CN1201270A - 聚合物膜燃料电池用气体扩散电极 - Google Patents
聚合物膜燃料电池用气体扩散电极 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1201270A CN1201270A CN98109696A CN98109696A CN1201270A CN 1201270 A CN1201270 A CN 1201270A CN 98109696 A CN98109696 A CN 98109696A CN 98109696 A CN98109696 A CN 98109696A CN 1201270 A CN1201270 A CN 1201270A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- anode
- negative electrode
- fuel cell
- catalyst
- electrode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/928—Unsupported catalytic particles; loose particulate catalytic materials, e.g. in fluidised state
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04291—Arrangements for managing water in solid electrolyte fuel cell systems
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
Description
样品 | 基片类型 | 预涂层中的P.T.F.E. | 催化层中的P.T.F.E. | 催化层中的贵金属 | 催化层中碳上的贵金属%(重量) |
A | TC | 15% | 50% | Pt | 30% |
B | TC | 30% | 50% | Pt | 30% |
C | TC | 40% | 50% | Pt | 30% |
D | TC | 50% | 50% | Pt | 30% |
E | TC | 65% | 50% | Pt | 30% |
F | SM | 50% | 50% | Pt | 30% |
G | TC | 20% | 50% | Pt | 30% |
H | TC | 25% | 50% | Pt | 30% |
I | SM | 60% | 50% | Pt | 30% |
J | TC | 70% | 50% | Pt | 30% |
K | TC | 60% | 15% | Pt | 20% |
L | TC | 60% | 15% | Pt | 40% |
M | TC | 60% | 15% | Pt | 50% |
N | TC | 60% | 15% | Pt | 70% |
O | TC | 15% | 30% | Pt | 30% |
P | TC | 15% | 10% | Pt | 30% |
Q | TC | 15% | 20% | Pt | 30% |
R | TC | 20% | 15% | Pt | 30% |
S | TC | 60% | 25% | Pt | 30% |
T | TC | 60% | 40% | Pt | 30% |
U | TC | 60% | 10% | Pt | 30% |
V | SM | 15% | 15% | Pt∶Ru 1∶1 | 30% |
W | TC | 15% | 15% | Pt∶Ru 1∶1 | 50% |
X | TC | 15% | 30% | Pt∶Ru 1∶1 | 50% |
测试N° | 阳极 | 阴极 | 3kA/m2时的池电压 |
1 | Y | Y | 730mV |
2 | D | D | 740mV |
3 | F | F | 740mV |
4 | A | D | 755mV |
5 | B | D | 750mV |
6 | C | D | 745mV |
7 | J | D | 720mV |
8 | G | D | 755mV |
9 | H | D | 755mV |
10 | A | B | 715mV |
11 | A | C | 745mV |
12 | A | E | 760mV |
13 | A | I | 765mV |
14 | A | J | 740mV |
15 | O | E | 770mV |
16 | P | E | 775mV |
17 | Q | E | 775mV |
18 | Q | S | 795mV |
19 | Q | T | 780mV |
20 | Q | U | 795mV |
21 | Q | K | 760mV |
22 | Q | L | 790mV |
23 | Q | M | 775mV |
24 | Q | N | 765mV |
25 | V | U | 790mV |
26 | W | U | 790mV |
27 | X | U | 780mV |
Claims (10)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IT97MI000907A IT1291603B1 (it) | 1997-04-18 | 1997-04-18 | Elettrodi a diffusione gassosa per cella a combustibile a membrana polimerica |
IT000907A/97 | 1997-04-18 | ||
IT000907A/1997 | 1997-04-18 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN1201270A true CN1201270A (zh) | 1998-12-09 |
CN1166018C CN1166018C (zh) | 2004-09-08 |
Family
ID=11376951
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CNB981096964A Expired - Fee Related CN1166018C (zh) | 1997-04-18 | 1998-04-17 | 聚合物膜燃料电池用气体扩散电极 |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6017650A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0872906B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP4522502B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100514703B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1166018C (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE197203T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU737289B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR9803689A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2234213C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69800361T2 (zh) |
DK (1) | DK0872906T3 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2152720T3 (zh) |
ID (1) | ID20235A (zh) |
IT (1) | IT1291603B1 (zh) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1324750C (zh) * | 2002-09-30 | 2007-07-04 | 日本电气株式会社 | 燃料电池的运转方法及燃料电池以及搭载了它的携带机器 |
CN100337352C (zh) * | 2003-03-21 | 2007-09-12 | 乐金电子(天津)电器有限公司 | 燃料电池 |
