子を含有するトランスジェニック動物;
II.再編成のない重鎖及び再編成のない軽鎖免疫グロブリン導入遺伝子を含有するトランスジェニック動物;
III.再編成される重鎖及び再編成のない軽鎖免疫グロブリン導入遺伝子を含有するトランスジェニック動物;及び
(この場合の内因性軽鎖遺伝子はノックアウトされておらず、対立遺伝子排除により劣性とならなければならない)の通りである。
本発明のさらに別の実施態様では、CD20に対するヒトモノクローナル抗体、又はその抗原結合部分を誘導体化するか、又は、例えば別のペプチド又はタンパク質(例えばFab'フラグメント)などの別の機能分子に連結して、複数の結合部位又は標的エピトープに結合する二重特異的又は多重特異的分子を作製することができる。例えば、本発明の抗体又は抗原結合部分は、例えば別の抗体、抗体フラグメント、ペプチド又は結合ミメティックなど、1つ以上の他の結合分子に(例えば化学結合、遺伝子融合、非共有結合的結合又は他の方法により)機能的に連結することができる。
(RIA)で用いることができる
(例えば引用をもってここに援用するWeintraub, B., Principles of Radioimmunoassays, Seventh Training Course on Radioligand Assay Techniques, The Endocrine Society, March, 1986を参照されたい)。放射性同位元素は、γカウンター又はシンチレーション」・カウンター、あるいはオートラジオグラフィの使用などの手段により、検出できる。
別の局面では、本発明は、細胞毒、薬物(例えば免疫抑制剤)又は放射性同位元素などの治療部分に結合させたヒト抗CD20モノクローナル抗体又はそのフラグメントを特徴とする。このような結合体をここでは「免疫複合体」と呼ぶ。1つ以上の細胞毒を含有する免疫複合体は「イムノトキシン」と呼ばれる。細胞毒又は細胞毒性作用物質には、細胞にとって有害な(例えば致死させる)あらゆる物質が含まれる。例には、タキソール、サイトカラシンB、グラミシジンD、臭化エチジウム、エメチン、ミトマイシン、エトポシド、テノポシド、ビンクリスチン、ビンブラスチン、コルヒシン、ドキソルビシン、ダウノルビシン、ジヒドロキシアントラシンジオン、ミトキサントロン、ミトラマイシン、アクチノマイシンD、1-デヒドロテストステロン、グルココルチコイド、プロカイン、テトラカイン、リドカイン、プロプラノロール、及びピューロマイシン並びにこれらの類似体又は相同体がある。
1987); Thorpe, "Antibody Carriers Of Cytotoxic Agents In Cancer Therapy: A Review", in Monoclonal Antibodies '84: Biological And Clinical Applications, Pinchera et al. (eds.), pp. 475-506 (1985); "Analysis, Results, And Future Prospective Of The Therapeutic Use Of Radiolabeled Antibody In Cancer Therapy", in Monoclonal Antibodies For Cancer Detection And Therapy, Baldwin et al. (eds.), pp. 303-16 (Academic Press 1985), 及びThorpe et al., "The Preparation And Cytotoxic Properties Of Antibody-Toxin Conjugates", Immunol. Rev., 62:119-58 (1982)を参照されたい。
別の局面では、本発明は、本発明のヒトモノクローナル抗体を1つ又は組合せで含有する、医薬組成物などの組成物を提供するものである。前記の医薬組成物は、薬学的に許容可能な担体又は希釈剤や、Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th
Edition, Gennaro, Ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA, 1995に開示されたものなど、従来技術に従ったいずれか他の公知のアジュバント及び医薬品添加物と一緒に調合してもよい。ある実施態様では、当該組成物は、主にCDCを誘導することにより作用する1つの抗体を、主にアポトーシスを誘導することにより作用する別の抗体と組み合わせるなど、異なる機序で作用する単離された複数の(例えば2つ以上)本発明のヒト抗体の組合せを含む。
例えばSustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, J.R.Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978を参照されたい。
(例えばV.V. Ranade (1989) J. Clin. Pharmacol. 29:685)。標的決定成分の例には、葉酸又はビオチン(例えばLow et al.の米国特許第5,416,016号を参照されたい);マンノシド(Umezawa et al., (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153:1038);抗体(P.G.Bloeman et al. (1995) FEBS Lett. 357:140; M. Owais et al. (1995) Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 39:180);その様々な種が本発明の調合物や、本発明の分子の構成成分を成していてもよいサーファクタントプロテインA受容体
