CN102933558B - 作为蛋白质去乙酰化酶抑制剂的反向酰胺化合物及其使用方法 - Google Patents
作为蛋白质去乙酰化酶抑制剂的反向酰胺化合物及其使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种新颖的包含锌螯合剂基团的“反向酰胺”化合物,和该化合物在抑制HDAC6和治疗各种与HDAC6有关的疾病、紊乱或病症中的应用。
Description
优先权权益
本申请要求2010年1月22日提交的美国临时申请61/336,460的权益,其内容在此整体引入。
背景技术
对影响特定生物学功能的有机小分子的识别是一种影响到生物学和医学方面的努力。这类分子可用作治疗剂和生物功能的探测器。通过担当化学蛋白质敲除(chemicalproteinknockouts)从而导致蛋白质功能的丧失,这类小分子已经被应用于阐明信号转导路径(Schreiber等,J.Am.Chem.Soc,1990,112,5583;Mitchison,Chem.andBiol.,1994,I53)。另外,由于这些小分子与特定生物靶标的相互作用以及它们影响特定生物功能(例如基因转录)的能力,它们也用作开发新疗法的候选者。
最近引起兴趣的一种生物靶标是组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)(参见,例如对组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂治疗癌症的用途的讨论:Marks等,NatureReviewsCancer2001,7,194;Johnstone等,NatureReviewsDrugDiscovery2002,287)。通过赖氨酸残基的乙酰化和去乙酰化的蛋白质的翻译后修饰在调节它们的细胞功能中起着关键作用。HDAC为通过组蛋白蛋白质和其它转录调节剂的N-乙酰基赖氨酸残基的去乙酰化来调节基因表达的锌水解酶(Hassig等,Curr.Opin.Chem.Biol.1997,1,300-308)。HDAC参与控制细胞形状和分化的细胞途径,且HDAC抑制剂已在治疗其他的顽固癌症中显示有效(Warrell等,J.Natl.CancerInst.1998,90,1621-1625)。此时,已经识别了11个使用Zn作为辅因子的人类HDAC(Taunton等,Science1996,272,408-411;Yang等,J.Biol.Chem.1997,272,28001-28007;Grozinger等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sd.U.S.A.1999,96,4868-4873;Kao等,GenesDev.2000,14,55-66;Hu等,J.Biol.Chem.2000,275,15254-15264;Zhou等,Proc.Natl.Acad.ScIU.S.A.2001,98,10572-10577;Venter等,Science2001,291,1304-1351)。这些成员分为三类(I、II和IV类)。已经识别了另外7个使用NAD作为辅因子的HDAC。迄今为止,尚不了解选择性靶向该族中任何特定类别或单个成员的小分子((例如已经报道了直系同源选择性(ortholog-selective)的HDAC抑制剂:(a)Meinke等,J.Med.Chem.2000,14,4919-4922;(b)Meinke等,Curr.Med.Chem.2001,8,211-235)。仍然存在着对于制备结构不同的HDAC和微管蛋白去乙酰化酶(TDAC)抑制剂,特别地对于是特定类别的HDAC或TDAC和单个HDAC和TDAC的有效和/或选择性抑制剂的那些抑制剂的需要。
最近,细胞质组蛋白去乙酰化酶蛋白质HDAC6已被确认对聚集体的形成和泛素化错误折叠的蛋白质应激之后的细胞存活是必需的。聚集体是癌细胞存活的必需成分。HDAC-6介导的聚集体形成的机理是靶向未表征的非组蛋白靶标的羧基末端去乙酰化酶结构域催化活性的结果。本发明还提供了HDAC6的小分子抑制剂。在某些实施方案中,这些新化合物是HDAC6的有效的和选择性的抑制剂。
聚集体最早描述于1998年,当时其被报道为在过度表达囊性纤维化跨膜转导受体(CFTR)的病理性ΔF508等位基因的细胞中微管相关的核周包涵体的显现。随后的报道确认了聚集体与以下过度表达的早老蛋白-1(JohnstonJA等,JCellBiol.1998;143:1883-1898)、帕金蛋白(JunnE等,JBiolChem.2002;277:47870-47877)、周围髓鞘蛋白PMP22(NotterpekL等,NeurobiolDis.1999;6:450-460)、流感病毒核蛋白(AntonLC等,JCellBiol.1999;146:113-124)、GFP嵌合体和膜运输蛋白pi15(Garcia-MataR等,JCellBiol.1999;146:1239-1254)和尤其是促淀粉样轻链(DuIJL等,JCellBiol.2001;152:705-716)的病理表现。已经建立了模型体系来研究泛素化的(ΔF508CFTR)(JohnstonJA等,JCellBiol.1998;143:1883-1898)和非泛素化的(GFP-250)(Garcia-MataR等,JCellBiol.1999;146:1239-1254)蛋白质集合体向聚集体的运输。分泌的、突变的和野生型蛋白质可假定为不稳定的动力学中间体,其导致不能通过26S蛋白酶体的狭窄通道降解的稳定的集合体。这些复合体通过动力蛋白发生向中心粒周聚集体的活性、逆行运输,部分地通过细胞质组蛋白去乙酰化酶HDAC6介导(KawaguchiY等,Cell.2003;115:727-738)。
组蛋白去乙酰化酶为至少11种锌结合水解酶的家族,其催化组蛋白蛋白质上赖氨酸残基的去乙酰化。HDAC抑制导致染色质的高度乙酰化、转录改变、生长停滞和癌细胞系的细胞凋亡。用可得的非选择性HDAC抑制剂的早期临床试验证明了恶性血液病包括多发性骨髓瘤中的响应,虽然具有显著的毒性。值得注意的是,已经报道了在骨髓瘤细胞系中常规化疗剂(例如马法兰)与硼替佐米的体外协同,尽管未提出双重蛋白酶体-聚集体抑制。直到最近,选择性HDAC抑制剂尚未实现。
HDAC6对具有泛素化蛋白应激的聚集体形成是所需的,并对这一情况中的细胞生存力是必需的。HDAC6被认为通过锌指结构域与泛素化蛋白质结合并通过另一个离散结合基序与动力蛋白复合体相互作用。HDAC6拥有两个催化去乙酰化酶结构域。目前还不知是否氨基末端组蛋白去乙酰化酶或羧基末端微管蛋白去乙酰化酶(TDAC)结构域介导聚集体的形成。
异常蛋白质分解代谢是癌症的标志,并涉及致癌蛋白质的稳定化和肿瘤抑制物的降解(AdamsJ.NatRevCancer.2004;4:349-360)。肿瘤坏死因子α诱导的核因子κB(NFKB)的活化是相关的例子,其由NFKB抑制剂β(IKB)在恶性浆细胞中的蛋白水解降解介导。蛋白酶体抑制剂的IKB分解代谢的抑制部分地解释了受处理的骨髓瘤细胞的凋亡性生长停滞(HideshimaT等,CancerRes.2001;61:3071-3076)。多发性骨髓瘤是研究癌症中蛋白降解机制的理想体系。自从1890年的WilliamRussell以来,细胞质内含体已被视为恶性浆细胞的定义的组织学特征。虽然未知Russell体的精确组成,但它们被视为包含单型免疫球蛋白的集合体的ER衍生的囊泡(KopitoRR,SitiaR.EMBORep.2000;1:225-231)并对泛素染色阳性(ManettoV等,AmJPathol.1989;134:505-513)。Russell体已用酵母中CFTR的过度表达来描述(SullivanML等,J.Histochem.Cytochem.2003;51:545-548),因此更加怀疑这些结构可能与过度的蛋白质分解代谢并潜在地与聚集体相关。聚集体在癌症中的作用仍未明确。
异常组蛋白去乙酰化酶活性也与各种神经性和神经退行性疾病相关,包括中风、亨廷顿氏病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症和阿尔茨海默氏症。HDAC抑制可诱导抗有丝分裂和抗凋亡基因,例如p21和HSP-70的表达,这促进生存。HDAC抑制剂能作用于中枢神经系统中的其它神经细胞类型,例如反应性星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞,以减少神经元损伤或疾病期间的炎症和继发性损害。HDAC抑制是用于治疗一系列中枢神经系统疾病的一种有前途的治疗方法(LangleyB等,2005,CurrentDrugTargets--CNS&NeurologicalDisorders,4:41-50)。
已知组蛋白去乙酰化酶在调节基因表达的转录机制中发挥重要作用,诱导组蛋白的高度乙酰化并影响基因表达。因此,其可用作由异常基因表达引起的疾病例如炎性疾病、糖尿病、糖尿病并发症、纯合地中海贫血、纤维症、硬化症、急性早幼粒细胞性白血病(APL)、器官移植排斥反应、自身免疫性疾病、原生动物感染、肿瘤等的治疗或预防剂。
因此,仍有必要开发新的组蛋白去乙酰化酶和微管蛋白组蛋白去乙酰化酶的抑制剂。特别是对其特定靶标比已知的HDAC和TDAC抑制剂更有效和/或更特异性的抑制剂。对HDAC族的特定类或成员特异性的HDAC抑制剂在增生性疾病和蛋白质沉积疾病的治疗中和在HDAC,特别是HDAC6的研究中特别地有用。相对于TDAC而对HDAC特异性的和相反的抑制剂也可用于治疗疾病和探测生物途径。本发明提供了新的化合物、其药物组合物、和使用这些化合物治疗与HDAC6相关的疾病包括癌症、炎症、自身免疫性、神经性和神经退行性疾病的方法。
发明概述
在一个方面,本发明提供一种式I化合物:
或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药,
其中,
