CN114703139B - 一种体外肺癌模型的构建方法及其应用 - Google Patents
一种体外肺癌模型的构建方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114703139B CN114703139B CN202210229318.1A CN202210229318A CN114703139B CN 114703139 B CN114703139 B CN 114703139B CN 202210229318 A CN202210229318 A CN 202210229318A CN 114703139 B CN114703139 B CN 114703139B
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Abstract
本发明属于生物技术领域,公开了一种体外肺癌模型的构建方法及其应用。构建方法包括:制备包括按矩阵排列的半球形凹孔的细胞培养层、封顶层、培养承载层、隔膜层和气道层,在封顶层和培养承载层上配置进样口、出液口和微通道,在气道层上设置微管道,气道层上连接气泵,提供机械运动刺激;将封顶层、细胞培养层和培养承载层键合置于上方,将隔膜层和气道层键合置于下方,且在键合的隔膜层和气道层的上方设置传感器层。这一模型能够对肺癌细胞进行三维培养,且气道层与气泵的搭配为细胞提供了更接近于人体的生长环境,同时传感器层能进行实时监测,为肺部本身机制、肺相关疾病和相关药物的研究提供了更准确的科学依据。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物技术领域,具体涉及一种体外肺癌模型的构建方法及其应用。
背景技术
在现代药物研发过程中,动物模型实验是必不可少的步骤,但近来的多项研究发现,动物模型具有严重的局限性,往往不能忠实再现人类细胞对药物的反应,造成无效药物进入临床阶段或潜在药物过早被剔除。为了对动物模型进行补充乃至替代,开发基于人类来源的体外器官模型有着重大意义。
由于肺部结构层级复杂,离体后比较脆弱,肺癌发病机制的研究十分困难;利用动物模型筛选有效药物,则受到物种间差异化的肿瘤微环境的干扰,为了对肺癌发生发展和药物有效性进行成本更低、准确性更高的研究,在体外构建人源细胞的肺癌模型受到全球医学的重视。目前,肺癌体外模型的开发主要有以下几种方法:在微流控芯片中单独培养肺癌细胞,手动注入培养基,收集代谢物进行分析;在微流控芯片中使用聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)制成的多孔薄膜作为培养膜,在膜上下分别培养单层的肺癌细胞和内皮细胞,使用气泵进行机械运动模拟呼吸刺激;通过聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)等作为纺丝材料进行静电纺丝,形成平整的薄膜,在其上进行肺癌细胞、内皮细胞共培养;使用各种方法诱导产生肺癌类器官,在多孔板中进行静态培养。
但是,上述方法均存在一定的缺陷:简单的模型只单独培养肺癌细胞或细胞团,且不施加任何动态刺激,远不能模拟真实的肺部生理环境;将肺癌细胞与内皮细胞共培养,并给予适宜的液体流动和机械运动刺激,是目前最通用的肺癌芯片构建方案,但这些细胞往往培养在二维长方形膜上,并不十分匹配肺部尤其是远端肺以管状、球状为主的形态,而微环境中的形态因素经常在细胞的迁移、分化等行为中作为关键线索;另外,以往模型的可靠性欠佳,一是机械运动的形变程度一般是通过光学手段记录后计算,不能实时获得,不利于对芯片长期有效性的监测;二是通过静电纺丝制备培养膜,虽然便于生产,但绝大多数纺丝材料与相邻的膜层并不能形成键合,芯片中液流压力过大时有泄露风险。
发明内容
本发明旨在至少解决上述现有技术中存在的技术问题之一。为此,本发明提出一种体外肺癌模型的构建方法,能够对肺癌细胞进行三维培养,同时具有流体、呼吸运动的动态刺激,较为真实的还原了肺部的模型和生理活动。
本发明还提出上述方法构建的体外肺癌模型的应用。
根据本发明的一个方面,提出了一种体外肺癌模型的构建方法,包括以下步骤:
S1:通过静电纺丝制备细胞培养层,所述细胞培养层包括按矩阵排列的半球形凹孔;