(Briscoeet al. (1995) Am. J. Physiol. 1233:134);p120 (Schreier et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:9090);があり、さらにK. Keinanen; M.L. Laukkanen (1994) FEBS Lett.346:123; J.J. Killion; I.J. Fidler (1994) Immunomethods 4:273を参照されたい。本発明の一実施態様では、本発明の治療用化合物をリポソーム中に調合する。より好適な実施態様では、当該リポソームが標的決定成分を含む。最も好適な実施態様では、当該リポソーム中の治療用化合物を、腫瘍又は感染に近位の部位への大量注射により送達する。当該組成物は、注射筒での注入が容易な程度に流動性でなくてはならない。それは、製造及び保管条件下で安定でなくてはならず、細菌及び真菌などの微生物の汚染作用から守られていなくてはならない。
= 軟弱関節得点(TCJ)及び膨張性関節得点(SWJ)における20% の改善及び以下の五つの評価点のうち3つにおける≧20%の改善:患者疼痛評価 (VAS)、患者包括的評価 (VAS)、担当医包括的評価 (VAS)、患者自己評価による能力障害 (HAQ)、急性相反応物 (CRP 又は ESR)、と定義されている。
Definition of Improvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis; Arthritis Rheumatism (1995)
38: 727-735を参照されたい。
本発明のヒト抗体(ここで解説された免疫複合体、二重特異的/多重特異的物質、組成物及び他の誘導体)は、CD20を発現する細胞の関与する診断及び治療を含め、in vitro 及びin vivo で診断上及び治療上の数多くの実用性を有する。例えば本抗体を、多種の疾患を治療、予防又は診断するために、in vitro 又はex vivoなどの培養中の細胞や、又は、in vivoでなどヒト対象に投与することができる。ここで用いる用語「対象」には、CD20に対するヒト抗体に応答(正常又は悪性)するヒト及び非ヒト動物が包含されるものと、意図されている。好適な対象には、B細胞を阻害又は制御することにより是正又は改善することのできる以上を有するヒトの患者が含まれる。
脈管炎及び他の血管障害、例えば顕微鏡的多発性血管炎、チャーグ−ストラウス症候群、及び他のANCA関連脈管炎、結節性多発性動脈炎、本態性クリオグロブリン血性脈管炎、皮膚白血球性(leukocytoclastic)血管炎、川崎病、高安動脈炎、巨細胞性関節炎、ヘノッホ−シェーンライン紫斑病、原発性又は孤立性脳血管炎、結節性紅斑、閉塞性血栓動脈炎、血栓性血小板減少性紫斑病(溶血性尿毒症症候群を含む)、及び(B型肝炎、C型肝炎、ワルデンストレーム大グロブリン血症、B細胞新形成、リウマチ性関節炎、シェーグレン症候群、又は全身性エリテマトーデスに続発する)皮膚白血球性血管炎を含む続発性脈管炎;更なる例は、結節性紅斑、アレルギー性脈管炎、皮下脂肪組織炎、ウェーバー‐クリスチャン病、高グロブリン血性紫斑病、及びバージャー病;
皮膚障害、例えば接触性皮膚炎、線形IgA皮膚病、白斑、壊疽性膿皮症、後天性表皮水疱症、尋常性天疱瘡(瘢痕性類天疱瘡及び水疱性類天疱瘡を含む)、円形脱毛症(全身性脱毛症及び完全脱毛症を含む)、疱疹状皮膚炎、多形性紅斑、及び慢性自己免疫蕁麻疹 (血管運動神経性浮腫及び蕁麻疹性脈管炎を含む);
免疫媒介性血球減少症、例えば自己免疫血球減少症、及び赤血球糸無形成症;
結合組織異常、例えばCNSルーパス、円板状エリテマトーデス、CREST症候群、混合型結合組織病、多発性筋炎/皮膚筋炎、封入体筋炎、アミロイド症、I型及びII型クリオグロブリン血症、結合組織炎、リン脂質抗体症候群、続発性血友病、再発性多発性軟骨炎、サルコイドーシス、スティッフマン症候群、及びリウマチ熱;であり、更なる例は、酸親和性筋膜炎;
関節炎疹、例えば強直性脊髄炎、若年性慢性関節炎、成人スティル病、及びSAPHO症候群;であり、更なる例は仙腸骨炎、反応性関節炎、スティル病、及び痛風;
血液異常、例えば再生不良性貧血、原発性溶血性貧血(寒冷凝集素症候群を含む)、CLL又は全身性エリテマトーデスに続発する溶血性貧血;POEMS症候群、悪性貧血、及びワルデンストレーム高グロブリン血性紫斑病であり;更なる例は無顆粒球症、自己免疫性好中球減少症、フランクリン病、セリグマン病、μ鎖病、胸腺腫及びリンパ腫に続発するパラネオプラスチック症候群、及びVIII因子阻害物質形成;
内分泌障害、例えば多発性内分泌障害、及びアジソン病であり;更なる例は自己免疫性低血糖症、自己免疫性甲状腺機能低下症、自己免疫性インシュリン症候群、ド−ケルヴァン甲状腺炎、及びインシュリン受容体抗体媒介性インシュリン抵抗性;
肝−胃腸管異常、例えばセリアック病、ウィップル病、原発性胆汁性肝硬変、慢性進行性肝炎、及び原発性硬化性胆管炎であり;更なる例は、自己免疫性胃炎;
ネフロパチー、例えば急速進行性腎炎、後連鎖球菌腎炎、グッドパスチャー症候群、膜性糸球体腎炎、及びクリオグロブリン性腎炎であり;更なる例は微小変化疾患;
神経障害、例えば自己免疫ニューロパチー、多発性単神経炎、ランバート−イートン筋無力症候群、シドナム舞踏病、脊髄癆、及びギラン−バレー症候群;であり;更なる例は、ミエロパチー/熱帯痙攣性麻痺、重症筋無力症、急性炎症性脱髄性多発性神経炎、及び慢性炎症性脱髄性多発性神経炎;
心臓及び肺の異常、例えば線維化性肺胞隔炎、閉塞性細気管支炎、アレルギー性アスペルギルス症、嚢胞性線維症、レフレル症候群、心筋炎、及び心膜炎;があり、更なる例は、過敏性肺炎、及び肺癌に続発するパラネオプラスチック症候群であり;
気管支喘息及び高IgE症候群などのアレルギー性異常があり;更なる例は一過性黒内障であり;
特発性脈絡網膜炎などの眼科系異常;
パルボウィルスB感染などの感染性疾患(ハンズ・アンド・ソックス(原語:hands-and-socks)症候群を含む;
再発性流産、再発性胎児消失、及び子宮内成長遅延などの婦人科系−産科異常;更なる例は婦人科系新生物に続発する経産婦新生物障害;
精巣新生物に続発する腫瘍随伴性症候群などの男性生殖異常;
同種異系移植片及び異種移植片拒絶、及び移植片対宿主疾患などの移植由来異常、がある。
in vitro で惹起することができる:CD20発現細胞の成長及び/又は分化を阻害する;CD20発現細胞を致死させる;ヒトエフェクタ細胞の存在下でCD20発現細胞の貪食又はADCCを媒介する;補体の存在下でCD20発現細胞のCDCを媒介する;CD20発現細胞のアポトーシスを媒介する;同型接着を誘導する;及び/又は
