JP5475145B2 - 光電変換素子 - Google Patents
光電変換素子 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5475145B2 JP5475145B2 JP2012552681A JP2012552681A JP5475145B2 JP 5475145 B2 JP5475145 B2 JP 5475145B2 JP 2012552681 A JP2012552681 A JP 2012552681A JP 2012552681 A JP2012552681 A JP 2012552681A JP 5475145 B2 JP5475145 B2 JP 5475145B2
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- photoelectric conversion
- methyl
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 66
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- -1 bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide anion Chemical class 0.000 claims description 29
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 50
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- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 29
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- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 4
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- MXLZUALXSYVAIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazol-1-ium Chemical class CCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1C MXLZUALXSYVAIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FOTIRCKWBGLFNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-5-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)disulfanyl]tetrazole Chemical compound CN1N=NN=C1SSC1=NN=NN1C FOTIRCKWBGLFNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
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- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- LDMOEFOXLIZJOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCS(O)(=O)=O LDMOEFOXLIZJOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JNPBPPIOHDNROY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazol-3-ium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CC[N+]=1C=CN(C)C=1C JNPBPPIOHDNROY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ULMGNXSIBNEBFL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazol-3-ium;hydron;carbonate Chemical compound OC([O-])=O.CC[N+]=1C=CN(C)C=1 ULMGNXSIBNEBFL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SVONMDAUOJGXHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexyl-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium Chemical class CCCCCC[N+]1(C)CCCC1 SVONMDAUOJGXHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCBLEHMSAYLVKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidin-1-ium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].CCC[N+]1(C)CCCC1 YCBLEHMSAYLVKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MCTWTZJPVLRJOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-1H-imidazole Chemical compound CN1C=CN=C1 MCTWTZJPVLRJOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KLEPTKBBYYYALG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-ylmethanamine Chemical compound O1CCOC2=C(CN)SC=C21 KLEPTKBBYYYALG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LRWVQOFWMRDMHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-ylmethanol Chemical compound O1CCOC2=C(CO)SC=C21 LRWVQOFWMRDMHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FXPLCAKVOYHAJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-carboxypyridin-2-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C=2)C(O)=O)=C1 FXPLCAKVOYHAJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VMISXESAJBVFNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-carboxypyridin-2-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid;ruthenium(2+);diisothiocyanate Chemical compound [Ru+2].[N-]=C=S.