CN100341178C (zh) * | 2001-12-19 | 2007-10-03 | 3M创新有限公司 | 电化学电池用气体扩散层的制造方法 |
CN100376051C (zh) * | 2003-05-13 | 2008-03-19 | 乐金电子(天津)电器有限公司 | 燃料电池混合电极结构 |
CN102286758A (zh) * | 2010-06-17 | 2011-12-21 | 拜尔材料科学股份公司 | 气体扩散电极和生产它的方法 |
CN115020736A (zh) * | 2022-04-20 | 2022-09-06 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种基于纤维排布型微孔层的气体扩散层及其制备方法与应用 |
CN116178766A (zh) * | 2023-04-27 | 2023-05-30 | 佛山科学技术学院 | 一种全氟磺酸纳米复合膜及其制备方法 |
Families Citing this family (43)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6967183B2 (en) * | 1998-08-27 | 2005-11-22 | Cabot Corporation | Electrocatalyst powders, methods for producing powders and devices fabricated from same |
JPH11339815A (ja) * | 1998-05-29 | 1999-12-10 | Aisin Seiki Co Ltd | 固体高分子電解質型燃料電池およびその製造方法 |
JP2000182625A (ja) * | 1998-12-11 | 2000-06-30 | Toyota Motor Corp | 燃料電池用電極及びその製造方法 |
US6277513B1 (en) * | 1999-04-12 | 2001-08-21 | General Motors Corporation | Layered electrode for electrochemical cells |
CA2312446C (en) * | 1999-06-21 | 2006-04-04 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Also Trading As Honda Motor Co., Ltd .) | Active solid polymer electrolyte membrane in solid polymer type fuel cell and process for the production thereof |
US6517962B1 (en) * | 1999-08-23 | 2003-02-11 | Ballard Power Systems Inc. | Fuel cell anode structures for voltage reversal tolerance |
CN1254875C (zh) * | 1999-08-27 | 2006-05-03 | 松下电器产业株式会社 | 高分子电解质型燃料电池 |
EP1079452B1 (de) * | 1999-08-27 | 2006-11-02 | Umicore AG & Co. KG | Elektrokatalysator für Brennstoffzellen |
ATE344539T1 (de) * | 1999-08-27 | 2006-11-15 | Umicore Ag & Co Kg | Elektrokatalysator für brennstoffzellen |
US6368751B1 (en) * | 1999-10-08 | 2002-04-09 | Reves, Inc. | Electrochemical electrode for fuel cell |
CA2415614A1 (en) * | 2000-06-02 | 2001-12-13 | David L. Olmeijer | Polymer membrane composition |
AU2002227519A1 (en) | 2000-07-27 | 2002-02-13 | City Technology Limited | Gas sensors |
US6566004B1 (en) | 2000-08-31 | 2003-05-20 | General Motors Corporation | Fuel cell with variable porosity gas distribution layers |
US6663994B1 (en) | 2000-10-23 | 2003-12-16 | General Motors Corporation | Fuel cell with convoluted MEA |
US7592089B2 (en) * | 2000-08-31 | 2009-09-22 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Fuel cell with variable porosity gas distribution layers |
US6531238B1 (en) | 2000-09-26 | 2003-03-11 | Reliant Energy Power Systems, Inc. | Mass transport for ternary reaction optimization in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell assembly and stack assembly |
DE10052190B4 (de) * | 2000-10-21 | 2009-10-22 | BDF IP Holdings Ltd., Vancouver | Gasdiffusionselektrode, Membranelektrodenanordnung, Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Gasdiffusionselektrode und Verwendung einer Membranelektrodenanordnung |
DE10052224B4 (de) * | 2000-10-21 | 2009-12-10 | Daimler Ag | Gasdiffusionselektrode mit erhöhter Toleranz gegenüber Feuchteschwankung, eine diese aufweisende Membranelektrodenanordnung, Verfahren zur Herstellung der Gasdiffusionselektrode und der Membranelektrodenanordnung sowie Verwendung der Membranelektrodenanordnung |
US6991870B2 (en) * | 2001-03-08 | 2006-01-31 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Gas diffusion electrode and fuel cell using this |
DE10114646A1 (de) * | 2001-03-24 | 2002-09-26 | Xcellsis Gmbh | Herstellung einer festhaftenden, wasserabweisenden Katalysatorschicht |
US6620542B2 (en) | 2001-05-30 | 2003-09-16 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Flex based fuel cell |
US7316855B2 (en) * | 2001-06-01 | 2008-01-08 | Polyfuel, Inc. | Fuel cell assembly for portable electronic device and interface, control, and regulator circuit for fuel cell powered electronic device |
