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CN1653297A - 高效固态光源及其使用和制造方法 - Google Patents

高效固态光源及其使用和制造方法 Download PDF

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CN1653297A
CN1653297A CNA038112884A CN03811288A CN1653297A CN 1653297 A CN1653297 A CN 1653297A CN A038112884 A CNA038112884 A CN A038112884A CN 03811288 A CN03811288 A CN 03811288A CN 1653297 A CN1653297 A CN 1653297A
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light emitting
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CN1653297B (zh
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马克·D·欧文
汤姆·迈克尼尔
弗郎索瓦·弗拉弛
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Phoseon Technology Inc
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Abstract

一高强度光源由诸如LED、激光二极管或VCSEL等的一半导体光源密集地排布在一基片上的微阵列构成,以获得至少50毫瓦/平方厘米的功率密度输出。半导体器件通常通过接合过程与基片上的导电模板相接合,并由一微处理器控制的电源驱动。光学元件可置于微阵列上,以获得改善的输出光束的定向性、强度、和/或光谱纯度。发光模块可应用于诸如荧光,检测,和测量,光聚合,电离,灭菌,残留物去除,以及其它光化学过程等过程。

Description

高效固态光源及其使用和制造方法
本发明要求受益于待审美国临时专利申请60/379,019,名称为“高效固态光源及其在目标材料分子转换过程中的应用”,2002年5月8日递交,其全文在此并入作为参考,如同其全文列入用于所有的目的。
技术领域
本发明主要涉及一种固态光源,其具有一定的电磁辐射密度,足以使其在多种生产和商业应用中实现多种功能。
背景技术
各种高压弧光灯(例如金属卤化物灯,汞灯及卤素灯)及其它高强度光源被多数商业和工业应用所采用,这些应用包括诸如投影、照明和显示、检测、化学或生物工艺的起动、图像再现、荧光、曝光、灭菌、光聚合物聚合,辐射,及净化。在上述各项应用中,一高辐照度的灯泡产生一高强度宽带光谱非相干光输出,其通过使用复杂光学系统过滤和调校,使得以发射窄谱光,例如用于预期用途的具有适当强度和空间特性的紫外光(UV)。不幸的是,传统的高强度光源具有多种缺陷,例如以下例子中所说明的。
紫外光是被许多工业生产应用的一有效的工具。例如,紫外光应用于光聚合物聚合,其是被广泛应用于多种工艺过程的一过程,例如印刷、平版印刷、涂敷、粘合、半导体及电路板的制造过程、出版及包装。由于其高光子能量,紫外光也被用于分子激发、化学起动及离解过程,包括,用于检查和测量作业的荧光,净化过程,灭菌,及医学、化学、和生物起动过程,还被用于多种工业领域,如电子、医药、和化学工业。使用于这些应用的传统光源的效率和使用寿命极低。例如,曝光聚合物保护膜采用了8000瓦的紫外光灯光源(过滤之后),但这些光源提供给该过程所需的光谱范围的能量只有70瓦。因此,需要更有效的光源。
诸如发光二极管LED和激光二极管等半导体光源阵列较之高压光源效率更高,并且比照明灯和多数其它高强度光源更具优势。例如,半导体光源阵列的效率比高强度光源高四到五倍。半导体光源阵列另外的优势在于其产生的光谱纯度等级大大高于高强度光源;由于和这些二极管相关联的电压和电流低于高强度光源的相应值,它们较之高强度光源更为安全;并且,由于其包装规格较小,它们提供的功率密度更高。此外,半导体光源阵列所发散的电磁干扰等级较低,可靠性显著提高,随着时间持续,其输出更加稳定,较之高强度光源,其所需维护,干预和更换更少。半导体光源阵列可被设制成可产生多种波长和强度的独立编址,从而可对从脉冲调制到连续工作之类操作进行快速的启动和控制。
不幸的是,现有技术并未公开一种适合于多种应用的半导体光源,并且/或者提供多种应用所需的较高的功率密度。
发明内容
本发明通过提供一种适合于多种应用并且/或者具有相对较高功率密度输出的固态光源以解决现有技术中存在的问题。例如,本发明可应用于材料转换、投影、以及照明应用。本发明的一些优点通过一独特的固态发光体阵列实现,这些发光体被密集编排以能够产生高强度的功率输出,在本发明以前,这需要用到效率较低的高强度照明灯,以及/或者复杂的激光或固态装置。
本发明所提供的装置能够为任何有此功率密度需求的应用产生比约50毫瓦/平方厘米更大的功率密度。本发明所提供的装置可被用于产生范围约在50毫瓦/平方厘米到6000毫瓦/平方厘米之间的功率密度。该装置可为多种应用进行不同的配置,这些应用可具有各自不同的需求,诸如光功率输出密度、波长、光学器件、驱动电路、以及热传导等。例如,该装置可包括一驱动电路,以提供达到某特定应用所需功率输出密度的功率。另外,该装置可包括各种不同的光学器件,用于有特定光波波长需求的应用,例如荧光成像或半导体片背面检测。
在一优选实施例中,本发明提供了一固态光源模块,其包含热导基片及多个在空间上被密集排布固定的发光二极管(LED)晶片,以获得实施物理过程所需的足够光强度,并且/或者被投影和/或照明应用所采用。本发明所提供的该固态光源可被用于在多种应用中实施功能,这些应用包括诸如投影、曝光、固化、灭菌、净化,及材料烧蚀。该固态光源为上述各项应用以及其它需要产生有效光照的应用实现了高效率、光谱纯度、功率密度,及空间特性。
