CN110215614A - 用于光遗传学方法的光的上转换 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本申请涉及用于光遗传学方法的光的上转换。具体而言,本文提供包含将电磁辐射由红外或近红外波长上转换成可见光谱的镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子的组合物。本文还提供使用通过镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子递送的光来激活在神经元的质膜上表达的光响应性视蛋白以及选择性改变神经元的膜极化状态的方法。
Description
本申请是申请日为2011年11月4日、申请号为201610879622.5、发明名称为“用于光遗传学方法的光的上转换”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2010年11月5日提交的美国临时申请No.61/410,729的优先权,其公开内容全部通过引用方式并入本文中。
发明领域
本申请涉及包含将电磁辐射由红外或近红外波长上转换成可见光谱的镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子的组合物以及使用镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子递送光以激活在神经元中表达的光响应性视蛋白(light-responsive opsin)和选择性改变神经元的膜极化状态的方法。
背景
光遗传学是用于控制活组织的靶向细胞中,甚至在自由移动哺乳动物和其它动物内特异性事件的遗传和光学方法和与完整生物系统运行同步所需的时间精度(毫秒时间量程)的组合。光遗传学的标志是将快速光响应性视蛋白通道或泵蛋白引至靶神经元细胞的质膜,这使得可在时间上精确操作神经元膜电位,同时通过使用特异性靶向机制来维持细胞类型分辨率。可用于研究神经系统功能的微生物视蛋白有盐细菌视紫红质(halorhodopsin)(NpHR),在照射时用于促进膜超极化;和光敏感通道(channelrhodopsin),在暴露于光时用于使膜去极化。在短短数年间,光遗传学领域已经深化对特异性细胞类型如何体内作用于生物组织(例如神经回路)的功能的基本科学理解。而且,在临床方面,光遗传学驱动的研究已引起对复杂哺乳动物行为例如忧虑、记忆、恐惧和成瘾的潜在神经机制的深刻理解。
尽管具有这些进展,但在动物中使用光遗传学方法面临着需要将动物拴至光源或者需要将光源通过外科手术植入动物体内的重大缺陷的阻碍。而且,当光遗传学方法用于改变脑中神经元的功能时,必须将光源接近这些神经元放置。这需要在动物颅骨上钻孔,并且当目标脑区域位于脑自身内深处时也会遇到实际困难。由于光较差地通过神经组织,这需要将导光纤维光源插入至脑内,这可导致对周围脑组织的非预期损伤。
因此,需要非侵入地将光递送至位于动物的脑和周围神经系统内的在神经细胞的质膜上表达光响应性视蛋白的神经元的方法。
在本说明书中,参考了出版物(例如,科技论文)、专利申请、专利等,所有这些据此全部通过引用方式并入本文中。
发明概述
本文提供通过使用能够将电磁辐射从与红外(IR)或近红外(NIR)光谱相关的波长上转成与可见光相关的波长的纳米粒子而非侵入地将光递送至在神经质膜上表达光响应性视蛋白的神经元的组合物和方法。
因此,本文提供使个体中神经细胞的质膜去极化的方法,其包括:(a)接近神经细胞放置多种镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子;以及(b)将多种纳米粒子暴露于在红外(IR)或近红外(NIR)光谱中的电磁辐射,其中通过纳米粒子将在IR或NIR光谱中的电磁辐射上转换成在可见光谱中的光,并且其中光响应性视蛋白在神经细胞的质膜上表达并且通过在可见光谱中的光对视蛋白的激活诱导质膜的去极化。
在其它方面,本文提供使个体中神经细胞的质膜去极化的方法,其包括:(a)向个体施用编码光响应性视蛋白的多核苷酸,其中光响应性蛋白在个体中的神经细胞的质膜上表达,并且当使用光照射时视蛋白能够诱导神经细胞的膜去极化;(b)接近神经细胞施用多种镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子;以及(c)将多种纳米粒子暴露于在红外(IR)或近红外(NIR)光谱中的电磁辐射,其中将在IR或NIR光谱中的电磁辐射上转换成在可见光谱中的光并且通过在可见光谱中的光对视蛋白的激活诱导质膜的去极化。
在一些方面,本文提供使个体中神经细胞的质膜超极化的方法,其包括:(a)接近神经细胞放置多种镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子;以及(b)将多种纳米粒子暴露于在红外(IR)或近红外(NIR)光谱中的电磁辐射,其中通过纳米粒子将在IR或NIR光谱中的电磁辐射上转换成在可见光谱中的光,并且其中光响应性视蛋白在质膜上表达并且通过可见光谱中的光对视蛋白的激活诱导质膜的超极化。
在其它方面,本文提供使个体中神经细胞的质膜超极化的方法,其包括:(a)向个体施用编码光响应性视蛋白的多核苷酸,其中光响应性蛋白在个体中神经细胞的质膜上表达,并且当使用光照射时视蛋白能够诱导所述神经细胞的膜超极化;(b)接近神经细胞施用多种镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子;以及(c)将多种纳米粒子暴露于在红外(IR)或近红外(NIR)光谱中的电磁辐射,其中将在IR或NIR光谱中的电磁辐射上转换成在可见光谱中的光并且通过在可见光谱中的光对视蛋白的激活诱导质膜的超极化。
本公开涉及包括用于体内深度递送光的上转换的装置和方法。本公开的各方面通常涉及使用近红外光至可见光谱的上转换将光体内递送至组织以及与本文所讨论的申请相关的方法。
本公开的某些方面涉及植入活组织内的光源。来自纳米粒子溶液的纳米粒子锚定至靶细胞群,该靶细胞群包括表达光响应性通道/视蛋白细胞。纳米粒子被构造成通过发射第二不同波长的光来响应第一波长的光的接收。例如,纳米粒子可上转换接收的光,并且因而发射更高频率的光。
本公开的实施方案涉及对目标位点注射携带视蛋白基因的病毒和纳米粒子溶液。病毒导致在目标位点处的靶细胞群表达视蛋白基因。各种不同光源是可能的。使用不同波长尤其可用于促进不同(外部)光源的使用,例如,某些波长表现出通过脑或其它处组织吸收相应降低。
与本公开的特定实施方案一致,将发光二极管("LED")放置在已经薄化的部分颅骨上。将LED放置在皮肤下颅骨的薄化部分附近,并至少部分根据靶细胞群的位置来选择LED的位置和/或定向。例如,可将LED放置以减少LED和靶细胞群之间的距离以及相应地定向。
在本公开的某些更具体的方面,来自LED的光穿过周围组织至纳米粒子。当(近)红外光击中纳米粒子时,纳米粒子吸收红外(IR)光子以及射出可见光子。然后通过表达在靶细胞群内的视蛋白来吸收可见光子,这导致其中的应答(例如,触发神经刺激或抑制)。
通过类似于起搏器中使用的那些电池来为LED供电。LED可射出红外光谱中的光,并且特别是介于700nm-1000nm之间,其可穿过颅骨和介于中间的组织。由纳米粒子射出的光具有中心为450-550nm之间的光谱。射出的光的波长取决于纳米粒子的性质。
以上综述并不旨在描述本公开的每一个示出的实施方案或者每一种实施方式。
附图简述
鉴于以下描述和附图可更充分地理解各示例性实施方案,其中:
图1显示与本公开的实施方案一致的颅骨的剖视图。
图2显示与本公开的实施方案一致的靶神经元的光递送。
图3示出与本公开的实施方案一致的使用多种光源的系统。
尽管本公开可具有各种修改形式和替代形式,但其细节已在附图中通过举例的方式示出并将进行详细描述。然而,应当理解,目的不是将本公开限制于所描述的特定实施方案。相反,目的是涵盖落入包括权利要求限定的各方面的本公开范围内的修改形式、等效形式和替代形式。
发明详述
本发明尤其提供用于将光递送至在神经细胞的质膜上表达一种或多种光响应性视蛋白的那些神经细胞的组合物和方法。发明人已经发现,将红外(IR)或近红外(NIR)电磁辐射转换为对应可见光谱的波长的掺杂镧系金属(例如,钆)的纳米粒子可用于激活在神经细胞的质膜上的光响应性视蛋白以及选择性改变细胞的膜极化状态。与可见光不同,IR或NIR电磁能容易地穿透生物组织。例如,NIR可穿透距离至多4厘米的生物组织(Heyward&Dale Wagner,"Applied Body Composition Assessment",第2版(2004),100页)。作为波长函数用于计算光透射的某些公式公开于美国专利No.7,043,287中,其内容通过引用方式并入本文中。类似地,美国专利申请公开No.2007/0027411公开了近红外低水平激光治疗光穿透身体至3-5cm的深度。因此,在光遗传学方法中使用电磁辐射的IR或NIR光源可减少直接接近神经细胞放置光源的需求。具体而言,对于在脑中光遗传技术,组合IR或NIR电磁能使用镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子使得可激活视蛋白,而不需穿刺颅骨或将导光纤维光源至插入脑内。类似地,在周围神经系统中,通过放置在皮肤下或者正对皮肤放置的IR或NIR源可激活表达视蛋白的神经。
通用技术
除非另有说明,本发明的实施将采用分子生物学、微生物学、细胞生物学、生物化学、核酸化学、免疫学和生理学的常规技术,这些均是本领域技术人员众所周知的。这些技术完整解释在以下文献中,例如,Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual,第二版(Sambrook等,1989)和Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual,第三版(Sambrook和Russel,2001),(本文统称为“Sambrook”);Current Protocols in Molecular Biology(F.M.Ausubel等编辑,1987,包括2001年内的增刊);PCR:The Polymerase ChainReaction,(Mullis等编辑,1994);Harlow和Lane(1988),Antibodies,A LaboratoryManual,Cold Spring Harbor Publications,New York;Harlow和Lane(1999),UsingAntibodies:A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,ColdSpring Harbor,NY(本文统称为“Harlow和Lane”);Beaucage等编辑,Current Protocolsin Nucleic Acid Chemistry,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,New York,2000),Handbook ofExperimental Immunology,第4版(D.M.Weir&C.C.Blackwell编辑,Blackwell ScienceInc.,1987),以及Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells(J.M.Miller&M.P.Calos编辑,1987)。其它可使用的参考文献包括Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine(McGraw Hill;J.Isseleacher等编辑)和Lanthanide Luminescence:Photophysical,Analytical and Biological Aspects(Springer-Verlag,Berlin,Heidelberg;Hanninen&Harma编辑,2011)。
定义
如本文所使用,“红外”或“近红外”或“红外光”或者“近红外光”是指由0.74μm处可见红光的标称边缘延伸至300μm测定的在可见光正上面的光谱中的电磁辐射。这些波长对应约1至400THz的频率范围。具体而言,“近红外”或“近红外光”也指在通过水吸收定义的波长中测定为0.75-1.4μm的电磁辐射。
“可见光”定义为波长介于380nm和750nm之间的电磁辐射。通常,包括光的“电磁辐射”由诸如具有高热能的分子(或相邻原子)部分、或者原子(或分子)中电子的带点粒子运动(振动)加速和减速或者变化生成。
如本文所使用的术语“纳米粒子”也可指纳米晶体、纳米棒、纳米簇、簇、粒子、点、量子点、小粒子和纳米结构的材料。术语“纳米粒子”涵盖与量子尺寸效应相关的具有小于100nm的小尺寸(通常但不必要)的所有材料。
“个体”是哺乳动物,包括人。哺乳动物包括但不限于农场动物、娱乐动物、宠物、灵长类、小鼠和大鼠。个体也包括伴侣动物,其包括但不限于狗和猫。在一些方面,个体是非人动物,例如哺乳动物。在另一方面,个体是人。
如本文所使用,除非另有说明,单数形式“一个”、“一种”、和“所述”包括复数形式。
本说明书中通篇所给出的每一最大数值限值包括每一较小数量限值,如同这些较小数量限值在本文中明确写出。本说明书中给出的每一最小数量限值将包括每一较大数量限值,如同这些较大数量限值在本文中明确写出。本说明书所给出的每一数值范围包括落入这些更宽数值范围内的每一较窄数值范围,如同这些较窄数值范围在本文中全部明确写出。
镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子
在材料科学中,掺杂通常用于将特定种类的离子或原子合并至主晶格芯体结构内以产生具有新的和可使用性能的混合材料。当合成纳米粒子时,掺杂不仅可影响粒子的尺寸和形状,也可影响其它性能,例如将近红外(NIR)激发转换成光的可见发射的能力。
镧系金属或镧系元素(也称为“稀土”金属)是原子序数57(镧)至71(镥)的元素,并且由于它们的化学类似性通常包括钇(原子序数39)和钪(原子序数21)。镧系离子表现出独特发光性能,其包括通过称为光子上转换的过程将近红外长波长激发转换成较短可见波长的能力。镧系元素通常以三价阳离子存在,在这种情况下它们的电子构型是(Xe)4f,其中n从1(Ce3+)至14(Lu3+)变化。在f-流形内跃迁是镧系离子的许多光子物理性质的原因,例如长时间发光和尖锐吸收以及发射谱线。f-电子通过填充的5s和5p轨道隔离外部干扰,因而导致线状光谱。此外,镧系元素的f-f电子跃迁是LaPorte禁止的,这导致微秒至毫秒范围的长激发状态期。
在一些实施方案中,任何已知方法可用于合成镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子。这些方法是本领域众所周知的(参见,例如,Xu&Li,2007,Clin Chem.,53(8):1503-10;Wang等,2010,Nature,463(7284):1061-5;美国专利申请公开No.:2003/0030067和2010/0261263;以及美国专利No.:7,550,201,每篇文献的公开内容通过引用方式全部并入本文中)。例如,在一些实施方案中,使用NaYF4介电芯体可合成镧系元素掺杂纳米棒,其中在边搅拌下将0.3gNaOH的DI水溶液(1.5ml)与5ml乙醇和5ml油酸混合。向所得混合物中选择性加入2ml的RECl3(0.2M,RE=Y、Yb、Er、Gd、Sm、Nd或La)以及1ml的NH4F(2M)。然后将溶液转移至高压灭菌器内,并在200℃下加热2h。然后通过离心获得纳米棒,使用水和乙醇洗涤数次,最后重新分散在环己烷中。在另一非限制性例子中,使用添加至含有3ml油酸和7ml的1-十八烯的烧瓶中的在甲醇中2ml的RECl3(0.2M,RE=Y、Yb、Er、Gd、或Tm)可合成纳米粒子。然后将该溶液加热至160℃达30min,然后冷却至室温。此后,将NH4F(1.6mmol)和NaOH(1mmol)的5ml甲醇溶液加入,并将溶液搅拌30min。在蒸发甲醇之后,接着在氩气下将溶液加热至300℃达1.5h并冷却至室温。通过加入乙醇来沉淀所得纳米粒子,通过离心收集,使用甲醇和乙醇洗涤数次,并最终重新分散在环己烷中。