CD20結合時に脂質ラフトへの転位を誘導する。
in vitro のCD20発現細胞を、(例えば放射性同位体、蛍光化合物、酵素、又は酵素コファクタなどの検出可能な標識で)位置確認するための方法を提供するものである。代替的には、本免疫複合体を用いて、細胞毒又は放射性毒素をCD20に標的決定することにより、表面上にCD20を発現させて有する細胞を致死させることができる。
CO2インキュベータ内で37℃に維持し、分割し、そして80%-90%コンフルエントな時点で採集した。
CO2インキュベータ内に維持し、分割し、80-90%コンフルエント時に採集した。培地を1週間に2回、取り替えた。この時点で細胞を分割し、1-1.5 x 106細胞/ml になるように接種して、生存率及び最適な成長を確認した。
HCo7 及びKM マウス: CD20に対する完全ヒトモノクローナル抗体を、ヒト抗体遺伝子を発現するHCo7及びKMマウスを用いて調製した。KMマウス株において、内因性のマウス・カッパ軽鎖遺伝子を、Chen et al. (1993) EMBO J. 12:811-820 に解説された通りにホモ接合型破壊し、内因性のマウス重鎖遺伝子を、PCT公報WO 01/09187の実施例1に解説された通りにホモ接合型に破壊した。このマウス株はFishwild
et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:845-851に解説された通りのヒトカッパ軽鎖導入遺伝子KCo5を持つ。このマウス株は、さらに、WO 02/43478に解説された14番染色体フラグメントhCF(SC20)から成るヒト重鎖トランスクロモソームも持つ。
マウス脾細胞をHCo7及びKMマウスから単離し、PEGでマウス骨髄腫細胞株に標準的なプロトコルに基づいて融合させた。次に、その結果できたハイブリドーマをヒトIgG、κの産生についてELISAでスクリーニングし、またCD20特異性について、ヒトCD20 をトランスフェクトしたNS/0 及びSKBR3細胞を用いてFACS分析によりスクリーニングした。免疫後のマウスの脾臓リンパ球の単個細胞懸濁液を、SP2/0 非分泌性マウス骨髄腫細胞 (ATCC、CRL 1581) の4分の1の数に50% PEG (シグマ社)で融合させた。細胞をほぼ1×105/ウェルになるように平底微量定量プレートにプレートした後、約2週間、10%
ウシ胎児血清、10%
P388D1(ATCC、CRL TIB-63)調整培地、3-5% オリゲン (IGEN)のDMEM(高グルコース、L-グルタミン及びピルビン酸ナトリウムのメディアテック、CRL 10013)溶液に5 mM HEPES、0.055 mM 2-メルカプトエタノール、50 mg/ml ゲンタマイシン及び1x HAT(シグマ社、CRL P-7185)を加えたものを含有する選択培地でインキュベートした。1−2週間後、細胞を、HATをHTに取り替えた培地で培養した。次に個々の細胞をフローサイトメトリによりヒト抗CD20モノクローナルIgG抗体についてスクリーニングした。広汎なハイブリドーマ成長が起きたら、培地を通常、10乃至14日後に観察した。抗体分泌性ハイブリドーマを取り替え、再度スクリーニングし、そしてまだヒトIgGについて陽性であれば、抗CD20 モノクローナル抗体を限界希釈によりサブクローニングした。次に安定なサブクローンをin vitro で培養して少量の抗体を、特徴付け用の組織培養株中に産生させた。親細胞の反応性を保持した(FACSにより)各ハイブリドーマ由来のクローンを1つ、選び出した。5-10 個のバイアルの細胞バンクを、各クローン毎に作製し、液体窒素中に保管した。
抗体のアイソタイプを判定するために、アイソタイプELISAを行った。微量定量プレートのウェルを1μg/mlのマウス抗ヒトカッパ軽鎖で、1ウェル当たり50μlのPBS溶液にして被覆して、4℃で一晩、インキュベートした。5%ニワトリ血清で遮断した後、プレートをその上清及び精製済みアイソタイプ・コントロールと反応させた。次にプレートを周囲温度で1乃至2時間、インキュベートした。次にこのウェルをヒトIgG1、IgG2、IgG3 又はIgG4特異的西洋わさびペルオキシダーゼ結合プローブと反応させた。
プレートを展開させ、上述した通りに分析した。
2F2:ヌクレオチド配列:配列番号1及び3、並びにアミノ酸配列:配列番号2及び4を持つヒトモノクローナルIgG1、κ抗体。
4C9:2F2と全く同じアミノ酸配列である配列番号2及び4を持つヒトモノクローナルIgG1、κ抗体。
7D8:ヌクレオチド配列:配列番号5及び7並びにアミノ酸配列:配列番号6及び8を持つヒトモノクローナルIgG1、κ抗体。
11B8:ヌクレオチド配列:配列番号9及び11並びにアミノ酸配列:配列番号10及び12を持つヒトモノクローナルIgG3、κ抗体。
V L 及びV H 領域の配列決定
RNAの調製: 全RNAを、すべてHuMAb CD20ハイブリドーマ細胞株(2F2、7D8及び11B8)の5x106 個の細胞から、RNeasyキット(オランダ、ライスデン、ウェストバーグ、キアジェン社)をメーカのプロトコル通りに用いて調製した。
VK RACE2 5’ GCA GGC ACA
CAA CAG AGG CAG TTC CAG ATT TC C-カッパにアニール
VH RACE2 5’ GCT GTG CCC
CCA GAG GTG CTC TTG GAG G CH1 にアニール
用いたプライマ対:
VH: FR1 5’プライマ
AB62 CAg gTK CAg CTg gTg CAg TC
AB63 SAg gTg CAg CTg KTg gAg TC
AB65 gAg gTg CAg CTg gTg CAg TC
V H リーダ5’プライマ
AB85 ATg gAC Tgg ACC Tgg AgC ATC
AB86 ATg gAA TTg ggg CTg AgC Tg
AB87 ATg gAg TTT ggR CTg AgC Tg
AB88 ATg AAA CAC CTg Tgg TTC TTC
AB89 ATg ggg TCA ACC gCC ATC CT
V H 3’ プライマ
AB90 TgC CAg ggg gAA gAC CgA Tgg
V K : FR1 5’ プライマ
AB8 RAC ATC CAg ATg AYC CAg TC