S2:制备封顶层、培养承载层、隔膜层和气道层,在所述封顶层和所述培养承载层上配置进样口、出液口和微通道;在所述气道层上设置微管道,用于模拟人体肺部结构的气体微通道;所述培养承载层上设置有按所述矩阵排列的中空腔室,将所述细胞培养层置于所述封顶层和所述培养承载层中间,使所述封顶层、所述细胞培养层和所述培养承载层键合,此时所述细胞培养层的所述半球形凹孔嵌入所述培养承载层的所述中空腔室中;同时将所述隔膜层和所述气道层键合,置于所述封顶层、所述细胞培养层和所述培养承载层的下方;
S3:在所述气道层上连接气泵,以提供机械运动刺激;
S4:在键合的所述气道层和所述隔膜层的上方设置传感器层。
根据本发明的一种优选的实施方式,至少具有以下有益效果:
根据本发明的方法构建的体外肺癌模型,细胞培养层上包括多个半球形凹孔,即细胞培养室,逼真地还原了远端肺的形态特征,利于细胞贴壁生长及细胞的三维培养;将封顶层、细胞培养层和培养承载层键合起来能够有效杜绝细胞培养层在长期培养过程中的漏液、错位等情况;且在气道层上设置模拟人体肺部结构的气体微通道,结合气泵提供的机械运动刺激(模拟人体肺部组织的呼吸-扩张),通过键合的隔膜层可刺激细胞培养层上细胞的拉伸,为细胞提供更接近于人体的生长环境,同时,传感器层可对气道层和隔膜层模拟的呼吸运动进行易于读出的实时监测,方便了芯片使用过程中的数据采集,为对肺部本身机制、肺相关疾病和相关药物的研究提供更准确的科学依据。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述静电纺丝的步骤包括:取聚二甲基硅氧烷和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯配制纺丝液;在一个不锈钢板上加工出按所述矩阵排列的半球形凹孔,所述凹孔的半径为2~2.5mm,将所述不锈钢板固定在静电纺丝机的平板收集器上,取所述纺丝液进行纺丝。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述矩阵的范围为4行×8列~5行×10列。
在本发明的一些优选的实施方式中,所述矩阵为4行×8列。
在本发明的一些优选的实施方式中,所述凹孔的半径为2mm。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述纺丝的参数包括:正压18~20KV,负压-3~-2KV,距离15~20cm范围内调至可顺畅出丝,进液速率1~1.5mL/h。
在本发明的一些优选的实施方式中,所述纺丝的参数包括:正压18KV,负压-3KV,距离15~20cm范围内调至可顺畅出丝,进液速率1mL/h。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述封顶层和所述培养承载层各配置有3~10条独立的所述微通道,每条所述微通道对应1个所述进样口和1个所述出液口。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述进样口和所述出液口的直径为1~2mm。
在本发明的一些优选的实施方式中,所述进样口和所述出液口的直径为1mm。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述微通道设置为连续的Z形。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,制备所述封顶层和所述培养承载层的材料包括聚二甲基硅氧烷。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述封顶层、所述细胞培养层和所述培养承载层需进行表面等离子体处理后再进行所述键合。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述键合的方法包括施加压力和加热。
进行表面等离子体处理可使PDMS材料的表面形成硅羟基(Si-OH),即在所述封顶层、所述细胞培养层和所述培养承载层的表面形成硅羟基,在所述施加压力和加热过程中彼此接触的Si-OH会发生脱水缩合并形成稳定的Si-O-Si结构,从而使所述封顶层、所述细胞培养层和所述培养承载层形成紧密键合。键合后能够有效杜绝所述细胞培养层在长期培养过程中的漏液、错位等情况。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述细胞培养层的所述半球形凹孔中用于培养肺癌类器官,所述细胞培养层靠近所述隔膜层的一侧用于培养内皮细胞。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,在所述气道层的侧方设置一个进气口,从所述进气口插入一根微管道,所述微管道靠近所述进气口的一端与所述气泵相连,所述微管道的另一端分支形成2条支路,2条所述支路按“一分二”的方式继续分支形成微支路,以模拟人体肺部的气体微通道。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述进气口的直径为1~2mm。