在一个实施方案中,镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子芯体的材料可包括大量介电材料。在各实施方案中,介电芯体可包括镧系元素掺杂氧化物材料。镧系元素包括镧(La)、铈(Ce)、镨(Pr)、钕(Nd)、钷(Pm)、钐(Sm)、铕(Eu)、钆(Gd)、铽(Tb)、镝(Dy)、钬(Ho)、铒(Er)、铥(Tm)、镱(Yb)、和镥(Lu)。其它合适的介电芯体材料包括非镧系元素,例如钇(Y)和钪(Sc)。因此,合适的介电芯体材料包括但不限于Y2O3、Y2O2S、NaYF4、NaYbF4、Na掺杂的YbF3、YAG、YAP、Nd2O3、LaF3、LaCl3、La2O3、TiO2、LuPO4、YVO4、YbF3、YF3、或SiO2。在一个实施方案中,介电纳米粒子芯体是NaYF4。使用一种或多种Er、Eu、Yb、Tm、Nd、Tb、Ce、Y、U、Pr、La、Gd和其它稀土种类或其组合可掺杂这些介电芯体。在一个实施方案中,使用Gd来掺杂介电芯体材料。在另一个实施方案中,镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子包含NaYF4:Yb/X/Gd,其中X是Er、Tm、或Er/Tm。在一些实施方案中,镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子包含使用约0mol%、约5mol%、约10mol%、约15mol%、约20mol%、约25mol%、约30mol%、约35mol%、约40mol%、约45mol%、约50mol%、约55mol%、约60mol%(包括介于这些值之间的任意mol%)中的任一摩尔百分比的Gd3+离子掺杂的NaYF4:Yb/Er(18/2mol%)介电芯体。在其它实施方案中,镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子包含使用约0mol%、约5mol%、约10mol%、约15mol%、约20mol%、约25mol%、或约30mol%(包括介于这些值之间的任意mol%)中的任一摩尔百分比的Yb3+离子掺杂的NaYF4:Yb/Er(18/2mol%)介电芯体。在其它实施方案中,镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子包含使用约0mol%、约5mol%、约10mol%、约15mol%、约20mol%、约25mol%、或约30mol%(包括介于这些值之间的任意mol%)中的任一摩尔百分比的Er3+离子掺杂的NaYF4:Yb/Er(18/2mol%)介电芯体。在其它实施方案中,镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子包含使用约0mol%、约5mol%、约10mol%、约15mol%、约20mol%、约25mol%、或约30mol%(包括介于这些值之间的任意mol%)中的任一摩尔百分比的Tm3+离子掺杂的NaYF4:Yb/Er(18/2mol%)介电芯体。在另一个实施方案中,镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子选自NaYF4:Yb/Er/Gd(18/2/5mol%);NaYF4:Yb/Tm/Er/Gd(20/0.2/0.1/5mol%);NaYF4:Yb/Tm/Er/Gd(20/0.2/0.05/5mol%);和NaYF4:Yb/Tm/Gd(20/0.2/5mol%)。
在一些方面,使本文公开的镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子与一种或多种递送分子缀合以将它们靶向至在目标神经细胞(例如,在它的质膜上表达一种或多种光响应性视蛋白的神经细胞)的表面上表达的一种或多种分子。这些可包括但不限于抗体或其片段、小分子、以及凝集素或者任何其它碳水化合物基序。递送分子确保镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子保持紧密接近视蛋白以使得在上转换IR或NIR电磁辐射时可激活。缀合纳米粒子的抗体是本领域众所周知的(参见,例如,美国专利申请公开No.:2010/0209352和2008/0267876,其内容据此各自通过引用方式全部并入本文中)。
在另一方面,可将镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子嵌入或包埋在生物相容性材料内,将其通过外科手术放置接近于(例如相邻或周围)目标神经细胞(例如在它的质膜上表达一种或多种光响应性视蛋白的神经细胞)。在一些实施方案中,生物相容性材料透明,因而通过镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子的IR或NIR电磁辐射的上转换产生的可见光可到达在目标神经细胞的表面上表达的光响应性视蛋白。用于嵌入或包埋镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子的生物相容性材料可包括但不限于Ioplex材料和其它水凝胶,例如基于2-羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯或丙烯酰胺的那些;以及聚醚聚氨酯脲(PEUU),包括Biomer(Ethicon Corp.)、Avcothane(Avco-EverrettLaboratories)、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚四氟乙烯(Gore-TexTM)、聚(氯乙烯)、聚二甲基硅氧烷、乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物、针织或编织涤纶、聚酯-聚氨酯、聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯聚氨酯(CorethaneTM)、聚酰胺(Nylon)和聚苯乙烯。在一个实施方案中,生物相容性材料可以为聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)。可用于嵌入和/或包埋本文所公开的镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子的另外的化合物描述在Kirk-Othmer,Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,第3版,1982(第19卷,275-313页,和第18卷,219-2220页);van der Giessen等,1996,Circulation,94:1690-1997(1996);美国专利申请公开No.:2011/0054305,和美国专利No.:6,491,965,其内容据此各自通过引用方式全部并入本文中。
光响应性视蛋白
本文提供用于选择性超极化或去极化中枢或周围神经系统的神经元的基于光遗传学的组合物。光遗传学是指用于控制活组织的靶向细胞中,甚至在自由移动哺乳动物和其它动物内特异性事件的遗传和光学方法和与完整生物系统运行同步所需的时间精度(毫秒时间量程)的组合。光遗传学需要将快速光响应性通道或泵蛋白引至靶神经元细胞的质膜,这使得可在时间上精确操作神经元膜电位,同时通过使用特异性靶向机制来维持细胞类型分辨率。
在本发明中可使用的光响应性视蛋白包括通过光在神经元中诱导超极化的视蛋白并且通过光在神经元中诱导去极化的视蛋白。视蛋白的例子显示在以下表1和2中。
表1显示在整个可见光谱中用于抑制细胞活性的经鉴定的视蛋白:
表2显示在整个可见光谱中用于激发和调制的经鉴定的视蛋白:
如本文所使用,光响应性视蛋白(例如NpHR、BR、AR、GtR3、Mac、ChR2、VChR1、DChR和ChETA)包括天然存在蛋白和功能性变体、片段、包含片段的融合蛋白或者全长蛋白。例如,可缺失信号肽。变体可具有与天然存在的蛋白序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%同一性中任一项的氨基酸序列。功能性变体可具有如天然存在蛋白相同或类似超极化功能或去极化功能。
增加的细胞内转运氨基酸基序
本公开提供通过加入增强至哺乳动物细胞的质膜的转运的一种或多种氨基酸序列基序对在细胞中表达的光响应性视蛋白的修饰。具有来源于进化上更简单生物体的组分的光响应性视蛋白可以不通过哺乳动物细胞来表达或耐受、或者当在哺乳动物细胞中高水平表达时可表现出破坏的亚细胞定位。因此,在一些实施方案中,可将在细胞中表达的光响应性视蛋白与选自信号肽、内质网(ER)输出信号、膜运输信号、和/或N-末端高尔基输出信号的一种或多种氨基酸序列基序融合。可将增强光响应性视蛋白至哺乳动物细胞的质膜的转运的一种或多种氨基酸序列基序与光响应性视蛋白的N-末端、C-末端或者N-和C-末端融合。任选地,通过接头可将光响应性视蛋白和一种或多种氨基酸序列基序分离。在一些实施方案中,通过加入增强蛋白至细胞质膜的转运的运输信号(ts)可修饰光响应性视蛋白。在一些实施方案中,运输信号可来源于人内向整流钾通道Kir2.1的氨基酸序列。在其它实施方案中,运输信号可包含氨基酸序列KSRITSEGEYIPLDQIDINV。
可增强光响应性视蛋白至细胞的质膜的转运的另外的蛋白基序描述在美国专利申请公开No.2009/0093403中,其全部通过引用方式并入本文中。在一些实施方案中,信号肽序列可在蛋白质中缺失或者使用来自不同蛋白质的信号肽序列来取代。
光响应性氯泵
在一些方面,本文所描述的光响应性视蛋白是光响应性氯泵。在本文所提供的方法的一些方面,光响应性氯泵的盐细菌视紫红质家族的一个或多个成员在中枢神经系统和周围神经系统的神经元的质膜上表达。
在一些方面,中枢神经系统或周围神经系统的神经细胞的质膜上表达的所述一种或多种光响应性氯泵蛋白可来源于盐碱古菌。在一些实施方案中,当使用琥珀或红光照射光响应性氯泵蛋白时,光响应性氯泵蛋白可响应琥珀光和红光,并可介导在中间神经元中的超极化电流。可激活光响应性氯泵的光的波长可介于约580至约630nm之间。在一些实施方案中,光的波长可以为约590nm或者光可具有大于约630nm(例如,小于约740nm)的波长。在另一个实施方案中,光具有约630nm的波长。在一些实施方案中,当暴露于光的连续脉冲时,光响应性氯泵蛋白可使神经膜超极化至少约90分钟。在一些实施方案中,光响应性氯泵蛋白可包含与SEQ ID NO:1中所示序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或100%同一性的氨基酸序列。此外,光响应性氯泵蛋白可包含引入天然氨基酸序列的取代、缺失和/或插入以增加或降低对光的灵敏度、增加或降低对特定波长的光的灵敏度、和/或增加或降低光响应性蛋白调节细胞的质膜的极化状态的能力。在一些实施方案中,光响应性氯泵蛋白含有一种或多种保守型氨基酸取代。在一些实施方案中,光响应性蛋白含有一种或多种非保守型氨基酸取代。含有引入天然氨基酸序列内的取代、缺失、和/或插入的光响应性蛋白合适地保留超极化响应光的神经元细胞的质膜的能力。
此外,在其它方面,光响应性氯泵蛋白可含有与SEQ ID NO:1中所示序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%同一性的核心氨基酸序列以及内质网(ER)输出信号。可将该ER输出信号与核心氨基酸序列的C-末端融合或者可将其与核心氨基酸序列的N-末端融合。在一些实施方案中,通过接头来连接ER输出信号与核心氨基酸序列。接头可包含长度为约5、10、20、30、40、50、75、100、125、150、175、200、225、250、275、300、400、或500个氨基酸中的任一种。接头可进一步包含荧光蛋白,例如但不限于黄色荧光蛋白、红色荧光蛋白、绿色荧光蛋白、或者蓝绿色荧光蛋白。在一些实施方案中,ER输出信号可包含氨基酸序列FXYENE,其中X可以为任何氨基酸。在另一个实施方案中,ER输出信号可包含氨基酸序列VXXSL,其中X可以为任何氨基酸。在一些实施方案中,ER输出信号可包含氨基酸序列FCYENEV。
在其它方面,本文所提供的光响应性氯泵蛋白可包含在细胞膜上表达的光响应性蛋白,其中蛋白包含与SEQ ID NO:1中所示的序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%同一性的核心氨基酸序列以及运输信号(例如,其可增强光响应性氯泵蛋白至质膜的转运)。可将运输信号与核心氨基酸序列的C-末端融合或者可将其与核心氨基酸序列的N-末端融合。在一些实施方案中,通过接头可连接运输信号与核心氨基酸序列,该接头可包含长度为约5、10、20、30、40、50、75、100、125、150、175、200、225、250、275、300、400、或500个氨基酸中任一种。接头可进一步包含荧光蛋白,例如但不限于黄色荧光蛋白、红色荧光蛋白、绿色荧光蛋白、或者蓝绿色荧光蛋白。在一些实施方案中,运输信号可来源于人内向整流钾通道Kir2.1的氨基酸序列。在其它实施方案中,运输信号可包含氨基酸序列KSRITSEGEYIPLDQIDINV。
在一些方面,光响应性氯泵蛋白可包含与SEQ ID NO:1中所示序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%同一性的核心氨基酸序列以及选自ER输出信号、信号肽、和膜运输信号的增强至哺乳动物细胞的质膜的转运的至少一种(例如一种、两种、三种或多种)氨基酸序列基序。在一些实施方案中,光响应性氯泵蛋白包含N-末端信号肽、C-末端ER输出信号、和C-末端运输信号。在一些实施方案中,通过接头可连接C-末端ER输出信号与C-末端运输信号。接头可包含长度为约5、10、20、30、40、50、75、100、125、150、175、200、225、250、275、300、400、或500个氨基酸中的任一种。接头可进一步包含荧光蛋白,例如但不限于黄色荧光蛋白、红色荧光蛋白、绿色荧光蛋白、或者蓝绿色荧光蛋白。在一些实施方案中,ER输出信号可比运输信号更加靠近C-端。在其它实施方案中,运输信号比ER输出信号更加靠近C-端。在一些实施方案中,信号肽包含氨基酸序列MTETLPPVTESAVALQAE。在另一个实施方案中,光响应性氯泵蛋白包含与SEQ ID NO:2至少95%同一性的氨基酸序列。
而且,在其它方面,光响应性氯泵蛋白可包含与SEQ ID NO:1中所示序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%同一性的核心氨基酸序列,其中SEQ ID NO:1的N-末端信号肽缺失或被取代。在一些实施方案中,可使用其它信号肽(例如,来自其它视蛋白的信号肽)。光响应性蛋白可进一步包含本文所描述的ER转运信号和/或膜运输信号。在一些实施方案中,光响应性氯泵蛋白包含与SEQ ID NO:3至少95%同一性的氨基酸序列。
在一些实施方案中,光响应性视蛋白是包含与SEQ ID NO:1中所示序列至少95%、至少96%、至少97%、至少98%、至少99%或100%同一性的氨基酸序列的NpHR视蛋白。在一些实施方案中,NpHR视蛋白进一步包含内质网(ER)输出信号和/或膜运输信号。例如,NpHR视蛋白包含与SEQ ID NO:1中所示序列至少95%同一性的氨基酸序列以及内质网(ER)输出信号。在一些实施方案中,通过接头来连接与SEQ ID NO:1中所示序列至少95%同一性氨基酸序列与ER输出信号。在一些实施方案中,ER输出信号包含氨基酸序列FXYENE,其中X可以为任何氨基酸。在另一个实施方案中,ER输出信号包含氨基酸序列VXXSL,其中X可以为任何氨基酸。在一些实施方案中,ER输出信号包含氨基酸序列FCYENEV。在一些实施方案中,NpHR视蛋白包含与SEQ ID NO:1中所示序列至少95%同一性的氨基酸序列、ER输出信号、和膜运输信号。在其它实施方案中,NpHR视蛋白由N-末端至C-末端包含与SEQ ID NO:1中所示序列至少95%同一性的氨基酸序列、ER输出信号、和膜运输信号。在其它实施方案中,NpHR视蛋白由N-末端至C-末端包含与SEQ ID NO:1中所示序列至少95%同一性的氨基酸序列、膜运输信号、和ER输出信号。在一些实施方案中,膜运输信号来源于人内向整流钾通道Kir2.1的氨基酸序列。在一些实施方案中,膜运输信号包含氨基酸序列K S R I T S E G E Y I P LD Q I D I N V。在一些实施方案中,通过接头来连接膜运输信号和与SEQ ID NO:1中所示序列至少95%同一性的氨基酸序列。在一些实施方案中,通过接头来连接膜运输信号与ER输出信号。接头可包含长度为5、10、20、30、40、50、75、100、125、150、175、200、225、250、275、300、400、或500个氨基酸中的任一种。接头可进一步包含荧光蛋白,例如但不限于黄色荧光蛋白、红色荧光蛋白、绿色荧光蛋白、或者蓝绿色荧光蛋白。在一些实施方案中,光响应性视蛋白进一步包含N-末端信号肽。在一些实施方案中,光响应性视蛋白包含SEQ ID NO:2的氨基酸序列。在一些实施方案中,光响应性视蛋白包含SEQ ID NO:3的氨基酸序列。
本文还提供编码本文所述的任意光响应性氯离子泵蛋白的多核苷酸,例如包含与SEQ ID NO:1中所示序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%同一性的核心氨基酸序列、ER输出信号、和膜运输信号的光响应性蛋白。在另一个实施方案中,多核苷酸包含编码与SEQ ID NO:2和/或SEQ ID NO:3至少95%同一性的氨基酸的序列。多核苷酸可以在表达载体中(例如但不限于本文所述病毒载体)。多核苷酸可用于在中枢或周围神经系统的神经元中表达的光响应性氯离子泵蛋白。
与光响应性氯泵蛋白相关的进一步公开可在美国专利申请公开No:2009/0093403和2010/0145418以及国际专利申请No:PCT/US2011/028893中找到,每篇文献的公开内容据此通过引用方式全部并入。
光响应性质子泵
在一些方面,本文所述的光响应性视蛋白是光响应性质子泵。在本文所提供的组合物和方法的一些方面,一种或多种光响应性质子泵在中枢或周围神经系统的神经元的质膜上表达。
在一些实施方案中,当使用蓝光照射细胞时,光响应性质子泵蛋白可响应蓝光以及可来源于蓝隐藻,其中质子泵蛋白能够介导在细胞中超极化电流。光可具有介于约450至约495nm之间的波长或者可具有约490nm的波长。在另一个实施方案中,光响应性质子泵蛋白可包含与SEQ ID NO:4中所示序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%同一性的氨基酸序列。光响应性质子泵蛋白可另外包含引入天然氨基酸序列的取代、缺失和/或插入以增加或降低对光的灵敏度、增加或降低对光的特定波长的灵敏度、和/或增加或降低光响应性质子泵蛋白调节细胞的质膜的极化状态的能力。此外,光响应性质子泵蛋白可含有一种或多种保守型氨基酸取代和/或一种或多种非保守型氨基酸取代。含有引入天然氨基酸序列内的取代、缺失、和/或插入的光响应性质子泵蛋白合适地保留超极化响应光的神经元细胞的质膜的能力。