本发明提供了一种自含的固态光源,从而避免了对复杂光学耦合结构的需求,而这是许多现有技术装置所必需的。此外,本发明所提供的固态光源对光输出进行了最优化设计,在设计小型的、成本经济的发光二极管投影系统方面取得了优势。
上述实施方式及特性是为了说明的目的,并非为了限制本领域的技术人员对自前述内容的范围和构思得出的其它实施方式的理解。
附图说明
图1展示了本发明所提供的一基本固态光源模块的一示意图。
图2展示了固态光源装置的一实施例的一分解图。
图3展示了固态光源装置的另一实施例的剖面图。
图4展示了固态发光条的一透视图。
图5展示了图4所示固态发光条的一局部剖面图。
图6展示了图4所示固态发光条的一剖面端视图。
图7展示了本发明所提供的一固态光源装置的另一实施例的一剖面端视图。
图8和图9是对多种应用的不同光波波长的图形示意。
图10是提高固态光源模块光输出强度的实施例的一示意图。
图11是图10所述实施例的另一示意图,其采用了多个光学元件以提高光输出强度。
图12是用于驱动图7所述实施例的一电源的一示意图。
图13a和图13b展示了本发明的一实施例,其可提供全彩色显示,或通过配备可单独寻址的红、绿、蓝或其它色彩发射器对一彩色图象进行投影。
图14展示了一种平衡和控制发光二极管阵列上光强度变化的方法。
图15展示了本发明用于投影平版印刷的一实施例,其中掩模上的一幅图像被投影到一光聚合物上,在固化的光聚合物上形成掩模的一幅阳图或阴图。
图16展示了本发明用于净化和表面改性的一实施例,其中,最高半导体光强度同时通过光学放大和脉冲调制技术被进一步放大,从而为烧蚀、离解及其它效果获得足够的功率密度。
图17是功率控制的一示意图,由此可对阵列中的单独的行(line)进行控制。
图18和19是一机器视觉检测系统的视图,用于测量和试验本发明的一固态光源装置的光输出强度。
发明详述
本发明提供了作为固态光源的一发光模块,其能够在多种有高密度功率输出需求的应用中实施操作。本发明所提供的装置包括可产生高强度功率输出的固态发光体的一密集板上芯片阵列,并进一步地包括多种应用需求的导热性、  驱动电路、光强度、光谱纯度和空间均匀度,及定向性。这些应用是一些典型的需要约50毫瓦/平方厘米以上功率密度输出的应用。多数应用的需求通常在约50毫瓦/平方厘米到约6000毫瓦/平方厘米之间,而本发明可提供此范围内的功率输出。然而,据估计,本发明所提供的发光模块可被用于对功率密度输出需求达到6000毫瓦/平方厘米以上的应用。对功率密度输出需求在约50毫瓦/平方厘米到约6000毫瓦/平方厘米之间的应用包括以下内容:
●投影应用,为检测作业,以及为显示器及投影和控制照度的投影机,提供照明;
●成像应用,诸如平版印刷、印刷、电影和图像再现,以及其他转移图像的应用;以及
●材料转换应用,诸如起动化学或生物学过程,光聚合过程(包括涂敷层固化、粘合、墨印、光聚合物的平版印刷曝光以制作图案),净化,灭菌,电离,以及烧蚀(材料去光)。
本发明所提供的发光模块包括一固态发光体阵列,该发光体可从可获得的商业来源中选择,或对其进行配置,以产生所需的波长和光强度用于各种应用中。这里所使用的短语“固态发光体”表示任何通过空穴和电子的再结合将电能转换为电磁辐射的装置。固态发光体的例子包括半导体发光二极管(LEDs),半导体激光二极管,垂直腔面激光发射器(Vertical cavitysurface emitting lasers,VCSELs),聚合物发光二极管,以及电致发光装置(也就是通过处于交互电场的一固态磷光体将电能转换为光的装置)。在下面的叙述中,将用发光二极管为例对固态发光体进行说明。
如下面所讨论的,发光二极管在基片上被排布成密集的阵列。晶片阵列的密度,或者,换句话说,晶片在基片上的间距,可依预期用途的应用而改变。各个预期用途的应用可能需要不同的功率密度输出,这可以依照所用晶片的功率,基于晶片在基片上的间距(或密度)实现。另外,各个应用可能需要不同的光波波长。下面的表1展示了可通过所采用的12毫瓦和16毫瓦晶片的不同晶片排列密度或间距获得的功率密度输出的例子。例如,以494晶片/平方厘米(22晶片/厘米)的密度排列在基片上的12毫瓦晶片阵列产生5037毫瓦/平方厘米的功率密度输出。该功率密度输出可能是采用约300纳米到约400纳米之间光波波长的净化应用所必需的。对于需要较高功率密度输出的净化应用,以上述同一密度排列的约16毫瓦晶片的阵列,产生6716毫瓦/平方厘米的功率密度输出。虽然现有技术中单独封装的半导体如LEDs,VCSELs,以及激光二极管通常以4毫米或更大的中心-中心间距排布,但本发明通过将这些部件以低于约3毫米的中心-中心间距,以及更典型的以约1毫米到约2毫米的中心-中心间距排布,意外地实现了功率密度的明显增加。鉴于此处的讲授,很明显,对于本领域的技术人员而言,其它的功率密度,其它波长,以及其它部件间距是可能的,其仅受限于这些部件将来的实用性。如此处所定义的,固态发光体的一密集阵列为多个固态发光体排布成中心-中心间距约3毫米或更小的阵列,以优选提供至少约50毫瓦/平方厘米的功率密度输出。
表1功率密度(mW/cm2)随晶片间距及晶片功率的变化
微米间距 450 650 850 1050 1250 1450 1650 1850 2050 2250 2450 2650
  毫米间距 0.45  0.65  0.85  1.05   1.25   1.45   1.65   1.85   2.05   2.25   2.5   2.65
  晶片数/cm 22  15.4  11.8  9.5   8.0   6.9   6.1   5.4   4.9   4.4   4.1   3.8
  晶片数/cm2 494  237  138  91   64   48   37   29   24   20   17   14
  mW/cm2用12mW晶片 5037 2414 1412 925 653 485 375 298 243 201 170 145
  mW/cm2用16mW晶片 6716 3219 1882 1234 870 647 500 397 324 269 227 194
