[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/

EA199700245A1 - STEAM BARRIER FOR THERMAL INSULATION OF BUILDINGS - Google Patents

STEAM BARRIER FOR THERMAL INSULATION OF BUILDINGS

Info

Publication number
EA199700245A1
EA199700245A1 EA199700245A EA199700245A EA199700245A1 EA 199700245 A1 EA199700245 A1 EA 199700245A1 EA 199700245 A EA199700245 A EA 199700245A EA 199700245 A EA199700245 A EA 199700245A EA 199700245 A1 EA199700245 A1 EA 199700245A1
Authority
EA
Eurasian Patent Office
Prior art keywords
buildings
thermal insulation
steam barrier
water vapor
insulation
Prior art date
Application number
EA199700245A
Other languages
Russian (ru)
Other versions
EA000491B1 (en
Inventor
Хартвиг Кюнцель
Тео Гросскински
Original Assignee
Фраунхофер-Гезелльшафт Цур Фёрдерунг Дер Ангевандтен Форшунг Е.В.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=7759882&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EA199700245(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Фраунхофер-Гезелльшафт Цур Фёрдерунг Дер Ангевандтен Форшунг Е.В. filed Critical Фраунхофер-Гезелльшафт Цур Фёрдерунг Дер Ангевандтен Форшунг Е.В.
Publication of EA199700245A1 publication Critical patent/EA199700245A1/en
Publication of EA000491B1 publication Critical patent/EA000491B1/en

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/625—Sheets or foils allowing passage of water vapor but impervious to liquid water; house wraps
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/66—Sealings
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D12/00—Non-structural supports for roofing materials, e.g. battens, boards
    • E04D12/002—Sheets of flexible material, e.g. roofing tile underlay
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/16—Insulating devices or arrangements in so far as the roof covering is concerned, e.g. characterised by the material or composition of the roof insulating material or its integration in the roof structure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2301/00—Handling processes for sheets or webs
    • B65H2301/30—Orientation, displacement, position of the handled material
    • B65H2301/36—Positioning; Changing position
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2701/00—Handled material; Storage means
    • B65H2701/10—Handled articles or webs
    • B65H2701/13—Parts concerned of the handled material
    • B65H2701/131—Edges
    • B65H2701/1313—Edges trailing edge

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Thermal Insulation (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Braking Arrangements (AREA)
  • Sealing Material Composition (AREA)

Abstract

Изобретение относится к паровому барьеру, предназначенному для теплоизоляции зданий, в особенности для использования с целью теплоизоляции в новых зданиях и при реконструкции старых строительных объектов. Паровой барьер согласно изобретению может оказывать влияние на обмен водяного пара при различных окружающих условиях. Это реализуется за счет использования в качестве основного материала такого материала, у которого сопротивление диффузии водяного пара изменяется в зависимости от влажности окружающей среды, а также обладающего адекватной прочностью при растяжении и разрыве.Международная заявка была опубликована вместе с отчетом о международном поиске.The invention relates to a vapor barrier intended for the insulation of buildings, in particular for use for the purpose of thermal insulation in new buildings and in the reconstruction of old construction projects. The vapor barrier according to the invention can influence the exchange of water vapor under various environmental conditions. This is realized through the use of such a material as the base material, whose resistance to water vapor diffusion varies depending on the humidity of the environment, as well as having adequate strength in tension and rupture.

EA199700245A 1995-04-19 1996-04-18 Vapour barrier for use in the heat insulation of buildings EA000491B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19514420A DE19514420C1 (en) 1995-04-19 1995-04-19 Vapor barrier for use in the thermal insulation of buildings
PCT/DE1996/000705 WO1996033321A1 (en) 1995-04-19 1996-04-18 Vapour barrier for use in the heat insulation of buildings

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EA199700245A1 true EA199700245A1 (en) 1998-06-25
EA000491B1 EA000491B1 (en) 1999-08-26

Family

ID=7759882

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EA199700245A EA000491B1 (en) 1995-04-19 1996-04-18 Vapour barrier for use in the heat insulation of buildings

