CN111096191A - Dwarfing close-planting efficient cultivation technology and process method for nut fruit trees - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a dwarfing close planting high-efficiency cultivation technology for nut fruit trees and a process method thereof, which are characterized in that measures such as dwarfing rootstocks, dwarf varieties, changing planting modes and tree forms, controlling root systems, controlling crown, controlling tips of growth regulators and the like are applied, and the dwarfing rootstocks, the dwarf varieties, the tree forms, the root systems, the crown and the tip control of the growth regulators become important methods for intensive cultivation in modern orchards. The dwarfing close planting cultivation technology of fruit trees, close planting, tree form control, grass prevention and control, and organic fertilizer application are applied. The production can be increased by more than 20 percent, the investment can be reduced by more than 30 percent, and simultaneously, the quality of the fruits can be greatly improved. By selecting high-quality varieties and advanced technologies, dwarfing of fruit trees is realized, fruiting is advanced, the yield is increased, the quality is improved, investment is reduced, the land utilization rate is improved, high-yield plants are obtained, seedlings germinate and grow fast, nuts are excellent in quality, the fruiting rate is high, the yield is up to 5000 jin/mu, the method is easy to popularize and apply, and the method is a good item for farmers in mountain areas to take off poverty and become rich.

Description

Dwarfing close-planting efficient cultivation technology and process method for nut fruit trees

Technical Field

The invention relates to a nut cultivation branch, in particular to a dwarfing close planting efficient cultivation technology for nut fruit trees and a process method thereof.

Background

The nuts are introduced in recent years in China, and have a rapid development trend in recent years, and have unexpected effects especially for middle-aged and old people due to high nutritional values. The price of the nuts is always strong in the market, the method is also suitable for planting on hilly land and hilly land, high yield is also obtained, the conventional planting method comprises cutting propagation and grafting propagation, the crude shells of New Zealand are used as stocks to improve the cold resistance of Australian nuts, the Australian main seed D4 variety is also planted by combining a bare shell method with a crude shell method, the crude shell seeds germinate and grow fast, the disease resistance is strong, the wood is soft, the grafting is easy, and therefore the method has a lot of places to apply. These methods are not high in yield for cultivating and planting nuts. Reference 1, application No.: CN201310483673, inventive name: a cultivation mode for transplanting big macadimia nuts adopts five major aspects of fertilization management, water management, trunk fixation and shaping, main pest control, adult tree transplanting and the like. According to the result characteristic of the inner cavity of the nut, the later stage transplanting mode is used for regular management, and the economic benefit of planting is improved. Reference 2, application No.: CN201510868920, title of the invention: a method for quickly culturing the seedlings of Australian nut includes such steps as grafting the tree branches with at least 3 leaves and more than 20cm in length to obtain circular cut, coating protecting agent on the cut, winding the tree branches with flax fibre cloth, spraying rooting promoter on the cut, inserting the cuttings in 8cm sand bed matrix, and transplanting. Application No.: CN201911028884, inventive name: a method for dwarf and close planting of macadimia nuts comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of preparing a dwarfing matrix, digging holes, planting, thinning branches, pressing branches, growth management, dwarfing treatment and pest control. The process and technical solutions of the above-mentioned references are not the same as in the present patent application.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a high-efficiency cultivation technique for dwarfing and close planting of nut trees and a process method thereof, which are used for cultivating nuts through fruit tree dwarfing and close planting, improve demonstration effect of an industrial park, form a modern nut production branch system, quickly popularize to peripheral areas and remote mountainous areas of the demonstration area, bring benefits to common people for poverty removal and enrichment, provide powerful technical support for the big-quality nut industry, have easily mastered technology, low requirements on planting conditions, easy acceptance by growers, easy operation, easy implementation, easy popularization and high income.

The technical scheme of the invention is that the dwarfing close planting high-efficiency cultivation technology for nut fruit trees is specially used for dwarfing and close planting

Characterized in that intensive cultivation in an orchard is carried out, dwarfing stocks and dwarf tree varieties are applied, the planting mode and the tree form are improved, the root system and the tree crown are controlled, heavy machine fertilizer is applied, enough water is irrigated, dense planting is carried out, grass prevention and control are carried out, the seeds are selected according to areas, regions, soil, climate and environment, crop rotation planting is carried out, a seedling cultivation base is set up, self-breeding seedlings are automatically bred, vigorous growth, wind resistance, drought resistance, upright tree crown, thick branches, symmetrical tree crown, high seed kernel rate and quality ratio are used for the plants, clonal bud grafting seedlings are selected, seedling is used as stock, a gentle garden is selected, a 'cross' plant is selected, the plant row spacing is linear planting, perpendicular planting holes are established, the varieties are crossed and matched, different varieties are crossed, land blocks are matched with at least more than 2 varieties, grass prevention and control are carried out, full garden coverage is carried out, surface water infiltration is kept after planting, seedlings are timely supplemented, bricks are germinated, removing a grafting port film after survival, topdressing, watering and applying a water fertilizer and a biogas liquid fertilizer every month, planting young tree seedlings to keep soil moist, supplementing the young tree seedlings with top-pulling and aging, cutting off tops and shearing off low drooping branches, keeping naturally growing branches, clearing and pressing green in winter every year, applying a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer every ten days during the fruit tree putting period, thinning and shearing dense branches and insect-plague branches, controlling the tips once every month, removing and controlling the tree shape of withered and white physiological disease tips, beautifying an orchard, enabling the crown and tree shape to pass through a vehicle, enabling plants to pass through the human, protecting flowers and fruits, applying fertilizers before and after the fruit trees blossom, spraying borax once, applying heavy fertilizers, spraying insecticide and fungicide once, accelerating fruit growth, mainly using a film to prevent rats and insect pests, throwing a rat-killing pesticide, spraying 3 times in the first year and 2 times in the next half year, spraying pesticides with chrysanthemum and bactericides, cleaning the garden after picking fruits comprehensively, removing branches and leaves below roots, wrapping the film with the film to prevent rats, and picking up shells in one day, the process steps are as follows after being dried for 7 days:

step 1, the matrix comprises the following components in parts by mass: 30-50 parts by mass of agilawood leaves and 30-50 parts by mass of mature rotten livestock fertilizer