图1显示了本发明的固态发光模块10的基本结构,其中多个固态发光体,例如LED晶片12,以密集阵列被固定或排布在一基片14上。市面上可得到各种LED晶片,覆盖了可见与不可见光的光谱范围,且本领域的技术人员可依据预期用途的应用选择一种LED晶片。用于材料转换应用,例如固化的一适配的LED的例子是位于美国北卡罗来那州德哈莫市可瑞公司(Cree,Inc.)所生产的P/N C395-XB290-E0400-X。模块10被连接到一电源16以给LED晶片12供电,该晶片产生用于实施预定操作的波长和强度的光输出。基片14上LED晶片12的间距或密度取决于预期操作的功率密度输出要求。例如,从上面的表1可看出,要获得约2412毫瓦/平方厘米的功率密度输出,LED晶片12必须以237LED晶片/平方厘米密度的阵列被固定或排布在基片14上。对于热控制,基片14优选被固定在一散热器18上。基片14可由多种材料制成,这将在下面予以说明。散热器可由任何热导材料,例如铝,制成。如这里所描述的,单个的LED晶片可是表面粘贴(surface mounted)于或成形于基片上。然而,多个LED的阵列可以以单个集成电路晶片的形式提供。较大的LED阵列可通过将若干集成电路晶片排布成一混合电路阵列的方式予以集成。
图2进一步显示了固态发光模块20的一可能的实施例,其能够产生可用于材料转换过程的功率密度输出。模块20包括多个固态发光体,诸如LED晶片22,以一密集阵列26固定在基片24上,以产生一高密度功率输出来实施材料转换过程。构造在产生高于约50毫瓦/平方厘米的功率密度输出的一阵列中,使产生能够实施材料转换过程的的波长的LED晶片是市场上可得到的。本领域的技术人员可依据用于一特定材料转换应用的波长输出来选取LED晶片。如上所述,LED晶片22的间距或密度取决于材料转换过程的功率密度输出要求。基片24可用作一电绝缘体,并是导热的,且可由陶瓷材料,如氧化铝(Al2O3)、氮化铝(AlN)、蓝宝石、金刚砂(SiC)、金刚石、或氧化铍(BeO),半导体材料,如GaAs、Si,或基于层压的或其它应用热通道或金属层导热的基片等制成。在下文中,导热基片由这些材料的任意一种制成。导电电路模板28形成于基片24的一表面上,并由导电材料,如铜、钯、金、银、铝、合金或其层形成。LED晶片22采用焊接、导电胶、或其它已知的金属结合技术固定在基片24上,并通过合适的导线,如电线30,电连接于电路模板28。可选地,晶片22可直接成形于基片上。
电线30利用线接(wire bond)或电连接技术,包括线接、倒装片、表面粘贴或其它接合技术,通过电路模板28连接至LED晶片22和基片24。电路模板28可包括到厚或薄膜无源元件32的连接。厚膜元件32可被激光调整,以获得均匀的光强度穿过阵列26。设有一电源34,其被连接至电路模板28,提供电源给LED晶片22。电源34可连接至,或受控于一计算机控制器36,以使LED晶片22能对应于可变的时间或强度被开启、关断或脉动。至少一个温度传感器37可以以任何已知方式连接至电路模板28或模块的其它方位,以监控基片24或模块其他方位的温度。传感器37可通过控制电路连至电源,以防止模块20过热。通常,温度阈值约为80℃。因此,来自温度传感器37的输入可被用于提供实时现场温度控制。如需要,可通过将基片24固定于一散热器38之上,或将基片热耦合至散热器,来实现温度的稳定和散热。
如需要,可通过一光学元件40,其可包括折射、衍射元件或其它光学改向技术以及光谱滤光的微型透镜阵列,获得空间定向性、均匀性和光谱滤光等光学特性。可对来自LED晶片22的光输出42可进行聚焦,校准,和/或均匀化。尽管并非必需,通过对密封于在基片24和光学元件40间形成的一间隙或空隙44中的气体、液体或透明聚合物的折射率进行匹配,可获得光学效率。合适的折射气体是本领域的技术人员已知的,可包括氦气、氮气、氩气或空气。所述气体可进一步地有助于散热。通过在基片24上增加反射表面涂层或在光学元件40上增加已知薄膜涂层,也可提高光学效率。
由图3可见,固态发光装置46的一可能的例子,有密封的、空气冷却的LED晶片阵列,能够固化诸如一CD/DVD存储媒体等操作对象48的涂层。为实施固化操作,装置46可提供波长在大约300到400纳米之间的光波约30到约200毫瓦/平方厘米的功率输出密度。装置46包括一基片50,其由上述讨论的任意材料所制成,优选由陶瓷或氧化铝制成。LED晶片阵列52被排布在基片50上,以形成稍大于操作对象48的发光模板。该稍大的模板可保证对下面操作对象48的边有合适的边缘固化。基片50可封装或固定在模块外罩54内。接合剂(bonding agent)56可用来将基片50固定到外罩54中。接合剂56可以在已知的市面上可得到的黏合剂中选取。优选接合剂56应具有导热性能。外罩54可由金属制成,其容易加工,而且是散热的优良热导体。一玻璃质或塑料质窗口58形成于模块外罩54中,以使LED晶片52产生的光通过到操作对象48。窗口58通过一高透光周边封口60封接于模块外罩54,该封口可以是任何市面上可得到的粘结封口。一端子62搭接或形成于基片50上,并通过固定于模块外罩54中一绝缘体68内的消除应力电插头66连接到一电源64。在基片50上还设有一可选的温度传感器70,通过一端子72及绝缘体74连接至一温度传感器读取电路76。温度传感器读取电路76连接至电源64,以防LED晶片52过热。模块外罩54可通过任何连接器件,诸如螺丝钉(未显示)固定在一散热器80上。散热器80可包括多个由诸如铝等任何导热材料制成的散热片。一风扇82可连接至散热器80,这样风扇82可带入周围的空气并将其吹向散热器80。热空气随之从模块46被带走。很多固化应用采用波长约为395纳米的光波实施。LED晶片52优选产生对应于预期用途的固化应用中活化固化剂的范围的光输出。可对LED晶片52进行脉动,以增加其输出强度,从而为某一特定固化应用获得高于约400毫瓦/平方厘米的功率输出密度。但是,其它固化应用可能需求其它的光波波长和功率密度输出。