Country Status (25)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0821755B1 (en)
JP (1) JP4471403B2 (en)
KR (1) KR100417903B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1082122C (en)
AT (1) ATE197832T1 (en)
AU (1) AU695567B2 (en)
BR (1) BR9608141A (en)
CA (1) CA2215502C (en)
CZ (1) CZ292207B6 (en)
DE (2) DE19514420C1 (en)
DK (1) DK0821755T3 (en)
EA (1) EA000491B1 (en)
EE (1) EE03622B1 (en)
ES (1) ES2153958T3 (en)
HU (1) HU221558B (en)
MX (1) MX9707769A (en)
NO (1) NO308548B1 (en)
NZ (1) NZ305338A (en)
PL (1) PL188198B1 (en)
RO (1) RO116102B1 (en)
SI (1) SI0821755T1 (en)
SK (1) SK284896B6 (en)
TR (1) TR199701201T1 (en)
UA (1) UA28098C2 (en)
WO (1) WO1996033321A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (70)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE29611626U1 (en) * 1996-07-04 1996-09-12 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., 80636 München Barrier to prevent air convection and pollutant emissions
DE29704323U1 (en) * 1997-02-26 1997-05-15 Textec Construct GmbH Technische Textilien und Werkstoffe, 16321 Lindenberg Sealing tape / sealing membrane as a connecting element in the construction industry
DE19902102B4 (en) * 1998-06-15 2007-07-05 Ökologische Bausysteme B.I. Moll GmbH & Co. KG Composite material
EP1002738B1 (en) * 1998-11-19 2005-05-18 Deutsche Rockwool Mineralwoll GmbH & Co. OHG Storage and transport unit for insulating elements
DE19861057C2 (en) * 1998-11-19 2002-09-12 Rockwool Mineralwolle Storage and transport unit for insulation elements
JP2002533592A (en) * 1998-12-21 2002-10-08 イーコパル アクティーゼルスカブ Water vapor barrier and method of manufacturing the same
WO2000056643A1 (en) * 1999-03-18 2000-09-28 Oce Printing Systems Gmbh Method and device for aligning individual sheets in a sheet processing machine
DE19913496C5 (en) † 1999-03-25 2021-09-09 Deutsche Rockwool Mineralwoll Gmbh & Co. Ohg Floor insulation element
EP1111144A1 (en) * 1999-12-23 2001-06-27 Fa. IFKo - Internationale Franchise Konzepte, Unternehmensberatungs- und Beteiligungsges. mbH Deutschland Building construction for decreasing heat loss in rooms
AUPQ707900A0 (en) 2000-04-20 2000-05-18 Hutton, Lawrence Coating composition
CA2439921C (en) 2001-03-08 2010-05-25 Biologische Insel Lothar Moll Gmbh & Co. Kg Use of ionomers in order to seal insulating materials
DE10146174C2 (en) * 2001-09-19 2003-10-16 Calsitherm Silikatbaustoffe Thermal insulation board for indoor installation
EP1296002A3 (en) 2001-09-24 2004-02-11 Icopal A/S A vapour barrier or underroof for buildings
DE10155925C1 (en) * 2001-11-14 2003-03-20 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Sound and thermal insulation pack for an aircraft cabin, comprises an enveloping membrane with water vapor diffusion resistance which is a function of the ambient humidity
ATE273793T1 (en) 2002-05-14 2004-09-15 Noetzli Rolf MOISTURE PROTECTION WITH WIND SEALING FOR BUILDINGS
DE10239985B4 (en) * 2002-08-27 2006-03-30 Ökologische Bausysteme B.I. Moll GmbH & Co. KG Sealing tapes suitable for construction technology
ES2553454T3 (en) 2003-10-06 2015-12-09 Saint-Gobain Isover Fire door and interleaved piece of fire for it
US7803729B2 (en) 2003-10-06 2010-09-28 Saint-Gobain Isover Insulating element from mineral fibers for shipbuilding
SE525985C2 (en) 2003-10-17 2005-06-07 Saint Gobain Isover Ab Insulation systems for technical installations
DE10349170A1 (en) * 2003-10-22 2005-05-19 Saint-Gobain Isover G+H Ag Steam brake with a shield against electromagnetic fields
US20060059852A1 (en) 2004-09-23 2006-03-23 Certainteed Corporation Laminated building materials
US20050260368A1 (en) * 2004-05-18 2005-11-24 Ruid John O Packaging for insulation products
GB0423523D0 (en) 2004-10-22 2004-11-24 Hunt Tech Ltd Multi-layer vapour permeable thermal insulation system
DE102004059812A1 (en) * 2004-12-10 2006-06-29 Ewald Dörken Ag Steam brake for use in buildings
DE202004019654U1 (en) * 2004-12-14 2005-04-07 Orbita Film Gmbh Vapor barrier
DE102005020295A1 (en) * 2005-04-30 2006-11-09 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Vapor barrier seal manufactured from textile for an interior space/indoors attaches to walls, ceilings or floors in an interior space
DE102006009260A1 (en) * 2006-02-28 2007-08-30 Saint-Gobain Isover G+H Ag Roof heat insulating system for building, has vapor barrier foil applied completely on main surface of mineral wool web that is wound to roll, where vapor barrier foil protrudes on longitudinal side of mineral wool web
US7829197B2 (en) 2006-06-13 2010-11-09 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Variable vapor barrier for humidity control
US7838123B2 (en) 2006-06-13 2010-11-23 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Variable vapor barrier for moisture control in buildings
US7838104B2 (en) * 2006-12-29 2010-11-23 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Variable vapor barrier for humidity control
DE102007052278B4 (en) 2007-11-02 2021-08-26 Saint-Gobain Isover G+H Ag Method for sealing a component covered over a large area with a construction film, an adhesive film or an adhesive tape, as well as a cutting template for this and a system