Z为N或CR*,其中R*为任选取代的烷基、任选取代的酰基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环A为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R1为(i)H、烷基、卤代烷基、烯基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环、碳环、C(O)-R2、C(O)O-R2或S(O)p,其各个可任选被取代;或(ii)当Z为CR*时,R1可为任选取代的支链烷基、OR3或N(R3)(R3)、-CH2CH2OH、OCH2CH2OH、SH或硫代烷氧基;
或环B和R1可与其各所连接的原子一起形成任选取代的杂环或任选取代的杂芳基;
或R*和R1与其各所连接的原子一起可形成任选取代的碳环、任选取代的杂环、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳环;
R为H或任选取代的烷基;或R和环A可连接以形成可任选被取代的稠合双环;
各个R2独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
各个R3独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
n为4、5、6、7或8;和
p为0、1或2。
在另一个方面,本发明提供一种包含式I化合物或其药学上可接受酯、盐、或前药,以及药学上可接受载体的药物组合物。
在一个方面,本发明提供一种抑制受试者的组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)的方法,包括施用式I的化合物
或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药,
其中,
Z为N或CR*,其中R*为任选取代的烷基、任选取代的酰基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环A为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R1为(i)H、烷基、卤代烷基、烯基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环、碳环、C(O)-R2、C(O)O-R2或S(O)p,其各个可任选被取代;或(ii)当Z为CR*时,R1可为任选取代的支链烷基、OR3或N(R3)(R3)、-CH2CH2OH、OCH2CH2OH、SH或硫代烷氧基;
或环B和R1可与其各所连接的原子一起形成任选取代的杂环或任选取代的杂芳基;
或R*和R1与其各所连接的原子一起可形成任选取代的碳环、任选取代的杂环、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳环;
R为H或任选取代的烷基;或R和环A可连接以形成可任选被取代的稠合双环;
各个R2独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
各个R3独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
n为4、5、6、7或8;和
p为0、1或2。
在另一个方面,本发明提供一种治疗受试者的由HDAC-6介导的疾病的方法,包括向受试者施用式I的化合物
或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药,
其中,
Z为N或CR*,其中R*为任选取代的烷基、任选取代的酰基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环A为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R1为(i)H、烷基、卤代烷基、烯基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环、碳环、C(O)-R2、C(O)O-R2或S(O)p,其各个可任选被取代;或(ii)当Z为CR*时,R1可为任选取代的支链烷基、OR3或N(R3)(R3)、-CH2CH2OH、OCH2CH2OH、SH或硫代烷氧基;
或环B和R1可与其各所连接的原子一起形成任选取代的杂环或任选取代的杂芳基;
或R*和R1与其各所连接的原子一起可形成任选取代的碳环、任选取代的杂环、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳环;
R为H或任选取代的烷基;或R和环A可连接以形成可任选被取代的稠合双环;
各个R2独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
各个R3独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
n为4、5、6、7或8;和
p为0、1或2。
在其它方面,本发明提供一种治疗患有多发性骨髓瘤或易患多发性骨髓瘤的受试者的方法,包括向需要治疗的受试者施用治疗有效量的式I化合物,
或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药,
其中,
Z为N或CR*,其中R*为任选取代的烷基、任选取代的酰基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环A为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R1为(i)H、烷基、卤代烷基、烯基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环、碳环、C(O)-R2、C(O)O-R2或S(O)p,其各个可任选被取代;或(ii)当Z为CR*时,R1可为任选取代的支链烷基、OR3或N(R3)(R3)、-CH2CH2OH、OCH2CH2OH、SH或硫代烷氧基;
或环B和R1可与其各所连接的原子一起形成任选取代的杂环或任选取代的杂芳基;
或R*和R1与其各所连接的原子一起可形成任选取代的碳环、任选取代的杂环、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳环;
R为H或任选取代的烷基;或R和环A可连接以形成可任选被取代的稠合双环;
各个R2独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
各个R3独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
n为4、5、6、7或8;和
p为0、1或2;
从而治疗患有多发性骨髓瘤或易患多发性骨髓瘤的受试者。
在另一个方面,本发明提供一种包含选自一种或多种式I化合物或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药的、能够抑制HDAC活性的化合物和用于治疗多发性骨髓瘤的说明书的试剂盒
其中,
Z为N或CR*,其中R*为任选取代的烷基、任选取代的酰基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环A为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R1为(i)H、烷基、卤代烷基、烯基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环、碳环、C(O)-R2、C(O)O-R2或S(O)p,其各个可任选被取代;或(ii)当Z为CR*时,R1可为任选取代的支链烷基、OR3或N(R3)(R3)、-CH2CH2OH、OCH2CH2OH、SH或硫代烷氧基;
或环B和R1可与其各所连接的原子一起形成任选取代的杂环或任选取代的杂芳基;
或R*和R1与其各所连接的原子一起可形成任选取代的碳环、任选取代的杂环、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳环;
R为H或任选取代的烷基;或R和环A可连接以形成可任选被取代的稠合双环;
各个R2独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
各个R3独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
n为4、5、6、7或8;和
p为0、1或2。
发明详述
定义
以下列出用于描述本发明的各种术语的定义。除非在特定情况下另有限制,当贯穿本说明书和权利要求书使用时,这些定义单独或作为更大基团的部分适用于这些术语。
如本文所用,术语“烷基”是指饱和、直链或支链烃部分,其在某些实施方案中分别含有1至6个或1至8个碳原子。C1-C6烷基部分的实例包括,但不限于,甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、正丁基、叔丁基、新戊基、正己基部分;和C1-C8烷基部分的实例包括,但不限于,甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、正丁基、叔丁基、新戊基、正己基、庚基和辛基部分。
如本文所用,术语“烯基”是指衍生自烃基团的在某些实施方案中含有2至6个或2至8个碳原子、具有至少一个碳-碳双键的一价基团。该双键可以是或不是与另一基团的连接点。烯基包括,但不限于,例如,乙烯基、丙烯基、丁烯基、1-甲基-2-丁烯-1-基、庚烯基、辛烯基等。
如本文所用,术语“炔基”是指衍生自烃基团的在某些实施方案中含有2至6个或2至8个碳原子、具有至少一个碳-碳三键的一价基团。该炔基可以是或不是与另一基团的连接点。代表性的炔基包括,但不限于,例如,乙炔基、1-丙炔基、1-丁炔基、庚炔基、辛炔基等。
术语“烷氧基”是指-O-烷基部分。
如本文所用,术语“芳基”是指具有一个或多个稠合或非稠合的芳环、单环或多环碳环系统,包括,但不限于,苯基、萘基、四氢萘基、茚满基、茚基(idenyl)等。
如本文所用,术语“芳烷基”或“芳基烷基”是指与芳环连接的烷基残基。实例包括,但不限于,苄基、苯乙基等。
如本文所用,术语“碳环”是指衍生自单环或多环的饱和、部分不饱和或完全不饱和的碳环化合物的一价基团。碳环基团的实例包括环烷基定义和芳基定义中存在的基团。
