CN117701492A - 肝类器官的构建方法及其应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了肝类器官的构建方法及其应用。本发明构建的肝类器官含有肝细胞和非实质细胞,并能够维持典型的肝脏功能,具有移植、存活和修复小鼠受损肝脏组织的能力,能够很好的模拟脂肪变性和炎症反应以及模拟ALD的病理过程和机制,在临床上具有广阔的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物医药领域,具体涉及肝类器官的构建方法及其应用。
背景技术
人体肝是一种重要的器官,为生命提供许多重要的代谢功能,如脂质代谢、铵和胆汁的产生、凝血以及外源性化合物的解毒作用。然而,相关肝脏疾病如病毒性肝炎、酒精性脂肪肝、肝癌等疾病造成了沉重的社会负担,严重威胁人类的生命健康。因此,为了揭示肝脏疾病发生发展的机制,开发肝脏疾病的治疗方法,建立与人体高度相关的肝脏研究模型具有重要意义。
肝脏类器官是一种新兴的肝脏研究模型,具有人类肝脏的关键特征,如细胞构成和白蛋白合成、糖原合成、脂质积累等功能特征,在基础研究、药物研发等领域具有广泛的应用。与传统的动物模型相比,类器官模型不存在种属差异,具有和人体高度相关的表观代谢能力;与二维培养模型相比,具有与体内相似的细胞微环境、具有肝组织特异性细胞种群、能够模拟实质细胞和非实质细胞间的相互作用等优势。
目前,类器官构建多采用大块水凝胶直接包埋的方法,此方法影响养分和氧气供给,造成类器官生产效率低下、均一性差等问题。
发明内容
为弥补现有技术的不足,本发明提供了一种肝类器官的构建方法及其应用。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
本发明的第一方面提供了一种hAHOs肝类器培养基,所述培养基包括基础培养基、血清替代物、FGF、N-乙酰半胱氨酸、Wnt激动剂、烟酰胺、胃泌素、促分裂增殖因子、HGF、毛喉素。
进一步,所述基础培养基选自Advanced DMEM/F12。
进一步,所述血清替代物包括B27和/或N2。
进一步,所述FGF选自FGF10。
进一步,所述Wnt激动剂包括Wnt蛋白、R-spo。
进一步,所述Wnt激动剂选自R-spo。
进一步,所述R-spo选自R-spo-1。
进一步,所述促分裂增殖因子包括EGF、BDNF、KGF。
进一步,所述促分裂增殖因子选自EGF。
进一步,所述B27的浓度为2%。
进一步,所述N2的浓度为1%。
进一步,所述FGF10的浓度为100ng/ml。
进一步,所述N-乙酰半胱氨酸的浓度为1.25mM。
进一步,所述R-spo-1的浓度为20ng/ml。
进一步,所述烟酰胺的浓度为10mM。
进一步,所述胃泌素的浓度为10nM。
进一步,所述EGF的浓度为50ng/ml。
进一步,所述HGF的浓度为25ng/ml。
进一步,所述毛喉素的浓度为10μM。
本发明的第二方面提供了一种hAHOs肝类器官的构建方法,所述方法包括使用本发明第一方面所述的培养基培养HLCs。
进一步,所述HLCs由干细胞诱导而成。
进一步,诱导干细胞形成HLCs的培养基包括:第一培养基、第二培养基、第三培养基、第四培养基、第五培养基、第六培养基,
所述第一培养基包括:基础培养基、SP,
所述第二培养基包括:基础培养基、Activin、BSA、SP,
所述第三培养基包括:基础培养基、Activin、BSA、SP、ITS,
所述第四培养基包括:BSA、ITS,BMP、FGF、SP,
所述第五培养基包括:BSA、ITS、HGF、SP,
所述第六培养基包括:BSA、ITS、IL-6家族细胞因子、DEX、HGF、SP。
进一步,所述基础培养基选自Advanced DMEM/F12。
进一步,所述Activin选自ActivinA。
进一步,所述BMP选自BMP2。
进一步,所述FGF选自FGF4。
进一步,所述IL-6家族细胞因子选自OSM。
进一步,所述干细胞选自间充质干细胞。
进一步,所述间充质干细胞选自脂肪间充质干细胞。
进一步,所述SP的浓度为1%。
进一步,所述Activin A的浓度为100ng/ml。
进一步,所述BSA为10%BSA 0.5mg/ml。
进一步,所述ITS的浓度为1%。
进一步,所述BMP2的浓度为20ng/ml。
进一步,所述FGF4的浓度为30ng/ml。
进一步,所述HGF的浓度为20ng/mL。
进一步,所述OSM的浓度为10ng/mL。
进一步,所述DEX的浓度为1μM。
进一步,所述hALOs肝类器官的方法包括:
a)干细胞使用第一培养基培养,
b)步骤a)获得的细胞转入第二培养基培养,细胞向内胚层诱导,
c)步骤b)获得的内胚层细胞转入第三培养基培养,向腹侧前肠内胚层诱导,
d)步骤c)获得的腹侧前肠内胚层细胞转入第四培养基,向肝脏前体分化,
e)步骤d)获得的肝脏前体细胞转入第五培养基,肝细胞诱导,
f)步骤e)获得的肝细胞转入第六培养基培养,成熟肝实质细胞诱导,获得HLCs,
g)步骤f)获得的HLCs消化后,转入本发明第一方面所述的hAHOs肝类器培养基培养。
进一步,所述方法还包括在步骤g)后将细胞与ECM共培养。
进一步,步骤a)、c)的培养时间为48小时。
进一步,步骤b)的培养时间为24小时。
进一步,步骤d)、e)、f)的培养时间为5天。
进一步,步骤g)的培养时间为24小时。
进一步,步骤g)中使用胰蛋白酶消化HLCs。
进一步,所述ECM包括BME和Matrigel。
进一步,所述ECM选自Matrigel。
进一步,培养的条件为37℃、5%CO2、95%空气。
本发明的第三方面提供了一种hALOs肝类器官培养基,所述培养基包括:培养基Ⅰ和培养基Ⅱ,
所述培养基Ⅰ包括:基础培养基、血清替代物、RA,
所述培养基Ⅱ包括:HCM、HGF、Dex、IL-6家族细胞因子。
进一步,所述基础培养基选自Advanced DMEM/F12。
进一步,所述血清替代物包括B27和/或N2。
进一步,所述IL-6家族细胞因子选自OSM。
进一步,所述RA的浓度为2μM。
本发明的第四方面提供了一种hALOs肝类器官的构建方法,所述方法包括使用本发明第三方面所述的培养基培养hEPCs。