The fertilizer comprises, by mass, 10-20 parts of a biogas liquid fertilizer, 3-5 parts of a zinc fertilizer, 3-5 parts of a compound mixed particle fertilizer, 3-5 parts of a boron fertilizer, 1-3 parts of bean pulp, 1-3 parts of peanut bran, 1-3 parts of sodium humate, 5-10 parts of pine bark, 3-5 parts of red brick residue powder and 0.01-0.03 part of a microbial compound bacterium;

step 2, preferably, 30 parts by weight of agilawood leaves, 30 parts by weight of mature rotten livestock manure and biogas liquid fertilizer

10 parts by mass, 3 parts by mass of zinc fertilizer, 3 parts by mass of compound granulated fertilizer, 3 parts by mass of boric fertilizer, 1 part by mass of soybean meal, 1 part by mass of peanut bran, 1 part by mass of sodium humate, 5 parts by mass of pine bark, 3 parts by mass of red brick slag powder and 0.01 part by mass of microorganism compound bacteria;

step 3, crushing the raw materials in the step 2 by using a crusher, sieving the crushed raw materials by using a 60-mesh sieve, and then spraying and mixing 0.01 part by mass of the microorganism composite bacteria;

and 4, taking the mixture obtained in the step 3 as a substrate material for seedling cultivation, and applying the substrate material to the following seedling cultivation steps.

The cultivation process method comprises the following steps:

1) scale mode: adopting a dwarfing and close planting mode:

selecting dwarf stock and dwarf variety;

tree-shaped control crowns;

intensive cultivation in an orchard;

applying organic fertilizer again;

spraying a microbial compound fertilizer to control shoots and promote propagation and differentiation;

fertilizing in stages;

trimming the crown regularly;

ditching and fertilizing by surrounding the tree crown;

timely killing pests;

trimming while trimming;

2) variety selection: selecting varieties to match and intercropping multiple varieties, selecting the seeds as Guire No. 1, OC, A16 and south Asia series according to the self-sterility characteristic of nuts, alternately planting different varieties, and selecting main cultivated varieties and configuring varieties in a ratio of 4: 1; after the variety is selected, selecting the sapling with excellent growth state for planting, wherein the diameter of the sapling is phi 0.5-phi 10 cm.

A process method for efficiently cultivating dwarfed close planting nut fruit trees is characterized by comprising the following steps:

1) seedling cultivation: setting a self-propagation and self-breeding seedling cultivation base, selecting an excellent female parent plant for grafting, wherein the grafting healing part is obvious, the leaves are dark green, the root system is well developed, no plant diseases and insect pests exist, bagged seedlings and basket seedlings with twice-germinated growing branches and leaves exist, a central main branch exists, the newly-planted seedlings are more than 20cm long, and the seedlings are more than 50cm high;

2) variety matching: planting more than 3 varieties in one orchard, and interplanting Guire No. 1, OC, A16 and 695 varieties;

3) seed selection:

selecting seeds with vigorous growth, wind resistance, drought resistance, high yield, high quality, uniform and upright crown and thick branches, wherein the kernel rate is 30-60%, and the first-grade kernels account for more than 98%;

and (3) planting clonal bud grafting seedlings, taking the seedling seedlings as stock, cultivating for 1-2 years, carrying out bud grafting in 3-4 months and/or 11-12 months every year, and looping at the base part 1-2 months before bud grafting.

A process method for efficiently cultivating dwarfed close planting nut fruit trees is characterized by comprising the following steps:

and (3) orchard reclamation:

two months before planting, completing the cultivation, adopting cross calibration to stably park the land with the gradient below 20 ℃, wherein the plant spacing is 3m, the row spacing is 5m, and the plant and row marks are mutually vertical in a straight line;

constructing equal-height terraces on 20-degree or higher sloping fields according to 4m row spacing, wherein the width of each terraces is 3-4 m,the plant spacing is 3 m.

Planting:

selecting planting holes, determining the density, planting in the early and late rainy seasons, keeping out high temperature, drought and rainy seasons, planting loose and dense soil with local soil quality and soil quality with partial soil pH below 7, selecting plants at a distance of 3m, and planting 130-150 plants per mu;

the planting method comprises the following steps: 1 and/or 4: 1, matching and interplanting the varieties, pressing soil from inside to outside, and watering enough root fixing water, wherein water permeation is preferably carried out for half a minute to 1 minute;

covering the orchard with grass-prevention cloth and controlling grass in the whole orchard.

Managing after planting:

in the rainy season, the water is sprayed once every evening for 7-8 days;

checking live seedlings and supplementing the seedlings in time;

removing the thin film at the grafting position after survival, and removing the buds of the bricks;

and (3) topdressing, wherein after 30 days of field planting, 10 g of nitrogen fertilizer urea is watered with 5-10 kg of water per plant every month.

Managing saplings, keeping soil moist, applying fertilizers after 60 days, mainly applying water fertilizers and biogas liquid in combination with inorganic nitrogen fertilizers for watering, applying fertilizers after first-time young shoots of seedlings grow, aging, naturally forming the seedlings 3 years before planting without trimming, and cutting off low drooping branches when top buds are vigorous.