[N-]=C=S.OC(=O)C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C=2)C(O)=O)=C1.OC(=O)C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C=2)C(O)=O)=C1 VMISXESAJBVFNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LYTMVABTDYMBQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-benzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CSC=C21 LYTMVABTDYMBQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WBIQQQGBSDOWNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1S(O)(=O)=O WBIQQQGBSDOWNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDZYRENCLPUXAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1h-benzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC(C)=NC2=C1 LDZYRENCLPUXAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UUIMDJFBHNDZOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-tert-butylpyridine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=N1 UUIMDJFBHNDZOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HZZUFNXZYKMRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-tetradecylthiophene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CS1 HZZUFNXZYKMRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZDQZVKVIYAPRON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-phenylthiophene Chemical compound S1C=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 ZDQZVKVIYAPRON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=C(N)SC=2)=C1 MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ABSXMLODUTXQDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-sulfophenyl)benzenesulfonic acid Chemical group C1=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 ABSXMLODUTXQDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIWLEULVJYJBFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-hexyl-2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine Chemical compound O1CCOC2=C(CCCCCC)SC=C21 QIWLEULVJYJBFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FPVUWZFFEGYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methyl-3h-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione Chemical compound CC1=NN=C(S)S1 FPVUWZFFEGYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021630 Antimony pentafluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004155 Chlorine dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=CC2=C1 SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000980 acid dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium peroxydisulfate Substances [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VAZSKTXWXKYQJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)OOS([O-])=O VAZSKTXWXKYQJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001449 anionic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ILFFFKFZHRGICY-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC3=CC2=C1 ILFFFKFZHRGICY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000410 antimony oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VBVBHWZYQGJZLR-UHFFFAOYSA-I antimony pentafluoride Chemical compound F[Sb](F)(F)(F)F VBVBHWZYQGJZLR-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MIAUJDCQDVWHEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,2-disulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1S(O)(=O)=O MIAUJDCQDVWHEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001555 benzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzenesulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940077388 benzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RXKLBLXXQQRGJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidin-1-ium Chemical compound CCC[N+]1(C)CCCC1.FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O RXKLBLXXQQRGJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MIOPJNTWMNEORI-UHFFFAOYSA-N camphorsulfonic acid Chemical compound C1CC2(CS(O)(=O)=O)C(=O)CC1C2(C)C MIOPJNTWMNEORI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019398 chlorine dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical compound OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940077239 chlorous acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- INPLXZPZQSLHBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+);sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Co+2] INPLXZPZQSLHBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011231 conductive filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000956 coumarin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000001671 