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EP0000789A2 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung geladener Teilchen - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung geladener Teilchen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0000789A2
EP0000789A2 EP78100651A EP78100651A EP0000789A2 EP 0000789 A2 EP0000789 A2 EP 0000789A2 EP 78100651 A EP78100651 A EP 78100651A EP 78100651 A EP78100651 A EP 78100651A EP 0000789 A2 EP0000789 A2 EP 0000789A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ions
electrode
extracted
electrodes
dielectric member
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP78100651A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0000789A3 (en
EP0000789B1 (de
Inventor
Richard A. Fotland
Jeffrey J. Carrish
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Dennison Manufacturing Co
Original Assignee
Dennison Manufacturing Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Dennison Manufacturing Co filed Critical Dennison Manufacturing Co
Publication of EP0000789A2 publication Critical patent/EP0000789A2/de
Publication of EP0000789A3 publication Critical patent/EP0000789A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0000789B1 publication Critical patent/EP0000789B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T19/00—Devices providing for corona discharge
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/385—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective supply of electric current or selective application of magnetism to a printing or impression-transfer material
    • B41J2/41—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective supply of electric current or selective application of magnetism to a printing or impression-transfer material for electrostatic printing
    • B41J2/415—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective supply of electric current or selective application of magnetism to a printing or impression-transfer material for electrostatic printing by passing charged particles through a hole or a slit
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/22—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20
    • G03G15/32—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20 in which the charge pattern is formed dotwise, e.g. by a thermal head
    • G03G15/321—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20 in which the charge pattern is formed dotwise, e.g. by a thermal head by charge transfer onto the recording material in accordance with the image
    • G03G15/323—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20 in which the charge pattern is formed dotwise, e.g. by a thermal head by charge transfer onto the recording material in accordance with the image by modulating charged particles through holes or a slit