在本文所公开的方法的其它方面,光响应性质子泵蛋白可包含与SEQ ID NO:4中所示序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%同一性的核心氨基酸序列以及选自信号肽、ER输出信号、和膜运输信号的增强至哺乳动物细胞的质膜的转运的至少一种(例如一种、两种、三种、或多种)氨基酸序列基序。在一些实施方案中,光响应性质子泵蛋白包含N-末端信号肽和C-末端ER输出信号。在一些实施方案中,光响应性质子泵蛋白包含N-末端信号肽和C-末端运输信号。在一些实施方案中,光响应性质子泵蛋白包含N-末端信号肽、C-末端ER输出信号、和C-末端运输信号。在一些实施方案中,光响应性质子泵蛋白包含C-末端ER输出信号和C-末端运输信号。在一些实施方案中,通过接头来连接C-末端ER输出信号和C-末端运输信号。接头可包含长度为约5、10、20、30、40、50、75、100、125、150、175、200、225、250、275、300、400、或500个氨基酸中的任一种。接头可进一步包含荧光蛋白,例如但不限于黄色荧光蛋白、红色荧光蛋白、绿色荧光蛋白、或者蓝绿色荧光蛋白。在一些实施方案中,ER输出信号可比运输信号更加靠近C-端。在一些实施方案中,运输信号比ER输出信号更加靠近C-端。
本文还提供编码本文所述的任何光响应性质子泵蛋白的分离的多核苷酸,例如包含与SEQ ID NO:4中所示序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%同一性的核心氨基酸序列的光响应性质子泵蛋白。本文还提供包含编码诸如包含与SEQ ID NO:4中所示序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%同一性的核心氨基酸序列的光响应性质子泵蛋白的本文所述蛋白的多核苷酸的表达载体(例如本文所述的病毒载体)。多核苷酸用于在中枢或周围神经系统的神经细胞中表达的光响应性质子泵。
与光响应性质子泵蛋白相关的进一步公开可在国际专利申请No.PCT/US2011/028893中找到,其公开内容据此通过引用方式全部并入。
光激活的阳离子通道蛋白
在一些方面,本文所述的光响应性视蛋白是光激活的阳离子通道蛋白。在本文所提供的方法的一些方面,一种或多种光激活的阳离子通道可在中枢或周围神经系统的神经细胞的质膜上表达。
在一些方面,光激活的阳离子通道蛋白可来源于莱茵衣藻,其中当使用光照射细胞时,阳离子通道蛋白能够介导在细胞中去极化电流。在另一个实施方案中,光激活的阳离子通道蛋白可包含与SEQ ID NO:5中所示序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%同一性的氨基酸序列。用于激活来源于莱茵衣藻的光激活的阳离子通道蛋白的光可具有介于约460至约495nm之间的波长或者可具有约480nm的波长。此外,光可具有至少约100Hz的强度。在一些实施方案中,使用具有100Hz的强度的光对来源于莱茵衣藻的光激活的阳离子通道的激活可导致表达光激活的阳离子通道的神经元的去极化诱导的突触耗竭。光激活的阳离子通道蛋白可另外包含引入天然氨基酸序列的取代、缺失和/或插入以增加或降低对光的灵敏度、增加或降低对光的特定波长的灵敏度、和/或增加或降低光激活的阳离子通道蛋白调节细胞的质膜的极化状态的能力。
此外,光激活的阳离子通道蛋白可含有一种或多种保守型氨基酸取代和/或一种或多种非保守型氨基酸取代。含有引入天然氨基酸序列内的取代、缺失、和/或插入的光激活的质子泵蛋白合适地保留超极化响应光的神经元细胞的质膜的能力。
与光激活的阳离子通道蛋白相关的进一步公开可在美国专利申请公开No.2007/0054319和国际专利申请公开No.WO 2009/131837和WO 2007/024391中找到,每篇文献的公开内容据此通过引用方式全部并入。
阶跃函数视蛋白(Step function opsin)和稳定的阶跃函数视蛋白
在其它实施方案中,光激活的阳离子通道蛋白可以为在蛋白的视黄醇结合袋(retinal binding pocket)中在关键位置处可具有特异性氨基酸取代的阶跃函数视蛋白(SFO)或者稳定的阶跃函数视蛋白(SSFO)。在一些实施方案中,SFO蛋白可具有在SEQ IDNO:5中的氨基酸残基C128处突变。在其它实施方案中,SFO蛋白具有在SEQ ID NO:5中C128A突变。在其它实施方案中,SFO蛋白具有在SEQ ID NO:5中C128S突变。在另一个实施方案中,SFO蛋白具有在SEQ ID NO:5中C128T突变。在一些实施方案中,SFO蛋白可包含与SEQ IDNO:6中所示序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%同一性的氨基酸序列。
在一些实施方案中,SSFO蛋白可具有在SEQ ID NO:5的氨基酸残基D156处突变。在其它实施方案中,SSFO蛋白可具有在SEQ ID NO:5的氨基酸残基C128和D156处突变。在一个实施方案中,SSFO蛋白具有在SEQ ID NO:5中C128S和D156A突变。在另一个实施方案中,SSFO蛋白可包含与SEQ ID NO:7中所示序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%同一性的氨基酸序列。
在一些实施方案中,当使用蓝光照射细胞时,本文所提供的SFO或SSFO蛋白能够介导在细胞中去极化电流。在其它实施方案中,光可具有约445nm的波长。此外,光可具有约100Hz的强度。在一些实施方案中,使用具有100Hz的强度的光对SFO或SSFO蛋白的激活可导致表达SFO或SSFO蛋白的神经元的去极化诱导的突触耗竭。在一些实施方案中,所公开的阶跃函数视蛋白和稳定的阶跃函数视蛋白可分别具有用于去极化响应光的神经元细胞的膜的特异性性能和特征。
与SFO或SSFO蛋白相关的进一步公开可在国际专利申请公开No.WO 2010/056970以及美国临时专利申请No.61/410,704和61/511,905中找到,每篇文献的公开内容据此通过引用方式全部并入。
C1V1嵌合阳离子通道
在其它实施方案中,光激活的阳离子通道蛋白可以为来源于团藻的VChR1蛋白和莱茵衣藻的ChR1蛋白的C1V1嵌合蛋白,其中蛋白包含具有被ChR1的第一和第二跨膜螺旋替代的至少第一和第二跨膜螺旋的VChR1的氨基酸序列;响应光;并且当使用光照射细胞时能够介导在细胞中去极化电流。在一些实施方案中,C1V1蛋白可进一步包含位于嵌合光响应性蛋白的第二和第三跨膜螺旋之间的细胞内环状结构域内置换,其中细胞内环状结构域的至少一部分被ChR1的对应部分替代。在另一个实施方案中,C1V1嵌合蛋白的细胞内环状结构域的部分可被延伸至ChR1的氨基酸残基A145的ChR1的对应部分替代。在其它实施方案中,C1V1嵌合蛋白可进一步包含在嵌合光响应性蛋白的第三跨膜螺旋内置换,其中第三跨膜螺旋的至少一部分被ChR1的对应序列替代。在又一实施方案中,C1V1嵌合蛋白的细胞内环状结构域的部分可被延伸至ChR1的氨基酸残基W163的ChR1的对应部分替代。在其它实施方案中,C1V1嵌合蛋白可包含与SEQ ID NO:8中所示序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%同一性的氨基酸序列。
在一些实施方案中,当使用绿光照射时,C1V1蛋白可介导在细胞中去极化电流。在其它实施方案中,光可具有介于约540nm至约560nm的波长。在一些实施方案中,光可具有约542nm的波长。在一些实施方案中,当使用紫色光照射细胞时,C1V1嵌合蛋白能够介导在细胞中去极化电流。在一些实施方案中,当使用具有约405nm的波长的光照射细胞时,嵌合蛋白能够介导在细胞中去极化电流。此外,光可具有约100Hz的强度。在一些实施方案中,使用具有100Hz的强度的光对C1V1嵌合蛋白的激活可导致表达C1V1嵌合蛋白的神经元的去极化诱导的突触耗竭。在一些实施方案中,公开的C1V1嵌合蛋白可具有用于去极化响应光的神经元细胞的膜的特异性性能和特征。
C1V1嵌合突变体
在一些方面,本发明可包括包含取代或突变的氨基酸序列的多肽,其中突变多肽保留前体C1V1嵌合多肽的特征性光响应性质,但在一些具体方面中也可具有改变的性能。例如,本文所述的突变光激活的C1V1嵌合蛋白在动物细胞内或者在动物细胞质膜上可表现出增加水平的表达;当暴露于光的不同波长、特别是红光时的改变的响应;和/或特征的组合,其中嵌合C1V1多肽具有低脱敏作用、快速失活、与其它光激活的阳离子通道具有最小交叉激活的低紫光激活、和/或在动物细胞中强烈表达的性能。
因此,本文提供在嵌合多肽的VChR1部分的视黄醇结合袋中在关键位置处可具有特异性氨基酸取代的C1V1嵌合光激活的蛋白。在一些实施方案中,C1V1蛋白可具有在SEQID NO:7的氨基酸残基E122处突变。在一些实施方案中,C1V1蛋白可具有在SEQ ID NO:7的氨基酸残基E162处突变。在其它实施方案中,C1V1蛋白可具有在SEQ ID NO:7的氨基酸残基E162和E122处突变。在其它实施方案中,C1V1蛋白可包含与SEQ ID NO:9、SEQ ID NO:10、或SEQ ID NO:11中所示序列至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%同一性的氨基酸序列。在一些实施方案中,公开的突变C1V1嵌合蛋白可分别具有用于去极化响应光的动物细胞的膜的特异性性能和特征。
在一些方面,当使用光照射细胞时,C1V1-E122突变嵌合蛋白能够介导在细胞中去极化电流。在一些实施方案中,光可以为绿光。在其它实施方案中,光可具有介于约540nm至约560nm之间的波长。在一些实施方案中,光可具有约546nm的波长。在其它实施方案中,当使用红光照射细胞时,C1V1-E122突变嵌合蛋白可介导在细胞中去极化电流。在一些实施方案中,红光可具有约630nm的波长。在一些实施方案中,当使用紫色光照射细胞时,C1V1-E122突变嵌合蛋白在细胞中未介导去极化电流。在一些实施方案中,当使用具有约405nm的波长的光照射细胞时,嵌合蛋白在细胞中未介导去极化电流。此外,光可具有约100Hz的强度。在一些实施方案中,使用具有100Hz的强度的光对C1V1-E122突变嵌合蛋白的激活可导致表达C1V1-E122突变嵌合蛋白的神经元的去极化诱导的突触耗竭。在一些实施方案中,公开的C1V1-E122突变嵌合蛋白可具有用于去极化响应光的神经元细胞的膜的特异性性能和特征。
在其它方面,当使用光照射细胞时,C1V1-E162突变嵌合蛋白能够介导在细胞中去极化电流。在一些实施方案中,光可以为绿光。在其它实施方案中,光可具有介于约540nm至约535nm之间的波长。在一些实施方案中,光可具有约542nm的波长。在其它实施方案中,光可具有约530nm的波长。在一些实施方案中,当使用紫色光照射细胞时,C1V1-E162突变嵌合蛋白在细胞中未介导去极化电流。在一些实施方案中,当使用具有约405nm的波长的光照射细胞时,嵌合蛋白在细胞中未介导去极化电流。此外,光可具有约100Hz的强度。在一些实施方案中,使用具有100Hz的强度的光对C1V1-E162突变嵌合蛋白的激活可导致表达C1V1-E162突变嵌合蛋白的神经元的去极化诱导的突触耗竭。在一些实施方案中,公开的C1V1-E162突变嵌合蛋白可具有用于去极化响应光的神经元细胞的膜的特异性性能和特征。
在其它方面,当使用光照射细胞时,C1V1-E122/E162突变嵌合蛋白能够介导在细胞中去极化电流。在一些实施方案中,光可以为绿光。在其它实施方案中,光可具有介于约540nm至约560nm之间的波长。在一些实施方案中,光可具有约546nm的波长。在一些实施方案中,当使用紫色光照射细胞时,C1V1-E122/E162突变嵌合蛋白在细胞中未介导去极化电流。在一些实施方案中,当使用具有约405nm的波长的光照射细胞时,嵌合蛋白在细胞中未介导去极化电流。在一些实施方案中,当暴露于紫色光时,相对于缺乏在E122/E162处突变的C1V1嵌合蛋白或者相对于其它光激活的阳离子通道蛋白,C1V1-E122/E162突变嵌合蛋白可表现出更少激活。此外,光可具有约100Hz的强度。在一些实施方案中,使用具有100Hz的强度的光对C1V1-E122/E162突变嵌合蛋白的激活可导致表达C1V1-E122/E162突变嵌合蛋白的神经元的去极化诱导的突触耗竭。在一些实施方案中,公开的C1V1-E122/E162突变嵌合蛋白可具有用于去极化响应光的神经元细胞的膜的特异性性能和特征。
与C1V1嵌合阳离子通道及其突变体相关的进一步公开可在美国临时专利申请No.61/410,736、61/410,744、和61/511,912中找到,每篇文献的公开内容据此通过引用方式全部并入。
多核苷酸
本公开也提供包含编码本文所述光响应性视蛋白的核苷酸序列的多核苷酸。在一些实施方案中,多核苷酸包含表达盒(expression cassette)。在一些实施方案中,多核苷酸是包含上述核酸的载体。在一些实施方案中,编码本公开的光激活的蛋白的核酸可操作连接启动子。启动子是本领域众所周知的。在宿主细胞中作用的任何启动子可用于表达本公开的光响应性视蛋白和/或其任何变体。在一个实施方案中,用于驱动光响应性视蛋白的表达的启动子是对运动神经元特异的启动子。在另一个实施方案中,用于驱动光响应性视蛋白的表达的启动子是对中枢神经系统神经元特异的启动子。在其它实施方案中,启动子能够驱动在交感神经和/或副交感神经系统的神经元中光响应性视蛋白的表达。有多种用于在具体动物细胞中驱动光响应性视蛋白或其变体的表达的启动控制区或启动子,并且其均是本领域技术人员所熟悉的。可使用能够驱动这些核酸的几乎任何启动子。运动神经元特异性基因的例子可在诸如Kudo,等,Human Mol.Genetics,2010,19(16):3233-3253中找到,其内容全部通过引用方式并入。在一些实施方案中,用于驱动光激活的蛋白的表达的启动子可以为Thy1启动子,其能够驱动在中枢和周围神经系统的神经元中转基因的稳定表达(参见,例如,Llewellyn,等,2010,Nat.Med.,16(10):1161-1166)。在其它实施方案中,用于驱动光响应性视蛋白的表达的启动子可以为EF1α启动子、巨细胞病毒(CMV)启动子、CAG启动子、突触蛋白(sinapsin)启动子、或者在哺乳动物的周围和/或中枢神经系统神经元中能够驱动光响应性视蛋白的表达的任何其它普遍存在的启动子。
本文还提供包含编码本文所述的光响应性视蛋白或其变体的核苷酸序列的载体。根据本发明可施用的载体也包括包含编码RNA(例如,mRNA)的核苷酸序列的载体,当由载体的多核苷酸转录时,其导致在靶动物细胞的质膜上光响应性视蛋白的累积。可使用的载体包括但不限于慢病毒(lentiviral)、HSV、腺病毒、和腺伴随病毒(AAV)载体。慢病毒属包括但不限于HIV-1、HIV-2、SIV、FIV和EIAV。使用包括但不限于VSV、狂犬病、Mo-MLV、杆状病毒和埃博拉病毒(Ebola)的其它病毒的包膜蛋白可得到假型慢病毒属。使用本领域的标准方法可制备这些载体。
在一些实施方案中,载体是重组AAV载体。AAV载体是具有相对较小尺寸的DNA病毒,可以稳定和位点特异性方式将其整合至它们感染的细胞的基因组内。它们能够感染大量细胞,而不对细胞生长、形态或分化产生任何作用,并且它们似乎与人病理无关。已经克隆、测序和特征化AAV基因组。它包括约4700个碱基对以及在各端点处含有约145个碱基对的反向末端重复(ITR)区,其用作病毒复制的起点。基因组的剩余部分被分化为携有衣壳化功能的两个基本区:基因组的左侧部分,其含有与病毒复制和病毒基因表达相关的rep基因;和基因组的右侧部分,其含有编码病毒的衣壳蛋白的cap基因。
使用本领域标准方法可制备AAV载体。任何血清型的腺伴随病毒均合适(参见,例如,Blacklow,“Parvoviruses and Human Disease"J.R.Pattison编辑(1988)的165-174页;Rose,Comprehensive Virology3:1,1974;P.Tattersall“The Evolution ofParvovirus Taxonomy"in Parvoviruses(JR Kerr,SF Cotmore.ME Bloom,RM Linden,CRParrish编辑)p5-14,Hudder Arnold,London,UK(2006);和DE Bowles,JE Rabinowitz,RJSamulski“The Genus Dependovirus"(JR Kerr,SF Cotmore.ME Bloom,RM Linden,CRParrish编辑)p15-23,Hudder Arnold,London,UK(2006),每篇文献的公开内容据此通过引用方式全部并入本文中)。纯化载体的方法可在诸如美国专利No.6,566,118、6,989,264、和6,995,006以及标题为“Methods for Generating High Titer Helper-free Preparationof Recombinant AAV Vectors"的国际专利申请公开No.:WO/1999/011764中找到,其公开内容据此通过引用方式全部并入本文中。混合载体的制备描述在诸如PCT申请No.PCT/US2005/027091中,其公开内容据此通过引用方式全部并入本文中。已经描述用于体外和体内转移基因的来源于AAV的载体的使用(参见,例如,国际专利申请公开No.:WO 91/18088和WO 93/09239;美国专利No.:4,797,368、6,596,535、和5,139,941;和欧洲专利No.:0488528,所有这些据此全部通过引用方式并入本文中)。这些出版物描述其中rep和/或cap基因缺失和通过目标基因代替的各种来源于AAV的构建体,以及用于体外(至培养的细胞内)或体内(直接至机体内)转移目标基因的这些构建体的使用。通过共转染含有侧面与两个AAV反向末端重复(ITR)区连接的目标核酸序列的质粒、和携带AAV衣壳化基因(rep和cap基因)的质粒至使用人辅助病毒(例如,腺病毒)感染的细胞系内可制备根据本发明的复制缺陷性重组AAV。然后通过标准技术来纯化制备的AAV重组体。