AB9 gYC ATC YRg ATg ACC CAg TC
AB10 gAT ATT gTg ATg ACC CAg AC
AB11 gAA ATT gTg TTg ACR CAg TC
AB12 gAA ATW gTR ATg ACA CAg TC
AB13 gAT gTT gTg ATg ACA CAG TC
AB14 gAA ATT gTg CTg ACT CAg TC
V K リーダ5’プライマ
AB123 CCC gCT Cag CTC CTg ggg CTC CTg
AB124 CCC TgC TCA gCT CCT ggg gCT gC
AB125 CCC AgC gCA gCT TCT CTT CCT CCT gC
AB126 ATg gAA CCA Tgg AAg CCC CAg CAC AgC
V K 3’ プライマ
AB16 Cgg gAA gAT gAA gAC AgA Tg
但し式中 K = T 又は G、S = C 又はG、R = A 又は G、Y = C 又はT、及びW = A 又はT。
72 °C 1分
94 °C 30 秒
70 °C 30 秒 5 サイクル
72 °C 1 分
94 °C 30 秒
68 °C 30 秒 27-30 サイクル
72 °C 1分
94°C 2 分
11 サイクル 94 °C 30 秒
65°C 30 秒、1サイクル毎にマイナス1 °C
72°C 30 秒
30 サイクル 94 °C 30 秒
55°C 30 秒
72°C 30 秒
72°C 10 分
4 °Cまで冷却
アガロース・ゲルでPCR産物を分析後、この産物を、QIAEX II ゲル抽出キット(オランダ、ライスデン、ウェストバーグ、キアジェン社)で精製した。各VH及びVL領域の2つの個別に増幅したPCR産物をpGEMT-ベクタ系II (プロメガ社)でメーカのプロトコル(1999年、バージョン6)に従ってクローニングした。
(www.mrc-cpe.cam.ac.uk/imt-doc/public/intro.htm).http://www.mrc-cpe.cam.ac.uk/vbase-ok.php?menu=901.でアライメントすることにより、分析された。
2F2T: 2F2抗体の重鎖及び軽鎖可変領域を、PCRを用いて標準的なクローニング・ベクタであるpGem-5Zf(Promega)から、最適なKozak配列と、GS定常領域ベクタpCONγ1f及びPCONκ(ロンザ社)中で断片をクローニングするのに適した制限部位とを含有するプライマを用いて増幅した。
Apa Iで消化してあるPCONκベクタ内に連結し、アルカリホスファターゼで脱リン酸化した。pCONγ1f/可変重及びPCONκ/可変軽ベクタをそれぞれ図1及び2に示す。形質転換させたE. coli コロニをコロニPCRでチェックし、各重鎖(HC) 及び軽鎖(LC) コンストラクトのうちの2つの陽性コロニを、プラスミド単離用に成長させた。これら4つのクローンのうちの単離されたプラスミドを配列決定した配列を確認した。HC クローンの両方と、LCクローンのうちの1つが、正しい配列を有していることが見出された。
30個の細胞系を、無血清培地でのバッチ震盪フラスコ懸濁液培養株を用いた更なる評価に向けて選抜した。最高の抗体濃度を生じた10個の細胞系を、更に、無血清培地に入れた複式供給バッチ震盪フラスコ懸濁液培養株で評価した。回収時の産物濃度は、公知の標準的な方法に従って、プロテインA高速液体クロマトグラフィ(HPLC)により判定された。すべての細胞株が2F2抗体 (2F2Tと指名) を、プロテインAHPLCで判定したところ671-1333 mg/Lの範囲の良好な収率で産生した。
30個の細胞系を、無血清培地でのバッチ震盪フラスコ懸濁液培養株を用いた更なる評価に向けて選抜した。最高の抗体濃度を生じた10個の細胞系を、更に、無血清培地に入れた複式供給バッチ震盪フラスコ懸濁液培養株で評価した。回収時の産物濃度は、公知の標準的な方法に従って、プロテインA高速液体クロマトグラフィ(HPLC)により判定された。これに基づき、細胞系のうちの1つを廃棄した。残りの9個の細胞系は、すべて、11B8抗体 (「11B8T」と指定) を、プロテインAHPLCで判定したところ354-771 mg/Lの範囲の良好な収率で産生した。
ゲル電気泳動法(SDS-PAGE及び陰性アガロースゲル電気泳動)の使用により、2F2及び2F2T は同じ大きさであり、電荷が僅かに異なることが示された。
異なる細胞株への結合:NS/0、ヒトCD20をトランスフェクトしたNS/0、Daudi細胞およびRaji細胞を、2F2、7D8および11B8を含有する培養上清とともに4℃で30分間インキュベートし、続いて、FITC結合抗ヒトIgG Abとともにインキュベートした。FACScaliburフローサイトメーターを用いたフローサイトメトリーによって結合を評価した。負の対照アイソタイプに対応したサンプルと、蛍光強度を比較した。図4に示すように、3つの抗体は全て、ヒトCD20をトランスフェクトしたNS/0細胞に結合したが、一方、親細胞、非トランスフェクトNS/0細胞に対する結合は認められなかった。3つ全ての抗体は、2つの異なるバーキットリンパ腫B細胞株(RajiおよびDaudi)にも結合した。このことは、2F2、7D8および11B8はCD20特異的であることを示している。7D8または11B8を含有する上清を非飽和条件下で試験した。したがって、2F2と比較してより低い中間蛍光強度が観察される。
血清の調製:補体溶解のための血清を、健康なボランティアからの血液をオートセップゲルおよび凝固アクチベーターバキュテイナーチューブ(autosep gel and clot activator vacutainer tubes)(BD
biosciences, Rutherford, NJ)中に抜き取って調製した。それを室温で30〜60分間保持し、次いで3000rpmで5分間遠心分離を行った。血清を回収し、−80℃で保存した。
Biosciences, Mountain view, CA)とともにFACScaliburフローサイトメーターを用いた。前方側方スキャター(forward sideward scatter)(FCS)閾値を調節することによって細胞残骸を除外しながら、少なくとも5000の現象を分析のために集めた。