进一步,所述hEPCs由干细胞诱导而成。
进一步,诱导干细胞形成hEPCs的培养基包括本发明第二方面所述的第一培养基、第二培养基、第三培养基。
进一步,所述干细胞选自间充质干细胞。
进一步,所述间充质干细胞选自脂肪间充质干细胞。
进一步,所述hALOs肝类器官的构建方法包括:
a)干细胞使用第一培养基培养,
b)步骤a)获得的细胞转入第二培养基培养,细胞向内胚层诱导,
c)步骤b)获得的内胚层细胞转入第三培养基培养,向腹侧前肠内胚层诱导,得到hEPCs,
d)hEPCs消化后使用本发明第三方面所述的培养基Ⅰ培养,
e)加入培养基Ⅱ培养。
进一步,步骤a)、c)的培养时间为48小时。
进一步,步骤b)的培养时间为24小时。
进一步,步骤d)、e)的培养时间为5天。
进一步,步骤d)使用胰蛋白酶消化hEPCs。
本发明的第五方面提供了一种肝类器官,所述肝类器官由本发明第二方面或本发明第四方面所述的方法构建而成。
本发明的第六方面提供了一种移植材料,所述移植材料包括本发明第五方面所述的肝类器官。
本发明的第七方面提供了一种使用本发明第五方面所述的肝类器官评价被检物质的药代动力学或毒性的方法。
进一步,所述方法包括:使被检物质与所述肝类器官接触,以及对被检物质的代谢、吸收性、膜透性、药物相互作用、药物代谢酶的诱导或药物转运蛋白的诱导、或者毒性进行测定或评价。
本发明的第八方面提供了如下任一项应用:
(1)本发明第五方面所述的肝类器官在构建肝病模型中的应用;
(2)本发明第五方面所述的肝类器官在肝病发病机理或致病因素研究中的应用;
(3)本发明第五方面所述的肝类器官在筛选预防和/或治疗肝病或改善肝病的至少一种症状或病理表征的药物的应用;
(4)本发明第五方面所述的肝类器官在再生医疗中的应用。
进一步,(1)中所述肝病模型为ALD模型。
本发明的优点和有益效果:
本发明构建的肝类器官含有肝细胞和肝脏基质谱系,并能够维持典型的肝脏功能,具有定植和重建小鼠受损肝脏组织的能力,能够很好的模拟脂肪肝变性和炎症反应以及模拟ALD的病理过程和机制,在临床上具有广阔的应用前景。
附图说明
图1是hAHOs体系建立图,其中,1A是不同阶段hAHO的相差显微镜图(左图),比例尺:20μm,折线图测量hAHO的大小图(右图),1B是第10天hAHO的透射电子显微镜图,1C是hAHOs中ALB、HNF4α、CYP3A4和CK19的mRNA相对水平图,1D是第10天hAHOs中ALB、CEBPα、CYP2A6、GSTA2和CK19的免疫荧光染色图,1E是第10天hAHOs的PAS染色、LDL摄取和ICG的摄取和释放图,1F是第10天hASCs、hHLCs和hAHO的白蛋白水平、CYP3A4活性和尿素产量图;
图2是hAHOs的体内移植和功能图,其中,2A是EGFP-hASCs和EGFP-hAHO的位相对比和荧光显微图,2B是EGFP-hAHO植入小鼠两周后的IVIS波谱图,2C是hAHOs移植小鼠肝脏观察图,2D是hAHOs移植小鼠肝脏切片HE染色图,2E是hAHOs小鼠肝组织中ALB、HNF4α、CK19和EGFP的表达图,2F是植入后第14天hAHOs在小鼠肝脏的药物代谢活性图;
图3是疾病模型hAHOs培养体系的建立图,其中,3A是用BODIPY 558/568C12分析对照处理和乙醇处理的hAHOs的脂肪生成水平图,3B是用HCS LipidTOX绿色中性脂染色法测定对照组和乙醇处理组hAHO的脂滴水平图,3C是乙醇处理第3天用Dead/Live染色评估对照组和乙醇处理的hAHOs细胞活性图,3D是对照组和乙醇处理组hAHOs中FASN、SCD、COLLI、ACTA2、IL-6、TNF-α、ACOX1和CPT1A的mRNA相对水平图,3E是对照和乙醇处理的hAHOs COLLI和α-SMA的染色图;
图4是hALOs体系建立图,其中,4A是不同阶段hALOs的显微图,4B是hALOs中ALB、HNF4α、CYP3A4和CK19的相对水平图,4C是第10天hALOs中ALB、GSTA2、CK19、DES、CD68、COLLI和CEBPα免疫荧光染色图,4D是第10天hALOs的透射电子显微镜图,4E是第10天hALOs的LDL摄取、ICG摄取和释放以及Rho-123转运功能图,4F是第10天hALOs的白蛋白浓度图,4G是第10天hALOs的尿素产量图;
图5是疾病模型hALOs体系的建立图,其中,5A是在对照和乙醇处理的hALOs的FASN、SCD、COLLI、ACTA2、IL-6、TNF-α、ACOX1、CPT1A、ADH1B和ALDH1B1的mRNA的相对水平图,5B是对照和乙醇处理hALOs的IL-6的分泌情况图,5C是BODIPY 558/568C12分析对照处理和乙醇处理的hALOs中的脂肪生成水平图,5D是HCS Lipid TOX绿色中性脂染色法测定对照组和乙醇处理组hALOs的脂质蓄积水平图;
图6是对照组和乙醇处理的hALOs中α-SMA和TXNDC5的免疫荧光染色图;
图7是疾病模型hALOs体系的建立图,其中,7A是对照组和乙醇处理组hALOs中天狼星红染色、Masson染色和Coli染色的代表性图,7B是对照hALOs和乙醇处理hALOs的α-SMA和TXNDC5的免疫荧光染色图,7C是正常对照组和ALD患者肝组织中细胞外基质沉积、α-SMA阳性和TXNDC5水平图,7D是对照hALOs和乙醇处理hALOs的透射电子显微镜图;
图8是疾病模型hALOs体系的建立图,其中,8A是正常对照组和ALD患者肝组织中ADH1B和ALDH1B的表达水平图,8B是ADH1B和ALDH1B在对照和乙醇处理的hALOs中的表达图,8C是对照和乙醇处理的hALOs中ADH1B和ALDH1B的相对mRNA水平图,8D是DCFDA/H_2DCFDA-细胞活性氧检测试剂盒检测对照和乙醇处理hALOs中的细胞ROS水平图,8E是对照和乙醇处理的hALOs细胞活性测定图。
具体实施方式
下文提供了本说明书中使用的一些术语的定义。除非另有说明,本文中使用的所有技术和科学用语通常具有和本发明所属领域的普通技术人员通常理解的意思相同的意思。