在一些实施方案中,将在本发明的方法中使用的载体用壳体包裹到病毒颗粒(例如,包括但不限于AAV1、AAV2、AAV3、AAV4、AAV5,AAV6、AAV7、AAV8、AAV9、AAV10、AAV11、AAV12、AAV13、AAV14、AAV15、和AAV16的AAV病毒颗粒)内。因此,本发明包括包含本文所述的任何载体的重组病毒颗粒(由于它含有重组多核苷酸而为重组体)。制备这些颗粒的方法是本领域已知的,并且描述在美国专利No.6,596,535中,其公开内容据此通过引用方式全部并入。
光响应性视蛋白和镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子的递送
在一些方面,例如通过立体定位注射(参见,例如,Stein等,J.Virol.,1999,73:34243429;Davidson等,Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.,2000,97:3428-3432;Davidson等,Nat.Genet.,1993,3:219-223;和Alisky&Davidson,Hum.Gene Ther.,2000,11:2315-2329,其内容据此各自通过引用方式全部并入本文中)或者荧光检查法,使用本领域已知的神经外科技术经注射针、导管、或相关的装置可将编码本文所公开的光响应性视蛋白的多核苷酸(例如,AAV1载体)直接递送至中枢或周围神经系统的神经元。在一些实施方案中,通过注射至任一种脊神经(例如颈椎脊神经、胸椎脊神经、腰椎脊神经、骶椎脊神经、和/或尾椎脊神经)内可将编码本文所公开的光响应性视蛋白的多核苷酸(例如,AAV1载体)递送至周围神经系统的神经元。
也可使用递送光响应性视蛋白至目标神经的其它方法,例如但不限于使用离子脂类或高分子转染、电穿孔、光学转染、impalefection、或者通过基因枪。
在另一方面,通过周围神经系统的神经元支配的肌肉可直接递送编码本文公开的光响应性视蛋白的多核苷酸(例如,AAV2载体)。由于直接注射病毒载体至支配特定肌肉的具体细胞体内的固有限制性,研究者们已经尝试通过直接注射病毒载体至肌肉内来递送转基因至周围神经元。这些试验显示:诸如腺病毒、AAV2、和狂犬病糖蛋白假型慢病毒的一些病毒血清型可通过肌肉细胞吸收以及穿过神经肌肉突触来退行性转运至运动神经元(参见,例如,Azzouz等,2009,Antioxid Redox Signal.,11(7):1523-34;Kaspar等,2003,Science,301(5634):839-842;Manabe等,2002,Apoptosis,7(4):329-334,每篇文献的公开内容据此通过引用方式全部并入本文中)。
因此,在一些实施方案中,通过直接注射至目标肌肉内可将表达本文公开的光响应性视蛋白的载体(例如,AAV2载体)递送至负责神经支配肌肉的神经元。
取决于纳米粒子待递送的解剖位置,通过诸如血管内、颅内、脑内、肌肉内、皮内、静脉内、眼内、口服、鼻腔、局部、或者通过开放式手术工序的任何途径可将本文公开的镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子递送至表达一种或多种光响应性视蛋白的神经元。通过诸如以上所述那些任一种的用于递送表达光响应性视蛋白的多核苷酸载体的相同途径可另外递送纳米粒子。如在开放式心脏手术时的心脏中、或者在立体定位手术时的脑中、或者通过使用进入具体器官的血液供应的导管对血管内介入方法、或者通过其它介入方法,以开放式方式也可施用纳米粒子。
根据用于制备药学上可使用的组合物的已知方法可配制用于递送和/或储备编码本文所公开的光响应性视蛋白的多核苷酸和/或本文所公开的镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子的药物组合物。配制物描述在多种来源处,这些对于本领域技术人员而言众所周知并容易获得。例如,Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences(Martin E W,1995,Easton Pa.,MackPublishing Company,第19版)描述可结合本发明使用的配制物。适合于胃肠外施用的配制物包括诸如水性无菌注射溶液,其可含有抗氧化剂、缓冲剂、抑菌剂、和导致配制物与预期接受者血液等张的溶质;以及可包含悬浮剂和增稠剂的水性和非水性无菌混悬物。配制物可装入单位剂量或多剂量容器中,例如,密封安瓿和小瓶,并可保存在冷冻干燥(冻干)条件下,在使用之前,仅需诸如注射用水的无菌液体载体条件。
也可通过输液或注射静脉内或腹腔施用镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子。可将纳米粒子和/或细胞的溶液制备在水中,任选与无毒表面活性剂混合。也可将分散物制备在甘油、液态聚乙二醇、三醋精、及其混合物中和在油中。在储备和使用的普通条件下,这些制剂含有防腐剂以防微生物生长。
适合本文所述的镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子注射或输液的药物剂型可包括包含活性成分的无菌水性溶液或分散物或者无菌粉末,其适于无菌可注射或可输液溶液或分散物的临时制备。液态载体或赋形剂可以为包含诸如水、乙醇、多醇(例如,甘油、丙二醇、液态聚乙二醇等)、植物油、无毒甘油酯、及其合适混合物的溶剂或液态分散介质。通过各种抗细菌和抗真菌试剂,例如,对羟苯甲酸酯、氯代丁醇、苯酚、山梨酸、硫柳汞等,可起到预防微生物的作用。
红外或近红外电磁辐射的来源
结合本文所述的镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子,能够产生具有在红外(IR)或近红外(NIR)光谱中波长的电磁辐射的来源的任何装置可用于激活在神经元的表面上表达的一种或多种光响应性蛋白。IR或NIR来源可配置提供对脑的特异性靶区域的光学刺激。IR或NIR来源可另外提供连续IR或NIR电磁辐射和/或脉冲的IR或NIR电磁辐射,并可将其程序化以提供按预先确定脉冲顺序的IR或NIR电磁辐射。
在其它方面,植入式IR或NIR来源无需物理固定至外部电源。在一些实施方案中,电源可以为用于供电IR或NIR来源的外部电池。在另一个实施方案中,植入式IR或NIR来源可包括用于接收来自供电IR或NIR来源的外部电源的无线传输电磁能的外部天线。无线传输电磁能可以为无线电波、微波、或者可由外部来源传输以供电产生IR或NIR的来源的任何其它电磁能来源。在一个实施方案中,通过使用本领域已知的半导体或其它方法产生的集成电路来控制IR或NIR来源。
在一些方面,通过外部控制器可外部激活植入式IR或NIR电磁辐射来源。外部控制器可包括电力发电机,该电力发电机可安装至发射线圈。在外部控制器的一些实施方案中,电池可连接电力发电机以用于对其供电。开关连接电力发电机,使得人们可手动启动或关闭电力发电机。在一些实施方案中,一旦打开开关,电力发电机通过在外部控制器上发射线圈和植入式IR或NIR来源的外部天线之间的电磁耦合来为IR或NIR电磁辐射来源供电。当使用射频电磁感应耦合时,无线电波的工作频率可介于约1至20MHz之间,其包括这些数字之间的任何值(例如,约1MHz、约2MHz、约3MHz、约4MHz、约5MHz、约6MHz、约7MHz、约8MHz、约9MHz、约10MHz、约11MHz、约12MHz、约13MHz、约14MHz、约15MHz、约16MHz、约17MHz、约18MHz、约19MHz、或约20MHz)。然而,可使用其它耦合技术,例如光接收器或生物医学遥测系统(参见,例如,Kiourti,“Biomedical Telemetry:Communication between Implanted Devicesand the External World,Opticon1826,(8):Spring,2010)。
在一些方面,通过IR或NIR电磁辐射来源产生的到达神经细胞(例如表达一种或多种光响应性视蛋白的神经细胞)的IR或NIR电磁辐射的强度具有以下任一种的强度:约0.05mW/mm2、0.1mW/mm2、0.2mW/mm2、0.3mW/mm2、0.4mW/mm2、0.5mW/mm2、约0.6mW/mm2、约0.7mW/mm2、约0.8mW/mm2、约0.9mW/mm2、约1.0mW/mm2、约1.1mW/mm2、约1.2mW/mm2、约1.3mW/mm2、约1.4mW/mm2、约1.5mW/mm2、约1.6mW/mm2、约1.7mW/mm2、约1.8mW/mm2、约1.9mW/mm2、约2.0mW/mm2、约2.1mW/mm2、约2.2mW/mm2、约2.3mW/mm2、约2.4mW/mm2、约2.5mW/mm2、约3mW/mm2、约3.5mW/mm2、约4mW/mm2、约4.5mW/mm2、约5mW/mm2、约5.5mW/mm2、约6mW/mm2、约7mW/mm2、约8mW/mm2、约9mW/mm2、或约10mW/mm2,包括这些数字之间的值。
在其它方面,通过IR或NIR电磁辐射来源产生的IR或NIR电磁辐射可具有涵盖全部红外光谱的波长,例如约740nm至约300,000nm。在其它实施方案中,通过IR或NIR电磁辐射来源产生的IR或NIR电磁辐射可具有对应于NIR光谱的波长,例如约740nm至约1400nm。在其它实施方案中,产生的NIR电磁辐射具有介于700nm至1000nm之间的波长。
在一些方面,当结合本文所公开的镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子使用时,IR或NIR电磁辐射来源用于超极化或去极化在个体的脑或中枢神经系统中神经细胞(例如表达一种或多种光响应性视蛋白的神经细胞)的质膜。在一些实施方案中,在未穿刺骨骼下在临近目标脑区域的区域中将个体的颅骨手术薄化。然后将IR或NIR电磁辐射来源直接放置在薄化的颅骨区域。在其它实施方案中,将IR或NIR电磁辐射发生器植入直接临近薄化颅骨区域的个体皮肤下。
在一些方面,当结合本文所公开的镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子使用时,IR或NIR电磁辐射来源用于超极化或去极化在个体的周围神经系统中神经细胞(例如表达一种或多种光响应性视蛋白的神经细胞)的质膜。在一些实施方案中,将IR或NIR电磁辐射来源手术植入直接临近目标外周神经细胞的个体皮肤下。在其它实施方案中,将IR或NIR电磁辐射来源正对直接临近目标外周神经细胞的皮肤放置。在一个实施方案中,IR或NIR电磁辐射来源以手镯或袖口构型保持在皮肤中。
IR或NIR电磁辐射来源的例子、特别是可植入皮肤下的足够小的那些可在美国专利申请公开No.:2009/0143842、2011/0152969、2011/0144749、和2011/0054305中找到,每篇文献的公开内容据此通过引用方式全部并入本文中。
在再一方面,可将本文公开的镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子暴露于可见光谱中较长波长光(例如红光)以将较长波长可见光上转换成较短波长可见光(例如蓝或绿光)。如上所述,光较差地通过生物组织。然而,当可见光确实穿透至组织内时,它通常为对应红光的较高波长(例如,约620nm至740nm之间)。因此,本文公开的镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子可结合可见光的光源用于将对应红光的波长上转成对应绿或蓝光的波长内(例如,约440nm至570nm之间)。包括光源的光刺激装置的例子可在国际专利申请No.:PCT/US08/50628和PCT/US09/49936以及在Llewellyn等,2010,Nat.Med.,16(10):161-165中找到,每篇文献的公开内容据此通过引用方式全部并入本文中。
本发明的方法
神经细胞的去极化
本文提供使个体中神经细胞的质膜去极化的方法,其包括:接近神经细胞放置多种镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子;和将多种纳米粒子暴露于在红外(IR)或近红外(NIR)光谱中的电磁辐射,其中通过纳米粒子将在IR或NIR光谱中的电磁辐射上转换成在可见光谱中的光,并且其中光响应性视蛋白在神经细胞的质膜上表达并且通过在可见光谱中的光对视蛋白的激活诱导质膜的去极化。
本文还提供使个体中神经细胞的质膜去极化的方法,其包括:向个体的脑中的神经细胞施用编码光响应性视蛋白的多核苷酸,其中光响应性蛋白在神经细胞的质膜上表达和当使用光照射时视蛋白能够诱导神经细胞的膜去极化;接近神经细胞施用多种镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子;以及将多种纳米粒子暴露于在红外(IR)或近(IR)光谱中的电磁辐射,其中将在IR或近IR光谱中的电磁辐射上转换成在可见光谱中的光并且通过在可见光谱中的光对视蛋白的激活诱导质膜的去极化。
在一些实施方案中,光响应性视蛋白是ChR2、V ChR1或C1V1。在其它实施方案中,光响应性视蛋白选自SFO、SSFO、C1V1-E122、C1V1-E162和C1V1-E122/E162。
镧系金属可以为任何镧系元素的离子或原子,例如镧、铈、镨、钕、钷、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱或镥。在其它实施方案中,纳米粒子包含NaYF4:Yb/X/Gd,其中X是Er、Tm或Er/Tm。
可将在IR或近IR光谱中的电磁辐射上转换成具有约450nm至约550nm的波长的光。光可具有对应于红、黄、琥珀、橙、绿、或蓝光的波长。在一些实施方案中,个体是人或非人动物。在其它实施方案中,神经细胞在周围神经系统中。在另一个实施方案中,神经细胞在中枢神经系统中。
神经细胞的超极化
本文提供使个体中神经细胞的质膜超极化的方法,其包括:接近神经细胞放置多种镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子;和将多种纳米粒子暴露于在红外(IR)或近红外(NIR)光谱中的电磁辐射,其中通过纳米粒子将在IR或NIR光谱中的电磁辐射上转换成在可见光谱中的光,并且其中光响应性视蛋白在神经细胞的质膜上表达并且通过在可见光谱中的光对视蛋白的激活诱导质膜的超极化。
本文还提供使个体中神经细胞的质膜超极化的方法,其包括:向个体的脑中的神经细胞施用编码光响应性视蛋白的多核苷酸,其中光响应性蛋白在神经细胞的质膜上表达和当使用光照射时视蛋白能够诱导神经细胞的膜去极化;接近神经细胞施用多种镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子;以及将多种纳米粒子暴露于在红外(IR)或近(IR)光谱中的电磁辐射,其中将在IR或近IR光谱中的电磁辐射上转换成在可见光谱中的光并且通过在所述可见光谱中的光对视蛋白的激活诱导质膜的超极化。
在一些实施方案中,光响应性视蛋白是NpHR或GtR3。
镧系金属可以为任何镧系元素的离子或原子,例如镧、铈、镨、钕、钷、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱或镥。在其它实施方案中,纳米粒子包含NaYF4:Yb/X/Gd,其中X是Er、Tm或Er/Tm。
可将IR或近IR光谱中的电磁辐射上转换成具有约450nm至约550nm的波长的光。光可具有对应于红、黄、琥珀、橙、绿或蓝光的波长。在一些实施方案中,个体是人或非人动物。在其它实施方案中,神经细胞在周围神经系统中。在另一个实施方案中,神经细胞在中枢神经系统中。
试剂盒
本文还提供包括编码光响应性视蛋白(例如本文所述的任何光响应性视蛋白)的多核苷酸和在本文所公开的方法中用于改变中枢和/或周围神经系统的一种或多种神经元的膜极化状态的镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子的试剂盒。在一些实施方案中,试剂盒进一步包括红外或近红外电磁辐射来源。在其它实施方案中,试剂盒进一步包括使用本文所述的多核苷酸和镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子的说明书。在又一其它实施方案中,将本文所述的镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子嵌入和/或包埋在生物相容性材料(例如上述的任何生物相容性材料)中。
示例性实施方案
鉴于结合附图的本公开的各实施方案的详细描述可更充分地理解本公开的各方面。该描述和各实施方案展示如下:
可结合一个或多个上述方面、实施方案和实施方式以及附图中所示和以下所描述的那些来实施本文讨论的实施方案和具体应用。也可参照Wang等,2010,Nature,463(7284):1061-5,其全部通过引用方式并入本文中。对于光响应性分子和/或视蛋白的进一步细节,包括方法、装置和材料,也可参照以下背景公开:Zhang等的标题为"System forOptical Stimulation of Target Cells"的美国专利公开No.2010/0190229;Boyden等的标题为"System for Optical Stimulation of Target Cells"的美国专利公开No.2007/0261127。这些申请构成临时专利文件的一部分,并通过引用方式全部并入本文中。与这些公开一致,在哺乳动物细胞中可体内和体外使用多种视蛋白以提供光刺激和对靶细胞的控制。例如,当将ChR2引入诸如神经元的电可兴奋细胞内时,ChR2光敏感通道的光激活可导致细胞的激发和/或激活。在将NpHR引入诸如神经元的电可兴奋细胞内的情况下,NpHR视蛋白的光激活可导致对细胞激活的抑制。以上引用的专利申请的公开的这些和其它方面可用于实施本公开的各方面。