ヒト好中球の濃縮:多形核細胞(好中球、PMN)を、ヘパリン化全血から濃縮した。血液をRPMI1640中で2倍に希釈し、フィコール(リンパ球分離培地1077g/ml、710g、RT、20分;BioWhittaker, cat. 17-829E, lot no. 0148 32)上に重ね、2000rpmで20分間遠心分離を行った。その分子細胞層を除去し、好中球を含有するペレット内の赤血球を、氷冷NH4Cl溶液(155mMのNH4Cl、10mMのNaHCO3、0.1mMのEDTA、pH7.4)を用いて低張溶解した。残りの好中球を2回洗浄し、10%FCS(RPMI−10)を添加したRPMI1640中に再懸濁した。
最大51Cr放出は、標的細胞に過塩素酸(最終濃度3%)を添加することによって測定し、基本放出は、感作抗体およびエフェクター細胞の不存在下で行った。
51Cr標識標的細胞の調製:ARH−77細胞およびRaji細胞をRPMI++中に回収し(3×106個)、回転させ(1500rpm、5分間)、140μl51Cr(Chromium-51;
CJS11-1mCi, バッチ12;140μl、約100μCi)中に再懸濁させ、インキュベートした(37℃水浴、1時間)。細胞を洗浄した(1500rpm、5分間、PBS中、3x)後、細胞をRPMI++中に再懸濁させ、トリパンブルー排除処理によって計測した。細胞を2×104個/mlの濃度とした。
%特異的溶解=(cpmサンプル−cpm標的細胞のみ)/(cpm最大溶解−cpm標的細胞のみ)×100
蛍光共鳴エネルギー転移(FRET)を調べるためのCy3−およびCy5−結合mAbの調製:モノクローナル抗体を直接、上記のように製造元の指示にしたがって、Cy3およびCy5(Amserham Biosciences UK
Ltd)の二官能性NHS−エステル誘導体に結合させた。簡単に述べれば、mAbを0.1Mカーボネート/ビカーボネートに対して透析した(pH9)。その後、染料をH2Oに溶解し、すぐに1mgのmAbに添加し、室温で、暗室で、45分間インキュベートした。PBS中で均衡化させたPD10-Sephadex G25カラムを用いたゲルクロマトグラフィーによって、標識mAbsを未結合の染料から分離した。結合のモル比を、Cy3についてはε552=150/mM/cm、Cy5については、ε650=250/mM/cm、タンパク質については、ε280=170/mM/cmから、分光分析による測定を行った。余剰の染料:タンパク質は、5〜8倍の範囲であった。
FRET=FL3(D,A)−FL2(D,A)/a−FL4(D,A)/b
(式中、a=FL2(D)/FL3(D)、b=FL4(A)/FL3(A)を表す)
Woburn, MA, USA)を用いて視覚化した。
アポトーシス:Daudi細胞(1mlの組織培養培地中0.5×106個)を、1μg/mlまたは10μg/mlのmAbまたは対照抗体とともに24ウェル平底プレートに入れ、37℃でインキュベートした。20時間後、細胞を集め、アネキシン-V-FITC結合緩衝液(BD biosciences)で洗浄し、アネキシン V-FITC (BD biosciences)で15分間、暗室で、4℃で標識した。その細胞を分析するまで4℃で保持しておいた。FACSチューブ中で各サンプル(150μl)を10μlのPI溶液(PBS中10μg/ml)に添加した。その混合物をCellQuest pro software を備えたFACScaliburフローサイトメーター(BD Biosciences, Mountain view, CA)を用いてローサイトメトリーによって即座に評価した。分析のために少なくとも10,000の現象を集めた。
ホモタイプの凝結は、アポトーシスの誘導と相関している。したがって、抗CD20 mAbがB細胞のホモタイプの凝結を誘導する能力を調べた。
高用量(100μg)の、Daudi細胞攻撃したSCIDマウスの2F2および7D8を用いた治療:SCIDマウスは、Harlan UK Ltd., Blackthorn, Oxon, UKから入手し、病原体の無い条件下で飼育し、保持した。Daudi細胞(2.5×106)を、12〜16週齢のSCIDマウスのコホートの尾部の静脈に静脈注射し、7日後、100μgの2F2または7D8を同じ投与経路で注射した。実験動物は、動物倫理委員会の指示にしたがい、下肢麻酔を行って実験に用いた。図38に示されているように、2F2または7D8で治療した後のマウスの生存率が延びている。
抗CD20抗体の治療効果を、ヒトB細胞腫瘍細胞の播種性派生物が続いて起こる、マウスモデルで、外部の光学画像を用いて評価した。このモデルにおいては、腫瘍細胞をホタルルシフェラーゼでトランスフェクトする。ルシフェリン(Molecular Probes,
Leiden, The Netherlands)をマウスに投与後、標識された細胞をin vivo で、バイオルミネセントイメージングによって、高感度CCDカメラを用いて、検出することができる(Wetterwald et al. (2002) American Journal of Pathology, 160(3):1143-1153.)。
Imaging Corp)を用いた。群の間の統計学的有意さは、GraphPad PRISM version 3.02(Graphpad Software Inc)を用いたNewman-Keuls post testによって、ばらつきのワンウェイ分析によって推定した。
1日1回連続4日間静脈投与(伏在静脈を介して)後、カニクイザル(約2歳;体重:2.1〜2.6kgの範囲)における2F2の薬物動態学的パターンおよび薬理学的効果を決定することを目的とした。その同等の力価を決定するために、本研究では、リッキシマブの薬理学的効果の比較も行った。この目的のために、6匹のオスおよび6匹のメスカニクイザルを、4日間連続で、定用量体積の10ml/kgで、1.25、6.25および12.5mg/kg/日の用量レベルで2F2またはリッキシマブをそれぞれ投与する、6用量群に割り付けた。最後の用量を投与後、130日間、動物を投与後観察した。この研究に採用した実践および手順は、United Kingdom