coumarin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- SOCTUWSJJQCPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromate(2-) Chemical compound [O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O SOCTUWSJJQCPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YRIUSKIDOIARQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl benzenesulfonate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 YRIUSKIDOIARQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940071161 dodecylbenzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940060296 dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- YQGOJNYOYNNSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N eosin Chemical compound [Na+].OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C1=C2C=C(Br)C(=O)C(Br)=C2OC2=C(Br)C(O)=C(Br)C=C21 YQGOJNYOYNNSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZRZKFGDGIPLXIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroform;sulfuric acid Chemical compound FC(F)F.OS(O)(=O)=O ZRZKFGDGIPLXIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NVVZQXQBYZPMLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound O=C.C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 NVVZQXQBYZPMLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003349 gelling agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- QFWPJPIVLCBXFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N glymidine Chemical compound N1=CC(OCCOC)=CN=C1NS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QFWPJPIVLCBXFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZJYYHGLJYGJLLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanidinium thiocyanate Chemical compound SC#N.NC(N)=N ZJYYHGLJYGJLLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011964 heteropoly acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 150000004693 imidazolium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001412 inorganic anion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CBEQRNSPHCCXSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine monobromide Chemical compound IBr CBEQRNSPHCCXSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000434 metal complex dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940098779 methanesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PDKHNCYLMVRIFV-UHFFFAOYSA-H molybdenum;hexachloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Mo] PDKHNCYLMVRIFV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- HYFMZOAPNQAXHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,7-disulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C2=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C21 HYFMZOAPNQAXHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KVBGVZZKJNLNJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C21 KVBGVZZKJNLNJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229910017464 nitrogen compound Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002830 nitrogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=O VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002927 oxygen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KHIWWQKSHDUIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N periodic acid Chemical compound OI(=O)(=O)=O KHIWWQKSHDUIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005496 phosphonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- UHZYTMXLRWXGPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus pentachloride Chemical compound ClP(Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl UHZYTMXLRWXGPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OBCUTHMOOONNBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus pentafluoride Chemical compound FP(F)(F)(F)F OBCUTHMOOONNBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000172 poly(styrenesulfonic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004291 polyenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002685 polymerization catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940005642 polystyrene sulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960001922 