如本文所用,术语“环烷基”是指衍生自单环或多环的饱和或部分不饱和的碳环化合物的一价基团。C3-C8-环烷基的实例包括,但不限于,环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、环戊基和环辛基;和C3-C12-环烷基的实例包括,但不限于,环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、双环[2.2.1]庚基和双环[2.2.2]辛基。可以预期的还有通过移除单个氢原子而由具有至少一个碳-碳双键的单环或多环碳环化合物衍生的一价基团。这类基团的实例包括,但不限于,环丙烯基、环丁烯基、环戊烯基、环己烯基、环庚烯基、环辛烯基等。
如本文所用,术语“杂芳基”是指具有至少1个芳环、具有5至10个环原子且其中1个环原子选自S、O和N的单环或多环(例如,二、或三环或更多环)稠合或非稠合部分或环系统;0、1或2个环原子为独立地选自S、O和N的另外的杂原子;和其余环原子为碳。杂芳基包括,但不限于,吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、吡咯基、吡唑基、咪唑基、噻唑基、噁唑基、异噁唑基、噻二唑基、噁二唑基、噻吩基、呋喃基、喹啉基、异喹啉基、苯并咪唑基、苯并噁唑基、喹喔啉基等。
如本文所用,术语“杂芳烷基”是指与杂芳环相连的烷基残基。实例包括,但不限于,吡啶基甲基、嘧啶基乙基等。
如本文所用,术语“杂环烷基”是指非芳族的3-、4-、5-、6-或7-元环或二环或三环的稠合或非稠合系统,其中(i)各环含有1至3个独立地选自氧、硫和氮的杂原子,(ii)各个5元环具有0至1个双键和各个6元环具有0至2双键,(iii)氮和硫杂原子可任选被氧化,(iv)氮杂原子可任选被季铵化,和(iv)上述环中的任一个可与苯环稠合。代表性的杂环烷基包括,但不限于,[1,3]二氧杂环戊烷、吡咯烷基、吡唑啉基、吡唑烷基、咪唑啉基、咪唑烷基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、噁唑烷基、异噁唑烷基、吗啉基、噻唑烷基、异噻唑烷基和四氢呋喃基。
术语“烷基氨基”是指具有结构-NH(C1-C12烷基)的基团,其中C1-C12烷基如前述定义。
术语“酰基”包括衍生自酸的残基,所述酸包括但不限于羧酸、氨基甲酸、碳酸、磺酸和亚磷酸。实例包括脂族羰基、芳族羰基、脂族磺酰基、芳族亚磺酰基、脂族亚磺酰基、芳族磷酸酯和脂族磷酸酯。脂族羰基的实例包括,但不限于,乙酰基、丙酰基、2-氟乙酰基、丁酰基、2-羟基乙酰基等。
依照本发明,本文描述的芳基、取代芳基、杂芳基和取代杂芳基的任一个可为任何芳族基团。芳族基团可被取代或未取代。
如本文所用,术语“卤”、“卤代”和“卤素”是指选自氟、氯、溴和碘的原子。
如本文所用,术语“氧代”是指与碳连接的氧,优选通过双键连接(例如羰基)。
如本文所述,本发明化合物可任选地被一个或多个取代基(例如以上一般说明的、或如通过本发明具体种类、亚类和类型举例的)取代。应当认识到短语“任选取代的”可与短语“取代或未取代的”互换使用。通常,术语“取代的”(其前面无论是否有术语“任选地”)是指用指定取代基的基团替换给定结构中氢基团。除非另有说明,任选取代的基团可在基团的各个可取代位置具有取代基,并且当任何给定结构中多于1个位置可被多于1个选自指定基团的取代基取代时,每个位置上的取代基可相同或不同。如本文所用,术语“任选取代的”、“任选取代的烷基”、“任选取代的“任选取代的烯基”、“任选取代的炔基”、“任选取代的环烷基”、“任选取代的环烯基”、“任选取代的芳基”、“任选取代的杂芳基”、“任选取代的芳烷基”、“任选取代的杂芳烷基”、“任选取代的杂环烷基”和任何其它任选取代的基团是指通过用包括但不限于以下的取代基独立地替换其上的1个、2个或3个或者更多个氢原子而被取代或未取代的基团:
烷基、烯基、炔基、环烷基、芳基、杂环烷基、杂芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基烷基、
-F、-Cl、-Br、-I、
-OH、保护的羟基、氧、氧代、
-NO2、-CN、
-NH2、保护的氨基、-NH-C1-C12-烷基、-NH-芳基、-二烷基氨基、-
-O-C1-C12-烷基、-O-芳基、
-C(O)-,-C(O)O-、-C(O)NH-、-OC(O)-、-OC(O)O-、-OC(O)NH-、-NHC(O)-、-NHC(O)O-、
-C(O)-C1-C12-烷基、-C(O)-C3-C12-环烷基、-C(O)-芳基、-C(O)-杂芳基、-C(O)-杂环烷基、
-C(O)O-C1-C12-烷基、-C(O)O-C3-C12-环烷基、-C(O)O-芳基、-C(O)O-杂芳基、-C(O)O-杂环烷基、
-CONH2、-CONH-C1-C12-烷基、-CONH-芳基、
-OCO2-C1-C12-烷基、-OCO2-芳基、-OCONH2、-OCONH-C1-C12-烷基、-OCONH-芳基、
-NHC(O)-C1-C12-烷基、-NHC(O)-芳基、-NHCO2-C1-C12-烷基、-NHCO2-芳基、
-S(O)-C1-C12-烷基、-S(O)-芳基、-SO2NH-C1-C12-烷基、-SO2NH-芳基、
-NHSO2-C1-C12-烷基、-NHSO2-芳基、
-SH、-S-C1-C12-烷基或-S-芳基。
在某些实施方案中,任选取代的基团包括以下:C1-C12-烷基、C2-C12-烯基、C2-C12-炔基、C3-C12-环烷基、C3-C12-芳基、C3-C12-杂环烷基、C3-C12-杂芳基、C4-C12-芳基烷基或C2-C12-杂芳基烷基。
应当理解芳基、杂芳基、烷基等可被进一步取代。
如本文所用,术语“金属螯合剂”是指能够与金属离子形成复合物(即“螯合物”)的任何分子或部分。在某些示例性的实施方案中,金属螯合剂是指在溶液中与金属离子“结合”的任何分子或部分,使得该金属离子不可用于化学/酶反应。在某些实施方案中,所述溶液包括生理条件下的水性环境。金属离子的实例包括,但不限于,Ca2+、Fe3+、Zn2+、Na+等。在某些实施方案中,金属螯合剂结合Zn2+。在某些实施方案中,使金属离子沉淀的分子或部分不被认为是金属螯合剂。
如本文所用,术语“小分子”是指实验室中合成的或自然界发现的非肽的(non-peptidic)、非低聚的有机化合物。如本文所用,小分子可指为“天然产物样”的化合物,然而,术语“小分子”不限于“天然产物样”化合物。相反,通常小分子的特征在于其含有几个碳-碳键,并具有小于1500的分子量,虽然出于本发明的目的该特征不意欲用于限制。自然界中出现的“小分子”的实例包括,但不限于,泰克索(taxol)、达内霉素(dynemicin)和雷帕霉素。在某些其它优选的实施方案中,使用天然产物样小分子。
如本文所用,术语“受试者”是指哺乳动物。因此,受试者是指,例如,狗、猫、马、牛、猪、豚鼠等。优选受试者为人类。当受试者为人类时,在此受试者可称为患者。
“治疗(treat)”、“处理(treating)”和“治疗(treatment)”是指减轻或缓和疾病和/或其伴随的症状的方法。
如本文所用,术语“药学上可接受的盐”是指通过本发明的方法形成的化合物的那些盐,其处于合理医学判断的范围内、适用于与人类和更低级动物的组织接触而不具有不适当的毒性、刺激性、过敏性反应等,并与合理的利益/风险比相称。药学上可接受盐是本领域熟知的。例如,S.M.Berge等在J.PharmaceuticalSciences,66:1-19(1977)中详细描述了药学上可接受盐。可在本发明化合物的最终分离和纯化过程中原位制备盐,或单独地通过使游离碱官能团与适当的有机酸反应制备盐。药学上可接受的盐的实例包括,但不限于,非毒性酸加成盐,其为氨基与无机酸(例如盐酸、氢溴酸、磷酸、硫酸和高氯酸)或有机酸(例如乙酸、马来酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸或丙二酸)形成的盐或通过本领域中使用的其他方法(例如离子交换)形成的盐。其它药学上可接受盐包括,但不限于,己二酸盐、藻酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、天门冬氨酸盐、苯磺酸盐、苯甲酸盐、硫酸氢盐、硼酸盐、丁酸盐、樟脑酸盐(camphorate)、樟脑磺酸盐(camphorsulfonate)、柠檬酸盐、环戊丙酸盐、二葡糖酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、乙烷磺酸盐、甲酸盐、延胡索酸盐、葡庚糖酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、葡糖酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚酸盐、己酸盐、氢碘酸盐、2-羟基-乙烷磺酸盐、乳糖酸盐(lactobionate)、乳酸盐、月桂酸盐、月桂基硫酸盐、苹果酸盐、马来酸盐、丙二酸盐、甲烷磺酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、硝酸盐、油酸盐、草酸盐、棕榈酸盐、双羟奈酸盐、果胶酸盐、过硫酸盐、3-苯基丙酸盐、磷酸盐、苦味酸盐、三甲基乙酸盐、丙酸盐、硬脂酸盐、琥珀酸盐、硫酸盐、酒石酸盐、硫氰酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐、十一酸盐、戊酸盐等。代表性的碱金属或碱土金属盐包括钠、锂、钾、钙、镁等。合适时,进一步的药学上可接受盐包括使用平衡离子例如卤离子、氢氧根、羧酸根、硫酸根、磷酸根、硝酸根、具有1至6个碳原子的烷基、磺酸根和芳基磺酸根所形成的非毒性铵、季铵和胺阳离子。
如本文所用,术语“药学上可接受酯”是指通过本发明的方法形成的化合物的酯,其在体内水解并包括在人体内容易分解以提供其母体化合物或盐的那些。适合的酯基包括,例如,衍生自药学上可接受的脂族羧酸(特别是链烷酸、链烯酸、环链烷酸和链烷二酸,其中各烷基或烯基部分有利地具有不多于6个碳原子)的那些。特定酯的实例包括,但不限于,甲酸酯、乙酸酯、丙酸酯、丁酸酯、丙烯酸酯和乙基琥珀酸酯。