FR2925929B1 (en) 2007-12-28 2017-01-27 Saint Gobain Isover DETERGENT ACCESSORY FOR DOUBLING A WALL, INCLUDING PINCHING JAWS OF AN INSULATING MEMBRANE, AND WALL LINING DEVICE COMPRISING SUCH AN ACCESSORY
US8852749B2 (en) 2008-02-11 2014-10-07 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Compositions and structures having tailored water vapor transmission
DE202008011429U1 (en) * 2008-07-24 2009-12-03 Tremco Illbruck Produktion Gmbh sealing tape
DE102008037292A1 (en) * 2008-08-11 2010-02-18 Saint-Gobain Isover G+H Ag Moisture-adaptive vapor barrier
DK2411593T3 (en) 2009-03-28 2015-09-07 Doerken Ewald Ag Method for producing an operation stroke of a building to and building to and operation of stroke
DE102009017486A1 (en) 2009-04-15 2010-10-21 Saint-Gobain Isover G+H Ag Moisture protection system for building structures, in particular timber stand or roof structures with rafters or beams and the like
DE102010016104A1 (en) 2010-03-23 2011-09-29 Saint-Gobain Isover G+H Ag Two-component adhesive and sealant system, useful e.g. for bonding plastics, comprises a first and/or second component comprising e.g. self-crosslinking polymers based on e.g. maleic acid-polystyrene-co-polymers and/or polyurethane
DE102009046739B4 (en) 2009-11-16 2020-03-05 Saint-Gobain Isover G+H Ag Two-component adhesive and sealant system
WO2011057896A1 (en) 2009-11-16 2011-05-19 Saint-Gobain Isover Adhesive and sealant system
JP5758401B2 (en) * 2009-12-10 2015-08-05 サン−ゴバン・イソベール Moisture-adaptive steam barrier for insulating a building in particular, and method for manufacturing a steam barrier
DE102009060674A1 (en) 2009-12-28 2011-06-30 Saint-Gobain Isover G+H Ag, 67059 System and corresponding method for airtight sealing of a particular moisture-adaptive vapor barrier or vapor barrier
DE102009060673A1 (en) 2009-12-28 2011-06-30 Saint-Gobain Isover G+H Ag, 67059 A vapor barrier or vapor barrier, sleeve seal for airtight seal of a vapor barrier or vapor barrier, method of manufacturing a sleeve device and method of airtight sealing of a vapor barrier or vapor barrier
DE102010055788A1 (en) 2010-12-23 2012-06-28 Hanno-Werk Gmbh & Co. Kg Joint sealing tape
JP6159972B2 (en) 2011-07-01 2017-07-12 ディーエスエム アイピー アセッツ ビー．ブイ． Branched polyamide
FR2977601A1 (en) 2011-07-07 2013-01-11 Saint Gobain Isover WALL
EP2554758A1 (en) * 2011-08-02 2013-02-06 DSM IP Assets B.V. A water vapour control arranged facing the inside of a building
DE202011105371U1 (en) 2011-09-06 2012-12-10 Tremco Illbruck Produktion Gmbh sealing tape
DE202012101990U1 (en) 2012-05-23 2013-08-27 Tremco Illbruck Produktion Gmbh sealing tape
DK2692959T3 (en) 2012-07-29 2016-07-25 Hanno-Werk Gmbh & Co Kg Foil Tape
DE102012219988A1 (en) * 2012-10-31 2014-04-30 Saint-Gobain Isover G+H Ag Reversible water-binding mineral wool product
DE202013011733U1 (en) 2013-01-11 2014-04-09 Saint-Gobain Isover G+H Ag Adhesive and sealant system with curing indicator
EP2759403B1 (en) 2013-01-29 2016-04-27 Silu Verwaltung AG Humidity adaptive vapour retarder
FR3008704B1 (en) * 2013-07-19 2015-08-21 Rhodia Operations BARRIER WITH ADAPTIVE STEAM
DE102014008530A1 (en) 2014-02-13 2015-08-13 Ewald Dörken Ag Moisture-variable protective layer and use of a moisture-variable protective layer
DE102014008531A1 (en) 2014-02-13 2015-08-13 Ewald Dörken Ag Insulated building construction
EP3124712B1 (en) 2015-07-30 2023-06-28 Hanno Werk GmbH & Co. KG Compressible joint sealing strip and method for the production thereof
DE202016101644U1 (en) 2016-03-24 2017-06-27 Coroplast Fritz Müller Gmbh & Co. Kg Overmouldable adhesive tape
EP3330470B1 (en) 2016-11-30 2022-06-01 Sika Technology AG Sealing tape with adhesive layer arrangement
DE102017000825B4 (en) 2017-01-28 2021-03-18 Walter Götz Vapor barrier film based on a filled polyamide for use in thermal insulation applications
DE202017102227U1 (en) 2017-04-12 2017-06-06 Hanno-Werk Gmbh & Co. Kg Joint sealing tape
PL3425132T3 (en) 2017-07-05 2022-05-30 Iso-Chemie Gmbh Installation arrangement of a sealing strip for sealing a joint between a frame member and a structure
FR3072698B1 (en) * 2017-10-19 2019-10-25 Saint-Gobain Isover FLAT ROOF INSULATION AND SYSTEM FOR THE THERMAL INSULATION OF FLAT ROOFS
DE102017011813A1 (en) 2017-12-20 2019-06-27 Saint-Gobain Isover G+H Ag Method for sealing a penetration and a blank template for carrying out the method
DE102020126123A1 (en) 2020-10-06 2022-04-07 SwissChem AG Process for producing a foil strip and foil strip
FR3118636A1 (en) 2021-01-07 2022-07-08 Saint-Gobain Isover Process for improving the airtightness of buildings using a membrane based on biopolymers
CA3202601A1 (en) 2021-01-07 2022-07-14 Marion CHENAL Method for improving the airtightness of buildings using a biopolymer-based membrane
FR3121459A1 (en) 2021-04-06 2022-10-07 Saint-Gobain Isover Process for improving the airtightness of buildings using a membrane based on biopolymers
FR3136491A1 (en) 2022-06-09 2023-12-15 Saint-Gobain Isover Process for improving the airtightness of buildings using a biopolymer-based membrane
DE102023106143A1 (en) 2023-03-13 2024-09-19 Saint-Gobain Isover G+H Aktiengesellschaft Moisture-adaptive vapour barrier