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the generation of charged particles, and more particularly, to the generation of ions with high current densities.
  • Ions can be generated in a wide variety of ways.
  • Commen techniques include the use of air gap breakdown, corona discharges and spark discharges.
  • Other techniques employ tribo- electricity, radiation (Alpha, Beta, and Gamma, as well as x-rays and ultra-violet light) and microwave breakdown.
  • Air gap breakdown i.e., discharges occurring in small gaps between a stylus or wire and the surface of a dielectric material, are widely employed in the formation of electrostatic images.
  • Representative U.S. patents are G.R. Mott 3.208.076; E.W. Marshall 3.631.5o9; A.D. Brown, Jr. 3.662 396; A.E. Bliss et al. 3.792.495; R.F. Borelli 3.958.251; and R.T. Lamb 3.725.95o.
  • corona discharge from a small diameter wire or a point source is the corona discharge from a small diameter wire or a point source.
  • Illustrative U.S. patens are P. Lee 3.358.289; Lee F. Frank 3.611.414; A.E. Jvirblis 3.623.123; H. Bresnik 3.765.o27; P.J. Magill et al. 3.715.762; and R.A. Fotland 3.961.574.
  • Corona discharges are widely employed in electrostatic precipitation, and are used almost exclusively in electrostatic copiers to charge photoconductive surface prior to exposure. Corona discharges are also extensively employed in electrostatic separators and in electrostatic coating and spraying equipment.
  • corona discharges provide limited currents.
  • the maximum discharge current density heretofore obtained has been on the order of 1o microamperes per square centimeter. This can impose a severe printing speed limitation.
  • coronas can create significant maintenance problems. Corona wires are small and fragile and easily broken. Because of their high operating potentials, they collect dirt and dust and must be frequently cleaned or replaced.
  • An alternative technique for forming high density corona discharges is to use high velocity air streams. For example, if high pressure air is employed with a small orifice at the corona discharge point, current densities as high as 1ooo microamperes per square centimeter are reportedly obtainable (Proceedings'of the Conference on Static Electrification, London 1967, Page 139 of The Institute of Physics and Physical Society, London SW1). This technique is awkward,however, and requires both a pressurized air source and critical geometry in order to prevent premature electrical breakdown.
  • Another method of forming ions which is particularly useful in electrostatic applications, uses an electrical spark discharge.
  • Representative U.S. patents are B.E. Byrd 3.321.768; H. Epstein 3.335.322; C.D. Hendricks, Jr. 3.545.374; and W.P. Foster 3.362.325.
  • a low energy spark discharge technique is described by Krekow and Schram in IEEE transactions on Electronic Devices, E.D.-21 // 3, Page 189, March 1974.
  • the electrical spark discharge is objectionable, however, where uniform ion currents are desired or required. This is particularly true where the discharge occurs over the surface of a dielectric.
  • Another object is to provide a reliable and stable source of ions.
  • a related object is to provide an ion generating system which does not require critical periodic maintenance.
  • Another related object is to simplify maintenance and eliminate the objectionable characteristics of corona wires including the fragility and tendency to collect dirt and dust.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide an easily controlled source of ions.
  • a related object is to provide a multiplexable source of ions using different voltage sources to supply an alternating breakdown field and an ion extraction field.
  • Yet another object of the invention is to generate ion currents for use in producing electrostatic images in which charge image integrity is maintained.
  • a related object is to achieve comparatively uniform charge images which can be toned with good definition and dot fill.
  • the invention provides for applying a potential between two electrodes separated by a dielectric member to cause an electrical air gap breakdown in fringing field regions. Ions thus produced can then be extracted from the discharge and applied to a further member.
  • the further member can be a conductive support with a dielectric, coating.
  • the discharge initiating potential is a high frequency alternating voltage
  • the extraction is accomplished using a direct voltage
  • the extracted ions can be used directly or applied to particulate matter, which is moved under the action of an electric field.
  • Such charged particles can be used in forming an electostatic pattern using, for example, a discharge electrode with a gap patterned in accordance with the configuration of a character or symbol for which a charge image is desired.
  • the electrodes can be multiple electrodes forming cross points in a matrix array. Ions are extracted from electrode apertures at selected matrix crossover points by simultaneously providing both an electrical discharge at the selected apertures and an external ion extraction field.
  • the extracted ions can be used to form an electrostatic latent image which is subsequently toned and fused.
  • the image can be formed on a dielectric layer and transferred to plain paper.
  • charged particulate matter can be deposited or plain paper to form a visible image, or collected on a conducting surface.
  • the apparatus is formed by a dielectric member which separates two electrodes at least one of which has an edge on the surface of the dielectric member.
  • a voltage is applied between the electrodes, for example, an alternating voltage in the frequency range from about 6o hertz to about 4 megahertz, an electrical discharge is produced between one of the electrodes and the dielectric surface.
  • the electrodes which can be alike or different, can take a wide variety of forms.
  • the alternating potential may be in an essentially sinusoidal, square or triangular wave form.
  • the apparatus may include means for transferring the charges generated by said electrical discharge to a further member.
  • This further member can be a dielectric. Alternatively, it may have a conductive base with a dielectric coating. In this case the further member can be conductive paper with a dielectric coating. It is also possible to use as further member a conductor.
  • the apparatus may include a solid dielectric member.
  • This solid dielectric member may comprise a plastic film or glass or a ceramic.
  • an ion generator 1o in accordance with the invention is used in producing an air gap breakdown between a dielectric 11 and respective conducting electrodes 12-1 and 12-2 using a source 13 of alternating potential.
  • a source 13 of alternating potential When electric fringing fields E A and E B in the , air gaps 14-a and 14-b exceed the breakdown field of air, an electric discharge occurs which results in the charging of the dielectric 11 in regions 11-a and 11-b adjacent electrode edges.
  • the generator 10 of Figure 1 therefore, produces an air gap breakdown twice per cycle of applied alternating potentials from the source 13 and thus generates an alternating polarity supply of ions.
  • the extraction of ions produced in accordance with the generator 10 of Figure 1 is illustrated by the generator- extractor 2o of Figure 2.
  • the generator 20A includes a dielectric 21 between conducting electrodes 21-1 and 21-2.
  • the electrode 22-1 is encapsulated or surrounded by an insulating material 23. Alternating potential is applied between the conducting electrodes 22-1 and 22-2 by a source 24A.
  • the second electrode 22-2 has a hole 22-h where the desired air gap breakdown occurs relative to a region 21-r of the dielectric 21 to provide a source of ions.
  • the ions formed in the gap 21-h may be extracted by a direct current potential applied from a source 24-B to provide an external electric field between the electrode 22-2 and a grounded auxiliary electrode 22-3.
  • Figure 2 is a dielectric (electrographic) paper 25 consisting of a conducting base 25-P coated with a thin dielectric layer 25-d.