sodium perborate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YKLJGMBLPUQQOI-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;oxidooxy(oxo)borane Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]OB=O YKLJGMBLPUQQOI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- PWEBUXCTKOWPCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N squaric acid Chemical compound OC1=C(O)C(=O)C1=O PWEBUXCTKOWPCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005504 styryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000020 sulfo group Chemical group O=S(=O)([*])O[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003567 thiocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005031 thiocyano group Chemical group S(C#N)* 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M toluene-4-sulfonate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2004—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte
- H01G9/2013—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte the electrolyte comprising ionic liquids, e.g. alkyl imidazolium iodide
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2004—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte
- H01G9/2018—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte characterised by the ionic charge transport species, e.g. redox shuttles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
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- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Description
電極基体8を構成する透明基体1は、可視光を透過するものが使用でき、透明なガラスが好適に利用できる。また、ガラス表面を加工して入射光を散乱させるようにしたものも使用できる。また、ガラスに限らず、光を透過するものであれば、プラスチック板やプラスチックフィルム等も使用できる。
透明導電膜2としては、可視光を透過して、かつ導電性を有するものが使用できる。このような材料としては、例えば金属酸化物が挙げられる。特に限定はされないが、例えばフッ素をドープした酸化スズ(以下、「FTO」と略記する。)や、酸化インジウム、酸化スズと酸化インジウムの混合体(以下、「ITO」と略記する。)、アンチモンをドープした酸化スズ、酸化亜鉛などを好適に用いることができる。
多孔質金属酸化物半導体3としては、特に限定はされないが、酸化チタン、酸化亜鉛、酸化スズなどが挙げられ、特に二酸化チタン、さらにはアナターゼ型二酸化チタンが好適である。
増感色素4としては、太陽光により励起されて上記金属酸化物半導体3に電子注入できるものであればよく、一般的に光電変換素子に用いられている色素を用いることができるが、変換効率を向上させるためには、その吸収スペクトルが太陽光スペクトルと広波長域で重なっていて、耐光性が高いことが望ましい。
本発明で用いる電解質層5は、一般式(1)で示される化合物および式(2)で示される化合物からなる酸化還元対を含むものである。なお、一般式(1)で示される化合物が還元体、式(2)で示される化合物が酸化体である。
対向電極9は、電極基材7の表面に触媒層6が形成された構造をしている。この電極基材7は、触媒層6の支持体兼集電体として用いられるため、表面部分に導電性を有していることが好ましい。
[実施例1]
[多孔質金属酸化物半導体の作製]
ガラスからなる透明基板1上にフッ素をドープしたSnO2からなる透明導電膜2を真空蒸着により形成した透明導電膜2上に、以下の方法で多孔質金属酸化物半導体層3を形成した。
増感色素4として、一般にN719dyeと呼ばれるビス(4−カルボキシ−4’−テトラブチルアンモニウムカルボキシ−2,2’−ビピリジン)ジイソチオシアネートルテニウム錯体(Solaronix社製)を使用した。上記多孔質酸化チタン半導体電極を色素濃度0.4mmol/Lの無水エタノール溶液中に浸漬し、遮光下でひと晩静置した。その後無水エタノールにて余分な色素を洗浄してから風乾することで太陽電池の半導体電極を作製した。
次に、電解質層5を構成する電解液を調製した。すなわち、溶媒として1−メチル−3−エチルイミダゾリウムビス(フルオロスルホニル)イミド(EMIm−FSI、第一工業製薬(株)製、製品名エレクセルIL−110)を用い、それに1.1mol/Lの5,5’−ジチオビス(1−メチル−1H−テトラゾール)((MTZT)2)、0.1mol/Lの1−メチル−5−メルカプト−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール:リチウム塩(Li−MTZT)、1.0mol/Lの1−メチル−5−メルカプト−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール:1−メチル−3−エチルイミダゾリウム塩(EMIm−MTZT)、0.5mol/LのN−メチルベンズイミダゾール(NMBI)を溶解させることにより調製した。
対向電極9として、p−トルエンスルホン酸がドープされたポリ(3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェン)(以下、PEDOT−PTS)対極を使用した。電極基体7としてFTO被膜付きガラス(旭硝子(株)製、10Ω/□以下)を用い、有機溶媒中で超音波洗浄した電極基体に、3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェン、トリス−p−トルエンスルホン酸鉄(III)、ジメチルスルホキシドを重量比で1:8:1の割合でn−ブタノールに溶解させた反応溶液をスピンコート法にて塗布した。スピンコートは、回転条件2000rpmの条件で30秒間行い、溶液における3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェンの濃度は0.48Mであった。つづいて、溶液を塗布した電極基板を110℃に保持した恒温槽に入れ、5分間加熱することで重合させた後、メタノールで洗浄することで対向電極を作製した。作製したPEDOT薄膜の膜厚は約0.3μmであった。
上記のように作製した対向電極9に電気ドリルで1mmφの電解液注入孔を適当な位置に設けたのち、上記のように作製した透明導電膜2を具備した透明基板1上の酸化チタン膜3からなる電極基体8(作用極)と、対向電極の間に熱可塑性シート(三井・デュポンポリケミカル(株)製、製品名ハイミラン1652、膜厚25μm)を挟み、熱圧着することにより両電極を接着した。次に、上記のように作製した電解液を両電極間に注入した後、電解液注入孔上に1mm厚のガラス板を置き、その上にUVシール剤(スリーボンド(株)製、開発品名30Y−727)を塗布し、UV光を100mW/cm2の強度で30秒照射することで封止を実施し、太陽電池素子を作製した。
電解質層5として、1−メチル−5−メルカプト−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール:1−メチル−3−エチルイミダゾリウム塩(EMIm−MTZT)の代わりに、1−メチル−5−メルカプト−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール:1−メチル−1−プロピルピロリジニウム塩(MPPy−MTZT)を使用した以外は実施例1と同様にして、太陽電池素子を作製した。