图4-6展示了一实施例,其将多个固态发光模块组合进一发光条84中,用于在线材料转换应用,例如高强度表面改性,诸如墨印、涂层固化或图像曝光应用。例如,美国乔治亚州庚斯维尔市国际印墨公司出品的低粘度紫外固化印墨,采用约350到约400纳米之间波长,200毫瓦/平方厘米左右的条件下反应。发光条84包括多个排列成直线或阵列的模块,并沿X轴延伸。发光条84优选沿轴Y相对于一目标或操作对象移动,使得光输出88能对操作对象86实施处理。尽管未显示,发光条84可被固定在一支撑物上,以使发光条84移向操作对象。
通过将发光条84相对于操作对象86移动可提高光的均匀度,因为移动使光输出88沿Y轴均匀地散布于操作对象86。为提高沿X轴方向的均匀度,发光条84还可沿X轴移动,使光输出86沿着该轴散布。可通过将发光条84沿X和Y二个轴移动,比如摆动,使光输出88得以均衡。另外,发光条84可结合有一光均衡光学元件,如一漫射体(diffuser)(未显示)。此外,固态发光模块可形成一定角度,这样他们接合的证示线在操作对象86上就不明显。发光条84可以有多种不同的结构,且可通过到达所应用过程的目的需要的任何移动手段来移动。
由图5和6可见,发光条84包括一个或一个以上的固态发光模块90固定或排布其上。每个模块90包括固定或排布在基片94上的LED晶片92的密集阵列。LED晶片92可按根据作业功率密度输出的要求的高度密集的阵列,表面粘贴和线接在基片90上。每个基片94优选是如上文所述的最佳导热材料的印刷电路板。基片94可通过一接合剂98固定到一发光条外罩96上,该接合剂优选具有良好的导热性。模块90以如下方式固定,即使得LED晶片92所产生的光输出88通过窗口89导向操作对象86。电源100(图4)通过第一套批电缆102为发光条84中的全体模块90供电,或者为每个模块90单独供电。每个基片94可包括一温度传感器104。电源100通过第二批电缆106读出各个基片94的温度值。所显示的第一批和第二批电缆102和106是简化的。优选,每个模块90都有其自己的电源电缆,使得可对各个模块90进行分别控制。各温度传感器104连接至与电源100相连的温度传感电路108。电源输入汇流排(bus bar)110和电源输出汇流排112用作发光条84的电源输入和输出连接。
为对发光条84的温度进行控制,可采用流体循环流道或导管114在发光条需要降温的区域循环流体。发光条外罩96包括上下金属板116和118,如铝质或铜质的,流体循环流道或导管114位于其两者中间,这样,热量从发光条外罩96传递到流体,其随之从发光条外罩96被带走。可选的,发光条外罩96可设有多个流道120(图6),从第一导管(未显示)提供冷却液流经这些流道,从而使冷却液直接与发光条外罩96接触,并经第二导管(未显示)流出发光条外罩96。这使得冷却液湍流,从而提供更好的热转移。电源101(图4)通过读取温度和允许的光输出对冷却液进行控制。发光条84优选是封闭装配,以保护模块90不受外界环境的损害,损害可来自物理冲击,或气态或液态的污染物。刚性盖122提供了结构上的强度,并支撑窗口89,如果需要,可对该窗口涂以涂层以改善紫外光透过。由图6可见,可设有至少一个光学元件124到LED晶片92的邻近区域或与其相连,以使光输出88与Z轴对准。光学元件124可以是单个或多个元件,且可分开用于各LED晶片92,或者设计为几个或多个LED晶片92工作。
本发明可用的其它材料转换过程可包括电路板的抗曝光(resistexposure),其包括至少一种材料对大于100毫瓦/平方厘米功率密度输出下约350纳米到425纳米之间,常用适配波长为365纳米的光波波长起反应。基片可以是陶瓷或氮化铝材质,用流体冷却的散热器。可采用校准光学微阵列(collimating optic micro array)对光输出进行校准。对LED晶片,如上述可瑞公司所生产的晶片,可进行脉动或持续驱动,以获得大于约700毫瓦/平方厘米的功率输出密度。对某些净化作业,可采用约300纳米到约400纳米之间的光波波长,因为使用该范围内的波长可清除各种有机材料。例如,采用约365纳米的波长,并对LED晶片进行不到约100纳秒的脉冲的脉动以获得大于约5000毫瓦/平方厘米的功率输出密度,可对半导体晶片上残留的指纹进行清除。
图7展示了固态发光装置130,其中可获得光源强度的光学倍增,用于诸如半导体晶片检测或荧光检测等需要更高强度单波长光的应用。LED晶片132的密集阵列被表面粘贴在具有上述优良导热性能的基片134上。构造成可提供大于约50毫瓦/平方厘米的功率密度输出的阵列时,产生可实施检测作业的波长的LED晶片是可从市场上获得的。本领域的技术人员可根据其用于特定检测应用的波长输出选择LED晶片。基片134通过接合剂138固定在散热器136上。如上文所述,在基片134上可设有温度传感器140,与温度传感电路142连接,并与计算机控制的电源144相连接,以实施操作。电源144受控于具有温度传感电路的计算机控制器145,并通过电源输入汇流排146和电源输出汇流排148连接到基片134。散热器136可以是任何可能的有效散热结构,且图中显示有多个用于散热的散热片154。周围的空气或由风扇(未显示)产生的气流吹过散热器的散热片154以冷却装置130。尽管显示出空气散热器,可以设想装置130也可有一流体管道,以带入冷却液并将升温的流体带出散热器136,如图4-6中所显示和描述的。此外,散热器136也可以是一导热管或热电冷却器。可在LED晶片132和操作对象156间设置光学元件150和152,以对光158进行聚焦,从而获得应用所需的期望的强度。例如,光学元件150和152可将光强度提升至5到10倍。光学元件150和152可以是任何已知的聚焦镜片或强化光学器件。