And (3) managing the delivered trees, watering the trees in time when the tender leaves are wilted, mature and yellow and withered leaf tips are withered, green pressing is carried out by combining winter garden cleaning every year, each plant is applied with thoroughly decomposed organic fertilizers comprising farmyard manure, 15-20kg of biogas liquid, 0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 0.5 kg of lime, more than 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer is applied after 5 months, and the fertilizing amount is increased after the tree is inoculated.

Field management:

pruning mainly comprises retracting spindly branches and low drooping branches, thinning and shearing dense branches and insect-disease branches, thinning and shearing a central main rod, mainly protecting crown branches, thinning and shearing once at 40d, wherein the interval between new and old mature shoots is 18-28 d, and enough water is poured in the physiological breeding period when the blades are yellowed and whitened in 7-8 months;

the treetop is 30-50 cm long, 7-10 sections are normal branches, and old branches are reserved in the inner chamber;

tree form control, the height and width of the fruit trees can pass through the vehicle, and the plants can pass through the human body.

Protecting flowers and fruits, fertilizing once after 3 years and before the fruit trees bloom, spraying borax once, spraying the microbial compound bacteria once a week, and adding water 1: 30 times of water, fertilizing once before and after Qingming festival, applying farmyard manure and/or compound fertilizer, spraying borax and insecticidal and bactericidal pesticide for 1 time, spraying fruit-strengthening fertilizer once at the beginning of 6 months, mainly using the compound fertilizer, and simultaneously spraying insecticidal and bactericidal pesticide for once in the garden;

the raticide is dosed for trapping and killing the raticide 2-3 months per year, the bacteria are sprayed to kill aphids, thrips, moths and phytophthora blight, the root rot pesticide is sprayed, and the raticide is dosed repeatedly for 2 times in 8 middle-aged ten days;

spraying carbendazim and thiophanate methyl to kill pests and other pests, picking fruits every year, cleaning garden, and removing rotten leaves of tree root;

wrapping the base of the tree trunk with a film to prevent the damage of the rat;

harvesting, wherein 200 days are needed from the flowering to the mature shedding of the fruit trees, the fruits are harvested manually, or the fruits can naturally fall off the ground for inspection, and the fruits are hulled within 1 day after harvesting, and are dried in the sun for 7 days for processing and sale.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that: through implementing nut dwarfing close planting technical measure, through selecting high-quality variety, advanced technology, realize the fruit tree dwarfing, fruit ahead of time, increase output, improve the quality, reduce the input, improve the land utilization ratio, the high yield plant, the seedling sprouts fast to grow, nut quality is good, and the fruiting rate is high, and output is up to 5000 jin/mu, easily popularizes and applies, is the good project that the mountain area peasant takes off poverty and becomes rich.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples.

Example 1, the dwarfing close-planting cultivation technique for a nut tree is a cultivation method for promoting dwarfing of a fruit tree and close planting through pruning management by using various measures. It is beneficial to bearing fruit in advance, increasing yield, improving quality, reducing investment and improving land utilization rate. High inductivity, main yield up to 5000 jin/mu and convenient harvesting.

The dwarfing and close planting cultivation technology for fruit trees mainly applies dwarfing stocks, dwarf varieties, measures of changing planting modes and tree forms, controlling root systems, controlling crowns, controlling tips of growth regulators and the like, and becomes an important method for intensive cultivation in modern orchards. The dwarfing close planting cultivation technology of fruit trees, close planting, tree form control, grass prevention and control, and organic fertilizer application are applied. The production can be increased by more than 20 percent, the investment can be reduced by more than 30 percent, and simultaneously, the quality of the fruits can be greatly improved. Through the demonstration application of the fruit tree dwarfing and close planting cultivation technology in the macadamia nut industrial park, a modern nut production technology system is formed, so that the modern nut production technology system is popularized to the periphery of a demonstration area, and powerful technical support is provided for the big-making and strong-nut industry.

Selecting an area suitable for planting fine varieties: the variety of nuts will directly affect the yield and quality of the fruit, and therefore, a suitable variety for the planting area should be selected. The common nut varieties at present comprise OC, 333, 741, 344 and the like, and also comprise new varieties of Guire No. 1, Nanya No. 3, A16, 695 and the like. In general, Gui Hui No. 1 and OC, A16, the south Asia series, have high productivity and environmental suitability, and can be used as the priority variety. Since the nuts have self-sterility, cross-planting of different varieties is required, and main and configured varieties are selected and the ratio is kept at 4: 1. After the variety is selected, a seedling with good growth state is selected for planting, and the seedling is a high-quality grafting seedling with the outer diameter of phi 1cm or so.

And secondly, the seedling cultivation is strong in professional technology due to the fact that the nut seedlings are cultivated and the superior variety fruit seedlings are grafted, and a seedling cultivation base is set for self-propagation and self-cultivation. Therefore, strong and high-yield excellent female parent plants are selected for grafting, the grafting healing part is obvious, the leaves are dark green, no plant diseases and insect pests exist, the root system is well developed, the central main branch is pruned, the new tip is longer than 30cm, the seedling height is higher than 50cm, and robust bagged seedlings and basket seedlings with branches and leaves growing in two times are obtained.

1. Variety matching: at present, the high-yield, high-efficiency and high-quality nut varieties suitable for being planted in southern hilly and mountainous areas mainly comprise Guire No. 1, A16, OC, 695 and the like. 3-4 varieties are planted in one orchard, and a single variety is not suitable for being planted in one orchard.