Department of Healthが制定したOECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practiceにしたがっている。全ての動物を、処置に対して悪い健康状態の徴候または反応を示していないかどうかについて、定期的に観察し、身体測定を行った。本研究の間に、血液学、凝固、臨床化学および尿検査の実験室での検査を行った。血液サンプルおよびリンパ節生体組織を(リンパ節表面から)取得し、投与中、および投与後観察を通して、フローサイトメトリー分析を行った。以下の細胞表現型、すなわち、CD3、CD4、CD8、CD20およびCD21について、フローサイトメトリーによって分析した。投与後観察期間完了後、動物を殺し、詳細な剖検を行った。
突然変異誘導アプローチを用いたエピトープマッピング研究によれば、第2の細胞外ループの170位のアラニン(A170)および172位のプロリン(P172)は、公知の抗CD20抗体によるヒトCD20の認識にとって重要である。Deansと共同研究者(M.J. Polyak, et al., Blood, (2002) 99(9): pp 3256-3262; M.J. Polyak, et al., J. Immunol., (1998) 161(7): pp 3242-3248)による研究においては、試験された全ての抗CD20 mAbの結合は、A170とP172を対応するネズミCD20残基S170およびS172に変更することによって阻害された。AxPエピトープの認識における異種性が認識されたが、リッキシマブのような大半の抗体は、ヒトA170xP172配列に突然変異したS170およびS172を持つネズミCD20を認識する。ところが、他のいくつかのものは、AxP配列のN末端の近くにさらなる突然変異を必要とする。本発明のA170xP172刺激がまた、抗体の結合にとって有用であるかどうかを確認するために、部位特異的突然変異誘導(AxP突然変異=A170S、P172S)を用いて、AxP配列をSxSに突然変異させ、細胞をAxP突然変異および野生型(WT)CD20 DNAを用いて、トランスフェクトし、抗CD20 mAbsの結合特性を比較した。
ペプチドの合成:7−、9−、および15量体ペプチドを常法によって合成した。いくつかのケースにおいて、15量体ペプチドの辺の化学的結合は、潜在的に不連続なエピトープのアミノ酸配列を同定するのを助けている。公知の処置にしたがって(H.M. Geysen et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:3998; J.W. Slootstra et al.
(1996) Mol. Divers. 1:87; およびPCT国際公開第WO 01/60769号)、7−、9−、および15量体ペプチドを合成した。それは、2F2または11B8のヒトCD20分子への可能な結合に関与する結合部位またはエピトープとなり得るだろう。9−、および15量体をループとして合成し、クレジットカードフォーマットのミニPEPSCANカード(455ペプチドフォーマット/カード)を用いてスクリーニングを行った。様々な位置の全てのループ状ペプチドアミノ酸をシステインで置換した(例えば、アセチル−XCXXXXXXXXXXXCX−ミニカード)。ペプチドを、標準的なFmoc化学を用いて合成し、スカベンジャーを有するTFAを用いて脱保護した。続いて、脱保護されたペプチドをマイクロアレイ上で、0.5mMの1,3−ビス(ブロモメチル)ベンゼンにアンモニウムビカーボネート溶液(20mM、pH7.9)と反応させ、アセトニトリル(1:1(v/v))を添加した。マイクロアレイをその溶液中で穏やかに30〜60分間振とうし、溶液中に完全に浸した。最後に、マイクロアレイを余剰のミリポア水で十分洗浄し、1%ドデシル硫酸ナトリウム、0.1%β−メルカプトエタノールをPBS(pH7.2)中に含有する破壊緩衝液中で、70℃で30分間、超音波処理し、続いて、ミリポア水でさらに45分超音波処理した。続いて、マイクロウェルをELISAアッセイのスクリーニングのために準備した。
ELISAアッセイ:共有結合したペプチドを含有する455ウェルクレジットカードフォーマットのポリエチレンカードを血清(5%ウマ血清(v/v)および5%オボアルブミン(w/v)を含有するブロッキング溶液中で1:1000に希釈)とともにインキュベートした(4℃、一晩)。洗浄後、ペプチドを抗ヒト抗体ペルオキシダーゼ(1:1000に希釈、1時間、25℃)とともにインキュベートし、ペルオキシダーゼ基質を洗浄後、2,2’−アジノ−ジ−3−エチルベンズチアゾリンスルホネートおよび2μl/mlの3%H2O2を添加した。1時間後、発色を測定した。ELISAの発色を、CCDカメラと画像プロセシングシステムを用いて定量化した。セットアップは、CCDカメラと55mmレンズ(Sony CCD Video Camera XC-77RR, Nikon micro-nikkまたは55mm f/2.8レンズ)、カメラアダプター(Sony Camera adaptor DC-77RR)およびImage Processing Software package Optimas,バージョン6.5(Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD 20910, U.S.A.)からなる。Optimasは、ペンティアムII コンピュータシステム上で動く。
抗イディオタイプ抗体の生成:マウス抗イディオタイプ抗体を、Balb/Cマウスを2F2または11B8Tで免疫し、NS1骨髄腫細胞と融合して、これらのマウスの脾臓からハイブリドーマを生成することによって、常法を用いて作製した。以下の抗イディオタイプ抗体、すなわち、抗2F2 sab 1.1、抗2F2 sab 1.2、抗2F2
sab 1.3、抗11B8T sab 2.2、抗11B8T sab 2.3、抗11B8T
sab 2.4、抗11B8T sab 2.5および抗11B8T sab 2.6を作製した。これらを、2F2T、7D8および11B8Tとの特異的結合について試験した。ELISAプレートを精製した2F2T、7D8または11B8T(最終濃度が1.2μg/mlとなるようにPBS中に希釈した。37℃、2時間)を塗布した。プレートを、0.05% Tween-20および2%トリ血清を含有するPBSでブロッキングした(室温、1時間)。続いて、そのプレートを抗イディオタイプ抗体の培養から得た上清とともにインキュベートした(最終濃度を1〜10μg/mlに調節した。RT、2時間)。結合したマウス抗イディオタイプ抗体を、ウサギ抗マウスIgG−HRP結合抗体(Jackson ImmunoResearch)を用いて検出した。
