JP2017537619A - 球状核酸ナノ粒子複合体の配列特異的細胞内取込 - Google Patents
球状核酸ナノ粒子複合体の配列特異的細胞内取込 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、米国特許法第119条(e)に基づき、2014年11月21日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/083,092号の優先権の利益を請求するものであり、前記米国仮特許出願の開示はその全体が参照によって本明細書に援用される。
本発明は、空軍科学研究局によって授与された助成金第FA9550−11−1−0275号;並びにアメリカ国立衛生研究所によって授与された助成金第U54CA151880号および第U54CA159341号を基に、政府援助を受けてなされた。米国政府は本発明において一定の権利を有する。
本願は、個別の開示部分として、その全体が参照によって援用され、以下と確認される、コンピュータで読み込み可能な形式の配列表を含む:ファイル名:2014−183_Seqlisting.txt;10,070バイト、作成日2015年11月20日。
機構研究によって、クラスAスカベンジャー受容体(SR−A)がそのような構造の認識に関与する主要な細胞受容体であることが特定されており、SR−AへのSNAの結合によって、カベオラ介在性エンドサイトーシスがもたらされる[Choi et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 110: 7625-7630 (2013)]。グアニル酸(G)に富む直鎖状核酸がSR−Aによって天然に認識されるが、これは、グアニン四重鎖として知られる二次構造に折り畳まるそれらの能力が原因であると提唱されている[Pearson et al., J Biol Chem268: 3546-3554 (1993)]。対照的に、アデニル酸(A)、チミジル酸(T)、およびシチジル酸(C)の直鎖状重合体は、SR−Aによって認識される二次構造に折り畳まれないため、天然リガンドではない[Pearson et al., J Biol Chem268: 3546-3554 (1993)]。
ナノ粒子に結合したポリヌクレオチドを有するように官能基化されたナノ粒子が提供される。概して、企図されるナノ粒子は、例えば、限定はされないが、金属、半導体、リポソーム粒子、絶縁体粒子成分、およびデンドリマー(有機物対無機物)を含む、本明細書に記載されるポリヌクレオチドの高い積載能力を有するあらゆる化合物または物質を包含する。
用語「ヌクレオチド」またはその複数形は、本明細書で使用される場合、本明細書において考察される修飾形態または当該技術分野において公知のその他の修飾形態と互換的である。ある特定の場合では、自然発生的なヌクレオチド、および修飾ヌクレオチドを含む非自然発生的ヌクレオチドを包含する用語「核酸塩基」が、当該技術分野において使用される。従って、ヌクレオチドまたは核酸塩基は、自然発生的な核酸塩基A、G、C、T、およびUを意味する。非自然発生的核酸塩基としては、例えば、限定はされないが、キサンチン、ジアミノプリン、8−オキソ−N6−メチルアデニン、7−デアザキサンチン、7−デアザグアニン、N4,N4−エタノシトシン(ethanocytosin)、N’,N’−エタノ−2,6−ジアミノプリン、5−メチルシトシン(mC)、5−(C3−C6)−アルキニル−シトシン、5−フルオロウラシル、5−ブロモウラシル、偽イソシトシン、2−ヒドロキシ−5−メチル−4−トリアゾロピリジン、イソシトシン、イソグアニン、イノシン、並びにBenner et al.、米国特許第5,432,272号およびSusan M. Freier and Karl-Heinz Altmann,1997, Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 25: pp 4429-4443に記載される「非自然発生的」核酸塩基が挙げられる。また用語「核酸塩基」には、公知のプリンおよびピリミジン複素環だけでなく、そのヘテロ環式類似体および互変異性体も包含される。さらに、自然発生的核酸塩基および非自然発生的核酸塩基には、米国特許第3,687,808号(Merigan, et al.)、Sanghviによる第15章、AntisenseResearch and Application, Ed. S. T. Crooke and B. Lebleu,CRC Press, 1993、Englisch et al., 1991, Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 30: 613-722(特に622頁および623頁を参照、並びにConcise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, J. I. Kroschwitz Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1990, pages 858-859,Cook, Anti-Cancer Drug Design 1991, 6, 585-607(これらはそれぞれ参照によってその全体が本明細書に援用される)において開示されるものが包含される。