本发明提供了一种hAHOs肝类器培养基,所述培养基包括基础培养基、血清替代物、FGF、N-乙酰半胱氨酸、Wnt激动剂、烟酰胺、胃泌素、促分裂增殖因子、HGF、毛喉素。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,基础培养基包括,DMEM(杜尔贝科氏改良的伊戈尔培养基,Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium)、DMEM/营养混合物F-12(DMEM/F-12)、高级DMEM/F-12、RPMI 1640、IMDM(伊斯科夫氏改良的杜尔贝科氏培养基)、MEM(最低基本培养基)、BME(基础培养基伊戈尔)、KnockOut DMEM、KnockOut DMEM/F12、Advanced DMEM/F12、neurobasal,在另一个实施方式中,基础培养基包括各种比例的上述示例性基础培养基的组合。
在本发明的具体实施方式中,所述基础培养基选自Advanced DMEM/F12。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,培养基中的血清替代物具有本领域技术人员公知的含义,其是指在维持未分化状态的情况下对多能干细胞进行培养的过程中,作为血清替代物而使用的组合物或调配物。也即,血清替代物能够支持胚胎干细胞或未分化多能干细胞的生长而无需补充血清。在某些示例性实施方式中,所述血清替代物包含:一种或多种氨基酸、一种或多种维生素、一种或多种微量金属元素。在一些情况下,血清替代物可以进一步包含一种或多种选自下列的成分:白蛋白、还原型谷胱甘肽、转铁蛋白、胰岛素等。血清替代物的非限制性实例包括但不限于KnockOutTM SR(简称为KOSR)、KOSR CTS、N2添加剂(N2)、CTS N2添加剂、B27添加剂(B27)、PhysiologixTM XF SR、StemSureTM SerumSubstituteSupplement、KnockoutTM SR中的一种或多种。
在本发明的具体实施方式中,血清替代物包括B27和N2。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述B27的浓度为2%,但不限于此。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述N2的浓度为1%,但不限于此。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,FGF(成纤维细胞生长因子)是参与血管生成、伤口愈合和胚胎发育的生长因子家族。FGF是肝素结合蛋白,与细胞表面相关联的硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白多糖的相互作用对于FGF信号转导是必需的。本领域普通技术人员将容易理解合适的FGF途径激活剂。FGF途径激活剂包括但不限于FGF1、FGF2、FGF3、FGF4、FGF7、FGF8、FGF9、FGF10、FGF11、FGF12、FGF13、FGF14、FGF15、FGF16、FGF17、FGF18、FGF19、FGF20、FGF21、FGF22、FGF23。
在本发明的优选的实施方式中,FGF选自FGF7、FGF10。
在本发明的具体实施方式中,FGF选自FGF10。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述FGF10的浓度为100ng/ml,但不限于此。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述N-乙酰半胱氨酸的浓度为1.25mM,但不限于此。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,Wnt激动剂是指在细胞内激活T细胞因子(TCF)/淋巴增强因子(LEF)介导的转录的药剂。Wnt激动剂并不仅限于Wnt家族蛋白质,还包含与卷曲受体家族成员结合来激活的Wnt激动剂、细胞内β-连环蛋白及TCF/LEF的激活物质。Wnt激动剂优选是Wnt蛋白、R-spo(R-spondin,R-海绵硬蛋白)及GSK-3β抑制剂中的至少1种。
其中,Wnt蛋白可使用来源于各种生物的Wnt蛋白。其中,优选的是来源于哺乳动物的Wnt蛋白。作为哺乳动物,可列举例如人、小鼠、大鼠、牛、猪、兔。作为哺乳动物的Wnt蛋白包括Wnt1、Wnt2、Wnt2b、Wnt3、Wnt3a、Wnt4、Wnt5a、Wnt5b、Wnt6、Wnt7a、Wnt7b、Wnt8a、Wnt8b、Wnt9a、Wnt9b、Wnt10a、Wnt10b、Wnt11、Wnt16。
GSK-3β抑制剂包括CHIR-99021、CHIR-98014(西格玛奥德里奇)、锂(西格玛)、肯帕罗酮(Biomol International,Leost,M.等(2000)Eur J Biochem267,5983-5994)、6-溴靛玉红-30-丙酮肟(Meyer,L等,(2003)Chem.Biol.10,1255-1266)、SB 216763及SB 415286(西格玛奥德里奇)、以及阻止GSK-3与Axin的相互作用FRAT家族成员及来源于FRAT的肽。
R-spo(R-spondin,R-海绵硬蛋白)包括R-spo-1(R-spondin 1,R-海绵硬蛋白1)、R-spo-2(R-spondin 2,R-海绵硬蛋白2)、R-spo-3(R-spondin 3,R-海绵硬蛋白3)及R-spo-4(R-spondin 4,R-海绵硬蛋白4)。R-海绵硬蛋白可多种组合使用。
在本发明的优选的实施方式中,Wnt激动剂选自R-spo(R-spondin,R-海绵硬蛋白)。