在本发明的一些优选的实施方式中,所述进气口的直径为1mm。
当所述气泵工作时,所述气道层与外界的压差会立刻作用于所述气道层上方的所述隔膜层,使所述隔膜层下凹,并带动所述培养承载层和所述细胞培养层发生形变,给予所述细胞培养层上的细胞拉伸刺激;所述气泵关闭时,空气流入所述气道层平衡内外气压,所述隔膜层、所述培养承载层和所述细胞培养层恢复原状。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述气泵设置为包含自动开关的气泵。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述包含自动开关的气泵的设置方法包括:在所述气泵的电路中接入一个自动计时开关,所述自动计时开关设置为打开后1.5s关闭,1.5s后再次打开,以此循环。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述气泵的流速为1~1.5L/min。
在本发明的一些优选的实施方式中,所述气泵的流速为1L/min。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述传感器层包括液态金属电路和Arduino板,所述液态金属电路与所述Arduino板相连。
根据本发明的另一个方面,提出了根据所述方法构建的体外肺癌模型在药物筛选中的应用。
所述药物筛选包括对肺相关疾病的治疗药物的有效性和副作用的筛选。
附图说明
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明做进一步的说明,其中:
图1为本发明实施例1中加工的具有半球形凹孔矩阵不锈钢板的局部示意图;
图2为本发明实施例1中构建的体外肺癌模型的封顶层、培养承载层、隔膜层和气道层的结构示意图;
图3为图2中A部分的局部放大图;
图4为本发明实施例1中气泵提供机械运动刺激带动细胞运动的示意图;
图5为本发明实施例2培养的肺癌类器官的荧光显微成像图;其中,B为单独对细胞核的染色,C为单独对肺癌细胞粘附分子的染色,A为B和C重合后的图像;标尺均为100μm;
图6为本发明实施例2对嵌有细胞培养层横截面的PDMS薄片的荧光显微成像图和电子显微成像图;其中,A为激光共聚焦显微镜下的成像图,B为扫描电子显微镜下的成像图,标尺为100μm;
图7为本发明实施例2中利用体外肺癌模型对三种靶标基因的siRNA沉默效率检测的RT--PCR结果图。
附图标记:
11-封顶层;111-第一微通道;112-第一进样口;113-第一出液口;21-培养承载层;211-第二微通道;212-第二进样口;213-第二出液口;31-隔膜层;41-气道层;411-进气口;412-中空钢针;421-第一支路;422-第二支路;431-第一微支路;432-第二微支路;433-第三微支路;434-第四微支路;441-第五微支路;442-第六微支路;443-第七微支路;444-第八微支路;445-第九微支路;446-第十微支路;447-第十一微支路;448-第十二微支路;51-细胞培养层;61-细胞。
具体实施方式
下面详细描述本发明的实施例,所述实施例的示例在附图中示出,其中自始至终相同或类似的标号表示相同或类似的元件或具有相同或类似功能的元件。下面描述的实施例是示例性的,仅用于解释本发明,而不能理解为对本发明的限制。
在本发明的描述中,需要理解的是,涉及到方位描述,例如上、下、左、右等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系,仅是为了便于描述本发明和简化描述,而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作,因此不能理解为对本发明的限制。
在本发明的描述中,如果有描述到第一、第二只是用于区分技术特征为目的,而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的先后关系。