種々の態様において、ポリヌクレオチドはまた、最も古典的な意味ではヌクレオシド塩基ではないが、ヌクレオシド塩基として機能するある特定の「ユニバーサル塩基(universal base)」を含む、核酸塩基のように機能することができるヘテロ環式化合物等の化合物を含む非自然発生的ヌクレオチドの分類である、一つまたは複数の「ヌクレオシド塩基」または「基本単位(base unit)」を含む。ユニバーサル塩基としては、3−ニトロピロール、所望により置換されたインドール(例えば、5−ニトロインドール)、および所望により置換されたヒポキサンチンが挙げられる。他の望ましいユニバーサル塩基としては、当該技術分野において公知のユニバーサル塩基を含む、ピロール、ジアゾールまたはトリアゾール誘導体が挙げられる。
本明細書に記載のオリゴヌクレオチド官能基化ナノ粒子の一部であるドメインは、ナノ粒子が細胞に取り込まれる効率に影響を与えることが示されている。従って、ドメインは、効率を増加させるか、または(ドメインの欠如により)効率を減少させる。本明細書で使用される場合、「効率」とは、細胞における/によるナノ粒子の取り込みの数、量または速度を指す。ナノ粒子が細胞を出入りするプロセスは動的なものであることから、より多くのナノ粒子を取り込むことにより、または、細胞に進入するナノ粒子をより長い期間保持することにより、効率は増加し得る。同様に、より少ないナノ粒子を取り込むことにより、または、細胞に進入するナノ粒子をより短い期間保持することにより、効率は減少し得る。
前述の通り、修飾オリゴヌクレオチドはナノ粒子の官能基化用に企図される。種々の態様において、ナノ粒子上で官能基化されたオリゴヌクレオチドは、完全修飾または部分修飾されている。従って、種々の態様において、ポリヌクレオチド内のヌクレオチド単位の、一つもしくは複数もしくは全ての糖、並びに/または、一つもしくは複数もしくは全てのヌクレオチド間結合は、「非自然発生的な」基で置換されている。
本方法での使用に企図されるオリゴヌクレオチドには、あらゆる手段を介してナノ粒子に結合したものが包含される。オリゴヌクレオチドがナノ粒子に結合している手段にかかわらず、結合は、種々の態様において、5’結合、3’結合、いくつかの種類の内部結合、またはこれらの結合のあらゆる組合せにより達成される。
ある態様では、オリゴヌクレオチドおよびドメインがスペーサーを介してナノ粒子に結合しているものを含む、官能基化ナノ粒子が企図される。「スペーサー」は、本明細書で使用される場合、それ自体は遺伝子発現の調節に関与しないが、ナノ粒子とオリゴヌクレオチド官能基との間の距離を増加させる働きをする、または、複数のコピーとしてナノ粒子に結合している場合、個々のオリゴヌクレオチド間の距離を増加させる働きをする、部分を意味する。従って、スペーサーは、オリゴヌクレオチドが同一の配列を有していようと、あるいは異なる配列を有していようと、個々のオリゴヌクレオチド間に縦列をなして位置していることが企図される。ドメインがナノ粒子に直接結合している本発明の態様において、ドメインは、所望により、スペーサーを介してナノ粒子に対して官能基化されている。別の態様では、ドメインは、スペーサー末端とは反対のオリゴヌクレオチドの末端上に存在する。縦列をなしているドメインがナノ粒子に対して官能基化されている態様において、スペーサーは、所望により、縦列構造のドメイン単位のいくつかまたは全ての間に存在する。一つの態様において、スペーサーは、存在する場合、有機質部分である。別の態様では、スペーサーはポリマーであり、例えば、限定はされないが、水溶性ポリマー、核酸、ポリペプチド、オリゴ糖、炭水化物、脂質、エチルグリコール、またはこれらの組合せが挙げられる。
本明細書において提供されるナノ粒子は、種々の態様において、ナノ粒子間および単一のナノ粒子上のポリヌクレオチド鎖間での協同的挙動をもたらすのに十分な、ナノ粒子の表面上のポリヌクレオチドの充填密度を有する。別の態様では、ナノ粒子間の協同的挙動は、ポリヌクレオチドのヌクレアーゼ分解に対する抵抗性を増加させる。さらに別の態様では、細胞によるナノ粒子の取り込みは、ナノ粒子と結合したポリヌクレオチドの密度によって影響を受ける。米国特許出願公開番号第2008/0306016号(その全体が参照によって本明細書に援用される)に記載されているように、ナノ粒子の表面上のポリヌクレオチドのより高い密度は、細胞によるナノ粒子の取り込みの増加と関連している。本開示は、ナノ粒子表面上のポリヌクレオチドのより高い密度によるナノ粒子の取り込みの増加が、本明細書に記載のドメインの存在との組合せにおいて働く、実施形態を提供する。例えば、限定はされないが、本明細書に記載されるようなポリGドメインをさらに含んでなる、ナノ粒子の表面上の所与の密度のポリヌクレオチドを有するナノ粒子は、ポリGドメインを欠く、ナノ粒子の表面上の同一密度のポリヌクレオチドを有するナノ粒子と比較して、細胞による官能基化ナノ粒子の取り込みの増加を示す。種々の態様において、ポリGドメインをさらに含んでなる官能基化ナノ粒子の細胞による取り込みの増加は、ポリGドメインを欠く官能基化ナノ粒子との比較で、1%である。