在本发明的具体实施方式中,R-spo(R-spondin,R-海绵硬蛋白)选自R-spo-1(R-spondin 1,R-海绵硬蛋白1)。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述R-spo-1的浓度为20ng/ml,但不限于此。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述烟酰胺的浓度为10mM,但不限于此。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述胃泌素的浓度为10nM,但不限于此。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述EGF的浓度为50ng/ml,但不限于此。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述HGF的浓度为25ng/ml,但不限于此。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述毛喉素的浓度为10μM,但不限于此。
本发明提供了一种hAHOs肝类器官的构建方法,所述方法包括使用上述培养基培养HLCs。
所述HLCs由干细胞诱导而成。
诱导干细胞形成HLCs的培养基包括:第一培养基、第二培养基、第三培养基、第四培养基、第五培养基、第六培养基。
所述第二培养基包括:基础培养基、Activin、BSA、SP。
所述第三培养基包括:基础培养基、Activin、BSA、SP、ITS。
所述第四培养基包括:BSA、ITS,BMP、FGF、SP。
所述第五培养基包括:BSA、ITS、HGF、SP。
所述第六培养基包括:BSA、ITS、IL-6家族细胞因子、DEX、HGF、SP。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,BMP(骨形成蛋白质,Bone morphogeneticprotein),可列举:BMP2、BMP4、BMP7及生长分化因子(Growth Differentiation Factor,GDF)7。
在本发明的具体实施方式中,所述BMP选自BMP2。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述BMP2的浓度为20ng/ml,但不限于此。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,作为IL-6家族细胞因子,例如可举出:白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-11(IL-11)、OSM(制瘤素M)、白血病抑制因子(LIF)、心肌营养素-1(CT-1)和睫状神经营养因子(CNTF)。
在本发明的具体实施方式中,所述IL-6家族细胞因子选自OSM(制瘤素M)。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述OSM的浓度为10ng/mL,但不限于此。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述SP(青霉素-链霉素,Penicillin-StreptomycinLiquid)的浓度为1%,但不限于此。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述Activin A的浓度为100ng/ml,但不限于此。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述BSA(牛血清白蛋白)为10%BSA 0.5mg/ml,但不限于此。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述ITS(Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium)的浓度为1%,但不限于此。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述FGF4的浓度为30ng/ml,但不限于此。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述HGF(肝细胞增殖因子)的浓度为20ng/mL,但不限于此。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述DEX(地塞米松)的浓度为1μM,但不限于此。
所述方法还包括获得的HLCs消化后,转入上述hAHOs肝类器培养基培养。
所述方法还包括将细胞与ECM共培养。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述ECM(细胞外基质)是三维基质,包括BME(基底膜提取物)和Matrigel(基质胶)。
在本发明的具体实施方式中,ECM选自Matrigel(基质胶)。
本发明提供了一种hALOs肝类器官培养基,所述培养基包括:培养基Ⅰ和培养基Ⅱ,所述培养基Ⅰ包括:基础培养基、血清替代物、RA,所述培养基Ⅱ包括:HCM(肝细胞培养基)、HGF、Dex、IL-6家族细胞因子。
在本发明的实施方式中,所述RA的浓度为2μM,但不限于此。
本发明提供了一种移植材料,所述移植材料包括上述肝类器官。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,本发明的移植材料或肝类器官可应用于各种肝疾病(例如酒精性肝病)的治疗。特别是设想作为受损伤的(包含功能不全的)肝组织的再生或重建用的材料而利用。即,可以有助于再生医疗。本发明的移植材料可以直接或者进行基质胶、胶原蛋白凝胶包埋等处理后作为移植材料进行利用。另外,还设想作为各种肝病病理模型的治疗药候选化合物的筛选、病理机制的阐明研究这样的利用形态。为了保护细胞,可以在本发明的移植材料中含有二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、血清白蛋白等,为了阻止细菌的混入,可以在本发明的移植材料中含有抗生素等,为了细胞的活性化、增殖或分化诱导等,可以在本发明的移植材料中含有各种成分(维生素类、细胞因子、生长因子、类固醇等)。此外,在本发明的移植材料中也可以含有制剂上允许的其它成分(例如,载体、赋形剂、崩解剂、缓冲剂、乳化剂、悬浮剂、无痛剂、稳定剂、保存剂、防腐剂、生理盐水等)。
本发明的移植材料也能够用于体内实验系统的构建。例如,可以将包含使用人多能干细胞制作的肝类器官的移植材料移植到小鼠、大鼠、豚鼠、仓鼠、猪、食蟹猴、猕猴、黑猩猩等实验动物,制作人源化动物。这样的人源化动物对药物动力学、毒性试验等实验特别有用,可以期待有助于首过效应对口服药的影响、药剂性肝病等的研究。