本发明的描述中,除非另有明确的限定,设置、连接等词语应做广义理解,所属技术领域技术人员可以结合技术方案的具体内容合理确定上述词语在本发明中的具体含义。
本发明的描述中,参考术语“一个实施例”、“一些实施例”等的描述意指结合该实施例描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点包含于本发明的至少一个实施例中。在本说明书中,对上述术语的示意性表述不一定指的是相同的实施例。而且,描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点可以在任何的一个或多个实施例中以合适的方式结合。
实施例中所使用的试验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法;所使用的材料、试剂等,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径得到的试剂和材料。
实施例1
本实施例构建了一种体外肺癌模型,具体过程为:
(1)配制纺丝液:在蓝口瓶中加入体积比为2:1的四氢呋喃和二甲基甲酰胺作为溶剂,加入PDMS基体(Dowcorning,Sylgard 184)(在溶剂中的质量百分比为36%)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA,在溶剂中的质量百分比为6%),在磁力搅拌器上以500rpm的速率在室温下搅拌24h;
制备细胞培养层:定制一块薄的不锈钢板,在其上通过机械精加工加工出矩阵为4行×8列的半球形凹孔,凹孔的半径为2mm,周边可做出凹槽方便剥离,上述结构的局部如图1所示。在上述不锈钢板的背面粘贴导电胶,将其固定在静电纺丝机的平板收集器上,取10mL上述配制好的纺丝液于注射器中,进行纺丝,纺丝参数设置为:正压18KV,负压-3KV,距离15~20cm范围内调至可顺畅出丝,进液速率1mL/h。纺丝结束后,将收集器上的纺丝膜轻轻剥离即得细胞培养层。
(2)微流控芯片的组装:制备封顶层11、培养承载层21、隔膜层31和气道层41,封顶层11、培养承载层21、隔膜层31和气道层41均以PDMS为主要材料制成;
上述四层的叠放顺序如图2所示,封顶层11包括4条独立的第一微通道111,每条第一微通道111呈2个连续的Z形,每条第一微通道111包括1个第一进样口112和1个第一出液口113,第一进样口112和第一出液口113的直径均为1mm;
培养承载层21包括4条独立的第二微通道211,每条第二微通道211呈2个连续的Z形,每条第二微通道211包括1个第二进样口212和1个第二出液口213,第二进样口212和第二出液口213的直径均为1mm;培养承载层21上设置有矩阵为4行×8列的中空腔室(图中未示出),将细胞培养层(图中未示出)置于封顶层11和培养承载层21中间,对封顶层11、细胞培养层和培养承载层21进行表面等离子体处理,压实并短暂加热,使三层结构紧密键合,此时细胞培养层的半球形凹孔嵌入培养承载层21的中空腔室中;
按上述的方法将隔膜层31和气道层41紧密键合,并置于封顶层11、细胞培养层和培养承载层21的下方;
将直径为1mm的软管接到流速为1L/min的负压气泵上,在气泵的电路中接入一个自动计时开关,自动计时开关设置为打开后1.5s关闭,1.5s后再次打开,以此循环。在气道层41的左侧设置进气口411(直径为1mm),从进气口411插入一根中空钢针412,将软管的另一端套在中空钢针412上,使得气道层41通过软管与气泵相连;气道层41中的微管道的放大图如图3所示,中空钢针412的另一端分支形成第一支路421和第二支路422,第一支路421分支形成第一微支路431和第二微支路432,第二支路422分支形成第三微支路433和第四微支路434;第一微支路431分支形成第五微支路441和第六微支路442,第二微支路432分支形成第七微支路443和第八微支路444,第三微支路433分支形成第九微支路445和第十微支路446,第四微支路434分支形成第十一微支路447和第十二微支路448,这些支路和微支路可用于模拟人体肺部的气体微通道;
当气泵工作时,如图4的下所示,气道层41与外界的压差会立刻作用于气道层41上方40μm处的隔膜层31,使隔膜层31下凹,并带动培养承载层21和细胞培养层51发生形变,给予细胞培养层51上的细胞61拉伸刺激;气泵关闭时,如图4的上所示,空气流入气道层41平衡内外气压,隔膜层31、培养承载层21和细胞培养层51恢复原状;