さらなる態様において、ポリGドメインをさらに含んでなる官能基化ナノ粒子の細胞による取り込みの増加は、ポリGドメインを欠く官能基化ナノ粒子との比較で、2%、3%、4%、5%、6%、7%、8%、9%、10%、11%、12%、13%、14%、15%、16%、17%、18%、19%、20%、21%、22%、23%、24%、25%、26%、27%、28%、29%、30%、31%、32%、33%、34%、35%、36%、37%、38%、39%、40%、41%、42%、43%、44%、45%、46%、47%、48%、49%、50%、51%、52%、53%、54%、55%、56%、57%、58%、59%、60%、61%、62%、63%、64%、65%、66%、67%、68%、69%、70%、71%、72%、73%、74%、75%、76%、77%、78%、79%、80%、81%、82%、83%、84%、85%、86%、87%、88%、89%、90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、約2倍、約3倍、約4倍、約5倍、約6倍、約7倍、約8倍、約9倍、約10倍、約20倍、約30倍、約40倍、約50倍、約100倍、約150倍、約200倍、約250倍、約300倍、約350倍、約400倍、約450倍、約500倍、約550倍、約600倍、約650倍、約700倍、約750倍、約800倍、約850倍、約900倍、約950倍、約1000倍、約1500倍、約2000倍、約2500倍、約3000倍、約3500倍、約4000倍、約4500倍、約5000倍、約5500倍、約6000倍、約6500倍、約7000倍、約7500倍、約8000倍、約8500倍、約9000倍、約9500倍、約10000倍またはそれ以上である。
いくつかの態様では、本開示は特定の核酸を標的とする方法を提供する。あらゆる種類の核酸が使用され得る。前記方法は例えば、治療的な遺伝子発現調節に使用を使用し得る(例えば、米国特許出願公開番号2009/0209629号(この開示は参照によって本明細書に援用される)を参照されたい)。本発明の方法により標的とされ得る核酸の例としては、限定はされないが、遺伝子(例えば、特定の疾患に関連した遺伝子)、細菌性のRNAもしくはDNA、ウイルス性のRNA、またはmRNA、RNA、もしくは一本鎖核酸が挙げられる。
SNA上の核酸塩基種類は金ナノ粒子表面上のDNAオリゴヌクレオチド殻の積載および厚さを決定する
最初に、同量の、異なる核酸塩基種類のアルキルチオールで修飾された30塩基対長の一本鎖DNAオリゴヌクレオチド(ssDNA)(図1a;配列情報については下記の表1を参照)を、クエン酸被覆10ナノメートル(nm)直径金ナノ粒子(AuNP)の水性懸濁液に添加することにより、異なる核酸塩基種類(A、T、C、またはG)から構成されるSNAを作製した。Cに富んだSNA(ポリC SNA)およびGに富んだSNA(ポリG SNA)を作製するために、TをCおよびGの線状重合体に沿って一定の間隔で意図的に挿入して、それぞれ(CCT)10および(GGT)10の配列を得た。ポリC SNAおよびポリG SNAについて、これらの設計特徴は、i−モチーフ[Gehring et al.,Nature 363: 561-565 (1993)]およびグアニン四重鎖[Sen et al.,Nature 334: 364-366 (1988)]の形成により困難にされる、ポリC配列およびポリG配列を合成する際の問題を軽減する。一方、AおよびTの線状重合体は安定な二次構造に自然には折り畳まれないため、Aに富んだSNA(ポリA SNA)およびTに富んだSNA(ポリT SNA)を作製する際に、AおよびTの線状重合体を別の核酸塩基で薄める必要がない。動的光散乱測定によれば、全てのSNAは22±4nmの流体力学的径を有しており、このことは、オリゴヌクレオチド殻が5〜8nmの厚さであることを示唆している(図2)。厚さの変動はおそらく積載の変動によるものである(下記参照)。UV−Vis分光測定によれば、全てのSNAはサイズにおいて概して単分散であり、オリゴヌクレオチド殻の共有結合後の局所的な屈折率の変化により、無修飾AuNPとの比較で、表面プラズモンピークにおいておよそ4nmの赤方偏移を示す(520nmに対し524nm)[Kumar et al., Nat Protoc 3: 314-320 (2008)](図3)。次に、オリゴヌクレオチドがそれらの5’末端にCy5フルオロフォアを含有するSNAを作製することにより、オリゴヌクレオチドの積載を核酸塩基種類の関数として測定した(図4)。30塩基の一定のオリゴヌクレオチド長を前提として、ピリミジン塩基(すなわち、CおよびT)に富むSNAは、著しくより高いオリゴヌクレオチド積載を有し、これにより、ポリT SNAおよびポリC SNAはそれぞれ、AuNP当たりおよそ180個のssDNAおよびおよそ140個のssDNAを有する。対照的に、プリン塩基に富むSNAはより少ないオリゴヌクレオチド積載を有し:ポリG SNAおよびポリA SNAはそれぞれ、AuNP当たりおよそ75個のssDNAおよびおよそ45個のssDNAのみを有する(図1a)。
ポリG SNAは試験された全ての核酸塩基種類の中で最多の量で複数の哺乳類細胞種に進入する。