本发明提供了一种使用上述肝类器官评价被检物质的药代动力学或毒性的方法。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,肝类器官可用于肝的药物动力学(吸收、代谢等)的评价、毒性的评价有用。换言之,本发明的肝类器官可在化合物的药代动力学的评价、毒性的评价中谋求利用。
具体而言,可以使用本发明的肝类器官对被检物质的代谢、吸收性、膜透性、药物相互作用、药物代谢酶的诱导、药物转运蛋白的诱导、毒性等进行试验。即,作为肝类器官的用途之一,本发明提供对被检物质的代谢、吸收性、膜透性、药物相互作用、药物代谢酶的诱导、药物转运蛋白的诱导、毒性等进行评价的方法。在该方法中进行如下工序:(I)使被检物质与通过本发明的制作方法得到的肝类器官接触的工序,以及(II)对被检物质的代谢、吸收性、膜透性、药物相互作用、药物代谢酶的诱导或药物转运蛋白的诱导、或者毒性进行测定或评价的工序。
工序(I)中的接触典型而言通过在培养基中添加被检物质而进行。被检物质的添加时机没有特别限定。因此,可以在不含被检物质的培养基中开始培养后,在某一时刻添加被检物质,也可以在预先含有被检物质的培养基中开始培养。
被检物质可以使用各种分子尺寸的有机化合物或无机化合物。作为有机化合物的例子,可例示核酸、肽、蛋白质、脂质(单纯脂质、复合脂质(磷酸甘油酯、鞘脂、糖基甘油酯、脑苷酯等)、前列腺素、类异戊二烯、萜烯、类固醇、多酚、儿茶素、维生素(B1、B2、B3、B5、B6、B7、B9、B12、C、A、D、E等)。医药品、营养食品、食品添加物、农药、香妆品(化妆品)等现有成分或候选成分也是优选的被检物质之一。也可以将植物提取液、细胞提取液、培养上清液等作为被检物质使用。通过同时添加2种以上的被检物质,可以调查被检物质间的相互作用、协同作用等。被检物质可以为天然物来源,或者也可以为通过合成而得到的物质。在后者的情况下,例如可以利用组合合成的方法来构建有效的分析系统。
使被检物质接触的时间可任意地设定。接触时间例如为10分钟~3天,优选为1小时~1天。也可以分次多次进行接触。
在工序(I)之后,对被检物质的代谢、吸收性、膜透性、药物相互作用、药物代谢酶的诱导、或药物转运蛋白的诱导、或者毒性进行测定或评价(工序(II))。可以在工序(I)后立刻,即,被检物质接触后,在没有实质性时间间隔的情况下对代谢等进行测定或评价,或者也可以在经过一定时间(例如10分钟~5小时)后对代谢等进行测定或评价。代谢的测定例如可以通过代谢产物的检测来进行。此时,通常将工序(I)后的培养液作为样品,对预想的代谢产物进行定性或定量测定。测定方法只要根据代谢产物选择适当的测定方法即可,例如可以采用质谱、液相色谱法、免疫学方法(例如荧光免疫测定法(FIA法)、酶免疫测定法(EIA法))等。
典型而言,在检测出被检物质的代谢产物时,判定或评价为:被检物质被代谢。另外,可以根据代谢产物的量来评价被检物质的代谢量。可以基于代谢产物的检测结果和被检物质的使用量(典型而言是向培养基的添加量)来算出被检物质的代谢效率。
下面结合具体实施例进一步阐述此发明。应理解的是,在此描述的特定实施方式通过举例的方式来表示,并不作为对本发明的限制。在不偏离本发明范围的情况下,本发明的主要特征可以用于各种实施方式。
实施例1肝脏类器官的构建方法
1实验材料
hASCs和hASCs从首都医科大学附属复兴医院产妇的脂肪组织中原代提取得到。
2实验方法
2.1hAHOs类器官的构建
首先,将人脂肪间充质干细胞(hASCs)分化为肝细胞样细胞(HLCs),具体方法包括:
D0天:吸弃hASCs细胞增殖培养基(DMEM-F12加10%FBS(胎牛血清)加1%SP),PBS洗2遍,加DMEM-F12培养基(1%SP),48小时。
D2天:吸弃旧液,PBS洗1遍,加DMEM-F12培养基(Activin A 100ng/ml,10%BSA0.5mg/ml,1%SP),向内胚层诱导24小时。
D3天:每皿加入1%ITS,向腹侧前肠内胚层诱导48小时。
D5天:吸弃旧液,PBS洗1遍,加MEM-NEAA培养基(10%BSA 0.5mg/ml,1%ITS,BMP220ng/ml,FGF4 30ng/ml,1%SP),定向肝脏前体分化5天。
D7天:吸弃旧液,PBS洗1遍,加MEM-NEAA培养基(10%BSA 0.5mg/ml,1%ITS,BMP220ng/ml,FGF4 30ng/ml,1%SP)。
D10天:吸弃旧液,PBS洗1遍,加MEM-NEAA培养基(10%BSA 0.5mg/ml,1%ITS,HGF20ng/mL,1%SP),肝细胞诱导5天。
D12天:吸弃旧液,PBS洗1遍,加MEM-NEAA培养基(10%BSA 0.5mg/ml,1%ITS,HGF20ng/mL,1%SP)。
D15天:吸弃旧液,PBS洗1遍,加MEM-NEAA培养基(10%BSA 0.5mg/ml,1%ITS,OSM10ng/mL,DEX 1μM,HGF 20ng/mL,1%SP),成熟肝实质细胞诱导5天。
D17天:吸弃旧液,PBS洗1遍,加MEM-NEAA培养基(10%BSA 0.5mg/ml,1%ITS,OSM10ng/mL,DEX 1μM,HGF 20ng/mL,1%SP)。
D20天:HLCs诱导完成。
然后,收集HLCs,用0.05%Trypsin-EDTA(Invitrogen)在37℃下胰蛋白酶消化3-4分钟。用PBS洗涤分离的细胞,将细胞以2500个/孔的比例接种到CellCarrier-96SpheroidULA/CS(珀金埃尔默医学诊断产品上海有限公司,沃尔萨姆,MA,USA)中,并加入100μL的扩增培养基(EM)。EM由Advanced DMEM/F-12(Invitrogen)+20ng/ml R-SPO-1条件培养基(Peprotech)、2%B27(Gibco)、1%N2(Gibco)、50ng/ml EGF(Peprotech)、1.25mM N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-Acetylcysteine,Sigma)、10nM胃泌素(Gastrin,Sigma)、25ng/ml HGF(Peprotech)、100ng/ml FGF10(Peprotech)、10mM烟酰胺(nicotinamide,Sigma)、10μM毛喉素(Forskolin,TOCRIS)组成。然后1000rpm离心5分钟,在37℃、5%CO2条件下孵育。24h后平板上出现球状物。去除旧上清液,加入50μLMatrigel(CORNING),每孔50μL。Matrigel胶凝固后,再加入100μL EM。培养条件为37℃、5%CO2、95%空气,每2-3天换液1次,共10天,形成hAHOs。为分析hAHOs的性质,通过划痕和移液法从Matrigel中分离类器官。