如本文所用,术语“药学上可接受前药”是指通过本发明的方法形成的化合物的那些前药,其以及本发明化合物的两性离子形式(可能情况下),处于合理医学判断的范围内、适用于与人类和更低级动物组织接触而具有不适当的毒性、刺激性、过敏性反应等,与合理的利益/风险比相称、并对于其预期的用途有效。如本文所用,“前药”是指可通过代谢方式(例如通过水解)在体内转化以提供任何本发明化学式所描述的任何化合物的化合物。各种形式的前药是本领域已知的,例如,在Bundgaard,(ed.),DesignofProdrugs,Elsevier(1985);Widder等,(ed.),MethodsinEnzymology,第4卷,AcademicPress(1985);Krogsgaard-Larsen等,(ed).″DesignandApplicationofProdrugs,TextbookofDrugDesignandDevelopment,第5章,113-191(1991);Bundgaard等,JournalofDrugDeliverReviews,8:1-38(1992);Bundgaard,J.ofPharmaceuticalSciences,77:285etseq.(1988);Higuchi和Stella(eds.)ProdrugsasNovelDrugDeliverySystems,AmericanChemicalSociety(1975);和BernardTesta&JoachimMayer,“HydrolysisInDrugAndProdrugMetabolism:Chemistry,BiochemistryAndEnzymology,”JohnWileyandSons,Ltd.(2002)中所讨论的。
本发明也包括含有本发明化合物的药学上可接受前药的药物组合物和通过施用本发明化合物的药学上可接受前药来治疗疾病的方法。例如,具有游离氨基、酰氨基、羟基或羧基的本发明化合物可转化为前药。前药包括其中氨基酸残基、或2个或更多个(例如2个、3个或4个)氨基酸残基的多肽链通过酰胺键或酯键共价连接至本发明化合物的游离氨基、羟基或羧基的化合物。氨基酸残基包括但不限于20种天然存在的、通常由3个字母符号表示的氨基酸,并还包括4-羟脯氨酸、羟赖氨酸、锁链赖氨酸、异锁链赖氨酸、3-甲基组氨酸、正缬氨酸、β-丙胺酸、γ-氨基丁酸、瓜氨酸、高半胱氨酸、高丝氨酸、鸟氨酸和蛋氨酸砜。也包括另外类型的前药。例如,可将游离羧基衍生化为酰胺或烷基酯。可使用包括但不限于半琥珀酸酯、磷酸酯、二甲基氨基乙酸酯和磷酰氧基甲氧羰基的基团将游离羟基衍生化,如AdvancedDrugDeliveryReviews,1996,19,115所概述的。还包括羟基和氨基的氨基甲酸酯前药,以及羟基的碳酸酯前药、磺酸酯和硫酸酯。也包括羟基衍生化为(酰氧基)甲基和(酰氧基)乙基酯,其中酰基可以是被包括但不限于醚、胺和羧酸官能团的基团任选取代的烷基酯、或其中酰基为如上所述的氨基酸酯。这类型的前药描述于J.Med.Chem.1996,39,10中。游离胺也可衍生化为酰胺、磺胺或磷酰胺。所有的这些前药部分可结合包括但不限于醚、胺和羧酸官能团的基团。
本发明预期的取代基和变量的结合仅为导致形成稳定化合物的那些。如本文所用,术语“稳定”是指拥有足以允许制备出来的稳定性和维持化合物完整性一段充足的时间以用于本文所详述的目的(例如向受试者治疗性给药或预防性给药)的化合物。
术语“分离的”、“纯化的”或“生物纯的”是指实质上或基本上不含通常如在其天然状态中发现伴随的成分的材料。通常使用分析化学技术例如聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳或高效液相色谱来测定纯度和均匀性。具体地,在实施方案中化合物为至少85%纯、更优选至少90%纯、更优选至少95%纯和最优选至少99%纯。
本发明的化合物
在一个方面,本发明提供了式I的化合物:
或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药,
其中,
Z为N或CR*,其中R*为任选取代的烷基、任选取代的酰基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环A为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R1为(i)H、烷基、卤代烷基、烯基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环、碳环、C(O)-R2、C(O)O-R2或S(O)p,其各个可任选被取代;或(ii)当Z为CR*时,R1可为任选取代的支链烷基、OR3或N(R3)(R3)、-CH2CH2OH、OCH2CH2OH、SH或硫代烷氧基;
或环B和R1可与其各所连接的原子一起形成任选取代的杂环或任选取代的杂芳基;
或R*和R1与其各所连接的原子一起可形成任选取代的碳环、任选取代的杂环、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳环;
R为H或任选取代的烷基;或R和环A可连接以形成可任选被取代的稠合双环;
各个R2独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
各个R3独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
n为4、5、6、7或8;和
p为0、1或2。
在一种实施方案中,环A为苯基、萘基、蒽基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、吡嗪基、吲哚基、咪唑基、噁唑基、呋喃基、噻吩基、噻唑基、三唑基、异噁唑基、喹啉基、吡咯基、吡唑基或5,6,7,8-四氢异喹啉;其各个可任选被取代。
在另一种实施方案中,环B为苯基、萘基、蒽基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、吡嗪基、吲哚基、咪唑基、噁唑基、呋喃基、噻吩基、噻唑基、三唑基、异噁唑基、喹啉基、吡咯基、吡唑基或5,6,7,8-四氢异喹啉;其各个可任选被取代。
在某些实施方案中,R1为H、任选取代的烷基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基,或R1为OH或烷氧基。
在进一步的实施方案中,R1为H、甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、戊基、己基、苯基、萘基、吡啶基、OH、OCH3、OCH2CH3、O-Pr、O-iPr、O-Bu、O-sBu或O-tBu;其各个可任选取代。
在各种实施方案中,R1为OH、烷氧基、NH2、NH(烷基)、N(烷基)(烷基)、NH-芳基、NH-杂芳基、N(芳基)(芳基)、N(芳基)(杂芳基)或N(杂芳基)(杂芳基)。
在其它实施方案中,与环A连接的羰基和Z基位于彼此的对位。
在其它实施方案中,与环A连接的羰基和Z基位于彼此的间位。
在另一种实施方案中,与环A连接的羰基和Z基位于彼此的邻位。
在一种实施方案中,本发明提供了式II的化合物:
或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药,
其中,
X1、X2、X3或X4各自独立地为N、CR’、O、S、NCR’、CR’CR’、OCR’、SCR’或不存在,或者X1或X4可与R连接以形成双环;其中X1、X2、X3或X4中最多3个可为N;
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R1为H、烷基、卤代烷基、烯基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环、碳环、C(O)-R2或C(O)O-R2,其各个可任选被取代;
R为H或任选取代的烷基;或R和X1或X4可连接以形成可任选被取代的稠合双环;
各个R’独立地为H、任选取代的烷基、卤素、OH、NH2、NHR”、卤代烷基、CN、N3、NO2;
R”为H或烷基;和
R2为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个被任选取代。
在某些实施方案中,X1、X2、X3和X4均为CR’。
在其它实施方案中,X2和X3为N且X1和X4为CR’。
在另一种实施方案中,X2和X3为CR’且X1和X4为N。
仍在其它实施方案中,X2为N;X3为S、N或O;X1为CR’和X4不存在。
在一种实施方案中,环B为苯基、吡啶基、嘧啶基或吡嗪基;其各个可任选被取代。
在进一步的实施方案中,环B被烷基、芳基、杂芳基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳烷基、卤代烷基、卤素、OH、NH2、NHR”、CN、N3或NO2取代。
在某些实施方案中,R1为H、烷基、芳基、芳基烷基或杂芳基,其各个可任选被取代。
在另一种实施方案中,本发明提供了式III的化合物:
或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药,
其中,
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R1为H、烷基、卤代烷基、烯基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环、碳环、C(O)-R2或C(O)O-R2,其各个可任选被取代;
R2为任选取代的杂芳基,和
R为H或任选取代的烷基;或R和苯环可连接以形成可任选被取代的稠合[6,5]双环。
在一种实施方案中,环B为苯基、吡啶基、嘧啶基或吡嗪基;其各个可任选被取代。
在进一步的实施方案中,环B被烷基、芳基、芳烷基、卤代烷基、卤素、OH、NH2、CN或NO2取代。
在其它实施方案中,R1为H、烷基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、C(O)-R2或C(O)O-R2,其各个可任选被取代。