次に、異なる核酸塩基種類のSNAの細胞内取り込み動態を誘導結合プラズマ質量分析(ICP−MS)によってモニターした。SNAの細胞内取り込みを仲介する重要な受容体であるSR−Aの発現から、C166細胞を選択した[Choi et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 110: 7625-7630 (2013)](図5a)。2時間のインキュベーションの後、ポリG SNAは、試験された全ての核酸塩基種類の中で最高レベルの細胞結合を示し、細胞当たり5×105個の粒子を蓄積する。ポリG SNAとは対照的に、ポリT SNAは、5倍超より低い細胞結合を示し、これは全ての核酸塩基種類の中で最低レベルの細胞結合である。ポリA SNAおよびポリC SNAは、ポリT SNAおよびポリG SNAとの比較で、中間レベルの細胞結合を示す。同様のデータが図13に示される。また、ポリG SNAが、ポリA、ポリT、およびポリC SNAよりも、C166細胞とのより高い細胞結合を示すことを示している、図12も参照されたい。ポリG SNAが、ポリG SNAの細胞結合の増加に関与する、組換えクラスAスカベンジャー受容体(SR−A)との最高の結合を示すことが、改変ELISAアッセイによって示される。
コア組成にかかわらずポリG殻は細胞内送達を最大化する。
ポリG SNAのポリG殻がポリA、ポリT、およびポリC SNAと比較して細胞内取り込みの増加を促進することを証明するために、5nm AuNPまたはセレン化カドミウム(CdSe)量子ドット(QD)のいずれかである、異なるコア組成を有するTリッチ SNAおよびポリG SNAを合成した(配列情報については表2を参照されたい)。表2に列挙されるオリゴヌクレオチドから構成される5ナノメートルAuNP−SNAおよびQD−SNAを作製して、異なるコア組成のSNAの細胞内取り込みに対するポリG殻の影響を研究した(図6)。全ての配列は28塩基長であり、ジベンゾシクロオクチル(DBCO)基で終結している。AuNP−SNAおよびQD−SNAを、前述の戦略[Zhang et al., Nat Mater 12: 741-746 (2013)(その全体が参照によって本明細書に援用される)]を用いて合成した。ある一連の実験では、C166細胞を等濃度のTリッチQD−SNAおよびポリG AuNP−SNAで処理した。別の一連の実験では、細胞を等濃度のTリッチAuNP−SNAおよびポリG QD−SNAで処理した。次に、共焦点顕微鏡を用いて、細胞に進入したQDの蛍光シグナルを追跡した。TリッチQD−SNAおよびポリG AuNP−SNAで処理されたC166細胞は非常に小さな細胞内蛍光を示した。しかし、TリッチAuNP−SNAおよびポリG QD−SNAで処理されたC166細胞は有意により高い細胞内蛍光(図6a)を示し、このことは、C166細胞内へのポリG殻を有するSNAの取り込みがより高いことを示している。さらなる確認のため、ICP−MSを用いて、TリッチAuNP−SNAまたはQD−SNA単独、ポリG AuNP−SNAまたはQD−SNA単独、TリッチAuNP−SNAおよびポリG QD−SNAの組合せ、並びにTリッチQD−SNAおよびポリG AuNP−SNAの組合せで処理されたC166細胞内のAu含量およびCd含量を分析した。ポリG AuNP−SNAで処理されたC166細胞は、TリッチAuNP−SNAで処理された細胞よりも3倍より高いAu含量を有する。対照的に、ポリG QD−SNAで処理された細胞は、TリッチQD−SNAで処理された細胞よりも3倍より高いCd含量を示す(図6b)。ポリG AuNP−SNAおよびTリッチQD−SNAで処理された細胞は、Cd含量と比較してより高いAu含量を有し、この傾向はTリッチAuNP−SNAおよびポリG QD−SNAで処理された細胞では逆転している(図6b)。この競合的細胞内取り込みアッセイによって、コア組成にかかわらず、ポリG殻を有するSNAが優先的に細胞に進入することが示され、このことは、ポリG殻が細胞表面受容体に対してより大きな親和性を有することを示している。
オリゴヌクレオチドの最末梢のおよそ10塩基がSNAの細胞内取り込みを決定する。
幾何学的観点から細胞内取り込み特性を特徴付けるために、SNAの細胞内取り込みに大きく寄与するDNAオリゴヌクレオチドの断片を調べた。繰り返しになるが、全てのオリゴヌクレオチド構成物が30塩基に一定に保たれた場合の(配列情報については表3を参照)SNAの細胞結合を比較した。表3に列挙されるオリゴヌクレオチドから構成されるSNAを作製して、SNAの細胞内取り込みに対するヌクレオチド位置の影響を精査した(図7)。全ての配列は30塩基長であり、最少6個のチミジル酸(T)残基を3’末端に含有する。この3’末端におけるポリ(T)モチーフは、配列に無関係な、AuNPの表面上へのオリゴヌクレオチドのほぼ一定の積載を可能にする。オリゴヌクレオチドの断片はいかなる核酸塩基も含有せず;これらの塩基脱落領域は、dスペーサーCEホスホラミダイト(d;リボース単位およびリン酸骨格の両方を有する)またはスペーサーホスホラミダイトC3(c;リン酸骨格のみを有する)のいずれかを用いて作製した。
ポリG SNAはがん細胞への小分子化学療法剤(例えばカンプトテシン)の細胞内送達を最大化させ得る。