电源144,如同上文所述的其它电源,能够为不同应用提供多种功率波形,由图8可见。例如,电源144可提供多种电流值(安培)下持续恒压,如标号1.1和1.2的图解所示,用于诸如晶片背面检测和电路板抗曝光等应用。电源144也可脉冲式电源波形,采用各种时间开关周期表示为C,D,E,和F,和/或各种电流值,如标号2.1和2.2的图解所示,用于荧光检测、对CD ROMS进行固化或涂以涂层以及净化等应用。由图9可见,在标号3.1、3.2和3.3的图示中可看到多种斜电流脉冲(ramped current pulse),用于诸如平版印刷系统和净化等应用。可在各种频率下脉动时间低至50纳秒的条件下对LED晶片132进行脉动,以实现特定的功能。对于所需强度最高的材料加工应用,如同LED一样,可对固态发光装置进行超强脉动,例如短期内电流是通常电流的3到5倍,以获得更高的强度。脉冲斜波形提供了更高的可靠性,不会使固态发光装置负荷过重而超过应用的需求。此外,对于物理过程要花一段时间的材料转换等应用,脉冲周期可与作业需求相匹配。
图10举例说明了另一高强度光源的实施例,其采用了一反射/透射光学元件,用于功率密度输出需求在50毫瓦/平方厘米以上的检测应用。来自模块160的光被诸如熔锥(fused taper)、可伸缩镜片对、或其他光学元件等的第一光学元件162聚光。模块160包括表面粘贴在基片163上的LED晶片161的密集阵列。光随后通过诸如反射表面等的第二个光学元件166被导向操作对象164。对于荧光检测,模块160优选产生波长在约300纳米到约400纳米之间的光。第二光学元件166优选是当光波波长约为380纳米时其反射率大于95%的高反射镜,并且在450-600纳米之间的荧光波长下是高透光的。来自操作对象164的荧光波长穿过第二光学元件166,到达检测荧光波长的镜头168。该实施例简化的光学系统和更高密度的光输出使得因采用现有技术检测装置而无法实施的应用变得可能,这是由于现有技术检测装置的设计复杂,均匀性和功率密度有限。图10和11所示的实施例提供加大的光强度,以实施如净化,灭菌和其它高功率密度的应用。例如,通过向一个或一个以上的光学元件162供给1毫瓦/平方厘米相干功率,形成1平方毫米到4平方毫米的光束,若忽略光学损耗,功率密度可提高100倍。要进一步提高功率密度,则可用排成阵列的二极管激光装置代替。
对于硅晶片背面检测或微机电系统(MEMS)密封检测,模块160优选包括LED晶片或激光二极管,输出混合功率密度高于50毫瓦/平方厘米的约1050纳米到约2500纳米的光。对于与模块160输出光相同的波长,其通常位于1100-1300纳米之间,第二光学元件166优选是50%的束分离器。此设置对操作对象164是有效的,其在1100-1300纳米是透射的,因此,来自操作对象164的透射波长经第二光学元件166传播至对光源波长的近红外区域敏感的镜头168。
由图11可见,通过对模块160顺序或并列叠置,可进一步扩大光输出。例如,通过将1000个在1200纳米1.8毫瓦的LED晶片表面粘贴到在模块162(a)中基片163上,将800个类似的LED晶片表面粘贴到在模块162(b)和162(c)的基片163上,可获得80%的效率。这就提供了潜在的一模块的1.44瓦,二模块的2.59瓦,以及三模块的3.7瓦。图12显示了满足本发明脉动和控制要求的一电源。此处显示的可编程电源受控于一通用接口总线(GPIB)接口电路板,其输出电压和输出电流可通过一计算机进行远程编程和监控。也可对电源编程,使其在各种脉冲重复频率和脉冲保持时间与间歇时间之比的条件下,提供任意输出电压和输出电流波形,足以获得实施例中详细的功能特性。
图13a和13b展示了本发明的一实施例,该实施例通过配备可单独寻址的预定色彩光发射器,使得光谱混合成为可能。例如,光发射器可以是红、绿和/或蓝。发射器可设置成三色组。除了标准的LED色,LED晶片也可通过用特定色彩的磷光物质或荧光涂层或填充物等改造以产生其它色彩。这些填充物的例子在美国专利,专利号6,459,919中有描述,该专利在此并入作为参考。例如,此前实施例中所描述的每个LED可被三个LED替代。换句话说,一个白色LED可被三个不同颜色的R、G、B(红、绿、蓝)LED所代替,每个单独的LED有单独的电源输入,这样驱动电路就能使它们作为单独的颜色被脉冲。用磷光物质涂敷层的白光LED可从市场上得到。
用于LED三色组的基底可以是分开的或一单独公共基底。由图13可见部分固态发光模块170,其中,基片172包括有固定其上的红、绿、蓝LED晶片阵列174,其具有高空间功率密度,使得由此产生的光足够强并均匀,以达到所要求的投影强度。本发明的投影应用通常需要一非常密集的LED晶片排布,如大约237LED晶片/平方厘米。如此高的密度可通过将基片172制成使得红、绿、蓝相互连接在一起的一多层印刷电路板而获得。基片172可包括至少一个温度传感器176,其操作旨在控制温度,如上文所述。模块170与图2所描述的模块20相类似,其主要区别在于该固态光发射器是红、绿、蓝发射器。模块170优选固定在与图3所述类似的空气冷却散热器(此处未显示)上,并包含驱动电路,其产生诸如台式投影仪等投影应用所需的光强度和空间光分布。此外,红、绿、蓝LED晶片174和/或任何光学器件都是可控的,以实现单独设备控制。
图13b展示了增加光学元件178,其设于LED晶片174附近,从而通过强度获得色彩。光学元件178可包含不同颜色的磷光物质。每一种磷光物质可对一特定光强度或一光强度范围起反应,因此可通过改变LED阵列的光强度来提供不同的颜色。
因此,依据LED光输出179的强度,由LED阵列产生的单波长光可生成多种波长的光,因此,从光学元件178可获得两种、三种或更多不同的波长或色彩。如果需要,每个LED晶片174可被单独控制光强度;然而,并不要求对每个LED晶片174进行单独控制。光输出可以是红、绿、蓝,且光转换可通过,也可不通过光学元件178上的磷光物质层实现。
图14展示了平衡和控制LED阵列上的光强度变化的方法。该特征可以增加到(如果需要)本文所述的所有实施例中。通过改变直流电流的线阻控制LED或LED组的光输出。对电流的控制将控制光输出强度。改变强度使得能够均匀地在LED阵列上平衡光强度。改变强度使得可对LED阵列的光输出进行控制,以获得非均匀的光强度。在第一个举例说明的方法中,LED180排布成一列,与无论在哪的激光调整电阻182也顺序排列。在第二个举例说明的方法中,LED阵列中的电流负载能力是变化的。这可以通过改变将LED180连接至基片的导线尺寸实现。可用的导线有多种直径(例如0.001英寸,0.002英寸,0.003英寸的金质导线)。电源电路的阻抗可通过改变印刷电路板的线路宽度和/或板材厚度进行控制。此外,不同的LED可根据控制电流的需要有不同的线路。可选的,LED可利用一可编程电流源进行控制,该电流源以基于晶体管的电路实现,以平衡顺序相连,和/或排列成行和列的LED阵列中的电流。电流源亦可实施为可编程电流输出电源。