2. Seed selection of nuts: the excellent variety is characterized by vigorous growth, wind resistance, drought resistance, high yield, high quality, symmetrical and upright crown and thick branches. The average plant yield in the full-bearing period is more than 25 kg to 50 kg, the kernel size is medium, the kernel rate is 30 percent to 50 percent, and the first-class kernel accounts for about 98 percent. Clonal bud seedlings are generally adopted for planting. And (3) taking the seedling as a stock, and carrying out bud grafting in 11-12 months or 3-4 months after cultivating for 1-2 years. The bud strips for bud grafting are subjected to girdling of the base part 1 to 2 months before bud grafting, so that the accumulation of carbohydrate is facilitated, the bud grafting survival rate is improved, and the bud grafting is vigorous.

Thirdly, planning and reclaiming the orchard: after the suitable garden is selected, the garden is reclaimed after the reasonable planning and layout of roads, irrigation and drainage ditches, protection of terraced fields and forest belts and water and soil conservation are carried out, and the reclamation time is finished two months before the fixed value. In a gentle circular field below 20 degrees, cross calibration is adopted, the plant spacing is 3m, the row spacing is 5m, and plant row markers are respectively in a straight line and are mutually vertical; and constructing equal-height terraces on 20-degree or higher sloping fields according to the row spacing of 4m, wherein the width of each terrace is 3.4m, and the plant spacing is 3 m.

Fourthly, planting technical points:

1. and selecting planting holes, determining the planting density and planting in early or later stage of rainy season to avoid drought, rainy and high temperature seasons, and facilitating the plant growth recovery. The planting density is different depending on the soil condition and variety type. In the south, the row spacing of the plants is 3 meters multiplied by 1.6 meters, about 130 plants are planted per mu, and the planting standard is that the plants are planted according to the density of 3 meters of the row spacing and 1.6 meters of the plant spacing, about 135 plants are planted per mu. Most nuts have a large degree of self-sterility, so the varieties to be planted need to be matched in a crossing way (different varieties are planted in a crossing way), and at least two varieties need to be matched in one land.

2. The planting method comprises the following steps: during planting, the following steps are carried out: 1 or 4: 1, matching varieties. And (4) returning soil layer by layer to ensure that the soil is in good contact with the root system, compacting from inside to outside, and thoroughly watering the root fixing water.

3. Grass prevention and control: the whole garden of the fruit tree is covered with grass-prevention cloth, so that the purpose of controlling grass in the whole garden is achieved.

Fifthly, nursing after field planting

1. After field planting: if no natural rainfall exists, the watering is continued for 7 days every evening, dead seedlings are found, and the seedlings are timely replenished. After the film survives, the film at the grafting position is removed in time, and the sprouting of the brick wood is removed in time.

2. Topdressing: after the planting for one month, when new buds sprout, the plants are proved to be planted and survived, and the plants can be watered once per month by adding 10 g of urea into 5-10 kg of water.

Sixthly, managing the nut saplings: watering the seedlings frequently after planting to keep the soil moist; fertilizing after 2 months according to the growth condition of the nursery stock, wherein the principle is that the nursery stock is frequently applied thinly, and water and fertilizer are mainly used; and (5) fertilizing management can be carried out after the first young shoots of the seedlings are extracted and aged. In 3 years before seedling planting, the seedlings are naturally formed without pruning except that the apical buds grow particularly vigorously and need to be cut off and pruned to remove low drooping branches.

Seventhly, managing the nut production tree: nuts are extremely moisture sensitive and should not be starved from flowering to maturity, especially during the oil accumulation period, such as starvation, which can severely degrade nut quality and yield. When the tender leaves are wilted and the mature leaf tips lose luster, the water shortage is indicated, and irrigation needs to be carried out in time. The nuts enter the production period in 4-5 years, the consumption of tree bodies is high, green pressing is carried out by combining winter garden cleaning every year, 15-20kg of decomposed farmyard manure or biological organic fertilizer, 0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 0.5 kg of lime are applied to each tree, 0.5-1.2 kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each tree in 5 months, and the fertilizer consumption is increased along with the increase of the tree age.

Eighthly, field management

1. In the aspect of pruning, the method mainly comprises the steps of retracting the overgrown branches and pruning the low drooping branches, and meanwhile, thinning and pruning the dense branches and the insect-infected branches to keep the tree bodies ventilated and transparent. The branches of the nuts are taken out for three times and four times in a year, about 40 days are needed for each branch from germination to maturity, about 18-28 days are needed for the young branches to sprout for the next branch from maturity, and the interval is 18-28 days averagely. In the adult fruiting tree, shoots are taken 3 times in a year, the spring shoots in the peak season are 4 months, the summer shoots in the bottom of 6 months, and the autumn shoots in the late of 10 months, and in addition, the crowns are all subjected to small sporadic shoots in each month in a year. In the high-temperature season from the middle 7 th to the last 8 th of the month, the nuts grow slowly, the young shoots in the period are difficult to turn color, and physiological diseases such as yellowing to whitening of leaves occur. And from the end of 12 months to the end of 2 months in the next year, almost no tip is extracted in the normal year.

2. The treelets of nuts are generally 30-50 cm long with 7-10 nodes, and the treelets or some varieties with vigorous growth have treelets with the treelets as long as more than 1.0 m. The majority of bearing branches of nuts are old branches with 1.5-3 years in the inner chamber, young trees with early bearing are particularly obvious, and a small number of bearing branches are even small branches with the length of several centimeters in the inner chamber.

3. Tree control: the height of the fruit tree and the width of the crown are strictly controlled, so that the fruit tree can pass through the vehicle and the plant can pass through the people.