sab 1.3は、2F2Tおよび7D8と結合するが、11B8Tまたは無関係のアイソタイプ対照ヒト抗体とは結合しない。2F2Tと7D8は、VLおよびVH配列が非常に相同しているので、抗2F2イディオタイプ抗体と7D8とが反応することが期待される。
sab 2.2、抗11B8T sab 2.3、抗11B8T sab 2.4、抗11B8T
sab 2.5および抗11B8T sab 2.6の全てが11B8Tに同程度結合することを示している。
sab 1.3を塗布した。プレートを0.05%Tween-20および2%トリ血清を含有するPBSでブロッキングした(室温、1時間)。続いて、そのプレートを連続希釈した2F2Tとともにインキュベートした(10,000〜9.77ng/ml、RT、2時間)。結合した2F2Tをマウス抗ヒトIgG HRP−結合抗体を用いて検出した。図52A〜Cに示すように、2F2Tの用量依存的結合が観察された。
当業者なら、ルーチンの実験法を用いるだけで、ここに記載された本発明の特定の実施形態に対して多くの均等物を認識または確認することができるであろう。そのような均等物は、以下の請求項に包含されることが意図される。従属請求項に開示された態様のあらゆる組み合わせも本発明の範囲であると考えられる。
本明細書において引用した全ての特許、ペンディングの特許出願、他の文献は、その全体を引用によってここに援用している。
Claims (47)
- 変異型AxP(位置170のアラニンがセリンに変異し、かつ、位置172のプロリンがセリンに変異している)に、ヒトCD20に対するのと少なくとも同じ親和性で結合し、
かつ、10マイクログラム/mlの抗体濃度のときに、変異型N163D(位置163のアスパラギンがアスパラギン酸に変異している)及び変異型N166D(位置166のアスパラギンがアスパラギン酸に変異している)に対して、ヒトCD20に比較して50%以上少ない結合を示す、
単離されたヒトモノクローナル抗体。 - IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgM、IgA1、IgA2、分泌性IgA、IgD、及びIgE抗体から成る群より選択される、請求項1に記載の抗体。
- 前記抗体がIgG1抗体である、請求項2に記載の抗体。
- それぞれ配列番号1及び配列番号3に記載された通りのヌクレオチド配列をそれらの可変領域に含むヒト重鎖及びヒトカッパ軽鎖核酸にコードされた、上記請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の抗体。
- それぞれ配列番号5及び配列番号7に記載された通りのヌクレオチド配列をそれらの可変領域に含むヒト重鎖及びヒトカッパ軽鎖核酸にコードされた、上記請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の抗体。
- それぞれ配列番号2及び配列番号4に記載された通りのアミノ酸配列を含むヒト重鎖及びヒトカッパ軽鎖可変領域を有する、上記請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の抗体。
- それぞれ配列番号2及び配列番号4に記載された通りのアミノ酸配列に少なくとも90%相同なヒト重鎖及びヒトカッパ軽鎖可変領域を有する、上記請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の抗体。
- それぞれ配列番号6及び配列番号8に記載された通りのアミノ酸配列を含むヒト重鎖及びヒトカッパ軽鎖可変領域を有する、上記請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の抗体。
- それぞれ配列番号6及び配列番号8に記載された通りのアミノ酸配列に少なくとも90%相同なヒト重鎖及びヒトカッパ軽鎖可変領域を有する、上記請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の抗体。
- 配列番号15に記載された通りのVH CDR3配列を含む、上記請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の抗体。
- 配列番号13、14、15、16、17、及び18に記載された通りの6つのCDR配列を含む、請求項10に記載の抗体。
- 配列番号19、20、21、22、23、及び24に記載された通りの6つのCDR配列を含む、請求項10に記載された抗体。
- インタクト IgG1抗体、インタクト IgG2抗体、インタクト IgG3抗体、インタクト IgG4抗体、インタクト IgM抗体、インタクト IgA1抗体、インタクト IgA2抗体、インタクト 分泌性 IgA抗体、インタクト IgD抗体、及びインタクト IgE抗体から成る群より選択されるインタクト抗体である、上記請求項1乃至12のいずれか1つに記載された抗体であって、真核細胞では糖付加されている、抗体。
- 抗体フラグメント又は一本鎖抗体である、上記請求項1乃至12のいずれか1つに記載の抗体。
- ヒト重鎖及びヒト軽鎖をコードする核酸を含むトランスフェクトーマであって、請求項1乃至14のいずれか1つに記載された抗体を検出可能な量、産生する、トランスフェクトーマ。
- それぞれ配列番号1又は5、及び、配列番号3又は7に記載された通りのヌクレオチド配列をそれらの可変領域に含むヒトIgG重鎖及びヒトカッパ軽鎖核酸にコードされたヒトモノクローナル抗体を産生するトランスフェクトーマ。
- それぞれ配列番号2又は6、及び、配列番号4又は8に記載された通りのアミノ酸配列を含むIgG重鎖及びカッパ軽鎖可変領域を有するヒトモノクローナルを産生するトランスフェクトーマ。
- それぞれ配列番号2又は6、及び、配列番号4又は8に記載された通りのアミノ酸配列を含む重鎖及び軽鎖可変領域を有するヒトモノクローナルを産生する真核性又は原核性ホスト細胞。
- それぞれ配列番号2又は6、及び、配列番号4又は8に記載された通りのアミノ酸配列を含む重鎖及び軽鎖可変領域を有するヒトモノクローナルを産生する非ヒトトランスジェニック動物又は植物。