在本公开的各实施方案中,使用近红外上转换纳米晶体实现光的最少侵入式递送,例如可用于通过光遗传学来操作神经回路。这用于避免在包括诸如受试者的脑的活组织内植入光源。哺乳动物组织具有在光谱的近红外段(700-1000nm)的透明窗。因此,本公开的各方面涉及通过在目标位点处转换红外光至可见波长用于使用(近)红外光递送能量至脑部深度内对纳米粒子的使用。
在某些实施方案中,通过在镧系元素掺杂纳米晶体中光学上转换的方法达到在脑内目标位点处递送可见波长。在上转换时,通过材料吸收3-4个光子,然后其发射具有所吸收光子能量的~1.5-2倍能量的一个光子。取决于掺杂原子(X=Er、Tm、Er/Tm)的性质和相对含量,例如NaYF4:Yb/X/Gd纳米晶体可吸收980nm光和射出中心介于450-550nm之间的光谱的光。对于改变由纳米粒子发射出的光的更多信息,参见Wang等,Nature,2010,463(7284):1061-5,其公开内容据此通过引用方式全部并入本文中。
在某些实施方案中,进行一步手术以修饰靶细胞群和提供纳米粒子以将近红外光转换成刺激修饰的靶细胞群的可见光。在手术中,外科医生注射携带视蛋白基因和纳米粒子溶液的腺伴随病毒至目标位点。
优化病毒以仅感染靶细胞群。类似地,使用抗体功能化纳米粒子,使得纳米粒子也瞄定靶细胞群。在某些更具体实施方案中,靶细胞群是特定神经元类型。在完成手术之后,将发射近红外光的LED放置在皮肤下方患者颅骨的薄化部分上。也可将电池植入皮肤下以对LED供电。在某些实施方案中,电池具有类似于心脏起搏器电池的那些特征。微型控制器可用于控制电池以规定间隔递送能量至LED,这得到规定间隔下LED光脉冲。
本公开的某些方面涉及体内使用光遗传学。体内应用的光遗传学依赖于递送至可位于脑部内深处的具体神经元群的光。哺乳动物组织高度吸收和发散可见光谱的光。然而,在未过度吸收或发散下近红外光能够深度穿透脑部。
本公开的某些方面涉及在接近靶神经元的脑中嵌入纳米粒子。纳米粒子可以为镧系元素掺杂的纳米粒子。特定视蛋白的激活光谱可优化使用镧系元素或使用其它掺杂元素掺杂的纳米粒子。如在其公开内容通过引用方式全部并入的Wang等,Nature,2010,463(7284):1061-5中更详细讨论,根据使用何种和多少掺杂原子可操作由镧系元素掺杂纳米晶体发射的光的光谱。类似地,根据掺杂原子的浓度可操作由掺杂其它分子的纳米粒子发射的光。
根据纳米粒子的掺杂提供不同输出光谱的能力使得可得到急性神经操作的非侵入式方法。可将诸如LED的光源安装至皮肤下薄化颅骨上。取决于纳米粒子的组成、和递送至靶神经元的视蛋白,本公开的各方面可用于神经激发或沉默。类似地,通过结合使用各种掺杂原子和视蛋白可同时控制多种神经元群。
参照图1,显示患者的头部100。靶(神经)细胞群114包括光响应性分子。这些光响应性分子可包括但不必限于来源于光敏感通道(例如,ChR1或ChR2)或者盐细菌视紫红质(NpHR)的视蛋白。根据在分子响应光处对靶细胞群和/或波长的所需作用可调整/选择具体分子。
将纳米晶体110引入靠近或在靶细胞聚集处。本公开的各种实施方案涉及用于定位和保持定位纳米晶体接近靶细胞群的方法和装置。某些实施方案涉及使用抗体瞄定纳米晶体至(或靠近)靶细胞群的细胞。
根据其它示例实施方案,可引入包括纳米晶体的结构。例如,可使用纳米晶体来包覆网状结构。可构建合成网眼,使得树突和轴突可通过网眼,而使神经元(例如,细胞体)不能全部通过。这些网眼的一个例子具有直径约3-7微米的孔以及由聚乙烯对苯二甲酸酯制成。该网状结构可由其中含有的光响应性细胞/神经元构建和/或将其放置靠近靶包括光响应性细胞的细胞群体。与另一实施方案一致,可将各自含有纳米晶体溶液的一个或多个透明荚膜放置靠近靶细胞群。
本公开的实施方案也涉及刺激的各种光源。这些来源可包括但不限于外部激光源和光发射二极管(LED)。本公开的特定方面涉及当光在某些波长(例如,(近)红外)下时通过介入材料所导致的相对较低吸收和/或散射/扩散。因此,由于具有光强度或能量的较少损耗来穿透组织的能力,可将光源放置在外部。而且,降低的扩散尤其可用于提供递送光的相对高的空间精确性。因此,本公开的实施方案涉及具有使用空间精确性光学刺激可单独控制的各自纳米晶体的多种靶细胞群。例如,可将纳米晶体植入脑内多位置中。然后将光源瞄准各自和具体位置处。多种光源也可用于同时刺激多个位置。
与本公开的特定实施方案一致,颅骨102具有薄化部分106。LED 104位于颅骨的薄化部分的上方,并且发射近红外光108。当IR击中纳米晶体110时,它被吸收。纳米晶体射出响应吸收IR光108的可见光112。可见光112通过修饰的细胞114吸收。
在图1中显示的系统使得可递送光至在患者的脑组织深处的靶细胞。可将光响应性分子特异性靶向目标神经细胞类型。类似地,使用根据待靶向的神经细胞114的类型选择的抗体将纳米晶体112瞄定神经细胞。
参照图2,使用介于700-1000nm之间的红外光208来照射一组神经元。靶神经元214表达视蛋白基因,这取决于通过神经元214吸收何种视蛋白和光的波长类型,使得神经元可激活或抑制。可将靶神经元214分散在其它神经元216之间。如在插入物202中所示,使用通过抗体瞄定神经膜的上转换纳米粒子210来包覆靶神经元214。纳米粒子210吸收IR光子和射出可见光子,然后通过触发神经激活的视蛋白来将其吸收。
图2的系统可与各种靶神经元214一起使用。根据靶神经元来修饰在靶神经元214中表达的视蛋白基因215。类似地,将用于瞄定纳米粒子210至靶神经元膜的抗体修饰以连接特定膜类型。如在插入物202中所示,将纳米粒子210紧密连接靶神经元,使得通过靶神经元214来吸收通过纳米粒子210射出的可见光光子。
与本公开的实施方案一致,图3示出使用多光源的系统。患者具有位于靶位置308-312的纳米粒子。系统包括光源302-306,可配置其产生在通过位于靶位置308-312处的纳米粒子上转换的频率下的光。尽管示出三处光源,但可有任意数目的光源。使用嵌入的光源(例如,植入颅骨上的LED)或其组合,这些光源可在患者(例如,使用机械定位导向多光源的靶向系统)外部。靶位置308-312包括具有光响应性膜分子的细胞。这些光响应性膜分子对上转换的频率下的光起反应。
相对于其它位置(包括在来自单一光源的光途径内那些位置),位于来自不同光源302-306的光的交叉点314处纳米粒子接受增加强度的光刺激。以这种方式,可将各光源的光强度设置在阈值水平下。当在相同位置处定向多光源时,在位置处可超出阈值强度水平。这使得可进行三维空间控制,以及也使得可降低对非靶向的组织的非预期作用。与一个实施方案一致,根据对靶细胞产生所需作用(例如,激发或抑制)所必须的光量可设置阈值水平。与其它实施方案一致,可设置阈值水平以避免对非靶向组织的副作用(例如,加热)。
多光源的使用也可引起光强度的逐步增加。例如,通过监测由光强度增加导致的另外的刺激的作用可测定疾病模型。独立光源的使用使得可相对简单地控制时间和空间上增加或降低。与本公开的其它实施方案一致,在不同光源之间光源的空间精确性可变化。例如,第一光源可提供照射全部靶细胞位置的光。这使得在群体内所有细胞均可得到照射。第二光源可提供照射少于全部靶细胞位置的具有焦点的光。第一和第二(或者更多)光源的组合可用于提供在相同细胞群内不同水平的刺激。
本公开的实施方案涉及以扫描模式操作的一种或多种光源的使用。将光源在靶细胞群内瞄准具体位置。当将光源用于扫描或者在靶细胞群内移动它时,可监测刺激的作用。这尤其可用于通过使用多光源的三维控制。
本公开的实施方案涉及发射不同波长的光的纳米晶体的使用。当使用具有不同光吸收光谱的多种视蛋白时,这可特别地有用。可将纳米晶体靶向不同视蛋白和/或将其放置在相应位置处。尽管本公开可具有各种修改和替代形式,但其细节已在附图中通过举例的方式示出并将进行详细描述。应当理解,目的不是限于所述的特定实施方案和/或应用。相反,目的在于涵盖落入本公开的精神和范围内的所有修改形式、等效形式和替代形式。
实施例
实施例1:镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子在使用光遗传学来超极化伏隔核的胆碱能中间
神经元中的用途
伏隔核(NAc)是形成腹侧纹状体(ventral striatum)的主要部分的神经元的集合。据认为,NAc在与奖赏、愉悦、欢笑、成瘾、侵犯、恐惧和安慰剂作用相关的复杂哺乳动物行为中起到重要作用。在NAc内胆碱能中间神经元由小于1%的局部神经群构成,但它们突出通过NAc和提供它仅已知的胆碱能输入。在该例子中,结合镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子使用的光响应性氯泵蛋白的光遗传方法用于阻断在这些细胞中可能激动作用,其具有高时间分辨力和高细胞类型特异性。为了在胆碱能中间神经元中特异性表达细菌视蛋白基因,在胆碱乙酰基转移酶(ChAT)启动子下采用表达Cre重组酶的转基因小鼠系。立体定向注射携带结构内融合增加黄色荧光蛋白(eYFP)的编码序列的黄光门控的第三代氯泵盐细菌视紫红质(eNpHR3.0)基因的Cre-可诱导的腺伴随病毒(AAV)载体。
具体而言,麻醉小鼠,然后放置在头部立体定位装置中。对4-6周龄小鼠进行手术,并全程施用眼用软膏以防眼睛干涩。在头皮正中切口,然后行颅骨切开术,然后使用10μl注射器和34口径金属针注射AAV载体。通过注射泵控制注射体积和流速(在0.15μl/min下1μl)。各NAc接受两次注射(注射1:AP 1.15mm,ML0.8mm,DV-4.8mm;注射2:AP 1.15mm,ML0.8mm,DV-4.2mm)。选择病毒注射和纤维位置,使得刺激几乎全部脑壳。
接着,在卸下针头之前,将NaYF4:Yb/Er/Gd、纳米粒子注射至Nac内。使用3.4、8.5、或17纳摩尔的NaYF4:Yb/Er/Gd、纳米粒子的浓度。在完成AAV载体和镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子的注射之后,将针对保持原位另外5分钟,然后缓慢卸下。
在恢复期之后,再次麻醉小鼠,将小鼠的颅骨薄化,并将电磁辐射的NIR来源放置临近薄化颅骨区域。使用光刺激根据之前所述的方法来同时进行NIR刺激和细胞外电记录(Gradinaru等,J.Neurosci.,27,14231-14238(2007))。电极由具有超出纤维300-500μm的电极端的钨电极(1MΩ;.005英寸;聚对二甲苯绝缘体)构成。以100μm增量降低通过NAc的电极,并且在各增量处记录NIR上转换的光响应。在数字化和记录至磁盘之前,将信号扩增和过滤通带(300Hz低截止,10kHz高截止)。在各位点处,呈现并保存5次重复刺激。
仅旨在对本发明进行示例性并因此不应认为其以任何方式限制本发明的这些实施例还描述和详述以上讨论的本发明的方面和实施方案。通过阐述的方式而非限制的方式来提供前述实施例和详细的描述。本说明书中所引用的所有出版物、专利申请、和专利通过引用方式并入本文中,如同明确且单独地指出各单独的出版物、专利申请、或专利通过引用方式并入一般。具体而言,本文所引用的所有出版物均通过引用方式明确并入本文中以用于描述和公开与本发明相关的组合物和方法。尽管出于清晰理解起见已经通过阐述和实施例的方式对前述发明进行了一定程度的详述,但对本领域的普通技术人员鉴于本发明的教导将显而易见的是,在不脱离所附权利要求的精神和范围的情况下可做出某些改变和修改。
序列表
<110> Anikeeva, Polina
Deisseroth, Karl
<120> 用于光遗传学方法的光的上转换
<130> STAN-903CN DIV.
<140> US2011/059287
<141> 2011-11-04
<150> 61/410,729
<151> 2010-11-05
<160> 15
<170> 用于Windows 4.0版的FastSEQ
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<213> 盐碱古菌(Natronomonas pharaonis)
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Val Thr Gln Arg Glu Leu Phe Glu Phe Val Leu Asn Asp Pro Leu Leu
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Ala Ser Ser Leu Tyr Ile Asn Ile Ala Leu Ala Gly Leu Ser Ile Leu
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Leu Phe Val Phe Met Thr Arg Gly Leu Asp Asp Pro Arg Ala Lys Leu
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Ile Ala Val Ser Thr Ile Leu Val Pro Val Val Ser Ile Ala Ser Tyr
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Asp Gly Val Val Thr Met Trp Gly Arg Tyr Leu Thr Trp Ala Leu Ser
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Thr Pro Met Ile Leu Leu Ala Leu Gly Leu Leu Ala Gly Ser Asn Ala
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Thr Lys Leu Phe Thr Ala Ile Thr Phe Asp Ile Ala Met Cys Val Thr
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Gly Leu Ala Ala Ala Leu Thr Thr Ser Ser His Leu Met Arg Trp Phe
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Trp Tyr Ala Ile Ser Cys Ala Cys Phe Leu Val Val Leu Tyr Ile Leu
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Leu Val Glu Trp Ala Gln Asp Ala Lys Ala Ala Gly Thr Ala Asp Met
180 185 190
Phe Asn Thr Leu Lys Leu Leu Thr Val Val Met Trp Leu Gly Tyr Pro
195 200 205
Ile Val Trp Ala Leu Gly Val Glu Gly Ile Ala Val Leu Pro Val Gly
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Val Thr Ser Trp Gly Tyr Ser Phe Leu Asp Ile Val Ala Lys Tyr Ile
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Phe Ala Phe Leu Leu Leu Asn Tyr Leu Thr Ser Asn Glu Ser Val Val
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Ser Gly Ser Ile Leu Asp Val Pro Ser Ala Ser Gly Thr Pro Ala Asp
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Asp
<210> 2
<211> 559
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成多肽
<400> 2
Met Thr Glu Thr Leu Pro Pro Val Thr Glu Ser Ala Val Ala Leu Gln
1 5 10 15
Ala Glu Val Thr Gln Arg Glu Leu Phe Glu Phe Val Leu Asn Asp Pro
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Leu Leu Ala Ser Ser Leu Tyr Ile Asn Ile Ala Leu Ala Gly Leu Ser
35 40 45
Ile Leu Leu Phe Val Phe Met Thr Arg Gly Leu Asp Asp Pro Arg Ala
50 55 60
Lys Leu Ile Ala Val Ser Thr Ile Leu Val Pro Val Val Ser Ile Ala
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Ser Tyr Thr Gly Leu Ala Ser Gly Leu Thr Ile Ser Val Leu Glu Met