Ninthly, flower and fruit retention: fertilizing once before the fruit trees bloom (in the 2 month bud period) and spraying borax once every 3 th year after the fruit trees are planted. Applying heavy fertilizer once during the small fruit period (4 months of young fruit period, before and after Qingming), preferably adding compound fertilizer into farmyard manure, and spraying borax and pesticide for 1 time. And applying fruit strengthening fertilizer once again at the beginning of 6 months, mainly using compound fertilizer, and spraying once insecticidal and bactericidal pesticide. Fruits can be picked 3 months after the completion of the above-mentioned several works.

Tenth, rat control, deinsectization and disease killing: the diseases, pests and rats of the nuts mainly comprise rats, aphids, thrips, moths, flower blight, root rot and the like. For the rat damage, the pesticide is applied for trapping and killing twice in 2-3 months, meanwhile, the base of the trunk is bound by a film, the rat is prevented from climbing trees and eating fruits, and the pesticide is applied for trapping and killing twice in 8-ten days; when other diseases and pests occur, spraying common pyrethrins and bactericides such as carbendazim and thiophanate methyl according to the use instructions of pesticides. After the fruits are picked every year, the garden is required to be cleaned completely, namely, the withered branches and the patrinia leaves under the fruit trees are cleaned, so that the pest and disease damage in the next year is reduced.

Eleven, timely picking fruits: the period from flowering to complete maturity of the nut is about 210 days. The picking can be carried out manually, and the early-maturing fruits can also be picked up in a separating stage after the fruits are mature and fall on the ground. The recovered fruit is generally hulled within 1 d, and after hulling, the fruit is dried for 7 d, and then the fruit can be temporarily stored or further processed and sold.

Example 2

Firstly, constructing a seedling growing garden: the nut seedling raising base is suitable for being selected in an area with the altitude of 600-1400 m, sufficient illumination, the annual average temperature of 13-32 ℃, no frost in all years, the precipitation amount of more than or equal to 1200 mm, convenient traffic and sufficient water source, and has no influence on wind damage, a protection forest is required to be built, soil is required to be fertile and loose, the pH value of a soil layer is within the range of 5-6, tobacco, potato, vegetable or land blocks with serious pest and disease damage can not be used as a nursery land, and the base is close to a village to facilitate labor supply. A main road and a branch road are established in the nursery land, the main road is connected with a road outside the nursery land to facilitate the delivery of the nursery stock, and the branch road is connected with the main road to facilitate the seedling emergence. The stock seedling germination accelerating bed is required to be established at a position where the whole nursery garden is convenient to transport, and cannot be separated from the nursery garden. Irrigation facilities need to be arranged in the whole nursery, a spray irrigation type, a micro-irrigation type and a full-plastic water-saving irrigation system can be selected, the nut seedling culture process is applicable to spray irrigation, and the most convenient spray irrigation method with pipes is adopted.

Secondly, the germinating bed takes clean river sand as a matrix material, the ridges are 80cm wide, 8m long and 202cm thick, 50cm is required to be arranged between the two ridges and around the two ridges, and drainage ditches with the depth of about 30cm are excavated. The nutrition bag for cultivating the stock seedling is preferably a new high-pressure polyethylene material bag which is dark black, 40cm long and 30cm wide. The cultivation nutrient soil can be prepared by mixing the available soil and farmyard manure (organic fertilizer) according to the proportion of 2: 1, filling nutrient soil into the bottom of the nutrient bag, filling fine soil, horizontally discharging the nutrient bags, arranging two rows of nutrient bags in each row area, wherein the narrow rows are spaced by 25cm, the wide rows are spaced by 60cm, and arranging the nutrient bags at a circulating interval of 'wide and narrow-wide'.

Third, seedling raising

1. Variety selection: the nuts are classified into light shell seeds and coarse shell seeds. The varieties with good wind resistance include OC, 741, 660 and 344, in subtropical mountainous areas, the varieties such as 344, 660 and 741 are mainly near the ridge, the varieties such as A4, 246 and OC are mainly in the valley or the foot, and the varieties such as 508, 695, H2 and 344 are mainly in the high-altitude area. When raising seedlings, different varieties are matched.

2. Stock cultivation: the method comprises the steps of adopting grafting seedling culture, enabling both light-shell seeds and thick-shell seeds to be available, exposing the seeds which are fully absorbed with water for about 30 min during sowing, then placing the seeds on a sand bed, enabling the seeds not to contact with each other, covering sand with the thickness of about 3cm, shading with a shading net, and keeping the sand moist. 2 true leaves of the seedling can be transplanted and bagged. Acclimating seedlings to early light, shading at noon, and repeating for 1 week. After seedling transplantation, enough root fixing water is poured, and then the fast sprinkling irrigation is carried out for 1 time every day. The water-fertilizer solution diluted to 0.1 percent by the three-element water-soluble high-efficiency compound fertilizer is sprayed, and the application is thin frequently.

3. Grafting: grafting or cutting propagation of nuts 1) grafting and seedling

Seed selection: the seeds for cultivating the stock seedlings are taken from plants which are vigorous in growth, stable in yield and high in yield, and are preferably disease-free and have good nut quality. The light shell seed and the coarse shell seed can be used, and the coarse shell seed is favored in some areas because the seeds grow fast and are disease-resistant, the wood is softer, and the grafting is easy.

Seed storage:the seeds can be stored in shaded wet sand at the temperature of 5-10 ℃, and can also be packaged by a sealed plastic bag and then refrigerated in a refrigerator.