传感器层的制备:用注射器吸取3.3g含镓75%、铟25%的液态金属合金到1.5mL离心管中,加入0.8mL正癸醇,在超声破碎机上以20%强度超声1min,制成流动性较强的液态金属油墨。将超声后的液态金属油墨倒在含有S形图案的丝网版上,印刷在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)膜上,将PDMS基体与生产商提供的配套固化剂以10:1的质量比混合,浇注在PET膜上,用旋涂机以2500rpm旋转20~30s形成厚度为40μm的薄层,放置在加热台上80℃固化后,连带液态金属图案揭下,液态金属形成的电路两端通过鳄鱼线外接到Arduino板上,即制成传感器层,该层设置于键合的气道层41和隔膜层31的上方。
实施例2
本实施例利用实施例1构建的体外肺癌模型进行了药物筛选,具体过程为:
(1)肺癌类器官的培养:肺癌细胞使用A549细胞系(FuHeng,FH0045),在培养皿中用RPMI 1640培养基(Procell,PM15011B)+10%胎牛血清+1%双抗培养。配制类器官培养基:在Advanced DMEM/F12培养基(GIBCO,12634010)中加入10μMSB431542、3μM CHIR99021、1μM BIRB796、1μM DMH-1、10μM Y-27632、50ng/mL EGF、10ng/mL FGF10、10ng/mL IL-1β、10ng/mL Noggin、5μg/mL肝素、1×B-27添加剂、1×双抗、15mM HEPES、1X GlutaMAX和1.25mM N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸。在需要形成类器官时,用胰酶将A549细胞消化3min,用RPMI1640培养基中和,在离心机上1200rpm离心3min。弃上清液,重悬于类器官培养基中,调节密度至1×106个/mL,在低吸附六孔板中以2mL/孔铺板。每2天小心换液,培养一周后形成体积在100μm以上的肺癌类器官,用DAPI对细胞核进行荧光染色,用EpCAM对肺癌细胞的粘附分子进行荧光染色,置于倒置荧光显微镜下观察后的结果如图5所示,B为单独对细胞核的染色,C为单独对肺癌细胞粘附分子的染色,A为B和C重合后显示的成像图。
(2)培养血管内皮细胞:使用HUVEC细胞系(FuHeng,FH1122),在培养皿中使用DMEM培养基+10%胎牛血清+1%双抗进行培养,培养条件37℃,5%CO2,培养24h后收细胞。
(3)将肺癌类器官和血管内皮细胞转移到体外肺癌模型中进行培养:将体外肺癌模型翻转,通过培养承载层21的第二进样口212将血管内皮细胞注入第二微通道211中,血管内皮细胞从第二出液口213到达细胞培养层靠近隔膜层31的一侧,加入DMEM培养基后静态培养(37℃,5%CO2)12h,使细胞贴壁;将体外肺癌模型翻回正面,通过封顶层11的第一进样口112将肺癌类器官注入第一微通道111中,肺癌类器官从第一出液口113到达细胞培养层的半球形凹孔中,加入Advanced DMEM/F12培养基和DMEM培养基的体积比为1:1混合后的培养基,静态培养(37℃,5%CO2)12h,使肺癌类器官上的细胞向细胞培养层延伸并分泌黏附蛋白,黏附蛋白会将肺癌类器官固定在细胞培养层上;之后用注射泵通过培养承载层21的第二进样口212灌注上述混合培养基,速率为0.1mL/h,进行培养(37℃,5%CO2),同时启动气泵模拟呼吸循环;
在置于体外肺癌模型中培养前用细胞膜染料Dio、DiI进行预先染色,培养后用高内涵成像系统对体外肺癌模型中的细胞培养层进行实时快速光学成像表征。在培养结束后,针对A549细胞的上皮钙黏蛋白、上皮生长因子受体和HUVEC细胞的内皮钙黏蛋白、血小板-内皮细胞粘附分子等特异性抗原进行免疫荧光染色,通过共聚焦显微镜进行高分辨率观察。由于细胞培养层的透光性弱,难以进行Z轴层扫,可将细胞培养层取出后用PDMS块压平并加入未固化PDMS填补空隙,置于37℃环境过夜固化,用刀片切割得到嵌有细胞培养层横截面的PDMS薄片,用共聚焦显微镜观察,如图6的A所示,其中红色DiI染料标记HUVEC细胞的细胞膜,绿色Dio染料标记A549细胞的细胞膜;另外可通过SEM(扫描电子显微镜)进行更微观的观察,如图6的B所示,可看出细胞培养层上有细胞分布。