- 請求項1乃至14のいずれか1つに記載のヒト抗体、及び薬学的に許容可能な担体とを含む、CD20発現細胞が関与する疾患又は異常を治療又は予防するための組成物。
- 前記疾患がB細胞リンパ腫である、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 前記疾患がB細胞非ホジキンリンパ腫である、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 前記疾患が、前駆B細胞リンパ芽球性白血病/リンパ腫及び成熟B細胞新生物から成る群より選択される、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 前記疾患が、B細胞慢性リンパ球性白血病 (CLL)/小リンパ球性リンパ腫 (SLL)、B細胞プロリンパ球性白血病、リンパ形質細胞性リンパ腫、外套細胞リンパ腫 (MCL)、 濾胞性リンパ腫 (FL)、皮膚濾胞中心リンパ腫、辺縁帯B細胞リンパ腫 (MALT型、結節性及び脾性)、ヘアリーセル白血病、 びまん性大B細胞リンパ腫、バーキットリンパ腫、形質細胞腫、形質細胞骨髄腫、移植後リンパ増殖異常、ワルデンストレーム大グロブリン血症、及び異形成性大細胞リンパ腫 (ALCL)から成る群より選択される、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 前記疾患が濾胞性リンパ腫(FL)である、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 前記疾患が、B細胞慢性リンパ球性白血病(CLL)/小リンパ球性リンパ腫(SLL)である、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 前記疾患が、リンパ腫様肉芽腫症、原発性浸出リンパ腫、血管内大B細胞リンパ腫、縦隔大B細胞リンパ腫、重鎖疾患(γ、μ及びα疾患を含む)、および免疫抑制剤による治療で誘導されるリンパ腫である、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 請求項1乃至14のいずれか1つに記載の抗体、及び薬学的に許容可能な担体とを含む、CD20発現免疫細胞が関与する免疫疾患を治療又は予防するための組成物。
- 治療が、自己抗原に対する抗体を産生するB細胞の致死を含む、請求項28記載の組成物。
- 前記疾患又は異常が、乾癬、乾癬性関節炎、皮膚炎、全身性強皮症及び硬化症、炎症性腸疾患 (IBD)、クローン病、潰瘍性大腸炎、呼吸窮迫症候群、髄膜炎、脳炎、ブドウ膜炎、腎炎、湿疹、喘息、アテローム性硬化症、白血球接着不全、多発性硬化症、レイノー症候群、シェーグレン症候群、若年発症性糖尿病、ライター病、ベーチェット病、免疫複合体腎炎、IgAニューロパチー、IgM多発性神経炎、免疫媒介血小板減少症、溶血性貧血、重症筋無力症、ループス腎炎、全身性エリテマトーデス、リウマチ性関節炎(RA)、アトピー性皮膚炎、天疱瘡、グレーブズ病、橋本甲状腺炎、ウェグナー肉芽腫症、オーメン症候群、慢性腎不全、急性感染性単核細胞症、HIV、及び疱疹ウィルス関連疾患、からなる群より選択される、請求項28記載の組成物。
- 前記自己免疫疾患がリウマチ性関節炎(RA)である、請求項28記載の組成物。
- 前記疾患が、潰瘍性大腸炎、クローン病、若年発症性糖尿病、多発性硬化症、免疫媒介性血小板減少症、溶血性貧血、筋無力症、全身性硬化症、及び尋常性天疱瘡から選択される炎症性、免疫及び/又は自己免疫異常である、請求項28記載の組成物。
- 前記疾患が、炎症性腸疾患(IBD)、潰瘍性結腸炎、クローン病、及び多発性硬化症から選択される炎症性、免疫及び/又は自己免疫異常である、請求項28記載の組成物。
- 別の治療薬をさらに含む、前記請求項20乃至33のいずれか1つに記載の組成物。
- 前記治療薬が細胞傷害性作用薬又は放射毒性作用薬である、請求項34記載の組成物。
- 前記治療薬が免疫抑制剤である、請求項34記載の組成物。
- 前記治療薬が、免疫調節性作用薬である、請求項34記載の組成物。
- 前記治療薬が、サイトカイン又はケモカインである、請求項34記載の組成物。
- 前記治療薬が、ドキソルビシン、シスプラチン、ブレオマイシン、カルムスチン、クロラムブシル、及びシクロホスファミドから成る群より選択される、請求項34記載の組成物。
- 前記治療薬が、抗CD25抗体、抗CD19抗体、抗CD21抗体、抗CD22抗体、抗CD37抗体、抗CD38抗体、抗IL6R抗体、抗IL8抗体、抗IL15抗体、抗IL15R抗体、抗CD4抗体、抗CD11a抗体、抗アルファ-4/ベータ-1 インテグリン(VLA4)抗体、CTLA4-Ig及び抗C3b(i)抗体から成る群より選択される、請求項34記載の組成物。
- 試料中のCD20抗原又はCD20発現細胞の存在を検出するためのイン・ヴィトロ法であって、
前記試料を、請求項1乃至14のいずれか1つに記載の抗体に、前記抗体とCD20との間の複合体形成が可能な条件下で接触させるステップと、
複合体の形成を検出するステップと
を含む、方法。 - 試料中のCD20抗原又はCD20発現細胞の存在を検出するための、請求項1乃至14のいずれか1つに記載の抗体を含む、キット。
- 非ヒト対象においてCD20抗原又はCD20発現細胞の存在を検出するためのイン・ビボ法であって、
請求項1乃至14のいずれか1つに記載の抗体を、前記抗体とCD20との間の複合体形成が可能な条件下で投与するステップと、
形成された複合体を検出するステップと
を含む、方法。 - 配列番号1又は5に記載された通りのヌクレオチド配列を含む重鎖可変領域コード配列と、配列番号3又は7に記載された通りのヌクレオチド配列を含む軽鎖可変領域コード配列を含む発現ベクタ。
- 配列番号2又は6に記載された通りのアミノ酸配列を含む重鎖可変領域と、配列番号4又は8に記載された通りのアミノ酸配列を含む軽鎖可変領域とをコードするヌクレオチド配列を含む発現ベクタ。
- 請求項1乃至14のいずれか1つの抗体に結合する抗イディオタイプ抗体。
- 試料中において、CD20に対するヒトモノクローナル抗体のレベルを検出するための、請求項46に記載の抗イディオタイプ抗体。
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