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1886678U (en) * 1963-08-03 1964-01-30 Wilhelm Connemann Flachsverwer PANEL-SHAPED COMPONENT, IN PARTICULAR ROOF TILE.
US3445322A (en) * 1965-10-18 1969-05-20 Ignatius T Agro Laminated building component
GB1598807A (en) * 1978-05-31 1981-09-23 Bicc Ltd Telecommunication cables
US4363836A (en) * 1980-02-23 1982-12-14 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. Priming compositions for a base of cement mortar or concrete
DE3033089A1 (en) * 1980-09-03 1982-04-08 Rheinhold & Mahla Gmbh, 6800 Mannheim INSULATION INCLINED ROOF
DE3235246A1 (en) * 1982-09-23 1984-03-29 Grünzweig + Hartmann und Glasfaser AG, 6700 Ludwigshafen Heat insulating web for heat insulation of a steep roof in the space between the rafters, and steep roof insulated therewith
DE3423766A1 (en) * 1983-06-30 1985-01-03 Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen Composite elements for thermal insulation of flat roofs
JPS6274648A (en) * 1985-09-30 1987-04-06 三菱化成ポリテック株式会社 Plastic laminate having excellent gas barrier property
US4719723A (en) * 1985-10-03 1988-01-19 Wagoner John D Van Thermally efficient, protected membrane roofing system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP4471403B2 (en) 2010-06-02
NO974807D0 (en) 1997-10-17
KR100417903B1 (en) 2004-05-27
ATE197832T1 (en) 2000-12-15
HU221558B (en) 2002-11-28
WO1996033321A1 (en) 1996-10-24
EP0821755B1 (en) 2000-11-29
SK142097A3 (en) 1998-02-04
NO308548B1 (en) 2000-09-25
JPH11504088A (en) 1999-04-06
CN1185821A (en) 1998-06-24
CA2215502C (en) 2005-08-30
EE03622B1 (en) 2002-02-15
AU695567B2 (en) 1998-08-13
EP0821755A1 (en) 1998-02-04
SK284896B6 (en) 2006-02-02
CZ292207B6 (en) 2003-08-13
DE19514420C1 (en) 1997-03-06
CZ321897A3 (en) 1998-02-18
MX9707769A (en) 1998-06-30
CN1082122C (en) 2002-04-03
HUP9802610A3 (en) 2000-01-28
HUP9802610A2 (en) 1999-03-29
EE9700246A (en) 1998-04-15
AU5331896A (en) 1996-11-07
KR19980703897A (en) 1998-12-05
NO974807L (en) 1997-12-19
PL322730A1 (en) 1998-02-16
DE59606169D1 (en) 2001-01-04
ES2153958T3 (en) 2001-03-16
TR199701201T1 (en) 1998-02-21
RO116102B1 (en) 2000-10-30
UA28098C2 (en) 2000-10-16
DK0821755T3 (en) 2001-03-05
CA2215502A1 (en) 1996-10-24
SI0821755T1 (en) 2001-06-30
BR9608141A (en) 1999-02-09
PL188198B1 (en) 2004-12-31
EA000491B1 (en) 1999-08-26
NZ305338A (en) 1998-12-23