  • the electrode 22-2 When a switch 26 is switched to position X and is grounded as shown, the electrode 22-2 is also at ground potential and no external field is present in the region between the ion generator 2 0 A and the dielectric paper 25. However, when the switch 26 is switched to position y, the potential of the source 24 B is applied to the electrode 21-2. This provides an electric field between the ion reservoir 21-r and the backing of dielectric paper 25. The ions extracted from the air gap breakdown region then charge the surface of the dielectric layer 25-d.
  • the generator and ion extractor 2o of Figure 2 is readily employed, for example, in the formation of characters on dielectric paper in high speed electrographic printing. Illustrative sources for the electrographic printing of characters in accordance with the invention are shown in Figures 3 and 4.
  • a character generator 3o is formed by a dielectric member 31 which is sandwiched between an etched conducting sheet 32-1 and a set of counterelectrodes 32-2, 32-3 and 32-4.
  • the etched or mask electrode 32-1 illustratively is shown with etched characters A, B and C.
  • the fringing fields at the edges of the etched characters provide a high density source of ions when an air gap breakdown according to the invention is produced by alternating potential applied between the etched electrode 32-1 and the counterelectrodes.
  • a source of high frequency alternating voltage (not shown) is applied between the etched electrode 32-1 and the associated counterelectrode 32-3. This provides a hich density supply of ions in the region of the dielectric 31 at the edges of the etched character B in the mask 32-1.
  • the ions are then extracted and transferred to a suitable dielectric surface, for example the dielectric coated paper 25 of Figure 2, by the application of a direct voltage between the paper backing and the mask 32-1, resulting in the formation of the electrographic latent image B on the dielectric surface of the paper 25.
  • a suitable dielectric surface for example the dielectric coated paper 25 of Figure 2
  • the matrix ion generator 4o Figure 4 may be employed.
  • the generator 4o makes use of a dielectric sheet 41 with a set of apertured air gap breakdown electrodes 42-1 through 42-4 on one side and a set of selector bars 43-1 through 43-4 on the other side, with a separate selector 43 being provided for each different aperture 45 in each different finger electrode 42.
  • Matrix location 45 23 is printed by simultaneously applying a high frequency potential between selector bar 43-3 and ground and a direct current potential between finger electrode 42-2 and a dielectric receptor member's counterelectrode. Unselected fingers as well as the dielectric members counter-electrode are maintained at ground potential.
  • the invention may be employed to form a rectangular area of charge using geometry of the module 5o shown in Figure 5.
  • Charging electrodes 52-1 and 52 are separated from the electrode 52-3 by a dielectric member 51, with the electrode 52-3 potted in an insulator 55.
  • the region between the electrode 52-1 and 52-2 provides a slot in which an air gap discharge is formed when a high freguency alternating poten- tial is applied between electrodes 52-1 and 52-2 and electrode 52-3.
  • the charging array of Figure 5 may be employed in a plain paper copier to replace the coronas normally found in such a copier.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates schematically a plain paper copier employing charging arrays of the kind shown in Figure 5.
  • a copier drum 61 is charged using a charging element 62-1, having the configuration shown in Figure 5. If the drum is selenium or a selenium alloy and it is desired to charge the surface, for example, to a positive potential of 6 00 volts, then the slotted electrode 62-1 is maintained at 6 00 volts. After charging, the drum 61 is discharged with an optical image provided by a scanner at station 63. The resulting latent electrostatic image is toned at station 66 and the toner is transferred to a plain paper sheet 68, using a transfer ion generator 62-2 according to Figure 5, with the slotted electrode again maintained at a positive potential.
  • the latent residual electrostatic image in the surface of the drum and any uncharged toner may be electrically discharged by employing a discharge unit 62-3, also according to Figure 5.
  • a discharge unit 62-3 also according to Figure 5.
  • the slotted electrode is maintained at ground potential and any residual charge on the surface of the drum and toner causes ions to be extracted from the air gap breakdown in the slot, thus effectively discharging the surface.
  • a cleaning brush 64 is employed to remove residual toner remaining on the surface and the drum is then ready to be recharged.
  • a dot matrix charging head 65 which may be configured according to Figure 4. This permits a plain paper copier to-be employed as a printer. In that event the drum 61 is discharged at station 63 and recharged by the dot matrix printing head 65, permitting the machine 6o to function both as a copier and a printer. In addition, the apparatus 6o may function simultaneously as a copier and printer where overlays are desired.
  • a 1-mil stainless steel foil is laminated on both sides of corning code 8871 capacitor ribbon glass.
  • the stainless foil is coated with resist and photo etched with a pattern similar to that shown in Figure 4, with holes or apertures in the fingers approximately o.oo6" in diameter. This provides a charging head which can be employed to generate latent electrostatic dot matrix character images on dielectric paper according to Figure 2.
  • a spacing of 0.0008" is maintained between the print head assembly and the dielectric surface of the electrographic sheet.
  • the duration of the print pulse is 2o microseconds. Under these conditions, it is found that a latent electrostatic image of approximately 3oo volts is produced on the dielectric sheet. This image is subsequently toned and fused to provide a dense dot matrix character image.
  • the ion current extracted from this charging head, as collected by an electrode spaced 0 . 00 8" away from the head, is found to be 1 miliampere per square centimeter.
  • Example I is repeated employing a polyimide dielectric rather than capacitor glass. As before, a 1-mil stainless steel foil is laminated to 1-mil thick Kapton® polyimide film. Results equivalent to those of Example I are obtained at an applied high frequency potential of 1.5 kilovolts peak.
  • An electrostatic charging head of the type shown in Figure 3 is fabricated employing 1-mil stainless steel foil laminated to both sides of 1-mil polyimide sheet.
  • 1/1 0 " high characters are etched in the foil on one side of the sheet, while fingers covering each character are etched on the other side of the foil as indicated in Figure 3.
  • bridges 1 to 2-mils in thickness are left unetched.
  • the character stroke width is etched to 6-mils. Printing is carried out by applying the potentials of Example II with a pulse width of 4o microseconds. The toned images exhibit sharp edges and high optical density.
  • the character stroke width in the image is o.o12".
  • the invention is applied to provide continuous tone imagery by extracting a number of ions from the charging head per unit time in proportion to the applied ion extraction potential. This is illustrated in Figure 7 where the apparent surface potential on a dielectric surface is plotted as a function of the potential difference between the ion generating electrode and the dielectric counter electrode.
  • the ion generating electrode dielectric surface spacing is 0 . 00 6" and the charging time is 5o microseconds.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Printers Or Recording Devices Using Electromagnetic And Radiation Means (AREA)
  • Electrophotography Using Other Than Carlson'S Method (AREA)
  • Elimination Of Static Electricity (AREA)
EP78100651A 1977-08-12 1978-08-11 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung geladener Teilchen Expired EP0000789B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/824,252 US4155093A (en) 1977-08-12 1977-08-12 Method and apparatus for generating charged particles
US824252 1992-01-22