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Pro Ala Gly His Phe Ala Glu Gly Ser Ser Val Met Leu Gly Gly Glu
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Glu Val Asp Gly Val Val Thr Met Trp Gly Arg Tyr Leu Thr Trp Ala
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Leu Ser Thr Pro Met Ile Leu Leu Ala Leu Gly Leu Leu Ala Gly Ser
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Asn Ala Thr Lys Leu Phe Thr Ala Ile Thr Phe Asp Ile Ala Met Cys
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Val Thr Gly Leu Ala Ala Ala Leu Thr Thr Ser Ser His Leu Met Arg
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Trp Phe Trp Tyr Ala Ile Ser Cys Ala Cys Phe Leu Val Val Leu Tyr
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Ile Leu Leu Val Glu Trp Ala Gln Asp Ala Lys Ala Ala Gly Thr Ala
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Asp Met Phe Asn Thr Leu Lys Leu Leu Thr Val Val Met Trp Leu Gly
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Tyr Pro Ile Val Trp Ala Leu Gly Val Glu Gly Ile Ala Val Leu Pro
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Val Gly Val Thr Ser Trp Gly Tyr Ser Phe Leu Asp Ile Val Ala Lys
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Tyr Ile Phe Ala Phe Leu Leu Leu Asn Tyr Leu Thr Ser Asn Glu Ser
260 265 270
Val Val Ser Gly Ser Ile Leu Asp Val Pro Ser Ala Ser Gly Thr Pro
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Ala Asp Asp Ala Ala Ala Lys Ser Arg Ile Thr Ser Glu Gly Glu Tyr
290 295 300
Ile Pro Leu Asp Gln Ile Asp Ile Asn Val Val Ser Lys Gly Glu Glu
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Leu Phe Thr Gly Val Val Pro Ile Leu Val Glu Leu Asp Gly Asp Val
325 330 335
Asn Gly His Lys Phe Ser Val Ser Gly Glu Gly Glu Gly Asp Ala Thr
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Tyr Gly Lys Leu Thr Leu Lys Phe Ile Cys Thr Thr Gly Lys Leu Pro
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Val Pro Trp Pro Thr Leu Val Thr Thr Phe Gly Tyr Gly Leu Gln Cys
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Phe Ala Arg Tyr Pro Asp His Met Lys Gln His Asp Phe Phe Lys Ser
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Ala Met Pro Glu Gly Tyr Val Gln Glu Arg Thr Ile Phe Phe Lys Asp
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Asp Gly Asn Tyr Lys Thr Arg Ala Glu Val Lys Phe Glu Gly Asp Thr
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Asn Ile Leu Gly His Lys Leu Glu Tyr Asn Tyr Asn Ser His Asn Val
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His Tyr Leu Ser Tyr Gln Ser Ala Leu Ser Lys Asp Pro Asn Glu Lys
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Arg Asp His Met Val Leu Leu Glu Phe Val Thr Ala Ala Gly Ile Thr
530 535 540
Leu Gly Met Asp Glu Leu Tyr Lys Phe Cys Tyr Glu Asn Glu Val
545 550 555
<210> 3
<211> 542
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成多肽
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Met Val Thr Gln Arg Glu Leu Phe Glu Phe Val Leu Asn Asp Pro Leu
1 5 10 15
Leu Ala Ser Ser Leu Tyr Ile Asn Ile Ala Leu Ala Gly Leu Ser Ile
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Leu Leu Phe Val Phe Met Thr Arg Gly Leu Asp Asp Pro Arg Ala Lys
35 40 45
Leu Ile Ala Val Ser Thr Ile Leu Val Pro Val Val Ser Ile Ala Ser
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Tyr Thr Gly Leu Ala Ser Gly Leu Thr Ile Ser Val Leu Glu Met Pro
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Ala Gly His Phe Ala Glu Gly Ser Ser Val Met Leu Gly Gly Glu Glu
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Val Asp Gly Val Val Thr Met Trp Gly Arg Tyr Leu Thr Trp Ala Leu
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Ser Thr Pro Met Ile Leu Leu Ala Leu Gly Leu Leu Ala Gly Ser Asn
115 120 125
Ala Thr Lys Leu Phe Thr Ala Ile Thr Phe Asp Ile Ala Met Cys Val
130 135 140
Thr Gly Leu Ala Ala Ala Leu Thr Thr Ser Ser His Leu Met Arg Trp
145 150 155 160
Phe Trp Tyr Ala Ile Ser Cys Ala Cys Phe Leu Val Val Leu Tyr Ile
165 170 175
Leu Leu Val Glu Trp Ala Gln Asp Ala Lys Ala Ala Gly Thr Ala Asp
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Met Phe Asn Thr Leu Lys Leu Leu Thr Val Val Met Trp Leu Gly Tyr
195 200 205
Pro Ile Val Trp Ala Leu Gly Val Glu Gly Ile Ala Val Leu Pro Val
210 215 220
Gly Val Thr Ser Trp Gly Tyr Ser Phe Leu Asp Ile Val Ala Lys Tyr
225 230 235 240
Ile Phe Ala Phe Leu Leu Leu Asn Tyr Leu Thr Ser Asn Glu Ser Val
245 250 255
Val Ser Gly Ser Ile Leu Asp Val Pro Ser Ala Ser Gly Thr Pro Ala
260 265 270
Asp Asp Ala Ala Ala Lys Ser Arg Ile Thr Ser Glu Gly Glu Tyr Ile
275 280 285
Pro Leu Asp Gln Ile Asp Ile Asn Val Val Ser Lys Gly Glu Glu Leu
290 295 300
Phe Thr Gly Val Val Pro Ile Leu Val Glu Leu Asp Gly Asp Val Asn
305 310 315 320
Gly His Lys Phe Ser Val Ser Gly Glu Gly Glu Gly Asp Ala Thr Tyr
325 330 335
Gly Lys Leu Thr Leu Lys Phe Ile Cys Thr Thr Gly Lys Leu Pro Val
340 345 350
Pro Trp Pro Thr Leu Val Thr Thr Phe Gly Tyr Gly Leu Gln Cys Phe
355 360 365
Ala Arg Tyr Pro Asp His Met Lys Gln His Asp Phe Phe Lys Ser Ala
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Met Pro Glu Gly Tyr Val Gln Glu Arg Thr Ile Phe Phe Lys Asp Asp
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Gly Asn Tyr Lys Thr Arg Ala Glu Val Lys Phe Glu Gly Asp Thr Leu
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Tyr Leu Ser Tyr Gln Ser Ala Leu Ser Lys Asp Pro Asn Glu Lys Arg
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Asp His Met Val Leu Leu Glu Phe Val Thr Ala Ala Gly Ile Thr Leu
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Gly Met Asp Glu Leu Tyr Lys Phe Cys Tyr Glu Asn Glu Val
530 535 540
<210> 4
<211> 223
<212> PRT
<213> 蓝隐藻(Guillardia theta)
<400> 4
Ala Ser Ser Phe Gly Lys Ala Leu Leu Glu Phe Val Phe Ile Val Phe
1 5 10 15
Ala Cys Ile Thr Leu Leu Leu Gly Ile Asn Ala Ala Lys Ser Lys Ala
20 25 30
Ala Ser Arg Val Leu Phe Pro Ala Thr Phe Val Thr Gly Ile Ala Ser
35 40 45
Ile Ala Tyr Phe Ser Met Ala Ser Gly Gly Gly Trp Val Ile Ala Pro
50 55 60
Asp Cys Arg Gln Leu Phe Val Ala Arg Tyr Leu Asp Trp Leu Ile Thr
65 70 75 80
Thr Pro Leu Leu Leu Ile Asp Leu Gly Leu Val Ala Gly Val Ser Arg
85 90 95
Trp Asp Ile Met Ala Leu Cys Leu Ser Asp Val Leu Met Ile Ala Thr
100 105 110
Gly Ala Phe Gly Ser Leu Thr Val Gly Asn Val Lys Trp Val Trp Trp
115 120 125
Phe Phe Gly Met Cys Trp Phe Leu His Ile Ile Phe Ala Leu Gly Lys
130 135 140
Ser Trp Ala Glu Ala Ala Lys Ala Lys Gly Gly Asp Ser Ala Ser Val
145 150 155 160
Tyr Ser Lys Ile Ala Gly Ile Thr Val Ile Thr Trp Phe Cys Tyr Pro
165 170 175
Val Val Trp Val Phe Ala Glu Gly Phe Gly Asn Phe Ser Val Thr Phe
180 185 190
Glu Val Leu Ile Tyr Gly Val Leu Asp Val Ile Ser Lys Ala Val Phe
195 200 205
Gly Leu Ile Leu Met Ser Gly Ala Ala Thr Gly Tyr Glu Ser Ile
210 215 220
<210> 5
<211> 310
<212> PRT
<213> 莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
<400> 5
Met Asp Tyr Gly Gly Ala Leu Ser Ala Val Gly Arg Glu Leu Leu Phe
1 5 10 15
Val Thr Asn Pro Val Val Val Asn Gly Ser Val Leu Val Pro Glu Asp
20 25 30
Gln Cys Tyr Cys Ala Gly Trp Ile Glu Ser Arg Gly Thr Asn Gly Ala
35 40 45
Gln Thr Ala Ser Asn Val Leu Gln Trp Leu Ala Ala Gly Phe Ser Ile
50 55 60
Leu Leu Leu Met Phe Tyr Ala Tyr Gln Thr Trp Lys Ser Thr Cys Gly
65 70 75 80
Trp Glu Glu Ile Tyr Val Cys Ala Ile Glu Met Val Lys Val Ile Leu
85 90 95
Glu Phe Phe Phe Glu Phe Lys Asn Pro Ser Met Leu Tyr Leu Ala Thr
100 105 110
Gly His Arg Val Gln Trp Leu Arg Tyr Ala Glu Trp Leu Leu Thr Cys
115 120 125
Pro Val Ile Leu Ile His Leu Ser Asn Leu Thr Gly Leu Ser Asn Asp
130 135 140
Tyr Ser Arg Arg Thr Met Gly Leu Leu Val Ser Asp Ile Gly Thr Ile
145 150 155 160
Val Trp Gly Ala Thr Ser Ala Met Ala Thr Gly Tyr Val Lys Val Ile
165 170 175
Phe Phe Cys Leu Gly Leu Cys Tyr Gly Ala Asn Thr Phe Phe His Ala
180 185 190