在各种实施方案中,R2为任选取代的吡啶基。
在另一种实施方案中,本发明提供了一种式IV的化合物:
或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药,
其中,
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R1为H、烷基、卤代烷基、烯基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环或碳环,其各个可任选被取代;
或环B和R1可与其各所连接的原子一起形成任选取代的杂环或任选取代的杂芳基,和
R为H或任选取代的烷基;或R和1,3-嘧啶环可连接以形成可任选被取代的稠合双环。
在某些实施方案中,环B为苯基、吡啶基、嘧啶基或吡嗪基;其各个可任选被取代。
在进一步的实施方案中,环B被烷基、芳基、芳烷基、卤代烷基、卤素、OH、NH2、CN或NO2取代。
在其它实施方案中,R1为H、烷基、芳基、芳基烷基或杂芳基,其各个可任选被取代。
在另一种实施方案中,R1被OH或卤素取代。
在某些实施方案中,由环B和R1形成的环为哌啶、吡咯烷、四氢喹啉、吗啉、哌嗪、四氢三唑并吡嗪或二氮杂环庚烷,其各个任选被取代。
在另一种实施方案中,本发明提供了一种式V的化合物:
或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药,
其中,
X1、X2或X3各自独立地为N或CR’;
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R1为H、烷基、卤代烷基、烯基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环或碳环,其各个可任选被取代;
各个RA和RB独立地为H、NH(RC)、N(RC)(RC)、N(RC)CO(RC)、CO2H、C(O)RC、C(O)ORC、C(O)NH2、C(O)NH(RC)、C(O)N(RC)(RC)、SO2RC、SORC、SRC、烷基、芳基、芳基烷基、烷氧基、杂芳基、杂环和碳环,其各个可被进一步取代;或RA和RB与它们所连接的碳一起形成羰基;
各个RC独立地为H、烷基、烯基、芳基、杂芳基、环烷基或杂环,其各个可被进一步取代;
R’为H、任选取代的烷基、卤素、OH、NH2、NHR”、卤代烷基、CN、N3、NO2;
R”为H或烷基;和
m为1或2。
在相关实施方案中,本发明提供了一种式Va的化合物:
或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药,
其中,
X1、X2或X3各自独立地为N或CR’;
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R1为H、烷基、卤代烷基、烯基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环或碳环,其各个可任选被取代;
各个RA和RB独立地为H、NH(RC)、N(RC)(RC)、N(RC)CO(RC)、CO2H、C(O)RC、C(O)ORC、C(O)NH2、C(O)NH(RC)、C(O)N(RC)(RC)、SO2RC、SORC、SRC、烷基、芳基、芳基烷基、烷氧基、杂芳基、杂环和碳环,其各个可被进一步取代;或RA和RB与它们所连接的碳一起形成羰基;
各个RC独立地为H、烷基、烯基、芳基、杂芳基、环烷基或杂环,其各个可被进一步取代;
R’为H、任选取代的烷基、卤素、OH、NH2、NHR”、卤代烷基、CN、N3、NO2;
R”为H或烷基;和
m为1或2。
在一种实施方案中,X1、X2和X3全部独立地为CR’。
在另一种实施方案中,环B为苯基、吡啶基、嘧啶基或吡嗪基;其各个可任选被取代。
在进一步的实施方案中,环B被烷基、芳基、杂芳基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳烷基、卤代烷基、卤素、OH、NH2、NHR”、CN、N3或NO2取代。
在某些实施方案中,R1为H、烷基、芳基、芳基烷基或杂芳基,其各个可任选被取代。
在另一种实施方案中,本发明提供了式VI的化合物:
或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药,
其中,
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R*为任选取代的烷基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R1为H、烷基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环、碳环、OH、烷氧基、NH2、NH(烷基)或N(烷基)(烷基);
或R*和R1与其各所连接的原子一起可形成任选取代的碳环、任选取代的杂环、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳环;和
R为H或任选取代的烷基。
在一种实施方案中,环B为苯基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、吡嗪基或噻唑;其各个可任选被取代。
在另一种实施方案中,R*为甲基、三氟甲基、苯基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、吡嗪基或噻唑;其各个可任选被取代。
在某些实施方案中,R1为OH、甲氧基或乙氧基。
在各种实施方案中,环B和R*各自独立地被烷基、卤素或C(O)NRXRY中的一个或多个取代,其中RX为H或烷基和RY为H或烷基。
在其它实施方案中,环B和R*各自独立地被甲基、F或C(O)N(Me)2中的一个或多个取代。
在另一个方面,本发明提供了一种包含式I的化合物或其药学上可接受酯、盐或前药,以及药学上可接受载体的药物组合物。
代表性的本发明化合物包括,但不限于,下表1的以下化合物。
表1
在优选实施方案中,用于本发明的化合物具有一种或多种以下性质:该化合物能够抑制至少一种组蛋白去乙酰化酶;该化合物能够抑制HDAC6;该化合物为选择性HDAC6抑制剂;该化合物结合HDAC6的多泛素结合域;该化合物能够在癌症细胞(特别是多发性骨髓瘤细胞、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(NML)细胞、乳腺癌细胞、急性髓细胞性白血病(AML)细胞)中诱导细胞凋亡;和/或该化合物能够抑制聚集体形成。
在某些优选实施方案中,本发明化合物包含金属结合部分、优选锌-结合部分例如羟肟酸酯。如上所述,某些羟肟酸酯是有效的HDAC6活性的抑制剂;不希望被理论束缚,据信这些羟肟酸酯的有效性至少部分归因于化合物与锌结合的能力。在优选实施方案中,本发明化合物包含至少一个能赋予与聚集体路径有关的生物靶标(例如具有微管蛋白去乙酰化酶(TDAC)或HDAC活性的生物靶标,例如HDAC6)选择性的部分或区域。因此,在某些优选实施方案中,本发明化合物包含与负责结合至生物靶标的分子其它部分隔开的锌结合部分。
本发明还提供一种包含式I化合物或其药学上可接受酯、盐或前药,以及药学上可接受载体的药物组合物。
本发明的另一目的是如本文所述(例如本文的任何化学式的)化合物在制备用于治疗本文的紊乱或疾病的药物中的用途。本发明的另一目的是如本文所述(例如本文的任何化学式的)化合物用于治疗本文的紊乱或疾病的用途。
在另一个方面,本发明提供一种合成式I化合物的方法。本发明化合物的合成可见下述实施例。
另一个实施方案是使用本文所描绘的反应中的任一种或反应的组合来制备本文任何化学式的化合物的方法。该方法可包括使用一种或多种本文所描绘的中间体或化学试剂。
另一个方面是本文所描绘的任何化学式的同位素标记的化合物。这种化合物具有一个或多个引入化合物的同位素原子,其可以是或不是放射性的(例如,3H、2H、14C、13C、35S、32P、125I和131I)。这些化合物可用于药物代谢研究和诊断以及治疗应用。
本发明化合物可通过使游离碱形式的化合物与药学上可接受的无机或有机酸反应而制备成药学上可接受的酸加成盐。或者,本发明化合物的药学上可接受的碱加成盐可通过使游离酸形式的化合物与药学上可接受的无机或有机碱反应而制备。
或者,本发明化合物的盐形式可使用原料或中间体的盐来制备。
本发明化合物的游离酸或游离碱形式可分别由相应的碱加成盐或酸加成盐形式来制备。例如酸加成盐形式的本发明化合物可通过用适合的碱(例如氢氧化铵溶液、氢氧化钠等)处理而转化为相应的游离碱。碱加成盐形式的本发明化合物可通过用适合的酸(例如盐酸等)处理而转化为相应的游离酸。
本发明化合物的前药衍生物可通过本领域普通技术人员已知的方法而制备(例如进一步细节参见Saulnier等,(1994),BioorganicandMedicinalChemistryLetters,Vol.4,p.1985)。例如,适当的前药可通过使非衍生化的本发明化合物与适合的氨基甲酰化剂(例如1,1-酰氧基烷基氯甲酸酯、对-硝基苯基碳酸酯等)反应而制备。
本发明化合物的经保护的衍生物可通过本领域普通技术人员已知的方式制备。用于产生保护基和其移除的技术的详细描述可见于T.W.Greene,″ProtectingGroupsinOrganicChemistry″,第3版,JohnWileyandSons,Inc.,1999和其后续版本。
本发明化合物可方便地制备或在本发明方法的过程中形成溶剂合物(例如水合物)。本发明化合物的水合物可通过使用有机溶剂例如二噁烷、四氢呋喃或甲醇从水性溶剂/有机溶剂混合物中重结晶而方便地制备。
本文方法中可用的酸和碱是本领域中已知的。酸催化剂为任何酸性化学物,其性质上可为无机的(例如盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、三氯化铝)或有机的(例如樟脑磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、乙酸、三氟甲基磺酸镱)。酸以催化量或者化学计量的量使用以促进化学反应。碱为任何碱性化学物,其性质上可为无机的(例如碳酸氢钠、氢氧化钾)或有机的(例如三乙胺、吡啶)。碱以催化量或化学计量的量使用以促进化学反应。