ICP−MS測定およびTEMイメージングによって得られた実験データに加えて、薬剤含有SNAの細胞内取り込みの増加ががん細胞に対するそれらの細胞毒性の増加に対応していることを示すことにより、ポリG SNAが全ての核酸塩基種類の中で最も効率的に哺乳類細胞に進入するという機能的証明も提供される。概念実証として、小分子化学療法剤であるカンプトテシン(CPT)をオリゴヌクレオチド構成物の最末梢位置に共有結合させることにより、カンプトテシン含有SNA(CPT−SNA)を作製し、その後、核酸塩基種類の関数として、がん細胞を殺傷するそれらの能力を調べた。共にSNAの細胞内取り込みに必須のタンパク質であるSR−Aおよびカベオリン−1が低発現であることから、A549ヒト肺腺癌上皮細胞(図5cにて考察)をモデル細胞株として選択した[Choi et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 110: 7625-7630 (2013)]。A549細胞によるSNAの中程度の細胞内取り込みを前提として、観察可能なあらゆる細胞毒性は、核酸塩基種類の関数としてのCPT−SNAの作用強度を強調する。CPT分子をDNA鎖上に結合させるために、文献の前例に従って、CPTの−OH基をアジド含有リンカーと反応させて、カンプトテシン−アジド(CPT−N3)を合成した[Parrish et al., Bioconjug Chem 18: 263-267 (2007)]。一方の末端にジベンゾシクロオクチル(DBCO)基を有し、他方の末端にチオール基を有する二官能性一本鎖DNA(ssDNA)上にCPT−N3を直接結合させるために、銅を使用しないクリックケミストリーを利用した。得られた複合体、カンプトテシン−DNA−チオール(CPT−DNA−SH)、を次に、前述のようにAuNPの表面に共有結合させることで、CPT−SNAを得ることができる(図8aおよび図9)。
細胞へのSNAナノ粒子複合体の取り込みを増加させるための方法が、上記の非限定例によって示される。高いG含量を有する三次元オリゴヌクレオチド殻を有するSNAは、主にA、T、およびCから構成されるSNAよりも多量に、細胞によって内部に取り入れられる。さらに、GリッチSNAを用いることで、核酸および小分子薬剤の両方の細胞内送達を増強することができる。このことは、配列組成が、濃度に加えて、SNAの細胞内送達の調整に使用することができるもう一つの調整可能な特性であることを示している。配列組成を調整するこの戦略は、所望の細胞取り込み特性を有するナノ粒子構築物の合理的設計を可能にすることから、ナノ粒子に基づく診断および治療への応用において強力な手段となる。
材料および方法
以下の材料および方法を用いて上記実施例に記載されたデータを得た。
標準的な固相合成法および試薬(グレン・リサーチ社(Glen Research))を用いて、MM48オリゴヌクレオチド合成装置(バイオオートメイション社(BioAutomation))でDNAを合成した。特に記載がない限り、DNAは全て、Microsorb C18カラム(バリアン社(Varian))を備えたProStar HPLC(バリアン社)を用いて精製した。表1はDNAの詳細な配列情報を含む。
チオール化DNAを、0.1%Tween20で懸濁した10nM AuNPの1mL当たり1ODのDNAの濃度で、10nmクエン酸被覆AuNPに添加した。室温で1時間撹拌した後、6時間かけてNaClを徐々に添加しながら溶液を熟成させて、最終NaCl濃度を0.5Mにした。50kDa Amicon MWCO膜(ミリポア社)を用いたNanopure水に対する透析を介して、官能基化AuNPを遊離DNA鎖から分離した。AuNP濃度およびDNA濃度を、Cary5000UV−Vis分光光度計(アジレント社)を用いて、それぞれ524nmおよび260nmにおけるそれらの吸光度を測定することにより決定した。カンプトテシン含有SNA(CPT−SNA)を作製するために、この溶液を5時間かけてNaClで熟成させて、最終NaCl濃度を0.3Mにした。
10マイクロリットル(μL)の、異なる核酸塩基種類の10nM Cy5標識SNAを、100μLの1M DTTに添加した。この混合物を40℃で15分間振盪しながらインキュベートし、その後14000×gで遠心分離して、あらゆる金沈殿物を除去した。100μLの上清を96ウェルプレートに入れ、Synergy H4 Multimode Microplate Reader(バイオテック社(Biotek))を用いて蛍光シグナル(励起:633nm;発光フィルター:660〜710nm)を測定した。オリゴヌクレオチドの濃度を検量線(calibration standard curve)との比較により決定した。オリゴヌクレオチド濃度をAuNP濃度(520nmにおけるUV−Vis分光測定で測定)で割ることにより、オリゴヌクレオチド積載が得られる。
20μLの100nM SNAを、炭素およびフォルムバール(formvar)(エレクトロン・マイクロスコピー・サイエンス社(Electron Microscopy Sciences))で被覆された各々のグロー放電200メッシュ銅グリッド上にドロップキャスト(drop-cast)した。乾燥後、20μLの2%酢酸ウラニルをグリッド上に添加して、オリゴヌクレオチド殻を1分間染色した。濾紙片を用いて、過剰な酢酸ウラニルを吸い取り除去した。80kVのビーム電圧の、TEMモードのHD−2300(日立社)顕微鏡を用いて、乾燥グリッドをイメージングした。Orius SC1000CCDカメラ(ガタン社(Gatan))を用いて、画像を記録した。