Ala Lys Ala Tyr Ile Glu Gly Tyr His Thr Val Pro Lys Gly Arg Cys
195 200 205
Arg Gln Val Val Thr Gly Met Ala Trp Leu Phe Phe Val Ser Trp Gly
210 215 220
Met Phe Pro Ile Leu Phe Ile Leu Gly Pro Glu Gly Phe Gly Val Leu
225 230 235 240
Ser Val Tyr Gly Ser Thr Val Gly His Thr Ile Ile Asp Leu Met Ser
245 250 255
Lys Asn Cys Trp Gly Leu Leu Gly His Tyr Leu Arg Val Leu Ile His
260 265 270
Glu His Ile Leu Ile His Gly Asp Ile Arg Lys Thr Thr Lys Leu Asn
275 280 285
Ile Gly Gly Thr Glu Ile Glu Val Glu Thr Leu Val Glu Asp Glu Ala
290 295 300
Glu Ala Gly Ala Val Pro
305 310
<210> 6
<211> 310
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成多肽
<400> 6
Met Asp Tyr Gly Gly Ala Leu Ser Ala Val Gly Arg Glu Leu Leu Phe
1 5 10 15
Val Thr Asn Pro Val Val Val Asn Gly Ser Val Leu Val Pro Glu Asp
20 25 30
Gln Cys Tyr Cys Ala Gly Trp Ile Glu Ser Arg Gly Thr Asn Gly Ala
35 40 45
Gln Thr Ala Ser Asn Val Leu Gln Trp Leu Ala Ala Gly Phe Ser Ile
50 55 60
Leu Leu Leu Met Phe Tyr Ala Tyr Gln Thr Trp Lys Ser Thr Cys Gly
65 70 75 80
Trp Glu Glu Ile Tyr Val Cys Ala Ile Glu Met Val Lys Val Ile Leu
85 90 95
Glu Phe Phe Phe Glu Phe Lys Asn Pro Ser Met Leu Tyr Leu Ala Thr
100 105 110
Gly His Arg Val Gln Trp Leu Arg Tyr Ala Glu Trp Leu Leu Thr Ser
115 120 125
Pro Val Ile Leu Ile His Leu Ser Asn Leu Thr Gly Leu Ser Asn Asp
130 135 140
Tyr Ser Arg Arg Thr Met Gly Leu Leu Val Ser Asp Ile Gly Thr Ile
145 150 155 160
Val Trp Gly Ala Thr Ser Ala Met Ala Thr Gly Tyr Val Lys Val Ile
165 170 175
Phe Phe Cys Leu Gly Leu Cys Tyr Gly Ala Asn Thr Phe Phe His Ala
180 185 190
Ala Lys Ala Tyr Ile Glu Gly Tyr His Thr Val Pro Lys Gly Arg Cys
195 200 205
Arg Gln Val Val Thr Gly Met Ala Trp Leu Phe Phe Val Ser Trp Gly
210 215 220
Met Phe Pro Ile Leu Phe Ile Leu Gly Pro Glu Gly Phe Gly Val Leu
225 230 235 240
Ser Val Tyr Gly Ser Thr Val Gly His Thr Ile Ile Asp Leu Met Ser
245 250 255
Lys Asn Cys Trp Gly Leu Leu Gly His Tyr Leu Arg Val Leu Ile His
260 265 270
Glu His Ile Leu Ile His Gly Asp Ile Arg Lys Thr Thr Lys Leu Asn
275 280 285
Ile Gly Gly Thr Glu Ile Glu Val Glu Thr Leu Val Glu Asp Glu Ala
290 295 300
Glu Ala Gly Ala Val Pro
305 310
<210> 7
<211> 310
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成多肽
<400> 7
Met Asp Tyr Gly Gly Ala Leu Ser Ala Val Gly Arg Glu Leu Leu Phe
1 5 10 15
Val Thr Asn Pro Val Val Val Asn Gly Ser Val Leu Val Pro Glu Asp
20 25 30
Gln Cys Tyr Cys Ala Gly Trp Ile Glu Ser Arg Gly Thr Asn Gly Ala
35 40 45
Gln Thr Ala Ser Asn Val Leu Gln Trp Leu Ala Ala Gly Phe Ser Ile
50 55 60
Leu Leu Leu Met Phe Tyr Ala Tyr Gln Thr Trp Lys Ser Thr Cys Gly
65 70 75 80
Trp Glu Glu Ile Tyr Val Cys Ala Ile Glu Met Val Lys Val Ile Leu
85 90 95
Glu Phe Phe Phe Glu Phe Lys Asn Pro Ser Met Leu Tyr Leu Ala Thr
100 105 110
Gly His Arg Val Gln Trp Leu Arg Tyr Ala Glu Trp Leu Leu Thr Ser
115 120 125
Pro Val Ile Leu Ile His Leu Ser Asn Leu Thr Gly Leu Ser Asn Asp
130 135 140
Tyr Ser Arg Arg Thr Met Gly Leu Leu Val Ser Ala Ile Gly Thr Ile
145 150 155 160
Val Trp Gly Ala Thr Ser Ala Met Ala Thr Gly Tyr Val Lys Val Ile
165 170 175
Phe Phe Cys Leu Gly Leu Cys Tyr Gly Ala Asn Thr Phe Phe His Ala
180 185 190
Ala Lys Ala Tyr Ile Glu Gly Tyr His Thr Val Pro Lys Gly Arg Cys
195 200 205
Arg Gln Val Val Thr Gly Met Ala Trp Leu Phe Phe Val Ser Trp Gly
210 215 220
Met Phe Pro Ile Leu Phe Ile Leu Gly Pro Glu Gly Phe Gly Val Leu
225 230 235 240
Ser Val Tyr Gly Ser Thr Val Gly His Thr Ile Ile Asp Leu Met Ser
245 250 255
Lys Asn Cys Trp Gly Leu Leu Gly His Tyr Leu Arg Val Leu Ile His
260 265 270
Glu His Ile Leu Ile His Gly Asp Ile Arg Lys Thr Thr Lys Leu Asn
275 280 285
Ile Gly Gly Thr Glu Ile Glu Val Glu Thr Leu Val Glu Asp Glu Ala
290 295 300
Glu Ala Gly Ala Val Pro
305 310
<210> 8
<211> 344
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成多肽
<400> 8
Met Ser Arg Arg Pro Trp Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Leu Ala Val Ala Leu
1 5 10 15
Ala Ala Gly Ser Ala Gly Ala Ser Thr Gly Ser Asp Ala Thr Val Pro
20 25 30
Val Ala Thr Gln Asp Gly Pro Asp Tyr Val Phe His Arg Ala His Glu
35 40 45
Arg Met Leu Phe Gln Thr Ser Tyr Thr Leu Glu Asn Asn Gly Ser Val
50 55 60
Ile Cys Ile Pro Asn Asn Gly Gln Cys Phe Cys Leu Ala Trp Leu Lys
65 70 75 80
Ser Asn Gly Thr Asn Ala Glu Lys Leu Ala Ala Asn Ile Leu Gln Trp
85 90 95
Ile Thr Phe Ala Leu Ser Ala Leu Cys Leu Met Phe Tyr Gly Tyr Gln
100 105 110
Thr Trp Lys Ser Thr Cys Gly Trp Glu Glu Ile Tyr Val Ala Thr Ile
115 120 125
Glu Met Ile Lys Phe Ile Ile Glu Tyr Phe His Glu Phe Asp Glu Pro
130 135 140
Ala Val Ile Tyr Ser Ser Asn Gly Asn Lys Thr Val Trp Leu Arg Tyr
145 150 155 160
Ala Glu Trp Leu Leu Thr Cys Pro Val Leu Leu Ile His Leu Ser Asn
165 170 175
Leu Thr Gly Leu Lys Asp Asp Tyr Ser Lys Arg Thr Met Gly Leu Leu
180 185 190
Val Ser Asp Val Gly Cys Ile Val Trp Gly Ala Thr Ser Ala Met Cys
195 200 205
Thr Gly Trp Thr Lys Ile Leu Phe Phe Leu Ile Ser Leu Ser Tyr Gly
210 215 220
Met Tyr Thr Tyr Phe His Ala Ala Lys Val Tyr Ile Glu Ala Phe His
225 230 235 240
Thr Val Pro Lys Gly Ile Cys Arg Glu Leu Val Arg Val Met Ala Trp
245 250 255
Thr Phe Phe Val Ala Trp Gly Met Phe Pro Val Leu Phe Leu Leu Gly
260 265 270
Thr Glu Gly Phe Gly His Ile Ser Pro Tyr Gly Ser Ala Ile Gly His
275 280 285
Ser Ile Leu Asp Leu Ile Ala Lys Asn Met Trp Gly Val Leu Gly Asn
290 295 300
Tyr Leu Arg Val Lys Ile His Glu His Ile Leu Leu Tyr Gly Asp Ile
305 310 315 320
Arg Lys Lys Gln Lys Ile Thr Ile Ala Gly Gln Glu Met Glu Val Glu
325 330 335
Thr Leu Val Ala Glu Glu Glu Asp
340
<210> 9
<211> 344
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成多肽
<400> 9
Met Ser Arg Arg Pro Trp Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Leu Ala Val Ala Leu
1 5 10 15
Ala Ala Gly Ser Ala Gly Ala Ser Thr Gly Ser Asp Ala Thr Val Pro
20 25 30
Val Ala Thr Gln Asp Gly Pro Asp Tyr Val Phe His Arg Ala His Glu
35 40 45
Arg Met Leu Phe Gln Thr Ser Tyr Thr Leu Glu Asn Asn Gly Ser Val
50 55 60
Ile Cys Ile Pro Asn Asn Gly Gln Cys Phe Cys Leu Ala Trp Leu Lys
65 70 75 80
Ser Asn Gly Thr Asn Ala Glu Lys Leu Ala Ala Asn Ile Leu Gln Trp
85 90 95
Ile Thr Phe Ala Leu Ser Ala Leu Cys Leu Met Phe Tyr Gly Tyr Gln
100 105 110
Thr Trp Lys Ser Thr Cys Gly Trp Glu Thr Ile Tyr Val Ala Thr Ile
115 120 125
Glu Met Ile Lys Phe Ile Ile Glu Tyr Phe His Glu Phe Asp Glu Pro
130 135 140
Ala Val Ile Tyr Ser Ser Asn Gly Asn Lys Thr Val Trp Leu Arg Tyr
145 150 155 160
Ala Glu Trp Leu Leu Thr Cys Pro Val Leu Leu Ile His Leu Ser Asn
165 170 175
Leu Thr Gly Leu Lys Asp Asp Tyr Ser Lys Arg Thr Met Gly Leu Leu
180 185 190
Val Ser Asp Val Gly Cys Ile Val Trp Gly Ala Thr Ser Ala Met Cys
195 200 205
Thr Gly Trp Thr Lys Ile Leu Phe Phe Leu Ile Ser Leu Ser Tyr Gly
210 215 220
Met Tyr Thr Tyr Phe His Ala Ala Lys Val Tyr Ile Glu Ala Phe His
225 230 235 240
Thr Val Pro Lys Gly Ile Cys Arg Glu Leu Val Arg Val Met Ala Trp
245 250 255
Thr Phe Phe Val Ala Trp Gly Met Phe Pro Val Leu Phe Leu Leu Gly
260 265 270
Thr Glu Gly Phe Gly His Ile Ser Pro Tyr Gly Ser Ala Ile Gly His
275 280 285
Ser Ile Leu Asp Leu Ile Ala Lys Asn Met Trp Gly Val Leu Gly Asn
290 295 300
Tyr Leu Arg Val Lys Ile His Glu His Ile Leu Leu Tyr Gly Asp Ile
305 310 315 320
Arg Lys Lys Gln Lys Ile Thr Ile Ala Gly Gln Glu Met Glu Val Glu
325 330 335
Thr Leu Val Ala Glu Glu Glu Asp
340
<210> 10
<211> 344
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成多肽
<400> 10
Met Ser Arg Arg Pro Trp Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Leu Ala Val Ala Leu
1 5 10 15
Ala Ala Gly Ser Ala Gly Ala Ser Thr Gly Ser Asp Ala Thr Val Pro
20 25 30
Val Ala Thr Gln Asp Gly Pro Asp Tyr Val Phe His Arg Ala His Glu
35 40 45
Arg Met Leu Phe Gln Thr Ser Tyr Thr Leu Glu Asn Asn Gly Ser Val
50 55 60
Ile Cys Ile Pro Asn Asn Gly Gln Cys Phe Cys Leu Ala Trp Leu Lys
65 70 75 80