图15展示了用于投影平版印刷(projection lithography)的本发明一可能的实施例,其中,模块190将掩模或液晶显示器192上的一幅图像投影到光聚合物操作对象194上,在固化的光聚合物中形成掩模的一幅阳图或阴图。液晶显示器192可参照图4-6所展示和描述的方式连接到电源(未显示)。投影平版印刷需要非常均匀的光源。模块190包括基片196,该基片有LED晶片198的密集阵列以及空气冷却的散热器200,如上文所述。产生能够在大于50毫瓦/平方厘米的功率密度输出下实施投影操作的波长的LED晶片是市面上可得到的。本领域的技术人员可依据用于特定投影应用的波长输出选择LED晶片。可提供一校准光学元件202以校准来自LED阵列的光输出,并且根据所要投影图像的大小,提供一缩小光学元件204或一放大光学元件206。
图16展示了用于净化和表面改性应用的本发明一可能的实施例,其中,采用光学放大和脉动技术对最大半导体光强度进一步放大,以获得足以用于烧蚀、材料或分子离解、以及其它作用的功率密度。模块208包含有基片210及LED晶片212的密集阵列,其具有一类似于参照图4-6所述的电源。提供了一单独的或多个透镜214以实现对来自模块208的光输出212的线性放大,从而对操作对象216实施某一作业。
本发明提供的发光模块可用于多种需要高强度紫外光的应用。例如,通过采用小于约400纳米波长的光约10到约20毫瓦/平方厘米之间的功率输出密度施加至少约40毫秒的时间,可以在矿物、聚合体以及医学检测和测量的荧光应用中使用发光模块。对于水质消毒,可提供约254纳米波长的光约2到约42毫瓦/平方厘米的功率输出密度,而对于血液和其它生物材料的消毒,可提供约325到约390纳米波长的光约80毫瓦/平方厘米的功率输出密度。在诸如粘接剂、涂料、印墨、封装、敷形涂覆以及掩模等的聚合物固化应用中,可提供约300至约400纳米间波长的光约30到约300毫瓦/平方厘米的功率输出密度。对于图像曝光,诸如电路和印刷,可提供约246纳米、365纳米、405纳米和436纳米波长的光约25到约300毫瓦/平方厘米的功率输出密度,延续约在6到约30秒之间的时间。在快速原型技术(rapid prototyping)的立体印刷(stero lithography)应用中,可提供约325至约355纳米波长的光约大于10mJ/cm2的功率输出密度,延续约20纳秒的时间。对用于诸如环氧化合物或指纹等残留物清除的有机物清除应用,可提供约172和约248纳米波长的光约60至约500mJ/cm2的功率输出密度,延续约20纳秒的时间。对用于材料清除的光烧蚀应用,使用约小于400纳米波长的光约1 E7 W/cm2的功率输出密度,延续约20纳秒的时间。通过驱动电路可对光进行脉动,而光学元件或许与斜度指数平面镜(gradient index planar lens)材料一起,可改善定向性和均匀性。
在模块被用作投影的应用中,模块可用于驱动荧光材料使其产生所需的红、绿、蓝三色输出。例如,三磷光物质可用作目标,且一个或更多的磷光物质可依据光输出的强度被激活。该应用可用于创作视觉兴趣或用于小型电视。本发明还为可变形镜片装置(deformable mirror device,DMD)和基于LCD的投影装置提供实施例,从而克服对红、绿、蓝LED光输出平衡的问题
此外,多种其它应用,包括有包含裂解、灭菌、电离及污染物还原等的水处理;医药涂层、导电印墨、控释药物、以及家具涂层的聚合;医用设备、血液制品、药品、以及空气悬浮微粒的灭菌;光的诊断和治疗应用,用于牙科、多种疾病的皮肤护理、精神病、及通过光谱和色谱方法识别特定材料;包括刺激作物生长或准备自人工向自然光的种植过渡等农业应用;包括用于加速生物降解的材料降解的环境应用。
在曝光应用中,光的较高相干性、光谱纯度、和/或定向性,可通过使每个LED或二极管包含涂有抗反射涂层的围边以避免边反射和干涉效应而获得。这将有效防止而远离相长和/或相消干扰。可选的,模块可被围置于一系列反射镜中以大幅增加到作业表面的距离,从而确保更高的光谱纯度。可选的,微型透镜可构造在LED的间隔上,以改善校准。这些透镜可以是诸如斜度指数衍射光学元件或菲涅耳(Fresnel)透镜。此外,涂有绝缘涂层形成的分布式布拉格反射镜可形成一共振腔,这将改善光的定向性。另外,一平面校准仪,例如由以任何方式组合形成不同折射率的一个或更多叠层透明材料集合体,或一斜度指数改性镜,可集成在LED间隔上。
在此处讨论的实施例中,可构造一电源,并如图17所示的排布,其中,阵列中的每一列LED都由一独立的可编程电源供电,以定序或者改变供给到每一列的功率。
模块的功率密度输出可用如图18和19所示的一种机器视觉检测技术进行测试,其中可测量每个发光模块各自的强度。这是通过将模块218置于一检测镜头220下实现的,例如已公开的2001年10月2日申请的美国专利申请US2002/0053589所展示和描述的,该申请在此并入作为参考。设置镜头孔A(图19),以使此模块的光输出导致像素灰度值小于255。各个单独的固态发光体的感兴趣的位置和区域都被限定,各固态发光体的强度均得到测量。所有固态发光体的输出强度都被数字成像,并采用算法测量各个模块的总体输出性能以识别出任何未运作的元件。镜头220测量各个模块的光均衡、光分布和总强度。如上文所述,在此使用的功率密度以毫瓦/平方厘米为单位。可在操作表面或光源的出口测量功率密度,且通常使用光学元件进行测量。与镜头孔口一起,安放了均值功率计222,其带有光源波长的适当灵敏的检测器,使来自光源的光输出面积大于该孔的直径。在所述孔口范围内进入功率计222的总平均功率被功率计222所记录。则LED阵列的任何区域的光功率密度就表示为以毫瓦计的功率计所测得的功率与以平方厘米计的检测器的面积的比率。阵列中每个光源的强度都可测量,且该阵列的总光度同时被测量,这样,每个光源相对于阵列总强度的相对强度就得以核实。