5×104細胞/ウェルの集団として24ウェルプレート内に播種し、12時間後、C166(マウス内皮)、3T3(マウス線維芽細胞)、HaCaT(ヒトケラチノサイト)、またはA549(ヒト肺腺癌上皮)細胞を、37℃、5%CO2で、0.3mL/ウェルのSNA(OptiMEM中10nM)と一緒にインキュベートした。SNAを異なる時点で除去し、その後OptiMEMでリンスし、血球計数器を用いた計数用にトリプシン処理し、8000rpmで5分間遠心分離してペレット化した。後のICP−MS解析のために、細胞ペレットを、0.3mLの濃HNO3中3%HClを用いて室温(RT)で一晩消化した。
5μLの5ppmインジウム(内部標準)および5mLのマトリックス溶液(2%HClおよび2%HNO3)を添加した後、X Series II ICP−MS(サーモフィッシャー社(ThermoFisher))によって、未処理細胞のバックグラウンド金含量の減算後、得られた溶液のAu−197含量を測定した。報告された値は、3つの独立した実験の、平均値±平均値からのSEを表す。
細胞ペレットを、0.2mLの、50mMリン酸ナトリウム緩衝液(pH=8)中の溶融2%アガロース中で、40℃で5分間、穏やかに混合した。細胞−アガロース混合物を、ガラスピペットを用いて室温の水中に穏やかに消す(expunge)ことで、エンローブされた(enrobed)麺状ゼリーを形成させた。このアガロースゼリー中に包埋して、100mMカコジル酸ナトリウム緩衝液(pH=7.4)中の2.5%グルタルアルデヒド中で細胞を固定し、1%OsO4、並びに0.9%OsO4および0.3%K4Fe(CN)6で染色し、全ての段階は4℃で2時間実行された。エタノールおよび酸化プロピレンで徐々に脱水した後、細胞ペレットをEpon812樹脂(エレクトロン・マイクロスコピー・サイエンス社)中に包埋した。80ナノメートル厚の切片を200メッシュ銅グリッド(EMS社)上に堆積させ、80kVのビーム電圧を用いたJEM1230顕微鏡(JEOL社)下での可視化のために、2%酢酸ウラニル(SPIサプライズ社(SPI Supplies))およびレイノルズ(Reynolds)クエン酸鉛で染色した。Orius SC1000CCDカメラ(ガタン社)を用いて、画像を記録した。
ナノ粒子表面に直接DNA鎖を共有結合させる代わりに、CdSe量子ドットおよび5nm金ナノ粒子をまずアジド含有両親媒性高分子で被覆し、次に、歪促進(strain−promoted)アジド−アルキン環化付加を用いてDNAを高分子被覆粒子に結合させた。簡潔に説明すると、市販の疎水性リガンドキャップナノ粒子をまず、疎水性アルキル鎖並びに親水性カルボン酸塩およびアジド修飾エチレングリコール基の両方を含有する両親媒性高分子で官能基化させて、粒子を水性溶媒中に可溶化させた。次に、粒子をアジド−アルキンクリックケミストリーによって、ジベンゾシクロオクチル(DBCO)終結DNA鎖で官能基化させて、ナノ粒子の周りに密なDNA殻を生成した。
カンプトテシン−アジド(CPT−N3)の調製を、以前に公開された手順[Parrish et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 18:263-267 (2006)]から、適合および改変した。乾燥器で乾燥させた、スターラーを伴う50mL丸底フラスコに、カンプトテシン(200mg、0.54mmol)、6−アジドヘキサン酸(170mg、1.08mmol)、4−ジメチルアミノピリジン(8mg)、および無水ジクロロメタン(10mL)を添加した。この懸濁液を0℃に冷却し、1,3−ジシクロヘキシルカルボジイミド(220mg、1.08mmol)を添加した。この反応混合物を不活性雰囲気下で12時間撹拌し、室温まで温め、その後、100mLのエーテルに注いだ。このエーテル懸濁液を0℃に冷却してジシクロヘキシル尿素(DCU)を沈殿させ、固体を減圧濾過で除去した。濾液を−40℃に冷却し、得られた黄色沈殿物を集め、メタノールから再結晶させて、20−O−(6−アジドヘキサノイル)カンプトテシン(108mg)を得た。回収したDCUをメタノールで繰り返し洗浄して、さらなる生成物を得た(120mg;全収率228mg、87%)。
全てがそれらの5’末端にジベンゾシクロオクチル(DBCO)基を有する、様々な配列の一本鎖DNA(図9d)を、DBCO−TEGホスホラミダイトを用いる固体合成(Glen Research, 10-1941)によって作製した。DNA−DBCO複合体の精製を、1200 Series HPLC(アジレント社)を用いて、310nmにDBCOの吸光度ピークを有する画分を収集することにより、行った。銅を用いないクリックケミストリーによってCPT部分をDNAに結合させるために、80nmolのDNA−DBCOおよび3mgのCPT−アジド(およそ100倍過剰)を1.5mLの無水ジメチルスルホキシド中に溶解させた。反応物を40℃で18時間、連続的に振盪した。その後、3.5mLの脱イオン水を混合物に添加して過剰CPTを沈殿させ、次に5mLの酢酸エチルを添加してCPTを除去した。液液抽出工程をさらに4回繰り返した。水相(DMSO/水中のDNA−CPT)を凍結乾燥して生成物を回収し、その化学的同一性をMALDI−ToFで確認した。