(4)药物筛选:通过上述体外肺癌模型研究候选小干扰RNA(siRNA)序列对靶标基因的转录后沉默作用,筛选沉默效果最佳的序列。针对与癌细胞增殖、迁移密切相关的Notch1、Ctnnb1和BMP6基因,各自合成001、002、003三种siRNA序列。按照产品说明书指导,使用商业化脂质体转染试剂Lipofectamine RNAiMAX,配制转染复合物沿封顶层11上的不同第一进样口112注入,通过不同的第一微通道111到达相应的第一出液口113,最后将不同序列的siRNA转染进肺癌类器官的细胞中。提取总mRNA,通过RT-PCR(逆转录聚合酶链式反应)测定靶标mRNA相对含量,以此判断siRNA沉默效率,见图7。图7显示,Notch1、Ctnnb1和BMP6基因分别对应的第二条siRNA序列具有显著的沉默效率,表明本发明中的体外肺癌模型可有效对候选物进行筛选。
上面对本发明实施例作了详细说明,但是本发明不限于上述实施例,在所属技术领域普通技术人员所具备的知识范围内,还可以在不脱离本发明宗旨的前提下作出各种变化。此外,在不冲突的情况下,本发明的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。
Claims (9)
1.一种体外肺癌模型的构建方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1:通过静电纺丝制备细胞培养层,所述细胞培养层包括按矩阵排列的半球形凹孔;
S2:制备封顶层、培养承载层、隔膜层和气道层,在所述封顶层和所述培养承载层上配置进样口、出液口和微通道;在所述气道层上设置微管道,用于模拟人体肺部结构的气体微通道;所述培养承载层上设置有按所述矩阵排列的中空腔室,将所述细胞培养层置于所述封顶层和所述培养承载层中间,使所述封顶层、所述细胞培养层和所述培养承载层键合,此时所述细胞培养层的所述半球形凹孔嵌入所述培养承载层的所述中空腔室中;同时将所述隔膜层和所述气道层键合,置于所述封顶层、所述细胞培养层和所述培养承载层的下方;
S3:在所述气道层上连接气泵,以提供机械运动刺激;
S4:在键合的所述气道层和所述隔膜层的上方设置传感器层;
其中,所述静电纺丝的步骤包括:取聚二甲基硅氧烷和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯配制纺丝液;在一个不锈钢板上加工出按所述矩阵排列的半球形凹孔,所述凹孔的半径为2~2.5mm,将所述不锈钢板固定在静电纺丝机的平板收集器上,取所述纺丝液进行纺丝;
所述传感器层包括液态金属电路和Arduino板,所述液态金属电路与所述Arduino板相连。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述矩阵的范围为4行×8列~5行×10列。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述封顶层和所述培养层各配置有3~10条独立的所述微通道,每条所述微通道对应1个所述进样口和1个所述出液口,所述进样口和所述出液口的直径为1~2mm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述封顶层、所述细胞培养层和所述培养承载层需进行表面等离子体处理后再进行所述键合;所述键合的方法包括施加压力和加热。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述气道层的侧方设置一个进气口,从所述进气口插入一根微管道,所述微管道靠近所述进气口的一端与所述气泵相连,所述微管道的另一端分支形成2条支路,2条所述支路按“一分二”的方式继续分支形成微支路,以模拟人体肺部的气体微通道。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述进气口的直径为1~2mm。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述气泵设置为包含自动开关的气泵。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,所述包含自动开关的气泵的设置方法包括:在所述气泵的电路中接入一个自动计时开关,所述自动计时开关设置为打开后1.5s关闭,1.5s后再次打开,以此循环。
9.根据权利要求1~8任一项所述方法构建的体外肺癌模型在药物筛选中的应用。
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