JP4790987B2 - フィッシャー−トロプシュ法テールガス中のオレフィンの縮合 - Google Patents
フィッシャー−トロプシュ法テールガス中のオレフィンの縮合 Download PDFInfo
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- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 21
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 title description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 115
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 78
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 76
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 66
- 238000006384 oligomerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 57
- 238000005899 aromatization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 50
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 48
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 45
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 45
- 229910017464 nitrogen compound Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
- 150000002830 nitrogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butene Natural products CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- -1 C 4 olefin Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 45
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 21
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical group [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011831 acidic ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004517 catalytic hydrocracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001193 catalytic steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012084 conversion product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003930 superacid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 231100000167 toxic agent Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
- C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
- C10G2/32—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
- C07C1/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon
- C07C1/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
- C07C2/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons
- C07C2/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation
- C07C2/06—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation of alkenes, i.e. acyclic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C07C2/08—Catalytic processes
- C07C2/12—Catalytic processes with crystalline alumino-silicates or with catalysts comprising molecular sieves
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G50/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from lower carbon number hydrocarbons, e.g. by oligomerisation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2529/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- C07C2529/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites, pillared clays
- C07C2529/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- C07C2529/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Description
フィッシャー−トロプシュ法のテールガス中の、プロピレン及びブテンを含む軽質オレフィンは、触媒的に縮合されて(オリゴマー化及び/又は芳香族化)、ナフサ沸点範囲のオレフィン、芳香族化合物及びこれらの組合せを含む、より高分子量の生成物となる。縮合は、酸性触媒を用いるオリゴマー化/芳香族化の反応である。それらが高分子量であるために、縮合生成物は、より容易にテールガスから回収される。縮合生成物は、C5+生成物の流れと、CO2と混ざった未反応合成ガスの流れとに分離される。未反応合成ガスの少なくとも一部分は、フィッシャー−トロプシュ反応器及び/又は合成ガス発生器にリサイクルされる。このようにして、LPG画分は高品質化されて、より価値のあるC5+生成物が得られる。
本発明の方法は、合成ガス発生器、フィッシャー−トロプシュ反応器、分離装置、溶剤及び/又は接触脱ロウ装置、水素化分解装置、改質装置並びに他の慣用の付属装置を含むことのできる既存のフィッシャー−トロプシュ設備に、容易に組み込むことができる。本発明の方法は、通常、少なくとも1つの合成ガス発生器、少なくとも1つのフィッシャー−トロプシュ反応器、1つのオリゴマー化/芳香族化反応器及び様々なリサイクル手段を含むことになろう。
Claims (23)
- C 5 〜C 100 炭化水素を生成する方法であって、
合成ガス発生器中で、CH4、O2及びH2Oを含む供給原料混合物を反応させ、合成ガスを生成すること、
149〜371℃(300〜700°F)の範囲の温度で、69〜3400kPa絶対圧(10〜500絶対psi)の範囲の圧力で及び100〜10000cc/g/時の範囲の触媒に対する空間速度でフィッシャー−トロプシュ反応器で合成ガスを反応させること、
前記フィッシャー−トロプシュ反応器から、C5〜C100炭化水素を含む生成物と、C2〜C4オレフィン及びCO、H2、CO2、H2O及びそれらの組合せからなる群から選ばれる物質を含むテールガス画分とを回収すること、
前記テールガス画分の少なくとも一部分を、オリゴマー化/芳香族化のための酸性ゼオライト触媒を含むオリゴマー化/芳香族化反応ゾーンに送ること、
前記反応ゾーンからC5〜C100炭化水素生成物と未反応合成ガスとを回収すること、
前記未反応合成ガスの少なくとも一部分をフィッシャー−トロプシュ反応器にリサイクルすること、並びに
前記未反応合成ガスの少なくとも一部分を合成ガス発生器にリサイクルすること、