2.2hALOs类器官的构建
首先,将人脂肪干细胞(hASCs)分化为内胚层祖细胞(hEPCs)。hEPCs开始三维培养,包括:RA处理5天和分化诱导成熟5天。形成hASCs来源的含有肝细胞和非实质细胞的肝脏类器官。
首先,将人脂肪间充质干细胞(hASCs)培养并诱导分化为内胚层祖细胞(hEPCs),具体方法包括:
D0天:吸弃旧液,PBS洗2遍,加DMEM-F12培养基(1%SP),48小时。
D2天:吸弃旧液,PBS洗1遍,加DMEM-F12培养基(Activin A 100ng/ml,10%BSA0.5mg/ml,1%SP),向内胚层诱导24小时。
D3天:每皿加入1%ITS,向腹侧前肠内胚层诱导48小时。
D5天:hEPCs诱导完成。
然后,收集hEPCs,用0.05%Trypsin-EDTA(Invitrogen)在37℃下胰蛋白酶消化3-4分钟。用PBS洗去游离的细胞,将细胞按每孔2500个细胞的比例接种到CellCarrier-96Spheroid ULA/CS(珀金埃尔默医学诊断产品上海有限公司)上,用100μL培养基包含Advanced DMEM/F-12(Invitrogen)加2μM视黄酸(RA;Sigma-奥尔德里奇),2%B27(Gibco),1%N2(Gibco)。1000rpm离心5分钟,在37℃,5%CO2条件下孵育。24h后平板上出现球状物,去除旧上清液。每孔加入200μL新培养基,培养条件为37℃,5%CO2和95%空气,每2天换液1次,共4天。5d后,弃掉上述培养基,加入新的培养基,新的培养基成分包括:HCM(Lonza)加20ng/ml HGF(Peprotech)、10ng/ml OSM(Peprotech)和1μM地塞米松(Dex;Sigma-奥尔德里奇)。培养条件为37℃,5%CO2和95%空气,每3天换液1次,连续培养5天,生成hALOs。为了分析hALOs,通过划痕和移液分离类器官。
实施例2肝脏类器官的特征及应用
1 hAHOs表现出可增长的肝细胞器质的特征
为了研究hHLCs来源的球体是否具有在Matrigel中悬浮生长的能力,设计了生成hAHOs的最佳增长培养基。在3天的培养过程中,Matrigel包埋的HLCs在培养条件下出现小的类器官。类器官在10天内增长到直径150μm(图1A)。
为了更全面地了解肝细胞结构,使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)进行超微结构分析。第10天的hAHOs具有典型的肝细胞结构,包括丰富的线粒体、内质网、高尔基体、细胞间连接、微绒毛和胆小管结构(图1B)。
定量RT-PCR评估三个供体hAHOs的基因表达随时间的变化的结果显示,第5天和第10天类器官中白蛋白(ALB)、肝细胞核因子4α(HNF4α)、细胞色素P450家族3亚家族A成员4(CYP3A4)和角蛋白19(CK19,胆管标志物)的表达量显著高于HLCs(第0天)。第10天的类器官中CK19的表达水平低于第5天的类器官(图1C)。然后通过免疫荧光染色分析hAHOs。hAHOs显示出较强的ALB、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α(CEBPα)、CYP2A6和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶α2(GSTA2)表达(图1D)。
在功能上,hAHOs显示出强烈的过碘酸雪夫(PAS)染色,这表明hAHOs存在糖原积累。低密度脂蛋白(LDL)的摄取很容易通过荧光探针观察到。hAHOs显示吲哚菁绿(ICG)的摄取和释放,这表明在测定hAHOs的肝脏ICG清除率时,肝窦摄取和胆道排泄之间的相互作用(图1E)。与未分化的hASCs和hHLCs相比,hAHOs的白蛋白分泌水平、CYP3A4代谢活性和尿素产量显著增加(图1F)。这些数据表明hHLCs来源的肝细胞类器官具有可增长和分化成熟的肝功能。
2 hAHOs具有移植、存活和修复小鼠受损肝脏组织的能力
为了研究hAHOs是否能够植入和再填充受损的肝组织,从稳定转导EGFP的hASCs来源的EGFP-hHLCs中产生增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP-hAHOs)(图2A)。随后,将hAHOs植入CCL4诱导的无胸腺裸鼠BALB/C小鼠受损肝脏右上叶边缘。
植入2周后,通过IVIS光谱成像系统成像EGFP-hAHOs在小鼠肝脏中的分布情况(图2B)。通过体视显微镜(图2C)和H&E染色分析(图2D)证实了小簇在肝脏中的初步定植。免疫荧光分析显示,在移植物中可以检测到ALB、HNF4α和CK19阳性的细胞,并与表达EGFP的细胞共定位(图2E)。
通过酮洛芬代谢活性测定来评估hAHOs在植入体中的功能成熟情况,已知酮洛芬在小鼠和人体内代谢不同。结果显示,在hAHOs移植小鼠和对照小鼠(图2F,上图)的尿液中均检测到1-羟基酮洛芬(小鼠代谢物)。然而,葡萄糖醛酸结合物酮洛芬(人类的代谢物)仅在移植hAHOs(图2F,下图)的小鼠尿素样品中检测到。这些数据表明,hAHOs在移植后能够成功地对受损肝脏进行修复治疗,并表现出代谢功能。
3通过乙醇处理来模拟hAHOs中的肝脂肪变性和炎症反应