35mm FluoroDish(ワールド・プレシジョン・インストルメンツ社(World Precision Instruments))に播種して、A549細胞をOptiMEM中で20nMのCPT−SNAと一緒に18時間インキュベートした。CPT−SNAを細胞から除去し、完全DMEM(10%ウシ胎児血清および1%ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシンを添加したDMEM)で3日間または5日間置換した。処理細胞をPBSでリンスして、PBS中3.7%パラホルムアルデヒドで15分間固定し、Zeiss LSM 510倒立共焦点走査型顕微鏡下でのイメージングのためにHoechst核染色で染色した。CPTの励起波長および発光波長はそれぞれ370nmおよび440nmであった。
24ウェルプレートにウェル当たり104個の細胞集団で播種し、A549細胞を0.3mLのSNA(OptiMEM中20nM)と一緒に18時間インキュベートした。その後、SNAを細胞から除去し、次に細胞を1mLの完全DMEMと共にインキュベートした。様々な期間の後、20μLのMTT原液(PBS中5mg/mL MTT;モレキュラープローブス社)を、300μLの完全DMEMと共にプレインキュベートされた細胞の各ウェルに添加した。2時間後、300μLのSDS溶液(50%ジメチルホルムアミド中200mg/mL)をさらに各ウェルに添加し、次に、ピペッティングにより細胞を再懸濁させた。一晩のインキュベーションの後、細胞可溶化物を14000×gで10分間遠心してあらゆる金凝集物を除去した。細胞可溶化物から収集された上清画分の620nmにおける吸光度を、Synergy H4 Multimode Microplate Reader(バイオテック社)を用いて測定した。報告された値は、3つの独立した実験の、平均値±平均値からのSEを表す。
6ウェルプレートに播種して、A549細胞を1mLのSNA(OptiMEM中20nM)と一緒に18時間インキュベートした。処理後、CPT−SNAを除去し、細胞を完全DMEM中で126時間増殖させた。次に細胞をトリプシン処理し、洗浄し、0.5mL PBS中に懸濁した。0.5mLの3.7%パラホルムアルデヒドを、15分間、各ウェルから得られた細胞懸濁液に添加した。2回のPBSリンスの後、PBS希釈標準溶液中の1mLのヨウ化プロピジウム(サンタクルーズバイオテクノロジー社(Santa Cruz Biotechnology)、sc−3541)染色溶液(50mg/mL)を用いて細胞を染色した。フローサイトメトリー解析の前は、染色した試料を4℃で保存し、光から保護した。BD LSR IIフローサイトメーターを用いて10,000細胞の蛍光強度を測定した。
6−アジドヘキサン酸はEMDミリポア社(ビルリカ、マサチューセッツ州)から購入した。CdSe量子ドットはオーシャン・ナノテック社(Ocean NanoTech)から購入した。ドデカンチオール官能基化Auナノ粒子はナノプローブス社(Nanoprobes)から購入した。DBCO−NHSエステルはクリックケミストリーツールズ社(Clickchemistrytools)から購入した。他の試薬は全て、シグマ−アルドリッチ社(セントルイス、MO)から購入し、受取ったままの状態で使用した。
Nano Zetasizer(マルバーン・インストルメンツ社(Malvern Instruments))を用い、AuNPの屈折率として0.47を用いて、測定を行った。流体力学的径(HD)の測定値は数平均値から導かれる。各々のヒストグラムは、6回の反復測定後のAuNPのサイズ分布を表す。
マトリックス支援レーザー脱離イオン化飛行時間(MALDI−ToF)データを、2,5−ジヒドロキシアセトフェノン(DHAP)をマトリックス材料として採用するブルカー社製AutoFlex III MALDI−ToF質量分析計上で収集した。
1H NMRスペクトルをブルカー社製Avance 400 MHz NMR分光計上で記録した。1H NMRスペクトルは重水素化溶媒中の残留水素イオンシグナルを内部標準とした。
A549細胞を6ウェルプレート内に100,000細胞/ウェルの密度で播種し、OptiMEM中20nM CPT−SNAで処理した。18時間後、細胞をPBSで洗浄し、完全DMEM(10%ウシ胎児血清および1%ストレプトマイシン/ペニシリンを添加)と共にさらにインキュベートした。6日後、細胞を溶解させ、タンパク質を抽出した。活性化カスパーゼ3の相対レベルを製造業者の説明書(Cell Signaling 7190S)に従いELISAにより検出した。
Claims (27)
- ポリヌクレオチドおよびドメインで官能基化されたナノ粒子であって、前記ドメインが、(i)ナノ粒子に対して末梢側のポリヌクレオチドの終端に位置し、(ii)少なくとも50%、ただし100%未満のグアニル酸であるヌクレオチド配列を含んでなる、前記ナノ粒子。
- ドメインがポリヌクレオチドの5’末端に位置する、請求項1に記載のナノ粒子。
- ドメインがポリヌクレオチドの3’末端に位置する、請求項1に記載のナノ粒子。
- ドメインがポリヌクレオチド内の内部領域に位置する、請求項1に記載のナノ粒子。
- ドメインが約2〜約50ヌクレオチド長である、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載のナノ粒子。