另外,某些本发明化合物具有一个或多个双键或者一个或多个非对称中心。这些化合物可作为外消旋物、外消旋混合物、单一对映体、单独的非对映异构体、非对映异构体混合物和顺式-或反式-或者E-或Z-双同分异构形式及其它立体异构形式(可按照绝对立体化学被定义为(R)-或(S)-或者对于氨基酸定义为(D)-或(L)-)出现。这些化合物的所有这些同分异构形式明确包括在本发明中。光学异构体可由它们各自光学活性前体通过上述过程或通过拆分外消旋混合物来制备。该拆分可在拆分剂的存在下、如本领域技术人员已知的通过色谱或通过重复结晶或通过这些技术的某些组合来进行。有关拆分的进一步细节可见于Jacques等,Enantiomers,Racemates,andResolution(JohnWiley&Sons,1981)中。本发明化合物也可以多种互变异构形式存在,在这些情况下,本发明明确包括本文所描述的化合物的全部互变异构形式。当本文所描述的化合物含有烯烃双键或其它几何不对称中心时,除非另有说明,化合物意欲包括E和Z几何异构体。同样地,也意欲包括全部互变异构形式。本文中出现的任何碳-碳双键的构型仅出于便利来选择,并不意欲指定具体的构型,除非文中有如此陈述;因此,本文所任意描述为反式的碳-碳双键可为顺式、反式或这两种构型以任意比例的混合物。这类化合物的全部同分异构形式明确包括在本发明中。本文所描述的化合物的全部晶体形式明确包括在本发明中。
合成的化合物可通过例如柱色谱、高压液相色谱或重结晶的方法与反应混合物分离和进一步纯化。如可被技术人员所理解的,合成本文化学式的化合物的进一步方法对于本领域普通技术人员而言是显而易见的。另外,各个合成步骤可以交替的序列或顺序进行以得到所需化合物。另外,本文所描述的溶剂、温度、反应持续时间等仅出于解释说明的目的,并且本领域普通技术人员将认识到反应条件的变化可制备本发明所需的化合物。合成本文所描述的化合物中所用的合成化学转化和保护基方法(保护和脱保护)为本领域已知的并包括,例如,描述于R.Larock,ComprehensiveOrganicTransformations,VCHPublishers(1989);T.W.Greene和P.G.M.Wuts,ProtectiveGroupsinOrganicSynthesis,第2版,JohnWileyandSons(1991);L.Fieser和M.Fieser,FieserandFieser′s ReagentsforOrganicSynthesis,JohnWileyandSons(1994);和L.Paquette,ed.,EncyclopediaofReagentsforOrganicSynthesis,JohnWileyandSons(1995)和其后续版本中的那些。
本发明化合物可经由本文所描绘的任何合成方式通过附接各种官能团来修饰以增强选择性生物学性质。这类修饰是本领域已知的,并包括增加进入到给定生物体系(例如血液、淋巴系统、中枢神经系统)中的生物学渗透性、增加口服利用度、增加溶解性以允许通过注射给药、改变代谢和改变排泄率的那些。
本发明化合物通过其化学结构和/或化学名称来定义。在化合物通过化学结构和化学名称指称且该化学结构和化学名称相冲突时,化学结构决定化合物的身份。
本文对变量的任何定义中化学基团列表的叙述包括该变量为任何单一基团或所列基团的组合的定义。本文对变量实施方案的叙述包括该实施方案为任何单一实施方案或与任何其它实施方案或其部分的组合的实施方案。
本发明的方法
在一个方面,本发明提供相对于其它HDAC选择性抑制受试者的HDAC6的方法,包括施用式I的化合物
或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药,
其中,
Z为N或CR*,其中R*为任选取代的烷基、任选取代的酰基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环A为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R1为(i)H、烷基、卤代烷基、烯基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环、碳环、C(O)-R2、C(O)O-R2或S(O)p,其各个可任选被取代;或(ii)当Z为CR*时,R1可为任选取代的支链烷基、OR3或N(R3)(R3)、-CH2CH2OH、OCH2CH2OH、SH或硫代烷氧基;
或环B和R1可与其各所连接的原子一起形成任选取代的杂环或任选取代的杂芳基;
或R*和R1与其各所连接的原子一起可形成任选取代的碳环、任选取代的杂环、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳环;
R为H或任选取代的烷基;或R和环A可连接以形成可任选被取代的稠合双环;
各个R2独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
各个R3独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
n为4、5、6、7或8;和
p为0、1或2。
在一种实施方案中,式I化合物对HDAC6的选择性为5-1000倍。在某些实施方案中,对HDAC6的选择性为10-500倍。
在另一种实施方案中,当如实施例5中所描述的测试化合物,式I化合物对HDAC6的选择性为约5-1000倍。在某些实施方案中,对HDAC6的选择性为10-500倍。
在另一个方面,本发明提供治疗受试者的由HDAC-6介导的疾病的方法,包括向受试者施用式I化合物
或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药,
其中,
Z为N或CR*,其中R*为任选取代的烷基、任选取代的酰基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环A为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R1为(i)H、烷基、卤代烷基、烯基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环、碳环、C(O)-R2、C(O)O-R2或S(O)p,其各个可任选被取代;或(ii)当Z为CR*时,R1可为任选取代的支链烷基、OR3或N(R3)(R3)、-CH2CH2OH、OCH2CH2OH、SH或硫代烷氧基;
或环B和R1可与其各所连接的原子一起形成任选取代的杂环或任选取代的杂芳基;
或R*和R1与其各所连接的原子一起可形成任选取代的碳环、任选取代的杂环、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳环;
R为H或任选取代的烷基;或R和环A可连接以形成可任选被取代的稠合双环;
各个R2独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
各个R3独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
n为4、5、6、7或8;和
p为0、1或2。
在一种实施方案中,所述疾病为癌症或增殖性疾病。
在进一步的实施方案中,所述疾病为肺癌、结肠癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、肝癌、胰腺癌、脑癌、肾癌、卵巢癌、胃癌、皮肤癌、骨癌、胃癌、乳癌、胰癌、神经胶质瘤、胶质母细胞瘤、肝细胞癌、乳头状肾癌、头颈部鳞状细胞癌、白血病、淋巴瘤、骨髓瘤和实体肿瘤。
在进一步的实施方案中,所述癌症为多发性骨髓瘤。
在另一种实施方案中,所述疾病为威尔森氏症、脊髓小脑性共济失调、朊病毒病、帕金森氏病、亨廷顿氏病、肌萎缩侧索硬化、淀粉样变性、阿尔茨海默氏症、亚历山大病、酒精性肝病、囊性纤维化、匹克氏病、脊髓肌肉萎缩症或路易体痴呆。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病为类风湿性关节炎、骨关节炎;类风湿性脊椎炎;牛皮癣;缺血后灌注损伤;炎性肠病;慢性炎性肺病、湿疹、哮喘、银屑病、缺血/再灌注损伤、溃疡性结肠炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、银屑病关节炎、感染性关节炎、进行性慢性关节炎、变形性关节炎、骨性关节炎、创伤性关节炎、痛风性关节炎、赖特尔氏综合征、多软骨炎、急性滑膜炎和脊柱炎、血管球性肾炎、溶血性贫血、再生障碍性贫血、特发性血小板减少症、嗜中性白血球减少症、溃疡性结肠炎、克罗恩氏病、移植物抗宿主病、同种异体移植物排斥反应、慢性甲状腺炎、格雷夫斯病、硬皮病、糖尿病、活动性肝炎、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、重症肌无力、多发性硬化症(MS)、系统性红斑狼疮、过敏性皮炎、接触性皮炎、皮肤晒伤、慢性肾功能不全、史-约综合征、特发性脂肪泻、肉状瘤病、格林-巴利综合征、葡萄膜炎、结膜炎、角膜结膜炎、中耳炎、牙周疾病、肺间质纤维化、哮喘、支气管炎、鼻炎、鼻窦炎、肺尘症、肺功能不全综合征、肺气肿、肺纤维化、硅肺病或慢性炎症性肺病。
在另一方面,本发明提供治疗患有多发性骨髓瘤或易患多发性骨髓瘤的受试者的方法,包括向需要治疗的受试者施用治疗有效量的式I化合物,
或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药,
其中,
Z为N或CR*,其中R*为任选取代的烷基、任选取代的酰基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环A为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;R1为(i)H、烷基、卤代烷基、烯基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环、碳环、C(O)-R2、C(O)O-R2或S(O)p,其各个可任选被取代;或(ii)当Z为CR*时,R1可为任选取代的支链烷基、OR3或N(R3)(R3)、-CH2CH2OH、OCH2CH2OH、SH或硫代烷氧基;