Stock cultivation: the vitality of the nuts matured in the high-temperature season is reduced rapidly, and the germination percentage is 100% of the nuts harvested and is reduced to 50% after 6 months of storage. Therefore, it is better to seed after picking and removing the outer soft shell. And (3) sowing the seed tape with a hard shell, covering the seed tape with sand with the thickness of 2.5 cm downwards, then drenching the seed tape thoroughly and keeping the seedbed moist, and beginning to sprout at the temperature of 30-35 ℃ for 3-4 weeks, wherein if the temperature is lower than 24 ℃, the sprouting time is longer than 1 time. Care was taken to prevent ant and rat damage during rootstock cultivation. After the two branches of leaves are aged, the seedlings are moved into a plastic bag or other container and are shaded by 50%. Seedlings are very sensitive to water fluctuations and therefore must be given sufficient irrigation. In seedling stage, trace elements and slow-release low-phosphorus fertilizer are applied. The plant is cultured into a single trunk shape, branches are cut off, and the single trunk is kept to grow in an extending way. The seeding and germination accelerating substrate is preferably clean and insect-free coarse river sand with the thickness of 30 cm. The seedling raising soil is prepared by mixing sand, loam, moss and fully-decomposed sawdust or mushroom residue mud. Decomposed nutshells may also be used. The pH value of the seedling soil is 5.5-6.8.

Grafting: the grafting period is better in spring and autumn, especially late autumn and early spring. Grafting conditions, namely the thickness of the scion and the stock is 1.5 cm, the scion and the stock are fully mature, the branch bark is light brown to gray, and the branch bark has a protruded bark hole. Conditionally, the scion should be girdled 5 weeks before grafting, and the specific method is as follows: selecting long branches with proper thickness, girdling the base part by about 2.5 cm, and scraping to form layer tissues. The purpose is to increase the accumulation of the scion photosynthetic products and improve the grafting survival rate. The burl bud is preferably selected during grafting. Before grafting, the stock seedlings are drenched thoroughly. The grafting is cleft grafting, the lower part of the scion of the cleft grafting is cut into a long wedge shape, the top end of the stock is split from the center, after the cutting opening of the scion is inserted into the notch, the stock and the scion forming layers are aligned, and the joint part is tightly bound and sealed. After grafting, shading and sun-screening are carried out, water is usually sprayed to keep soil and air moist, and stock buds are timely wiped off.The scions can sprout 35 days after grafting, if the scions sprout more, only 1 strong scion is selected and kept, and the rest are removed. And (5) topping the seedlings when the seedlings are 80cm high, promoting lateral branches, and culturing the seedlings into high-quality seedlings with multiple branches. 4. Cutting and seedling raising: the slotting machine uses clean medium-coarse river sand with good drainage performance. Cuttings are taken when the levels of carbohydrate accumulation in the trees are highest. The south China is best in winter and spring, and the temperature is low and the soil temperature is high at the time, so that rooting is facilitated. Poor cuttage and rooting in summer. The cuttings are cut to about 20cm long, two leaves are left at the upper part, the lower leaves are all cut off, the base part is soaked in a solution containing 3000 mg of indoleacetic acid (IBA) per liter of water for 40 seconds, and the cuttings are inserted into a seedbed to be 12 cm deep after being dried. Shading after inserting and keeping constant temperature. The cutting needs to keep complete leaves, and partial leaf removal is not favorable for survival and rooting. However, there were differences between the varieties. The rooting time of the nut cutting is long, and the root primordium can be seen only after about 60 days after the cutting. As long as the cuttings root, the root system is developed and grows rapidly. The rooting cuttings are moved to a nutrition bag in time to properly supplement various nutrients required by illumination and growth and development.

5. The stem of the stock is 1.3 cm thick, 1 time of fertilizer is applied to the nursery garden 1 month before grafting, and 3 days before grafting, enough water is poured. The method is characterized in that the selected variety is pure, the character is excellent, branches are girdled 40 days before scion picking, a co-grafting method is generally adopted for grafting, specifically, a tree stock is cut at a position 25cm away from the ground by a branch shear, 2-3 rounds of leaves of the tree stock below a section opening are removed, then nut grafting scion strips with the length of about 10cm are cut, the scion strip section and the tree stock section are combined together, cambiums of the two sides are aligned and in close contact, the interface is firmly tied by a plastic film, and the grafting scion strips are wound upwards from the position below the opening until top sealing and knotting are carried out.

6. And (3) management after grafting: 4d after grafting, watering cannot be carried out, water supply can be started after 3 days of grafting, water is replenished for 1 time every day, the seedlings which do not survive can be subjected to grafting in 30 days in winter, top dressing is started when the nut grafted seedlings are about to be delivered to a second new seedling, the top dressing is sprayed by a water-fertilizer solution diluted by a high-efficiency water-soluble compound fertilizer to be 0.2%, and the water-fertilizer solution is applied for 2 times every month for weeding.

7. And (3) transplanting seedlings out of nursery: the length of the new shoot extracted by the grafted seedling reaches more than 30cm, the branch is obviously hardened, the diameter reaches more than 0.4 cm, and the second new shoot can be taken out of the nursery when the blade reaches certain hardness. The qualified seedlings require good healing of the grafting openings, no deep tightening mark, no bulge or nodular enlargement after unbinding, intact plant root systems, no scattering of soil balls in the nutrition bags and no quarantine pest damage. When lifting seedlings, the base parts of the seedlings need to be grasped by the right hand, the seedlings are pulled upwards by force towards the side by the left hand when being pulled off towards the side. When the vehicle is loaded, the nutrient soil balls can not press the nursery stock, but only the soil balls can press the soil balls. The nursery stock needs to be shaded during transportation, and soil balls can not be overlapped when the nursery stock is placed after seedling unloading, so that the stored nursery stock can be conveniently watered.