本领域的技术人员应认识到,在为了阐释本发明的特性已详细讨论和举例说明的细节,材料,以及各部件排布和效应等方面,可以有很多改动和变化,这些改动和变化并未脱离本文及其所包括的权利要求的构思和范围。

Claims (61)

1.一种发光模块,包括:
一基片,其热耦合于一散热器,并有驱动电路供电给表面排布在所述基片上的一固态发光装置的阵列,所述模块产生至少约50毫瓦/平方厘米的光输出功率密度。
2.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,所述固态发光装置是发光二极管,垂直腔面发射激光管,或者激光二极管。
3.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,所述基片包括一导热材料,并为所述驱动电路提供支撑。
4.如权利要求3所述的发光模块,其中,所述基片由陶瓷、半导体、玻璃、或带有散热通孔的绝缘体中的一种制成。
5.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,所述基片包含一反射涂层,用于提高所述模块的光功率输出效率。
6.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,每个模块包括至少100个固态发光装置。
7.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,从电能到光能的转换效率大于10%。
8.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,所述散热器与冷却装置相联。
9.如权利要求8所述的发光模块,其中,所述冷却装置包括一温度传感器,用于控制所述散热器的温度。
10.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,进一步包括一控制器,用于控制与一个或一个以上所述固态发光装置相联的所述驱动电路的电压、电流、脉冲宽度和/或波形。
11.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,进一步包含至少一个光学元件,所述光学元件耦合于所述发光二极管,用于光学传输预定波长的光。
12.如权利要求11所述的发光模块,其中,所述至少一个光学元件对光输出实施光谱过滤。
13.如权利要求11所述的发光模块,其中,所述至少一个光学元件包括光学反射、透射、折射、和/或衍射光学元件的一镜片微阵列,所述镜片微阵列使光输出强度在一个或一个以上的轴向上聚焦和/或光学倍增。
14.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,所述模块包括控制到目标表面上的光输出的装置。
15.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,所述控制装置能够在目标材料上实施均匀的光输出。
16.如权利要求11所述的发光模块,其中,所述至少一个光学元件是光学透射的,且具有一光学涂层以一预定方式调节光输出。
17.如权利要求11所述的发光模块,进一步包括一能透射的气体,其密封地排布于所述固态发光装置和所述至少一个光学元件之间,其中所述气体与所述固态发光装置、所述基片和/或所述至少一个光学元件是光学适配的,以最小化传输损耗。
18.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,所述模块可输出波长小于约425纳米的光波。
19.一种诱导预定目标材料上预定材料转换的系统,所述系统包括权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,所述模块可提供足以在所述目标材料上引起所期望材料转换的功率输出。
20.如权利要求19所述的发光模块,其中,所述波长输出小于约400纳米,且所述至少一个光学元件包括一反射、折射、或衍射微镜阵列,所述微镜阵列校准所述光输出至小于约5度。
21.如权利要求19所述的系统,其中,所述系统适合于实施照相平版印刷操作。
22.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,所述阵列中的所述固态发光装置的排布使得其中心-中心间距约为3毫米或更小。
23.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,所述模块放置在一支撑物上可相对于目标材料移动,以改善到达所述目标材料的光输出的均匀性。
24.如权利要求23所述的发光模块,其中,所述发光模块相对于一目标放置,以使到达所述目标的光输出覆盖所述目标面积的至少约90%。
25.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,所述驱动电路包括串联排列或平行于所述固态发光装置的无源元件,其可被激光调整,以改善所述阵列的光输出的均匀度。
26.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,所述固态发光装置输出表示光谱红、绿、蓝区域的波长。
27.如权利要求26所述的发光模块,其中,所述驱动电路使对应于每个红、绿、蓝色的发光装置可被分别开启,并脉动小于100毫秒的期间。
28.一种投影系统,其包括权利要求26所述的发光模块,其中,一个或一个以上所述固态发光装置对每一种颜色波长的输出均大于800流明。
29.一种诱导二次发光的系统,其包括权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中所述模块可产生波长小于约400纳米的光输出,并且其中所述模块可产生大于约10毫瓦/平方厘米的功率输出密度,且所述模块适合于在检测、测量、或材料分析应用中诱导目标分子发出荧光或磷光。