電解質層5として、1−メチル−5−メルカプト−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール:1−メチル−3−エチルイミダゾリウム塩(EMIm−MTZT)の代わりに、1−メチル−5−メルカプト−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール:1,2−ジメチル−3−プロピルイミダゾリウム塩(DMPIm−MTZT)を使用した以外は実施例1と同様にして、太陽電池素子を作製した。
電解質層5として、EMIm−FSIを溶媒として用い、これに0.5mol/Lの(MTZT)2、1.4mol/LのEMIm−MTZT、0.1mol/LのLi−MTZT、0.5mol/LのNMBIを溶解させることにより調製したものを使用した以外は実施例1と同様にして、太陽電池素子を作製した。
電解質層5として、EMIm−FSIを溶媒として用い、これに0.8mol/Lの(MTZT)2、1.5mol/LのEMIm−MTZT、0.1mol/LのLi−MTZT、0.5mol/LのNMBIを溶解させることにより調製したものを使用した以外は実施例1と同様にして、太陽電池素子を作製した。
電解質層5として、EMIm−FSIを溶媒として用い、これに0.8mol/Lの(MTZT)2、1.1mol/LのEMIm−MTZT、0.1mol/LのLi−MTZT、0.5mol/LのNMBIを溶解させることにより調製したものを使用した以外は実施例1と同様にして、太陽電池素子を作製した。
電解質層5として、1−メチル−3−エチルイミダゾリウムビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミド(EMIm−FSI)を溶媒として用い、それに0.2mol/Lのヨウ素、2.0mol/Lの1,2−ジメチル−3−エチルイミダゾリウムアイオダイド(DMPIm−I)、0.5mol/LのN−メチルベンズイミダゾール(NMBI)を溶解させたものを使用した以外は実施例1と同様にして太陽電池素子を作製した。
対向電極9として、スパッタ法によりITO導電性ガラス上にスパッタ法によりPtを蒸着したPt対極(ジオマテック製)を使用した以外は比較例1と同様に太陽電池素子を作製した。
電解質層5として、1−メチル−3−エチルイミダゾリウムビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミド(EMIm−FSI)を溶媒として用い、それに0.5mol/Lの1−メチル−5−メルカプト−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール:テトラメチルアンモニウム塩、0.5mol/Lの2,2’‐ジチオビス(5−メチル−1,3,4−チアジアゾール)、0.5mol/LのN−メチルベンズイミダゾール(NMBI)を溶解させたものを使用した以外は実施例1と同様に太陽電池素子を作製した。
電解質層5として、1−メチル−3−エチルイミダゾリウムビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミド(EMIm−FSI)を溶媒として用い、それに2mol/Lの5−メチル−2−メルカプト−1,3,4−チアジアゾール:1−メチル−3−エチルイミダゾリウム塩(EMIm−MTT)、0.2Mの2,2’−ジチオビス(5−メチル−1,3,4−チアジアゾール)、0.5mol/LのN−メチルベンズイミダゾール(NMBI)を溶解させたものを使用した以外は実施例1と同様に太陽電池素子を作製した。
1−メチル−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール−5−チオール1モル等量と炭酸カリウム0.5モル等量をメタノールに溶かし、攪拌しながら炭酸カリウムが溶けてなくなるまで(約2.5時間)超音波バス処理を行った。その後、ろ紙を使用して固形物を除き、溶媒をロータリーエバポレーターにより留去し、生じた白色固形物をジクロロメタンで洗浄後、真空乾燥することで1−メチル−5−メルカプト−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール:カリウム塩を合成した。上記の反応収率は82%であった。
1−メチル−5−メルカプト−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール:カリウム塩の合成において、炭酸カリウムに代えて炭酸リチウムを用いることで1−メチル−5−メルカプト−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール:リチウム塩を合成した。上記の反応収率は48%であった。
1−メチル−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール−5−チオール1モル等量をメタノールに溶解させたものと1−メチル−3−エチルイミダゾリウム炭酸水素塩(EMIm−HCO3)1モル当量をメタノールに溶解させたものとを混合し、3時間攪拌後、溶媒をロータリーエバポレーターにより留去することにより、常温で液体の1−メチル−5−メルカプト−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール:EMIm塩を合成した。上記の反応収率は98%であった。
1−メチル−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール−5−チオール1モル等量をメタノールに溶解させたものと、1−メチル−1−プロピルピロリジニウムヒドロキシド(MPPy−OH)1モル当量をメタノールに溶解させたものとを混合し、3時間攪拌後、溶媒をロータリーエバポレーターにより留去することにより、常温で液体の1−メチル−5−メルカプト−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール:MPPy塩を合成した。上記の反応収率は96%であった。
1−メチル−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール−5−チオール1モル等量をメタノールに溶解させたものと、1,2−ジメチル−3−プロピルイミダゾリウムヒドロキシド(DMPIm−OH)1モル当量をメタノールに溶解させたものとを混合し、3時間攪拌後、溶媒をロータリーエバポレーターにより留去することにより、常温で液体の1−メチル−5−メルカプト−1,2,3,4−テトラゾール:DMPIm塩を合成した。上記の反応収率は99%であった。
上記により作製した太陽電池の評価を以下の手法で実施した。性能評価には、AMフィルターを具備したキセノンランプのソーラーシュミレーター(関西科学機械株式会社より購入、XES−502S)にて、AM1.5Gのスペクトル調整後、100mW/cm2の照射条件下で、ポテンシオスタットによる負荷特性(I−V特性)を評価した。太陽電池の評価値としては、開放電圧Voc(V)、短絡電流密度Jsc(mA/cm2)、形状因子FF(−)、変換効率η(%)が用いられるが、最終的な太陽電池の性能の良否は、変換効率の大小で評価した。また、暗所、室温条件下での素子性能保持率を合わせて評価した。
各酸化還元対を溶解させた電解液自身の特性を比較するために、実施例1〜4、比較例1において、作用極の代わりに対向電極のPEDOT対極を用いた以外は実施例1と同じ手法でサンドイッチセルを作製することで、電解液評価用の対極/電解液/対極素子を作成した。実施例1、2、3、4、比較例1に対応するものを、それぞれ実施例1’、2’、3’、4’、比較例1’とした。
CV測定条件;測定範囲:−1〜1V、スイープ速度:10mV/sec
IMP測定条件;測定範囲:1MHz〜100mHz、振幅:10mV、印加電圧:0V
2 ・・・透明導電膜
3 ・・・多孔質金属酸化物半導体(層)
4 ・・・増感色素
5 ・・・電解質層
6 ・・・触媒層
7 ・・・電極基材
8 ・・・電極基体(作用極)
9 ・・・対向電極
10・・・光電変換素子
Claims (3)
- 半導体電極と、対向電極と、これら半導体電極と対向電極との間に保持された電解質層とを備えた光電変換素子であって、
前記電解質層が、次の一般式(1)で示される化合物および式(2)で示される化合物からなる酸化還元対、ならびに式(3)で示されるビス(フルオロスルホニル)イミドアニオンを有するイオン液体を含む
ことを特徴とする、光電変換素子。
- 前記電解質層中における一般式(1)で示される化合物の濃度が0.5mol/L以上であり、式(2)で示される化合物の濃度が0.5mol/L以上であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記対向電極が、前記酸化還元対に対する触媒活性を有する導電性高分子触媒を含有することを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の光電変換素子。
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