为了评估乙醇处理是否会引发脂肪变性并导致炎症反应和纤维化,用100mM乙醇处理3个供体来源的hAHOs 72h。然后,使用BODIPY 558/568C12(图3A)和HCS LipidTOXTM中性脂质染色(图3B)分析hAHOs中的脂质生成和脂质积累。结果表明,乙醇处理的hAHOs中脂肪生成和脂质积累水平显著高于对照组。乙醇处理的hAHOs显示细胞活力降低,表现为死/活细胞含量比增加(图3C)。
定量RT-PCR分析表明,乙醇处理的hAHOs中脂肪合成相关酶脂肪酸合成酶(FASN)、硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(SCD)和酰基辅酶A氧化酶1(ACOX1)的表达量显著高于对照组。此外,炎症反应因子IL-6和TNF-α的mRNA水平在乙醇处理的hAHOs中上调,并显著高于对照组(图3D)。
为了进一步验证hAHOs是否能够对乙醇表现出纤维化反应,进行了天狼星红染色、Masson染色以及COLLI和平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的免疫组织化学染色。结果显示,在乙醇处理的hAHOs和对照处理的hAHOs中,COLLI和α-SMA的表达水平相似(图3E)。这些数据表明,hAHOs可以再现ALD的初始症状,包括脂肪变性和炎症。
4从hASCs生成肝脏类器官
首先,将人脂肪干细胞(hASCs)分化为内胚层祖细胞(hEPCs)。hEPCs开始三维培养,包括:RA处理5天和分化诱导成熟5天。形成hASCs来源的含有肝细胞和非实质细胞的肝脏类器官。命名为hALOs(图4A)。
与hEPCs(第0天)和hALOs(第5天)相比,第10天hALOs中肝细胞标志物(ALB、HNF4α、CYP3A4)和胆管标志物(CK19)的mRNA水平显著上调(图4B)。利用肝细胞标志物ALB的免疫荧光染色鉴定hALOs中的细胞类型。CEBPα和GSTA2,胆管细胞标志物CK19,星状细胞标志物desmin和COLLI,以及Kupffer细胞标志物CD68(图4C)。超微结构分析显示,hALOs(图4D,左图)中存在肝样细胞、Kupffer样细胞、储脂细胞和内皮样细胞。典型的肝脏超微结构包括微绒毛、细胞连接复合体、脂滴(LDs)、内质网、线粒体、微血管和细胞外基质(ECM)(图4D,右图)。
在功能上,hALOs具有肝脏特异性的LDL摄取功能、显著高水平的ICG摄取和释放功能以及Rho-123转运功能(图4E)。hALOs的ALB分泌和尿素产生水平显著高于hHLCs和hAHOs(图4F,4G)。这些数据表明hALOs含有肝细胞和非实质细胞,并能够维持典型的肝脏功能。
5使用hALOs通过乙醇处理建立ALD模型
为了研究乙醇处理对hALOs基因表达的影响,进行了定量RT-PCR。结果表明,与脂质生成相关的FASN和SCD,与炎症相关的IL-6和TNF-α,以及与氧化磷酸化相关的ACOX1和CPT1A的mRNA水平在乙醇处理的hALOs中上调。这一发现与hAHO对乙醇处理的反应相似。但是,与纤维化相关的COLLI和ACTA2的mRNA水平在乙醇处理的hALOs中上调(图5A)。
为了验证在乙醇处理的hALOs中是否可以检测到与ALD相关的病理改变,检测了脂肪变性的水平。BODIPY 558/568C12和HCS LipidTOXTM中性脂质染色和IL-6分泌分析显示,与对照组(图5B,5C和5D)相比,乙醇处理的hALOs脂质积累和炎症反应水平显著增加。
为了评估hALOs是否对乙醇处理表现出纤维化反应,根据纤维化临床参数评估ECM成分的变化。天狼星红和masson染色分析显示,与对照hALOs相比,乙醇处理的hALOs中ECM成分显著增加。免疫组织化学染色证明乙醇处理后增加的ECM沉积是I型胶原蛋白a。内质网蛋白硫氧还蛋白结构域蛋白5(TXNDC5)和平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的水平在乙醇处理的hALOs(图6,图7A,7B)中显著增加。TXNDC5是蛋白质二硫键异构酶家族成员之一,在多种组织的纤维化形成中发挥重要作用。α-SMA常用于标记平滑肌细胞,影响细胞外基质的沉积。在ALD患者的肝组织中进一步证实了沉积的基质以及TXNDC5和α-SMA的表达(图7C)。
为了解乙醇处理后hALOs结构的变化,采用TEM进行超微结构分析。乙醇处理后的hALOs线粒体明显变短、变小,内质网变得碎片化,腔隙变大。这些结果表明线粒体和内质网功能受损。重要的是,在乙醇处理的hALOs中发现了大量的纤维(图7D)。
乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)和乙醛脱氢酶(ALDH)是乙醇代谢的主要乙醇脱氢酶。在ALD患者的肝组织中进一步证实了ADH1B和ALDH1B的表达(图8A)。此外,免疫组织化学染色显示,与对照hALOs相比,乙醇处理的hALOs中ADH1B和ALDH1B的表达上调(图8B)。乙醇处理的hALOs中ADH1B和ALDH1B的mRNA水平上调(图8C)。ADH在产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的同时将乙醇代谢为有毒的乙醛,从而进一步诱导ALD中的氧化应激和脂肪变性。检测了hALOs的氧化应激水平。发现乙醇处理导致氧化应激增加(图8D)。进一步研究发现,hALOs表现出肝损伤,表现为细胞存活率降低,死/活细胞含量比增加(图8E)。这些数据证实hALOs模拟了ALD的病理过程和机制。
上述实施例的说明只是用于理解本发明的方法及其核心思想。应当指出,对于本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以对本发明进行若干改进和修饰,这些改进和修饰也将落入本发明权利要求的保护范围内。
Claims (10)
1.一种hAHOs肝类器培养基,其特征在于,所述培养基包括基础培养基、血清替代物、FGF、N-乙酰半胱氨酸、Wnt激动剂、烟酰胺、胃泌素、促分裂增殖因子、HGF、毛喉素;
优选地,所述基础培养基选自Advanced DMEM/F12;
优选地,所述血清替代物包括B27和/或N2;
优选地,所述FGF选自FGF10;
优选地,所述Wnt激动剂包括Wnt蛋白、R-spo;
