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CN85109639A - 滑动轴承 - Google Patents

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CN85109639A
CN85109639A CN198585109639A CN85109639A CN85109639A CN 85109639 A CN85109639 A CN 85109639A CN 198585109639 A CN198585109639 A CN 198585109639A CN 85109639 A CN85109639 A CN 85109639A CN 85109639 A CN85109639 A CN 85109639A
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ptfe
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格林德华·约翰·戴维斯
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/20—Sliding surface consisting mainly of plastics
    • F16C33/201—Composition of the plastic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/16—Halogen-containing compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08L27/12—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
    • C08L27/18—Homopolymers or copolymers or tetrafluoroethene
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2208/00—Plastics; Synthetic resins, e.g. rubbers
    • F16C2208/20—Thermoplastic resins
    • F16C2208/30—Fluoropolymers
    • F16C2208/32—Polytetrafluorethylene [PTFE]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S384/00—Bearings
    • Y10S384/90—Cooling or heating
    • Y10S384/91—Powders
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12049—Nonmetal component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
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    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12063—Nonparticulate metal component
    • Y10T428/1209—Plural particulate metal components
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
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Abstract

一种抗气蚀腐蚀的滑动轴承，由钢质轴瓦、烧结的青铜夹层、及聚四氟乙烯面料组成，其中的聚四氟乙烯面料，按体积计，填充在1-50％的水溶性低的离子性氟化物。

Description

本发明涉及滑动轴承，尤其涉及油类润滑轴承。这种轴承在用于如汽车的Mepherson型减震柱场合时，必须要有很低的摩擦力，特别是很低的静摩擦（滑动摩擦）。
由于这些场合要求很低的摩擦，一般说来，唯一适用的轴承滑动面材料，其很大部分为聚四氟乙烯（PTFE），因为除了它以外，看来没有一种材料能达到合乎要求的低摩擦范围。但是，单是PTFE，其性能很软，易于弯曲，它的磨损速度高出了容许范围。因而，必须向PTFE轴承面料里添加较硬的材料，以降低磨损，使轴承的使用寿命合乎要求。
如今在这些用途中所用的轴承，由钢质轴瓦和轴承层组成，钢质轴瓦带有多孔的青铜烧结层，轴承层由加填料的PTFE所组成。轴承层填满了烧结层的空隙，并在上面拼成一层约25微米的薄层。应用最广的轴承层制品，是填入20%（按体积计）二硫化铅或二硫化钼的PTFE。
这些通用材料，在润滑油里发生空化的恶劣环境下，会遭到气蚀腐蚀。轴承在如齿轮泵，航空用燃料泵，以及汽车减震器这些用途中，连杆的异常高的速度相对轴承表面运动（大于3米/秒），在这样高的反向速度下，便在现气蚀腐蚀的危险状态。这样的结果，导致含填料的PTFE层，单受润滑油作用，没有摩擦磨耗，从而脱离烧结层。
本发明目目的是提供一种滑动轴承，它的上面有一层较坚固的加填料的PTFE相，这种材料比通用材料机械的完整性要好。
按照本发明，提供的这种滑动轴承，由金属轴瓦，轴瓦上的烧结层，以及烧结层上的轴承层所组成，其中，轴承层是由PTFE同一种水溶性的离子性氟化物组成。
加入这种氟化物，可以改善轴承材料的机械完整性。这是因为这种氟化物比通用填充剂在化学性质上更容易与PTFE相容，而通用的填充剂并不被PTFE所润湿，因此没有同聚合物粘结。
按照本发明制造的轴承材料制品，能使轴承的抗气蚀腐蚀性大大提高，同时仍保留了通用材料合乎要求的摩擦和磨损性能。