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0000789A2 true EP0000789A2 (de) 1979-02-21
EP0000789A3 EP0000789A3 (en) 1979-03-07
EP0000789B1 EP0000789B1 (de) 1984-08-15

Family

ID=25240954

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP78100651A Expired EP0000789B1 (de) 1977-08-12 1978-08-11 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung geladener Teilchen

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US4155093A (de)
EP (1) EP0000789B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS5453537A (de)
AU (1) AU522601B2 (de)
BR (1) BR7805182A (de)
CA (1) CA1108685A (de)
DE (1) DE2862435D1 (de)
ES (1) ES472517A1 (de)
MX (1) MX145196A (de)

Cited By (3)

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USRE33633E (en) * 1984-03-26 1991-07-09 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Method and device for charging or discharging a member

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Also Published As

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JPS5453537A (en) 1979-04-26
DE2862435D1 (en) 1984-09-20
ES472517A1 (es) 1979-03-16
EP0000789A3 (en) 1979-03-07
AU522601B2 (en) 1982-06-17
JPH024904B2 (de) 1990-01-30
CA1108685A (en) 1981-09-08
EP0000789B1 (de) 1984-08-15
US4155093A (en) 1979-05-15
MX145196A (es) 1982-01-13
BR7805182A (pt) 1979-04-24
AU3883678A (en) 1980-02-14

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