- ドメインが少なくとも3つの(GGX)モチーフを含んでなる、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のナノ粒子。
- Xがデオキシリボヌクレオチドまたはリボヌクレオチドである、請求項6に記載のナノ粒子。
- Xがアデニル酸、チミジル酸、ウリジル酸、またはシチジル酸である、請求項6または請求項7に記載のナノ粒子。
- Xが修飾ヌクレオチドである、請求項6〜8のいずれか一項に記載のナノ粒子。
- 追加のポリヌクレオチドで官能基化された、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載のナノ粒子。
- 追加のポリヌクレオチドがドメインを含んでなる、請求項10に記載のナノ粒子。
- ドメインが2つ以上のグアニル酸を含んでなるポリグアニル酸(ポリG)ヌクレオチド配列を含んでなる、請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載のナノ粒子。
- ドメインが2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、または20個のグアニル酸ヌクレオチドを含んでなるポリグアニル酸(ポリG)配列を含んでなる、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載のナノ粒子。
- ポリヌクレオチドがDNAである、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項に記載のナノ粒子。
- ポリヌクレオチドがRNAである、請求項1〜14のいずれか一項に記載のナノ粒子。
- 追加のポリヌクレオチドがDNAである、請求項10〜15のいずれか一項に記載のナノ粒子。
- 追加のポリヌクレオチドがRNAである、請求項10〜15のいずれか一項に記載のナノ粒子。
- ポリヌクレオチド官能基化ナノ粒子の細胞内取り込みを増加させる方法であって、
ドメインを欠くオリゴヌクレオチド官能基化ナノ粒子と比較して、オリゴヌクレオチド官能基化ナノ粒子の細胞内取り込みを増加させるドメインをさらに含んでなるように、ナノ粒子を修飾する段階、
を含んでなる、前記方法。 - ドメインが2つ以上のグアニル酸を含んでなるポリグアニル酸(ポリG)ヌクレオチド配列を含んでなる、請求項18に記載の方法。
- ドメインが2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、または20個のグアニル酸ヌクレオチドを含んでなるポリG配列を含んでなる、請求項18または請求項19に記載の方法。
- ドメインがポリヌクレオチドの5’末端に位置する、請求項18〜20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- ドメインがポリヌクレオチドの3’末端に位置する、請求項18〜20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- ドメインがポリヌクレオチド内の内部領域に位置する、請求項18〜20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- ドメインがポリヌクレオチドと共線的である、請求項1〜23のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- ポリヌクレオチドがDNAである、請求項18〜24のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- ポリヌクレオチドがRNAである、請求項18〜24のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- オリゴヌクレオチド官能基化ナノ粒子が請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載のナノ粒子である、請求項18〜26のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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WO2016081911A2 (en) | 2016-05-26 |
WO2016081911A3 (en) | 2016-06-23 |
EP3220895A4 (en) | 2018-08-01 |
EP3220895B1 (en) | 2022-08-31 |
CA2968531A1 (en) | 2016-05-26 |
KR20170078843A (ko) | 2017-07-07 |
CN107106493A (zh) | 2017-08-29 |
AU2015349680A1 (en) | 2017-06-08 |
US11213593B2 (en) | 2022-01-04 |
US20180344873A1 (en) | 2018-12-06 |
EP3220895A2 (en) | 2017-09-27 |
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