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EA199700245A1 (en) STEAM BARRIER FOR THERMAL INSULATION OF BUILDINGS
DE69609828D1 (en) COMPOSITIONS SWELLABLE WITH WATER
DE59906034D1 (en) GAS AND STEAM TURBINE SYSTEM
FI955938A (en) Cylinder flue gas leak test
DE59907949D1 (en) GAS AND STEAM TURBINE SYSTEM
PT1076761E (en) INSTALLATION OF GAS AND STEAM TURBINE
TR199800302A2 (en) Bunakl�kta kullan�ma y�nelik kombinasi preparat�.
DK0811254T3 (en) Corrosion resistant fuel cell device
DE69704457D1 (en) Combustion exhaust pipe for steam reformers
DE69619126D1 (en) MEMBRANE CARBURETOR
KR960024031U (en) Gas boiler expansion tank
DE69613551D1 (en) Polyalkylphenyl and polyalkyloxycarbonylphenylamino and nitrobenzoates and fuel compositions based thereon
KR900014544U (en) Methane gas generator using water vapor
KR970018384U (en) Engine test exhaust pipe installation structure
NL1003103A1 (en) Gas turbine installation.
KR970030515U (en) Fuel Cooling System Using Condensate
KR970006619U (en) Gas boiler heating water exchange device
KR970044479U (en) Water tank structure of gas boiler
BR9603167A (en) Gas condensation water indicator
KR960027551U (en) Boiler condensate return structure
KR970024804U (en) Humidification Water Transmittance Tester of Humidifier
KR910004674U (en) Gas boiler expansion tank structure
KR970010553U (en) Gas boiler with improved hot water efficiency
KR960005608U (en) Insulation structure of gas valve
BR9500323A (en) Aluminized asphalt membrane

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
MM4A Lapse of a eurasian patent due to non-payment of renewal fees within the time limit in the following designated state(s)

Designated state(s): AM AZ BY KZ KG MD TJ TM RU