轴瓦的钢质为佳，烧结层最好用锡-青铜或铝-青铜制成。氟化物在PTFE相中宜处于细碎态，其粒径范围为0.01-10微米，最好是0.1-1微米。细亚微米粒径已证明是有利的。在抗气蚀腐蚀性方面，含沉淀氟化钙的制品，此粒径大于1微米磨细的天然氟化钙制品优越。
氟化物的用量按体积计为1-50%，以10～30%，例如20%为佳。氟化物在水中的溶解度宜低于0.05克/100立方厘米（18℃）。水溶解性过大产生的有害影响可能与PTFE中混入填充剂的方法有关，这种方法是用PTFE的水分散液掺混入填充剂的水悬浮液。
最好采用溶解度小的元素周期表ⅡA族金属氟化物作填充剂。适用的氟化物有MgF2，SrF2以及CaF2，其中以CaF2最佳。溶解度较高的那些氟化物则不宜采用。适用的氟化物可以单独或组合起来使用。轴承材里还可以加入金属铅，不过，氟化物和铅的重量，按体积计不宜超过50%。
本发明还可扩展到上述轴承材制品本身。
本发明能以各种途径加以实施，一些具体内容将用以下实例来说明。
实施例1
用氯化钙水溶液加入氟化钠饱和水溶液沉淀出氟化钙。
分离得到的沉淀物，用离心和过滤方法洗去钠和氯离子，随后干燥，磨细，制成氟化钙。
这种方法可以制成粒径小于（微米的很细的材料。材料的晶体结构不是典型的萤石结构，更可能是一种无定形凝胶体。它的组成并不完全相当于化学配比的CaF2。这种组成经水解到某个程度，产生约10%的羟基。
将1.74克这种材料同5千克PTFE充分混和，把混合物混涂在钢带基体上，钢带上预先涂有一层烧结的青铜粉，其粒径小于120目，然后，在360～380℃加热PTFE1-3分钟进行烧结。
由上面的带状物制成轴承衬套，并在Mcpherson减震器装置中作为导引轴衬进行测试。为比较起见，在同一测试装置中，测试两种其它制品的一般合格的轴衬，它们的面层，一种是20%MoS2填充的PTFE，另一种是20%铅填充的PTFE。在高杆速下运转测试得到的结果示于表1。
表Ⅰ
填料在PTFE组成    减震柱杆速    结果
的体积百分数    米/秒
20% MOS22.5 50%测试样气蚀腐蚀
20%    Pb    2.5    几乎没有气蚀腐蚀
20% CaF22.5 同上
20% MoS23.0 100%测试样气蚀腐蚀
30%    Pb    3.0    75%测试样气蚀腐蚀
20% CaF23.0 几乎没有气蚀腐蚀
20% MoS23.3 100%测试样气蚀腐蚀
20%    Pb    3.3    100%测试样气蚀腐蚀
20%    CaF    3.3    25%测试样气蚀腐蚀
表1列出了高杆速测试柱杆用轴承的结果，所用轴衬面料有不同的组成组成。在PTFE含20%CaF的情况，观察到的气蚀腐蚀比先有技术在PTFE中混入20%Pb和20%MoS的制品明显要少。
在2米/秒杆速，一侧施加到100千克负载条件下，测试轴衬的磨损寿命，结果示于表Ⅱ。
表Ⅱ
组成    组成    失效寿命（小时）
20% CaF2975
20% CaF21015
20% CaF2805
20%    Pb    290
20%    Pb    310
20%    Pb    315
20% MoS280
20% MoS2290
20% MoS2160
从表Ⅱ的结果，应该注意的是，由本发明的材料制作的轴衬，其寿命比一般合格的材料最好的结果还要高两倍多。当10%以上的轴衬面料已磨损掉25微米或更多的深度时，断定已经发生破坏（失效）。
实施例2
用含水氢氟酸与碳酸镁悬浮液作用以制备氟化镁，沉淀经洗涂、过滤，并进行干燥。
这种材料与PTFE混和后，便如例1所述，粘结到多孔的青铜烧结层上。该材料与填充铅和填充MoS2的一般合格的减震柱材料一起作抗气蚀腐测试，得到如表Ⅲ所示的优良结果。所取数值是每种材料测试十次的平均体积损失。
表Ⅲ
超声气蚀的测试结果
PTFE中填料组成    平均体积损失
的体积百分数 ×10-3立方厘米
20%铅    3.8
20% MoS28.5
20% CaF20.4
10%Pb和10%CaF21.3
20% MgF20.9
20% SrF21.3
表Ⅲ列出了对轴衬面层组成材料不同的轴承进行的超声气蚀测试结果，可以看到，采用本发明的制品，平均体积损失比先有技术所用的制品要低得多。
本发明材料的优良性能还将用附图加以说明，其中：
图1是摩擦系数对施加到轴衬的负载曲线图，轴衬面层材料为PTFE+20%CaF2，测试温度为75℃。
图2与图1相类似，轴衬面层材料也是PTFE+20%CaF2，但测试温度为室温。
图3与图1相类似，轴衬面层材料为PTFE+20%Pb，测试温度为75℃。
图4与图1相类似，轴衬面层材料也是PTFE+20%Pb，但测试温度为室温。
图5是为得到图1-4所示结果所用测试装置的示意图。
先说明一下图5，测试装置包括油浴11，往复式旋转轴12，以及轴承盖13，后两种部件都浸在油浴11里。轴承盖13自杠杆14的一端悬排下来，杠杆的支点为15。不同的负载16悬挂到杠杆14的另一端，由那里，对轴承盖13施加作用力。
为了测试轴承材料，将面层18是测试所用材料的轴衬17，安置在轴承里面的旋转12附近。施加上负载16，同时轴12的平均1.78米/秒的速度往复旋转。轴承盖13上的应变规19，测定出靠滑动改变旋转轴12的位置所需要的力，由此数值可以计算出加润滑的滑动摩擦系数μ。
现在回到曲线图，图1表示摩擦得数μ与施加负载16的关系，测试时的油浴温度为75℃。μ的最大值是起动旋转轴12滑动所需力的最大值。μ的最小值是维持转轴12滑动运动所需力的最小值。测试所用材料18为PTFE+20%CaF2。
图2与图1相同，只是测试时的浴温为室温。
图3与图1，2相类似，只是测试所用材料为PTFE+20%Pb，测试时的浴温为75℃。
图4与图3相同，只是测试时的浴温为室温。
从图1-4，显然能看出，本发明所用材料的摩擦系数（图1，2），随施加负荷的不同，减少到已知材料摩擦系数的（图3，4）二分之一，到三分之一。还可以发现，本发明所用材料的摩擦系数，特别是启动滑动的最大值，更接近于常数，而已知材料的μ最大值在负载较低时要高得多。