WO2002099916A2 (en) * | 2001-06-01 | 2002-12-12 | Polyfuel, Inc | Fuel cell assembly for portable electronic device and interface, control, and regulator circuit for fuel cell powered electronic device |
JP3649686B2 (ja) * | 2001-11-02 | 2005-05-18 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 固体高分子型燃料電池用電極の製造方法 |
DE10211177A1 (de) * | 2002-03-14 | 2003-10-02 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Membran-Elektroden-Einheit |
US20040013935A1 (en) * | 2002-07-19 | 2004-01-22 | Siyu Ye | Anode catalyst compositions for a voltage reversal tolerant fuel cell |
US20040146769A1 (en) * | 2002-12-02 | 2004-07-29 | Michael Birschbach | Fuel cell cartridge for portable electronic device |
US7923172B2 (en) * | 2003-11-14 | 2011-04-12 | Basf Fuel Cell Gmbh | Structures for gas diffusion materials and methods for their fabrication |
US20060199059A1 (en) * | 2005-03-01 | 2006-09-07 | Xu Helen X | Ion conductive polymer electrolyte and its membrane electrode assembly |
US7601216B2 (en) * | 2005-04-14 | 2009-10-13 | Basf Fuel Cell Gmbh | Gas diffusion electrodes, membrane-electrode assemblies and method for the production thereof |
TWI342082B (en) * | 2005-12-30 | 2011-05-11 | Ind Tech Res Inst | Electrode structure |
FR2897070B1 (fr) | 2006-02-03 | 2008-12-19 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede dli-mocvd pour la fabrication d'electrodes pour reacteurs electrochimiques, electrodes obtenues par ce procede et pile a combustible et accumulateur mettant en oeuvre de telles electrodes |
FR2897205B1 (fr) | 2006-02-03 | 2009-06-05 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Cathode pour reacteur electrochimique, reacteur electrochimique integrant de telles cathodes et procede de fabrication d'une telle cathode |
WO2007112563A1 (en) * | 2006-03-30 | 2007-10-11 | Magpower Systems Inc. | Air diffusion cathodes for fuel cells |
US20080187813A1 (en) * | 2006-08-25 | 2008-08-07 | Siyu Ye | Fuel cell anode structure for voltage reversal tolerance |
US7608358B2 (en) * | 2006-08-25 | 2009-10-27 | Bdf Ip Holdings Ltd. | Fuel cell anode structure for voltage reversal tolerance |
EP2228857A1 (de) | 2009-03-06 | 2010-09-15 | Basf Se | Verbesserte Membran-Elektrodeneinheiten |
US20110159403A1 (en) * | 2010-03-02 | 2011-06-30 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Layered Catalyst Assembly and Electrode Assembly Employing the Same |
US20110159400A1 (en) * | 2010-03-02 | 2011-06-30 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Hybrid Catalyst System and Electrode Assembly Employing the Same |
DE102013207900A1 (de) * | 2013-04-30 | 2014-10-30 | Volkswagen Ag | Membran-Elektroden-Einheit und Brennstoffzelle mit einer solchen |
DK2869382T3 (en) | 2013-10-30 | 2019-04-01 | Basf Se | Improved diaphragm electrode devices |
CN104959997B (zh) * | 2015-06-30 | 2017-04-12 | 山东科技大学 | 机械手小臂拉力可调平衡装置及其参数优化设计方法 |
JP6964219B2 (ja) * | 2017-10-02 | 2021-11-10 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 触媒層とその触媒層を用いた燃料電池、および、その触媒層の製造方法 |
Family Cites Families (11)
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US4647359A (en) * | 1985-10-16 | 1987-03-03 | Prototech Company | Electrocatalytic gas diffusion electrode employing thin carbon cloth layer |
US4876115A (en) * | 1987-01-30 | 1989-10-24 | United States Department Of Energy | Electrode assembly for use in a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell |
US4804592A (en) * | 1987-10-16 | 1989-02-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Composite electrode for use in electrochemical cells |
US5084144A (en) * | 1990-07-31 | 1992-01-28 | Physical Sciences Inc. | High utilization supported catalytic metal-containing gas-diffusion electrode, process for making it, and cells utilizing it |