を含む方法。 - 前記酸性ゼオライト触媒がZSM−5である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記テールガス画分が、少なくとも1重量%のプロピレン及びブテンを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記テールガス画分が、少なくとも5重量%のプロピレン及びブテンを含む、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記画分に存在する前記プロピレン及びブテンの少なくとも25重量%が、オリゴマー化される、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記画分に存在する前記プロピレン及びブテンの少なくとも60重量%が、オリゴマー化される、請求項5に記載の方法。
- C 5 〜C 100 炭化水素を生成する方法であって、
合成ガス発生器中で、CH4、O2及びH2Oを含む供給原料混合物を反応させ、合成ガスを生成すること、
前記合成ガスをフィッシャー−トロプシュ反応ゾーンで149〜371℃(300〜700°F)の範囲の温度で、69〜3400kPa絶対圧(10〜500絶対psi)の範囲の圧力で及び100〜10000cc/g/時の範囲の触媒に対する空間速度で反応させてC1〜C200炭化水素を含む炭化水素生成物を生成させること、
前記フィッシャー−トロプシュ反応ゾーンから、C2〜C4オレフィンを含むテールガス画分並びにCO、H2、CO2、H2O及びそれらの組合せからなる群から選ばれる物質を回収すること、
オリゴマー化/芳香族化のための酸性ゼオライト触媒で前記テールガス画分の少なくとも一部分を処理すること、
C5〜C100炭化水素を含む生成物と処理されたテールガス画分とを回収すること、
前記の処理されたテールガス画分の一部を合成ガス発生器にリサイクルすること、並びに、
前記の処理されたテールガス画分の一部をフィッシャー−トロプシュ反応ゾーンにリサイクルすること、
を含む方法。 - 前記酸性ゼオライト触媒がZSM−5である、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記フィッシャー−トロプシュ反応ゾーンから回収された前記テールガスが、少なくとも1重量%のプロピレン及びブテンを含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記フィッシャー−トロプシュ反応ゾーンから回収された前記テールガスが、少なくとも5重量%のプロピレン及びブテンを含む、請求項9に記載の方法。
- C 5 〜C 100 炭化水素を生成する方法であって、
合成ガス発生器中で、CH4、O2及びH2Oを含む供給原料混合物を反応させること、
こうして得られた合成ガスを、オリゴマー化/芳香族化のための酸性ゼオライト触媒を含むオリゴマー化/芳香族化ゾーンに送って、C5〜C100生成物と、未反応合成ガス画分とを生成させること、
前記の未反応合成ガス画分をフィッシャー−トロプシュ反応ゾーンに送ること、
C5〜C100生成物と第二未反応合成ガス画分とを回収すること、並びに、
前記第二未反応合成ガス画分の少なくとも一部分を前記供給原料混合物へリサイクルすること、
を含む方法。 - 前記のオリゴマー化/芳香族化ゾーンに送られる前記合成ガスが、ニトリル類、アンモニア及びそれらの組合せからなる群から選択される窒素化合物を少なくとも1ppm含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記窒素化合物がHCN、アンモニア及びそれらの組合せからなる群から選択される、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記のオリゴマー化/芳香族化ゾーンに送られる前記合成ガスが、前記窒素化合物を少なくとも5ppm含む、請求項12又は13に記載の方法。
- 前記窒素化合物の少なくとも30重量%が、前記のオリゴマー化/芳香族化ゾーンで前記合成ガスから除去される、請求項12〜14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記窒素化合物の少なくとも60重量%が、前記のオリゴマー化/芳香族化ゾーンで前記合成ガスから除去される、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記窒素化合物の少なくとも90重量%が、前記のオリゴマー化/芳香族化ゾーンで前記合成ガスから除去される、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記酸性ゼオライト触媒がZSM−5である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記のオリゴマー化/芳香族化酸性触媒が、SiO2 及びAl2O3を20:1から200:1の比(SiO 2 :Al 2 O 3 )で含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記のオリゴマー化/芳香族化反応ゾーン内の圧力が1.7〜3.4MPaゲージ圧(250〜500ゲージpsi)である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記のオリゴマー化/芳香族化反応ゾーン内の前記オレフィンの分圧が、少なくとも50kPaである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記反応ゾーンが流動床ユニットを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記反応ゾーン内の温度が、200℃から350℃の範囲である、請求項1に記載の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/115,129 US6713657B2 (en) | 2002-04-04 | 2002-04-04 | Condensation of olefins in fischer tropsch tail gas |
US10/115,129 | 2002-04-04 | ||
PCT/US2003/008758 WO2003084906A1 (en) | 2002-04-04 | 2003-03-20 | Condensation of olefins in fischer tropsch tail gas |
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Publication Number | Publication Date |
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JP2005528379A JP2005528379A (ja) | 2005-09-22 |
JP2005528379A5 JP2005528379A5 (ja) | 2006-05-18 |
JP4790987B2 true JP4790987B2 (ja) | 2011-10-12 |
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US (1) | US6713657B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4790987B2 (ja) |
AU (2) | AU2003220451A1 (ja) |
BR (1) | BR0308637A (ja) |
GB (1) | GB2389118B (ja) |
NL (1) | NL1023097C2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2003084906A1 (ja) |
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- 2003-03-20 WO PCT/US2003/008758 patent/WO2003084906A1/en active Application Filing
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ZA200302624B (en) | 2003-10-13 |
NL1023097C2 (nl) | 2004-09-22 |
US20030191198A1 (en) | 2003-10-09 |
WO2003084906A1 (en) | 2003-10-16 |
AU2003220451A1 (en) | 2003-10-20 |
AU2003203424A1 (en) | 2003-10-23 |
GB2389118B (en) | 2005-02-02 |
GB2389118A (en) | 2003-12-03 |
GB0307416D0 (en) | 2003-05-07 |
NL1023097A1 (nl) | 2003-10-07 |
AU2003203424B2 (en) | 2009-10-01 |
US6713657B2 (en) | 2004-03-30 |
JP2005528379A (ja) | 2005-09-22 |
BR0308637A (pt) | 2005-02-15 |
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