Claims (9)

1、一种含聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)的轴承材料，其特征在于聚四氟乙烯与一种低水溶性的离子性氟化物完全混和。
2、根据权利要求1所述的材料，其特征在于氟化物用量按体积计为1-50%。
3、根据权利要求1或2所述的材料，其特征在于氟化物在聚四氟乙烯中以细碎状态存在，它的粒径为0.01-10微米。
4、根据上述任何一项权利要求所述的材料，其特征在于氟化物在水中的溶解度（18℃）低于0.05克/100立方厘米。
5、根据权利要求4所述的材料，其特征在于氟化物是CaF2，MgF2或SrF2。
6、根据上述任何一项权利要求所述的材料，其特征在于还加入了金属铅。
7、一种滑动轴承，由金属轴瓦、轴瓦上的烧结层、以及烧结层上的轴承面层所组成，其特征在于轴承面层由上面任何一项权利要求所述的材料组成。
8、根据权利要求7所述的轴承，其特征在于轴瓦由钢制成。
9、根据权利要求7或8所述的轴承，其特征在于烧结层是烧结的青铜。
CN85109639A 1984-10-22 1985-10-21 一种含聚四氟乙烯的轴承材料 Expired CN85109639B (zh)

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EP0183375A3 (en) 1989-04-12
GB2166142B (en) 1988-03-02
KR860003449A (ko) 1986-05-26
IN166217B (zh) 1990-03-31
JPS61118452A (ja) 1986-06-05
ZA858086B (en) 1987-05-27
CA1246538A (en) 1988-12-13
AU581692B2 (en) 1989-03-02
ES548071A0 (es) 1986-12-16
EP0183375B1 (en) 1990-11-28
CN85109639B (zh) 1988-02-03
GB8525729D0 (en) 1985-11-20
DE3580741D1 (de) 1991-01-10
GB2166142A (en) 1986-04-30
US4865922A (en) 1989-09-12
BR8505232A (pt) 1986-07-29
GB8426637D0 (en) 1984-11-28
ES8702596A1 (es) 1986-12-16
EP0183375A2 (en) 1986-06-04
KR900000451B1 (ko) 1990-01-30
AU4887485A (en) 1986-05-01

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