8. And (3) pest control in the seedling stage: when diseases occur, 50% carbendazim wettable powder can be adopted to spray a diluent with the mass concentration of 0.1% -0.2% in water, a pest sticking plate, a trap lamp and the like can be adopted, pesticide control can also be carried out, and imidacloprid, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos and the like can be adopted to carry out spray control according to instructions.

Claims (10)

1. A technique for efficiently cultivating the dwarfing and close-planting nut fruit trees features intensive cultivation in orchard

Dwarfing stock and dwarf tree variety are used for improving planting mode and tree form, controlling root system and tree crown, applying heavy machine fertilizer, irrigating enough water, close planting, preventing grass and controlling grass, selecting seeds according to area, region, soil, climate and environment, crop rotation planting, setting up a seedling culture base, self-breeding seedlings, using vigorous growth, wind resistance, drought resistance, upright tree crown, thick branch, well-balanced tree crown, high kernel rate and quality ratio, selecting clone bud grafting seedlings, using seedling as stock, selecting gentle garden, "cross" to fix plants, linear and mutually vertical plant row spacing, fixing planting holes, fixing planting variety cross matching, different varieties cross planting, land block matching at least more than 2 varieties, preventing grass and controlling grass, covering the whole garden, keeping surface water permeation after fixing, supplementing seedlings in time, erasing wood brick bud, and removing graft interface film, topdressing and applying water fertilizer and biogas liquid fertilizer every month, keeping soil moist when young tree seedlings are planted, supplementing young mature seedlings, cutting off tops and shearing off low drooping branches, keeping naturally grown branches, clearing and pressing green in winter every year, applying sufficient nitrogen phosphorus and potassium fertilizer every ten days during the putting period of the fruit trees, thinning and shearing dense branches and insect-plague branches, controlling the tips once every month, removing withered yellow and whitish physiological disease tips, controlling the tree shape, beautifying the orchard, enabling the trees to pass through vehicles in the crown and tree shape, enabling the plants to pass through people, protecting flowers and fruits, applying fertilizers before and after the fruit trees bloom, spraying borax once, applying heavy fertilizers, spraying insecticide and sterilization pesticides once, and strengthening fruit fertilizers, the method is characterized in that compound fertilizers are used as main materials, the rat and insect pests are prevented and killed, rodenticide is trapped and killed, 3 times in the first half of the year and 2 times in the next half of the year, chrysanthemum lipid and bactericides are sprayed, the garden is cleaned completely after fruit picking, branches and leaves below tree roots are cleaned, a tree trunk is wrapped by a film to prevent the rat, the tree trunk is unshelled within one day after picking, and the tree trunk is dried for 7 days continuously, and the method comprises the following process steps:

step 1, the matrix comprises the following components in parts by mass: 30-50 parts by mass of agilawood leaves and 30-50 parts by mass of mature rotten livestock fertilizer

The fertilizer comprises, by mass, 10-20 parts of a biogas liquid fertilizer, 3-5 parts of a zinc fertilizer, 3-5 parts of a compound mixed particle fertilizer, 3-5 parts of a boron fertilizer, 1-3 parts of bean pulp, 1-3 parts of peanut bran, 1-3 parts of sodium humate, 5-10 parts of pine bark, 3-5 parts of red brick residue powder and 0.01-0.03 part of a microbial compound bacterium;

step 2, preferably, 30 parts by weight of agilawood leaves, 30 parts by weight of cooked rotten mixed livestock fertilizer and biogas liquid fertilizer

10 parts by mass, 3 parts by mass of zinc fertilizer, 3 parts by mass of compound granulated fertilizer, 3 parts by mass of boric fertilizer, 1 part by mass of soybean meal, 1 part by mass of peanut bran, 1 part by mass of sodium humate, 5 parts by mass of pine bark, 3 parts by mass of red brick slag powder and 0.01 part by mass of microorganism compound bacteria;

step 3, crushing the raw materials in the step 2 by using a crusher, sieving the crushed raw materials by using a 60-mesh sieve, and then spraying and mixing 0.01 part by mass of the microorganism composite bacteria;

and 4, taking the mixture obtained in the step 3 as a substrate material for seedling cultivation, and applying the substrate material to the following seedling cultivation steps.

2. A process method for efficiently cultivating dwarfed close planting nut fruit trees is characterized in that the cultivation process method comprises the following steps:

1) scale mode: adopting a dwarfing and close planting mode:

selecting dwarf stock and dwarf variety;

tree-shaped control crowns;

intensive cultivation in an orchard;

applying organic fertilizer again;

spraying a microbial compound fertilizer to control shoots and promote propagation and differentiation;

fertilizing in stages;

trimming the crown regularly;

ditching and fertilizing by surrounding the tree crown;

timely killing pests;

trimming while trimming;

2) variety selection: selecting varieties to match and intercropping multiple varieties, selecting the seeds as Guire No. 1, OC, A16 and south Asia series according to the self-sterility characteristic of nuts, alternately planting different varieties, and selecting main cultivated varieties and configuring varieties in a ratio of 4: 1; after the variety is selected, selecting the sapling with excellent growth state for planting, wherein the diameter of the sapling is phi 0.5-phi 10 cm.