30.如权利要求29所述的系统,其中,调整所述系统,使得第一目标材料中的荧光或磷光物质被用于对第二目标材料进行光照、灭菌、检测或特性测量。
31.一种灭菌系统,其包括权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中所述模块能够产生使可能置于一目标材料上的不希望有的微生物死亡或其繁殖力丧失的光谱区间的光输出。
32.一种半导体材料检测系统,其包括权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,所述固态发光装置可发射约1050nm到约2.5um间红外区域的光波。
33.如权利要求1所述的发光模块,其中,所述驱动电路包括一可编程电源,以控制所述固态发光装置定序、均衡、或调节到所述模块的功率。
34.一种发光模块,包括:
一基片,其有驱动电路,为排布在所述基片上的发光二极管阵列供电,所述发光二极管的排布使得其中心-中心间距约为3毫米或更小。
35.如权利要求34所述的发光模块,其中,一散热器热耦合于所述基片。
36.如权利要求35所述的发光模块,其中,所述发光模块可产生至少约50毫瓦/平方厘米的功率输出。
37.如权利要求36所述的发光模块,进一步包含包围所述模块的一外罩,所述外罩包括一窗口,使发自所述发光二极管的光得以通过。
38.如权利要求37所述的发光模块,其中,所述模块进一步包括一控制器,用于控制与所述阵列中一个或一个以上发光二极管相联的一驱动电路的电压、电流、脉冲宽度、以及/或者波形。
39.如权利要求38所述的发光模块,进一步包括与所述模块相联的一温度控制装置。
40.如权利要求39所述的发光模块,其中,所述温度控制装置包括一温度传感器。
41.如权利要求1或34所述的发光模块,其中,所述驱动电路可使一个或一个以上所述发光装置可分别开启,并脉动小于100毫秒的期间。
42.一种对目标物体进行辐射的方法,包括:
提供一基片,其热耦合于一散热器,并具有驱动电路,为表面排布在所述基片上的一固态发光装置阵列供电,所述模块产生至少约50毫瓦/平方厘米的光输出功率密度;及
激活所述模块,致使自所述模块发出的辐射被传输至目标物体的表面。
43.一种对目标物体进行辐射的方法,包括:
提供一基片,其具有驱动电路,为排布在所述基片上的一发光二极管阵列供电,所述发光二极管的排布使得其中心-中心间距约为3毫米或更小;及
激活所述模块,致使自该模块发出的辐射被传输至目标物体的表面。
44.如权利要求42或43所述的方法,其中,发出的光有预定的波长,其诱导在预定目标物体中的材料转换。
45.如权利要求42或43所述的方法,其中,所述目标物体是半导体物体、液晶阵列、模版,混合电路,电子元件,或电路板。
46.如权利要求42或43所述的方法,其中,发出的光有选定的波长,用于对所述目标物体的表面进行灭菌,并且所述光的发射持续时间足以达到预期灭菌程度。
47.如权利要求46所述的方法,其中,被灭菌的所述目标物体是食品、空气或气体、水、或生物材料,或用于对生物材料进行处理或实施操作的器具,并且所述材料转换导致可能分布在所述目标物体上的不希望有的微生物的死亡或者丧失繁殖能力。
48.如权利要求42或43所述的方法,其中,所述材料转换是电离反应。
49.如权利要求42或43所述的方法,其中,所述材料转换导致所述目标物体的光烧蚀。
50.如权利要求42或43所述的方法,其中,所述材料转换导致预定化学或生物学过程的起动、终止、加速或减速。
51.如权利要求42或43所述的发光模块,其中,所述分子转换是所述目标物体内的分子的光化学离解或降解。
52.如权利要求42或43所述的方法,其中,所述发出的光用于对目标物体进行检测,且所述发出的光的波长足以实施预期的检测。
53.如权利要求52所述的方法,其中,所述方法实施于基于半导体的装置或其它电子元件的制造或检测中。
54.实施需要大于50毫瓦/平方厘米的光功率输出密度的操作的方法,包括以下步骤:
提供一基片,其固定在一散热器上并有一导电驱动电路,为一以密集构型排布在所述基片上的、产生均匀主波长的光输出的固态发光装置阵列供电。
55.测试固态发光模块的方法,所述固态发光模块包括一基片,其固定在一散热器上并有一导电驱动电路,为一未包装固态发光装置阵列供电,所述阵列以密集构型表面粘贴在所述基片上产生主波长的光输出以实施需要大于50毫瓦/平方厘米光功率输出密度的操作,所述方法包括以下步骤:
利用一机器视觉技术测量每个固态发光装置的光输出强度,以及整个所述模块的光输出均匀度。
56.制造发光模块的方法,包括:
提供一基片,并将其热耦合至一散热器,所述基片有驱动电路,为一固态发光装置表面阵列供电,以及;
将所述发光装置阵列排布在所述基片上,所述发光装置阵列产生至少约50毫瓦/平方厘米的光输出功率密度。
57.制造发光模块的方法,包括:
提供一基片,其有驱动电路,为一发光二极管阵列供电;及
将一发光二极管阵列排布在所述基片上,所述发光二极管的排布使得其中心-中心间距约为3毫米或更小。
58.产生实施多种应用过程的光输出的系统,包括:
一基片,其热耦合至一散热器并有驱动电路,为表面排布在所述基片上的一固态发光装置阵列供电,所述模块产生至少约50毫瓦/平方厘米的光输出功率密度。
59.产生实施多种应用过程的光输出的系统,包括:
一基片,其有驱动电路,为排布在所述基片上的一发光二极管阵列供电;所述发光二极管的排布使得其中心-中心间距约为3毫米或更小。
60.产生在目标材料上实施材料转换过程的光输出的装置,包括:
一基片,其热耦合至一散热器并有驱动电路,为表面沿一轴排布在所述基片上的一固态发光装置阵列供电,所述模块产生至少约50毫瓦/平方厘米的光输出功率密度。
61.产生在目标材料上实施材料转换过程的光输出的装置,包括:
一基片,其有驱动电路,为排布在所述基片上的一发光二极管阵列供电,所述发光二极管的排布使得其中心-中心间距约为3毫米或更小。
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