或环B和R1可与其各所连接的原子一起形成任选取代的杂环或任选取代的杂芳基;
或R*和R1与其各所连接的原子一起可形成任选取代的碳环、任选取代的杂环、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳环;
R为H或任选取代的烷基;或R和环A可连接以形成可任选被取代的稠合双环;
各个R2独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
各个R3独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
n为4、5、6、7或8;和
p为0、1或2;
从而治疗患有多发性骨髓瘤或易患多发性骨髓瘤的受试者。
在各种实施方案中,本发明提供进一步包括向受试者共施用化疗剂、辐射剂、激素剂、生物试剂或抗炎剂中的一种或多种的方法。
在进一步的实施方案中,所述化疗剂为它莫西芬、曲妥珠单抗、雷洛西芬、阿霉素、氟尿嘧啶/5-fu、帕米膦酸二钠、阿那曲唑、依西美坦、环磷酰胺、表阿霉素、来曲唑、托瑞米芬、氟维司群、氟甲睾酮、曲妥珠单抗、甲氨蝶呤、醋酸甲地孕酮、多西他赛、紫杉醇、睾内酯酮、氮丙啶、长春碱、卡培他滨、醋酸戈舍瑞林、唑来膦酸、泰克索、长春碱或长春新碱。
在另一种实施方案中,本发明提供了一种方法,其中所述受试者为人类。
在另一个方面,本发明提供一种包含选自一种或多种式I化合物或其药学上可接受盐、酯或前药的、能够抑制HDAC活性的化合物和用于治疗多发性骨髓瘤的用途的说明书的试剂盒:
其中,
Z为N或CR*,其中R*为任选取代的烷基、任选取代的酰基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环A为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
环B为任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
R1为(i)H、烷基、卤代烷基、烯基、芳基、芳基烷基、杂芳基、杂环、碳环、C(O)-R2、C(O)O-R2或S(O)p,其各个可任选被取代;或(ii)当Z为CR*时,R1可为任选取代的支链烷基、OR3或N(R3)(R3)、-CH2CH2OH、OCH2CH2OH、SH或硫代烷氧基;
或环B和R1可与其各所连接的原子一起形成任选取代的杂环或任选取代的杂芳基;
或R*和R1与其各所连接的原子一起可形成任选取代的碳环、任选取代的杂环、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳环;
R为H或任选取代的烷基;或R和环A可连接以形成可任选被取代的稠合双环;
各个R2独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
各个R3独立地为烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其各个任选被取代;
n为4、5、6、7或8;和
p为0、1或2。
如以上所述,本发明提供用于治疗各种疾病的化合物。在某些实施方案中,本发明的化合物用作组蛋白或微管蛋白去乙酰化酶的抑制剂,并因此可用作抗癌剂和因此可通过引起肿瘤细胞的死亡或抑制肿瘤细胞的生长而用于治疗癌症。在某些示例性的实施方案中,本发明的抗癌剂可用于治疗癌症和其它增生性疾病,仅举例说明,包括,但不限于乳腺癌、宫颈癌、结肠和直肠癌、白血病、肺癌、黑素瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌和胃癌。在某些实施方案中,本发明的抗癌剂能有效对抗白血病细胞和黑素瘤细胞,并因此可用于治疗白血病(例如髓性、淋巴性、髓细胞性和淋巴细胞性白血病)和恶性黑素瘤。在某些实施方案中,该化合物可用于治疗多发性骨髓瘤。
本发明化合物对治疗或预防炎性、免疫和自身免疫性疾病包括,但不限于,关节炎病症,例如类风湿性关节炎、骨关节炎;类风湿性脊椎炎;牛皮癣;缺血后灌注损伤;炎性肠病;慢性炎性肺病、湿疹、哮喘、银屑病、缺血/再灌注损伤、溃疡性结肠炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、银屑病关节炎、感染性关节炎、进行性慢性关节炎、变形性关节炎、骨性关节炎、创伤性关节炎、痛风性关节炎、赖特尔氏综合征、多软骨炎、急性滑膜炎和脊柱炎、血管球性肾炎(有或没有肾病综合征)、自身免疫性血液疾病(例如溶血性贫血、再生障碍性贫血、特发性血小板减少症和嗜中性白血球减少症)、自身免疫性胃炎和自身免疫性炎性肠病(例如溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩氏病)、移植物抗宿主病、同种异体移植物排斥反应、慢性甲状腺炎、格雷夫斯病、硬皮病、糖尿病(I型和II型)、活动性肝炎(急性和慢性)、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、重症肌无力、多发性硬化症(MS)、系统性红斑狼疮、特应性皮炎、接触性皮炎、皮肤晒伤、慢性肾功能不全、史-约综合征、特发性脂肪泻、肉状瘤病、格林-巴利综合征、葡萄膜炎、结膜炎、角膜结膜炎、中耳炎、牙周疾病、肺间质纤维化、哮喘、支气管炎、鼻炎、鼻窦炎、肺尘症、肺功能不全综合征、肺气肿、肺纤维化、硅肺病、慢性炎性肺病(例如慢性阻塞性肺病)和其它炎性或气道阻塞性疾病特别有效。
另外,本发明化合物也可用于治疗原生动物感染。本发明的化合物也可用于治疗与异常蛋白质分解代谢相关的疾病,例如,蛋白质降解疾病、与错误折叠的蛋白质相关的疾病和蛋白沉积疾病。在某些实施方案中,该化合物可用于治疗蛋白沉积疾病、威尔森氏症、脊髓小脑性共济失调、朊病毒病、帕金森氏病、亨廷顿氏病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症、脊髓型肌萎缩症、脊髓和延髓肌萎缩症、淀粉样变性、阿尔茨海默氏症、亚历山大病、酒精性肝病、囊性纤维化、匹克氏病和路易体痴呆。在某些示例性的实施方案中,本发明化合物可用于与组蛋白去乙酰活性相关的疾病。在某些示例性的实施方案中,本发明化合物可用于与微管蛋白去乙酰化活性相关的疾病。
可治疗或预防的神经退行性疾病除其它外包括阿尔茨海默氏症、帕金森氏病、脑缺血、外伤性神经退行性疾病、亨廷顿氏病或舞蹈病、老年性痴呆、记忆障碍、血管性痴呆、与脑缺血(中风)和与颅和髓质创伤相关的病变。
本文描述的方法包括其中受试者被确认为需要特别指明的治疗的那些。确认需要这种治疗的受试者可为受试者或健康护理专业人员的判断并可为主观的(例如意见)或客观的(例如可通过测试或诊断方法测量的)。
如上所述,本发明的化合物为HDAC6的选择性抑制剂并因此可用于治疗通过组蛋白去乙酰化酶调节的疾病。如上所述,本发明化合物为微管蛋白去乙酰化酶的选择性抑制剂并因此用于治疗通过微管蛋白去乙酰化酶调节的疾病。例如,本发明化合物可用于治疗癌症(例如乳腺癌、前列腺癌、多发性骨髓瘤、白血病、淋巴瘤等)。因此,仍然在另一方面,如本文所述,依照本发明的治疗方法,通过使所述肿瘤细胞与本发明化合物或组合物接触而杀死肿瘤细胞或抑制其生长。
因此,在本发明的另一方面,如本文所述,提供治疗癌症的方法,包括向需要治疗的受试者施用治疗有效量的本发明化合物(即本文的任何化学式的化合物)。在某些实施方案中,受试者被确认为需要这种治疗。在某些实施方案中,提供治疗癌症的方法,包括向需要治疗的受试者施用治疗有效量的本发明化合物或包含本发明化合物的药物组合物,以需要的量施用和施用需要的时间以实现所需结果。在本发明的某些实施方案中,本发明化合物或药物组合物的“治疗有效量”为能有效杀死或抑制肿瘤细胞的生长的量。依照本发明的方法,化合物和组合物可使用能有效杀死或抑制肿瘤细胞生长的任何量和任何给药途径来施用。因此,如本文所用,表述“能有效杀死或抑制肿瘤细胞生长的量”是指杀死或抑制肿瘤细胞生长的试剂的足够量。所需的确切量将根据受试者的不同而变化,因而取决于物种、年龄和受试者的总体状况、感染的严重性、具体抗癌剂、其给药方式等。
在某些实施方案中,该方法包括向需要治疗的受试者(包括,但不限于人类或动物)施用治疗有效量的化合物或其药学上可接受衍生物。在某些实施方案中,本发明化合物用于治疗癌症(包括,但不限于,神经母细胞瘤、视网膜母细胞瘤、乳腺癌、宫颈癌、结肠和直肠癌、白血病(例如CML、AML、CLL、AAALL)、淋巴瘤、肺癌(包括,但不限于小细胞肺癌)、黑素瘤和/或皮肤癌、多发性骨髓瘤、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌和胃癌、膀胱癌、子宫癌、肾癌、睾丸癌、胃癌、脑癌、肝癌或食道癌)。
在某些实施方案中,本发明的抗癌剂用于治疗癌症和其它增生性疾病,举例说明,包括但不限于乳腺癌、宫颈癌、结肠和直肠癌、白血病、肺癌、黑素瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌和胃癌。在某些实施方案中,本发明的抗癌剂能有效对抗白血病细胞和黑素瘤细胞,并因此用于治疗白血病(例如髓性、淋巴性、髓细胞性和淋巴细胞性白血病)和恶性黑素瘤。在再其它的实施方案中,本发明的抗癌剂能有效对抗实体肿瘤。