3. The process method for dwarfing, close planting and high-efficiency cultivation of nut trees according to claim 2, which is characterized in that:

1) seedling cultivation: setting a self-propagation and self-breeding seedling cultivation base, selecting an excellent female parent plant for grafting, wherein the grafting healing part is obvious, the leaves are dark green, the root system is well developed, no plant diseases and insect pests exist, bagged seedlings and basket seedlings with twice-germinated growing branches and leaves exist, a central main branch exists, the newly-planted seedlings are more than 20cm long, and the seedlings are more than 50cm high;

2) variety matching: planting more than 3 varieties in one orchard, and interplanting Guire No. 1, OC, A16 and 695 varieties;

3) seed selection:

selecting seeds with vigorous growth, wind resistance, drought resistance, high yield, high quality, uniform and upright crown and thick branches, wherein the kernel rate is 30-60%, and the first-grade kernels account for more than 98%;

and (3) planting clonal bud grafting seedlings, taking the seedling seedlings as stock, cultivating for 1-2 years, carrying out bud grafting in 3-4 months and/or 11-12 months every year, and looping at the base part 1-2 months before bud grafting.

4. The process method for dwarfing, close planting and high-efficiency cultivation of nut trees as claimed in claim 2, wherein:

and (3) orchard reclamation:

two months before planting, completing the cultivation, adopting cross calibration to stably park the land with the gradient below 20 ℃, wherein the plant spacing is 3m, the row spacing is 5m, and the plant and row marks are mutually vertical in a straight line;

and constructing equal-height terraces on 20-degree slope lands at row spacing of 4m, wherein the width of each terrace is 3-4 m, and the plant spacing is 3 m.

5. The dwarfing close-planting nut tree as claimed in claim 2The process method for high-efficiency cultivation is characterized by comprising the following steps of field planting:

selecting planting holes, determining the density, planting in the early and late rainy seasons, keeping out high temperature, drought and rainy seasons, planting loose and dense soil with local soil quality and soil quality with partial soil pH below 7, selecting plants at a distance of 3m, and planting 130-150 plants per mu;

the planting method comprises the following steps: 1 and/or 4: 1, matching and interplanting the varieties, pressing soil from inside to outside, and watering enough root fixing water, wherein water permeation is preferably carried out for half a minute to 1 minute;

covering the orchard with grass-prevention cloth and controlling grass in the whole orchard.

6. The process method for dwarfing, close-planting and high-efficiency cultivation of nut fruit trees as claimed in claim 2, characterized by management after field planting:

in the rainy season, the water is sprayed once every evening for 7-8 days;

checking live seedlings and supplementing the seedlings in time;

removing the thin film at the grafting position after survival, and removing the buds of the bricks;

and (3) topdressing, wherein after 30 days of field planting, 10 g of nitrogen fertilizer urea is watered with 5-10 kg of water per plant every month.

7. The process method for dwarfing, close planting and high-efficiency cultivation of nut fruit trees as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that young trees are managed, soil is kept moist, fertilization is carried out after 60 days, water and fertilizer are taken as main materials, biogas liquid application is combined with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer application, fertilization is carried out after the first young shoots of seedlings are extracted and aged, pruning is not carried out when the seedlings naturally form 3 years before planting, and low drooping branches are cut off when terminal buds are vigorous.

8. The process method for dwarfing, close planting and high-efficiency cultivation of nut fruit trees as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the trees are put into production for management, the trees are watered in time when the young leaves wither, mature and yellow leaf tips become yellow, the green pressing is carried out in combination with winter garden cleaning every year, each plant is applied with thoroughly decomposed organic fertilizer comprising farmyard manure, 15-20kg of biogas liquid, 0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 0.5 kg of lime, more than 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer is applied after 5 months, and the fertilizing amount is increased after the tree is connected.

9. The process method for dwarfing, close-planting and high-efficiency cultivation of nut trees as claimed in claim 2, characterized by comprising the following steps:

pruning mainly comprises retracting spindly branches and low drooping branches, thinning and shearing dense branches and insect-disease branches, thinning and shearing a central main rod, mainly protecting crown branches, thinning and shearing once at 40d, wherein the interval between new and old mature shoots is 18-28 d, and enough water is poured in the physiological breeding period when the blades are yellowed and whitened in 7-8 months;

the treetop is 30-50 cm long, 7-10 sections are normal branches, and old branches are reserved in the inner chamber;

tree form control, the height and width of the fruit trees can pass through the vehicle, and the plants can pass through the human body.

10. The process method for dwarfing, close planting and high efficiency cultivation of nut fruit trees as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the flowers and fruits are preserved, the fertilizer is applied once after 3 years before the fruit trees blossom, the borax is sprayed once, and the microorganism is sprayed onceSpraying the compound bacteria once per week, adding water 1: 30 times of water, fertilizing once before and after Qingming festival, applying farmyard manure and/or compound fertilizer, spraying borax and insecticidal and bactericidal pesticide for 1 time, spraying fruit-strengthening fertilizer once at the beginning of 6 months, mainly using the compound fertilizer, and simultaneously spraying insecticidal and bactericidal pesticide for once in the garden;

the raticide is dosed for trapping and killing the raticide 2-3 months per year, the bacteria are sprayed to kill aphids, thrips, moths and phytophthora blight, the root rot pesticide is sprayed, and the raticide is dosed repeatedly for 2 times in 8 middle-aged ten days;

spraying carbendazim and thiophanate methyl to kill pests and other pests, picking fruits every year, cleaning garden, and removing rotten leaves of tree root;

wrapping the base of the tree trunk with a film to prevent the damage of the rat;

harvesting, wherein 200 days are needed from the flowering to the mature shedding of the fruit trees, the fruits are harvested manually, or the fruits can naturally fall off the ground for inspection, and the fruits are hulled within 1 day after harvesting, and are dried in the sun for 7 days for processing and sale.