US5350643A (en) * | 1992-06-02 | 1994-09-27 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Solid polymer electrolyte type fuel cell |
JP2842150B2 (ja) * | 1992-06-02 | 1998-12-24 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 固体高分子型燃料電池 |
BE1008455A3 (nl) * | 1994-06-07 | 1996-05-07 | Vito | Gasdiffusie elektrode met katalysator voor een elektrochemische cel met vast elektrolyt en werkwijze ter vervaardiging van dergelijke elektrode. |
JPH08236123A (ja) * | 1994-12-28 | 1996-09-13 | Tokyo Gas Co Ltd | 燃料電池用電極及びその製造方法 |
JPH08185866A (ja) * | 1994-12-28 | 1996-07-16 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 固体高分子型燃料電池とその電極の製造方法 |
US5636437A (en) * | 1995-05-12 | 1997-06-10 | Regents Of The University Of California | Fabricating solid carbon porous electrodes from powders |
US5783325A (en) * | 1996-08-27 | 1998-07-21 | The Research Foundation Of State Of New York | Gas diffusion electrodes based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) carbon blends |
-
1997
- 1997-04-18 IT IT97MI000907A patent/IT1291603B1/it active IP Right Grant
-
1998
- 1998-04-03 CA CA002234213A patent/CA2234213C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-07 US US09/056,298 patent/US6017650A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-04-08 AU AU60710/98A patent/AU737289B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-04-16 BR BR9803689-0A patent/BR9803689A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-04-16 JP JP10619798A patent/JP4522502B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-16 KR KR10-1998-0013643A patent/KR100514703B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-04-17 CN CNB981096964A patent/CN1166018C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-17 AT AT98107066T patent/ATE197203T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-04-17 EP EP98107066A patent/EP0872906B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-04-17 DE DE69800361T patent/DE69800361T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-04-17 DK DK98107066T patent/DK0872906T3/da active
- 1998-04-17 ES ES98107066T patent/ES2152720T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-04-20 ID IDP980587A patent/ID20235A/id unknown
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN100341178C (zh) * | 2001-12-19 | 2007-10-03 | 3M创新有限公司 | 电化学电池用气体扩散层的制造方法 |
CN1324750C (zh) * | 2002-09-30 | 2007-07-04 | 日本电气株式会社 | 燃料电池的运转方法及燃料电池以及搭载了它的携带机器 |
CN100337352C (zh) * | 2003-03-21 | 2007-09-12 | 乐金电子(天津)电器有限公司 | 燃料电池 |
CN100376051C (zh) * | 2003-05-13 | 2008-03-19 | 乐金电子(天津)电器有限公司 | 燃料电池混合电极结构 |
CN102286758A (zh) * | 2010-06-17 | 2011-12-21 | 拜尔材料科学股份公司 | 气体扩散电极和生产它的方法 |
CN102286758B (zh) * | 2010-06-17 | 2016-08-03 | 科思创德国股份有限公司 | 气体扩散电极和生产它的方法 |
CN115020736A (zh) * | 2022-04-20 | 2022-09-06 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种基于纤维排布型微孔层的气体扩散层及其制备方法与应用 |
CN115020736B (zh) * | 2022-04-20 | 2024-01-26 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种基于纤维排布型微孔层的气体扩散层及其制备方法与应用 |
CN116178766A (zh) * | 2023-04-27 | 2023-05-30 | 佛山科学技术学院 | 一种全氟磺酸纳米复合膜及其制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU737289B2 (en) | 2001-08-16 |
KR100514703B1 (ko) | 2005-12-07 |
JPH10302804A (ja) | 1998-11-13 |
CA2234213A1 (en) | 1998-10-18 |
EP0872906A1 (en) | 1998-10-21 |
ES2152720T3 (es) | 2001-02-01 |
KR19980081482A (ko) | 1998-11-25 |
ITMI970907A1 (it) | 1998-10-18 |
ID20235A (id) | 1998-11-05 |
AU6071098A (en) | 1998-10-22 |
EP0872906B1 (en) | 2000-10-25 |
DK0872906T3 (da) | 2001-01-08 |
ATE197203T1 (de) | 2000-11-15 |
BR9803689A (pt) | 1999-12-14 |
IT1291603B1 (it) | 1999-01-11 |
JP4522502B2 (ja) | 2010-08-11 |
DE69800361T2 (de) | 2001-05-23 |
DE69800361D1 (de) | 2000-11-30 |
CA2234213C (en) | 2008-02-12 |
CN1166018C (zh) | 2004-09-08 |
US6017650A (en) | 2000-01-25 |
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