优选地,所述Wnt激动剂选自R-spo;
优选地,所述R-spo选自R-spo-1;
优选地,所述促分裂增殖因子包括EGF、BDNF、KGF;
优选地,所述促分裂增殖因子选自EGF;
优选地,所述B27的浓度为2%;
优选地,所述N2的浓度为1%;
优选地,所述FGF10的浓度为100ng/ml;
优选地,所述N-乙酰半胱氨酸的浓度为1.25mM;
优选地,所述R-spo-1的浓度为20ng/ml;
优选地,所述烟酰胺的浓度为10mM;
优选地,所述胃泌素的浓度为10nM;
优选地,所述EGF的浓度为50ng/ml;
优选地,所述HGF的浓度为25ng/ml;
优选地,所述毛喉素的浓度为10μM。
2.一种hAHOs肝类器官的构建方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括使用权利要求1所述的培养基培养HLCs;
优选地,所述HLCs由干细胞诱导而成;
优选地,诱导干细胞形成HLCs的培养基包括:第一培养基、第二培养基、第三培养基、第四培养基、第五培养基、第六培养基,
所述第一培养基包括:基础培养基、SP,
所述第二培养基包括:基础培养基、Activin、BSA、SP,
所述第三培养基包括:基础培养基、Activin、BSA、SP、ITS,
所述第四培养基包括:BSA、ITS,BMP、FGF、SP,
所述第五培养基包括:BSA、ITS、HGF、SP,
所述第六培养基包括:BSA、ITS、IL-6家族细胞因子、DEX、HGF、SP;
优选地,所述基础培养基选自Advanced DMEM/F12;
优选地,所述Activin选自ActivinA;
优选地,所述BMP选自BMP2;
优选地,所述FGF选自FGF4;
优选地,所述IL-6家族细胞因子选自OSM;
优选地,所述干细胞选自间充质干细胞;
优选地,所述间充质干细胞选自脂肪间充质干细胞;
优选地,所述SP的浓度为1%;
优选地,所述Activin A的浓度为100ng/ml;
优选地,所述BSA为10%BSA 0.5mg/ml;
优选地,所述ITS的浓度为1%;
优选地,所述BMP2的浓度为20ng/ml;
优选地,所述FGF4的浓度为30ng/ml;
优选地,所述HGF的浓度为20ng/mL;
优选地,所述OSM的浓度为10ng/mL;
优选地,所述DEX的浓度为1μM。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述hALOs肝类器官的方法包括:
a)干细胞使用第一培养基培养,
b)步骤a)获得的细胞转入第二培养基培养,细胞向内胚层诱导,
c)步骤b)获得的内胚层细胞转入第三培养基培养,向腹侧前肠内胚层诱导,
d)步骤c)获得的腹侧前肠内胚层细胞转入第四培养基,向肝脏前体分化,
e)步骤d)获得的肝脏前体细胞转入第五培养基,肝细胞诱导,
f)步骤e)获得的肝细胞转入第六培养基培养,成熟肝实质细胞诱导,获得HLCs,
g)步骤f)获得的HLCs消化后,转入权利要求1所述的hAHOs肝类器培养基培养;
优选地,所述方法还包括在步骤g)后将细胞与ECM共培养;
优选地,步骤a)、c)的培养时间为48小时;
优选地,步骤b)的培养时间为24小时;
优选地,步骤d)、e)、f)的培养时间为5天;
优选地,步骤g)的培养时间为24小时;
优选地,步骤g)中使用胰蛋白酶消化HLCs;
优选地,所述ECM包括BME和Matrigel;
优选地,所述ECM选自Matrigel;
优选地,培养的条件为37℃、5%CO2、95%空气。
4.一种hALOs肝类器官培养基,其特征在于,所述培养基包括:培养基Ⅰ和培养基Ⅱ,
所述培养基Ⅰ包括:基础培养基、血清替代物、RA,
所述培养基Ⅱ包括:HCM、HGF、Dex、IL-6家族细胞因子;
优选地,所述基础培养基选自Advanced DMEM/F12;
优选地,所述血清替代物包括B27和/或N2;
优选地,所述IL-6家族细胞因子选自OSM;
优选地,所述RA的浓度为2μM。
5.一种hALOs肝类器官的构建方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括使用权利要求4所述的培养基培养hEPCs;
优选地,所述hEPCs由干细胞诱导而成;
优选地,诱导干细胞形成hEPCs的培养基包括权利要求2所述的第一培养基、第二培养基、第三培养基;
优选地,所述干细胞选自间充质干细胞;
优选地,所述间充质干细胞选自脂肪间充质干细胞。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述hALOs肝类器官的构建方法包括:
a)干细胞使用第一培养基培养,
b)步骤a)获得的细胞转入第二培养基培养,细胞向内胚层诱导,
c)步骤b)获得的内胚层细胞转入第三培养基培养,向腹侧前肠内胚层诱导,得到hEPCs,
d)hEPCs消化后使用权利要求4所述的培养基Ⅰ培养,
e)加入培养基Ⅱ培养;
优选地,步骤a)、c)的培养时间为48小时;
优选地,步骤b)的培养时间为24小时;
优选地,步骤d)、e)的培养时间为5天;
优选地,步骤d)使用胰蛋白酶消化hEPCs。
7.一种肝类器官,其特征在于,所述肝类器官由权利要求2-3或5-6任一项所述的方法构建而成。
8.一种移植材料,其特征在于,所述移植材料包括权利要求7所述的肝类器官。
9.一种使用权利要求7所述的肝类器官评价被检物质的药代动力学或毒性的方法;
优选地,所述方法包括:使被检物质与所述肝类器官接触,以及对被检物质的代谢、吸收性、膜透性、药物相互作用、药物代谢酶的诱导或药物转运蛋白的诱导、或者毒性进行测定或评价。
10.如下任一项应用:
(1)权利要求7所述的肝类器官在构建肝病模型中的应用;
(2)权利要求7所述的肝类器官在肝病发病机理或致病因素研究中的应用;
(3)权利要求7所述的肝类器官在筛选预防和/或治疗肝病或改善肝病的至少一种症状或病理表征的药物的应用;
(4)权利要求7所述的肝类器官在再生医疗中的应用;
优选地,(1)中所述肝病模型为ALD模型。
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