Ser Asn Gly Thr Asn Ala Glu Lys Leu Ala Ala Asn Ile Leu Gln Trp
85 90 95
Ile Thr Phe Ala Leu Ser Ala Leu Cys Leu Met Phe Tyr Gly Tyr Gln
100 105 110
Thr Trp Lys Ser Thr Cys Gly Trp Glu Glu Ile Tyr Val Ala Thr Ile
115 120 125
Glu Met Ile Lys Phe Ile Ile Glu Tyr Phe His Glu Phe Asp Glu Pro
130 135 140
Ala Val Ile Tyr Ser Ser Asn Gly Asn Lys Thr Val Trp Leu Arg Tyr
145 150 155 160
Ala Thr Trp Leu Leu Thr Cys Pro Val Leu Leu Ile His Leu Ser Asn
165 170 175
Leu Thr Gly Leu Lys Asp Asp Tyr Ser Lys Arg Thr Met Gly Leu Leu
180 185 190
Val Ser Asp Val Gly Cys Ile Val Trp Gly Ala Thr Ser Ala Met Cys
195 200 205
Thr Gly Trp Thr Lys Ile Leu Phe Phe Leu Ile Ser Leu Ser Tyr Gly
210 215 220
Met Tyr Thr Tyr Phe His Ala Ala Lys Val Tyr Ile Glu Ala Phe His
225 230 235 240
Thr Val Pro Lys Gly Ile Cys Arg Glu Leu Val Arg Val Met Ala Trp
245 250 255
Thr Phe Phe Val Ala Trp Gly Met Phe Pro Val Leu Phe Leu Leu Gly
260 265 270
Thr Glu Gly Phe Gly His Ile Ser Pro Tyr Gly Ser Ala Ile Gly His
275 280 285
Ser Ile Leu Asp Leu Ile Ala Lys Asn Met Trp Gly Val Leu Gly Asn
290 295 300
Tyr Leu Arg Val Lys Ile His Glu His Ile Leu Leu Tyr Gly Asp Ile
305 310 315 320
Arg Lys Lys Gln Lys Ile Thr Ile Ala Gly Gln Glu Met Glu Val Glu
325 330 335
Thr Leu Val Ala Glu Glu Glu Asp
340
<210> 11
<211> 344
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成多肽
<400> 11
Met Ser Arg Arg Pro Trp Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Leu Ala Val Ala Leu
1 5 10 15
Ala Ala Gly Ser Ala Gly Ala Ser Thr Gly Ser Asp Ala Thr Val Pro
20 25 30
Val Ala Thr Gln Asp Gly Pro Asp Tyr Val Phe His Arg Ala His Glu
35 40 45
Arg Met Leu Phe Gln Thr Ser Tyr Thr Leu Glu Asn Asn Gly Ser Val
50 55 60
Ile Cys Ile Pro Asn Asn Gly Gln Cys Phe Cys Leu Ala Trp Leu Lys
65 70 75 80
Ser Asn Gly Thr Asn Ala Glu Lys Leu Ala Ala Asn Ile Leu Gln Trp
85 90 95
Ile Thr Phe Ala Leu Ser Ala Leu Cys Leu Met Phe Tyr Gly Tyr Gln
100 105 110
Thr Trp Lys Ser Thr Cys Gly Trp Glu Thr Ile Tyr Val Ala Thr Ile
115 120 125
Glu Met Ile Lys Phe Ile Ile Glu Tyr Phe His Glu Phe Asp Glu Pro
130 135 140
Ala Val Ile Tyr Ser Ser Asn Gly Asn Lys Thr Val Trp Leu Arg Tyr
145 150 155 160
Ala Thr Trp Leu Leu Thr Cys Pro Val Leu Leu Ile His Leu Ser Asn
165 170 175
Leu Thr Gly Leu Lys Asp Asp Tyr Ser Lys Arg Thr Met Gly Leu Leu
180 185 190
Val Ser Asp Val Gly Cys Ile Val Trp Gly Ala Thr Ser Ala Met Cys
195 200 205
Thr Gly Trp Thr Lys Ile Leu Phe Phe Leu Ile Ser Leu Ser Tyr Gly
210 215 220
Met Tyr Thr Tyr Phe His Ala Ala Lys Val Tyr Ile Glu Ala Phe His
225 230 235 240
Thr Val Pro Lys Gly Ile Cys Arg Glu Leu Val Arg Val Met Ala Trp
245 250 255
Thr Phe Phe Val Ala Trp Gly Met Phe Pro Val Leu Phe Leu Leu Gly
260 265 270
Thr Glu Gly Phe Gly His Ile Ser Pro Tyr Gly Ser Ala Ile Gly His
275 280 285
Ser Ile Leu Asp Leu Ile Ala Lys Asn Met Trp Gly Val Leu Gly Asn
290 295 300
Tyr Leu Arg Val Lys Ile His Glu His Ile Leu Leu Tyr Gly Asp Ile
305 310 315 320
Arg Lys Lys Gln Lys Ile Thr Ile Ala Gly Gln Glu Met Glu Val Glu
325 330 335
Thr Leu Val Ala Glu Glu Glu Asp
340
<210> 12
<211> 20
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成肽
<400> 12
Lys Ser Arg Ile Thr Ser Glu Gly Glu Tyr Ile Pro Leu Asp Gln Ile
1 5 10 15
Asp Ile Asn Val
20
<210> 13
<211> 6
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成肽
<220>
<221> 变体
<222> (2)...(2)
<223> x = 任意氨基酸
<400> 13
Phe Xaa Tyr Glu Asn Glu
1 5
<210> 14
<211> 7
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成肽
<400> 14
Phe Cys Tyr Glu Asn Glu Val
1 5
<210> 15
<211> 18
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成肽
<400> 15
Met Thr Glu Thr Leu Pro Pro Val Thr Glu Ser Ala Val Ala Leu Gln
1 5 10 15
Ala Glu
Claims (30)
1.一种使个体中神经细胞的质膜超极化的方法,其包括:
(a)接近所述神经细胞放置多种镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子,其中所述纳米粒子包含NaYF4:Yb/X/Gd,其中X是铒(Er)、铥(Tm)或Er/Tm;以及
(b)将所述多种纳米粒子暴露于在红外(IR)或近红外(NIR)光谱中的电磁辐射,其中通过所述纳米粒子将在所述IR或NIR光谱中的所述电磁辐射上转换成在可见光谱中的黄、琥珀或红光,并且其中包括光响应性氯泵的光响应性视蛋白在所述质膜上表达并且通过在所述可见光谱中的所述光对所述视蛋白的激活诱导所述质膜的超极化。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述光响应性视蛋白包含与SEQ ID NO:1具有至少85%的氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中将在所述IR或NIR光谱中的电磁能上转换成具有约580nm至约630nm的波长的光。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中将在所述IR或NIR光谱中的电磁能上转换成具有约630nm至约740nm的波长的光。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中将在所述IR或NIR光谱中的电磁能上转换成具有对应于黄或琥珀光的波长的光。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中将在所述IR或NIR光谱中的电磁能上转换成具有对应于红光的波长的光。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述个体是非人动物。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述个体是人。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述神经细胞是在中枢神经系统中的神经细胞。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述神经细胞是在周围神经系统中的神经细胞。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中X是Er。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中X是Tm。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中X是Er/Tm。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述神经细胞是在所述个体的伏隔核中的神经细胞。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述光响应性视蛋白包含与SEQ ID NO:2或SEQID NO:3具有至少95%的氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列。
16.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述光响应性视蛋白包含NpHR蛋白。
17.一种使个体中神经细胞的质膜超极化的方法,其包括:
(a)接近所述神经细胞放置多种镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子,其中所述纳米粒子包含NaYF4:Yb/X/Gd,其中X是铒(Er)、铥(Tm)或Er/Tm;以及
(b)将所述多种纳米粒子暴露于在红外(IR)或近红外(NIR)光谱中的电磁辐射,其中通过所述纳米粒子将在所述IR或NIR光谱中的所述电磁辐射上转换成在可见光谱中的绿或蓝光,并且其中包括光响应性质子泵的光响应性视蛋白在所述质膜上表达并且通过在所述可见光谱中的所述光对所述视蛋白的激活诱导所述质膜的超极化。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述光响应性视蛋白包含与SEQ ID NO:4具有至少85%的氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列。
19.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中将在所述IR或NIR光谱中的电磁能上转换成具有约450nm至约495nm的波长的光。
20.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中将在所述IR或NIR光谱中的电磁能上转换成具有对应于绿光的波长的光。
21.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中将在所述IR或NIR光谱中的电磁能上转换成具有对应于蓝光的波长的光。
22.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述个体是非人动物。
23.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述个体是人。
24.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述神经细胞是在中枢神经系统中的神经细胞。
25.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述神经细胞是在周围神经系统中的神经细胞。
26.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中X是Er。
27.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中X是Tm。
28.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中X是Er/Tm。
29.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述光响应性视蛋白包含与SEQ ID NO:4具有至少95%的氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列。
30.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述光响应性视蛋白包含GtR3蛋白。
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JP5890176B2 (ja) | 2008-05-29 | 2016-03-22 | ザ ボード オブ トラスティーズ オブ ザ レランド スタンフォード ジュニア ユニバーシティー | セカンドメッセンジャーを光制御するためのセルライン、システム、および方法 |
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CA2720513A1 (en) * | 2008-04-04 | 2009-10-08 | Immunolight, Llc | Non-invasive systems and methods for in-situ photobiomodulation |
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JP2017170163A (ja) | 2017-09-28 |
JP6145043B2 (ja) | 2017-06-07 |
US10252076B2 (en) | 2019-04-09 |
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AU2016202003A1 (en) | 2016-04-21 |
US20140148880A1 (en) | 2014-05-29 |
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AU2016202003B2 (en) | 2018-06-14 |
CN103313752B (zh) | 2016-10-19 |
JP2014502177A (ja) | 2014-01-30 |
AU2011323231A1 (en) | 2013-05-09 |
CA2817175A1 (en) | 2012-05-10 |
CN103313752A (zh) | 2013-09-18 |
ES2690172T3 (es) | 2018-11-19 |
JP6505158B2 (ja) | 2019-04-24 |
AU2011323231B2 (en) | 2016-01-07 |
CN106422081A (zh) | 2017-02-22 |
WO2012061684A1 (en) | 2012-05-10 |
EP2635341A4 (en) | 2016-05-25 |
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