多发性骨髓瘤(MM)为浆细胞恶性肿瘤,常规治疗(Gregory等,(1992)JClinOncol10,334-342)以及高剂量疗法和干细胞移植(Attal,M.等,(2003)NEnglJMed349,2495-2502)无法治愈。最近已经开发不仅靶向MM细胞,也靶向骨髓(BM)微环境并能克服常规药物的抗性的新型药剂(Hideshima,T.&Anderson,K.C.(2002)NatRevCancer2,927-937)。例如,蛋白酶体抑制剂硼替佐米(形式上PS-341)在与c-JunNH2-末端激酶(JNK)(也称为应激活化蛋白激酶)和半胱天冬酶活性相关的人MM细胞系和新分离的患者MM细胞(Hideshima,T.&Anderson,K.C.(2002)NatRevCancer2,927-937;Hideshima等,(2001)CancerRes.61,3071-3076;Mitsiades,N.等,(2002)ProcNatlAcadSciUSA99,14374-14379;Hideshima,T.等,(2002)JBiolChem277,16639-47;Mitsiades,N.等,(2003)Blood101,2377-80;Chauhan,D.等,(2003)CancerRes63,6174-6177;Hideshima,T.等,(2003)Blood101,1530-1534;Hideshima,T.等,(2003)Oncogene22,8386-8393;Hideshima,T.等,(2004)Oncogene23,8766-8776)中引起显著的抗肿瘤活性、随后细胞凋亡(Hideshima,T.等,(2001)CancerRes.61,3071-3076;Mitsiades,N.等,(2002)ProcNatlAcadSciUSA99,14374-14379;Hideshima,T.等,(2003)Blood101,1530-1534)。通过下调粘附分子(ICAM-I和VCAM-I),硼替佐米也抑制MM细胞对骨髓基质细胞(BMSC)的粘附(Hideshima,T.等,(2001)Oncogene20,4519-4527);以及引起DNA-蛋白激酶催化亚基的切割和突变的共济失调毛细血管扩张症,表明硼替佐米也抑制DNA修复。IL-6和MM细胞对BMSC的粘附都不阴止硼替佐米所引起的细胞凋亡。不希望受到任何科学理论的约束,硼替佐米提高了敏感性并能够克服MM细胞对常规化疗剂,特别是DNA损伤剂的抗药性(Mitsiades,N.等,(2003)Blood101,2377-80)。为了支持该观点,患有难治性复发MM的202个患者的硼替佐米治疗II期试验证明35%的反应,包括10%的完全和接近完全的反应(Richardson,P.G.等,(2003)NEnglJMed348,2609-2617);然而,65%的患者未反应。热休克蛋白(hsp)-27介导硼替佐米抗性;相反地,使用hsp-27反义、p38丝裂原活化的蛋白激酶(MAPK)siRNA或p38MARK抑制剂来抑制hsp-27的表达以下调hsp-27可恢复MM细胞对硼替佐米的敏感性(Chauhan,D.等,(2003)CancerRes63,6174-6177;Hideshima,T.等,(2004)Oncogene23,8766-8776)。
在某些实施方案中,也发现本发明的化合物能用于预防发生损伤的血管的再狭窄例如血管成形术和支架术。例如,预期本发明化合物将用作植入式医疗器件,例如管形材料、分流通管、导管、人造植入物、钢钉、如起搏器的电植入物和特别用作动脉或静脉支架(包括球囊扩张式支架)的涂层。在某些实施方案中本发明的化合物可与植入式医疗器件结合,或替代地,可被动地吸附于可植入器件的表面。在其它的某些实施方案中,本发明的化合物可配制以容纳在外科手术或医疗器件或植入物,例如支架、缝合线、留置导管、假肢等中或适应于通过其释放。因此,不希望受到任何特定理论的约束,具有抗增殖效应的本发明化合物可用作支架涂层和/或用于支架药物递送装置中,特别地用于再狭窄的预防或再狭窄率的降低。适合的涂层和包覆的可植入器件的一般制备描述于美国专利6,099,562;5,886,026;和5,304,121中;其各个通过引用方式并入本文。涂层典型地为生物相容性聚合材料例如水凝胶聚合物、聚甲基二硅氧烷、聚己酸内酯、聚乙二醇、聚乳酸、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯和其混合物。涂层可任选地进一步被适合的氟硅氧烷、多糖、聚乙二醇、磷脂或其组合的外层所涂覆以赋予组合物控制释放特性。多种与用于预防再狭窄的支架涂层和/或局部支架药物递送有关的组合物和方法是本领域已知的(参见,例如U.S.专利号:6,517,889;6,273,913;6,258,121;6,251,136;6,248,127;6,231,600;6,203,551;6,153,252;6,071,305;5,891,507;5,837,313和公布的U.S.公开专利申请号:US2001/0027340,其各个通过引用方式全部并入本文)。例如,可通过将支架浸渍于聚合物-药物溶液或用该溶液喷雾支架而用聚合物-药物偶联物来涂覆支架。在某些实施方案中,用于可植入器件的合适材料包括生物相容和无毒的材料,并可选自金属例如镍-钛合金、钢或生物相容聚合物、水凝胶、聚氨酯、聚乙烯、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯共聚物等。在某些实施方案中,本发明的化合物涂覆到用于在球囊血管成形术后插入动脉或静脉中的支架上。
本发明化合物或其药学上可接受组合物也可被并入用于涂覆可植入医疗器件例如假肢、人造瓣膜、血管移植物、支架和导管的组合物中。因此,在另一个方面,本发明包括用于涂覆可植入器件、包含以上一般描述的本发明化合物和适于涂覆所述可植入器件的载体的组合物。在再另一个方面,本发明包括用包含如上一般描述的本发明化合物和适于涂覆所述可植入器件的载体的组合物涂覆的可植入器件。
在本发明其它方面中,提供用于扩展体通道内腔的方法,包括将支架插入所述通道中,该支架具有总体管状结构,该结构的表面涂覆有(或另外地适应于释放)本发明化合物或组合物,以使通道得以扩展。在某些实施方案中,扩展体通道内腔以消除胆道、胃肠道、食管、气管/支气管、尿道和/或血管阻塞。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供一种治疗任何本文所述的疾病的方法,其中所述受试者为人类。
依照前述,本发明进一步提供一种预防或治疗需要这种治疗的受试者的任何上述疾病或紊乱的方法,该方法包括向所述受试者施用治疗有效量的本发明化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。对于以上任何用途,所需剂量将依赖给药方式、待治疗的具体病症和所需效果而变化。
药物组合物
在另一个方面,本发明提供一种包含式I化合物或其药学上可接受酯、盐或前药,以及药学上可接受载体的药物组合物。
本发明化合物可作为药物组合物通过任何常规途径,特别是经肠道(例如口服、例如以片剂或胶囊的形式)或胃肠外(例如以可注射溶液或悬浮液形式)、局部(例如以洗液、凝胶、药膏或霜剂、或以鼻腔或栓剂形式)施用。包含游离形式或药学上可接受盐的形式的本发明化合物与至少一种药学上可接受载体或稀释剂的药物组合物可以常规方式通过混合、制粒或包衣方法制备。例如,口服组合物可为片剂或明胶胶囊,其包含活性成分以及a)稀释剂,例如乳糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、甘露醇、山梨醇、纤维素和/或糖胶;b)润滑剂,例如二氧化硅、滑石、硬脂酸、其镁或钙盐和/或聚乙二醇;对于片剂也可包含c)粘合剂,例如硅酸铝镁、淀粉糊、明胶、黄著胶、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠和或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;如果需要,包含d)崩解剂,例如淀粉、琼脂、藻酸或其钠盐或者泡腾混合物;和/或e)吸收剂、着色剂、调味剂和甜味剂。可注射组合物可为水性等渗溶液或悬浮液,和栓剂可由脂肪乳液或悬浮液制备。该组合物可为已灭菌的和/或含有辅剂,例如防腐剂、稳定剂、润湿剂或乳化剂、溶液促进剂、用于调节渗透压的盐和/或缓冲剂。另外,它们也可含有其它有治疗价值的物质。对于透皮应用适合的制剂包括有效量的本发明化合物和载体。载体可包括可吸收药理可接受溶剂以帮助通过受体的皮肤。例如,透皮装置为绷带形式,其包含衬背元件、含化合物(任选地具有载体)的储库、任选的速度控制屏障以在一段延长时间内以受控并预定的速度向受体皮肤递送化合物、以及将该装置固定至皮肤的手段。也可使用基质透皮制剂。用于局部应用(例如向皮肤和眼部)的适合制剂优选为本领域所熟知的水溶液、药膏、霜剂或凝胶。这可包含增溶剂、稳定剂、张力促进剂、缓冲剂和防腐剂。
本发明化合物可以以治疗有效量与一种或多种治疗剂联合给药(药物组合)。例如,可与其它抗增殖、抗癌、免疫调节或抗炎物质发生协同效应。在将本发明化合物与其它治疗剂联合给药时,共同施用的化合物的剂量当然将根据所用的共用药物的类型、所用的具体药物、待治疗的病症等而变化。
联合治疗包括进一步与其它生物活性成分(例如,但不限于第二种不同的抗肿瘤剂)和非药物治疗(例如,但不限于外科手术或放射治疗)相结合施用所述化合物。例如,本发明化合物可与其它药学活性化合物,优选能够增强本发明化合物效果的化合物联合使用。本发明化合物可与其它药物治疗同时施用(作为单一制剂或独立的制剂)或与其它药物治疗顺序施用。通常,联合治疗预期在单个周期或疗程期间施用两种或更多种药物。
在某些实施方案中,这些组合物任选地进一步包含一种或多种额外的治疗剂。替代地,本发明化合物可与一种或多种其它治疗剂的施用联合给予需要的患者。例如,用于联合给药或与本发明化合物一起被包含在药物组合物中的额外治疗剂可为批准的化疗剂、或其可为正在经历食品和药物管理局审批并最终获得治疗原生动物感染和/或任何与细胞增生相关的疾病的许可的许多药剂中的任何一种。在某些其它实施方案中,该额外治疗剂为如本文所更详细描述的抗癌剂。在某些其它实施方案中,本发明组合物可用于治疗原生动物感染。在治疗癌症或蛋白降解疾病中,本发明化合物可与蛋白酶体抑制剂(例如硼替佐米、R115777FTI、MG132、NPI-0052等)相结合。在治疗癌症或蛋白降解疾病中,本发明化合物可与蛋白降解抑制剂(例如另一种本发明化合物、tubacin样化合物、硼替佐米、R115777FTI、MG132、NPI-0052、SAHA、166Ho-DOTMP、三氧化二砷、17-AAG、MG132等)相结合。
也应当理解,本发明化合物和药物组合物可被用于联合治疗中,即化合物和药物组合物可与一种或多种其它需要的疗法或医疗过程同时、在其之前或之后施用。联合方案中所用的治疗(疗法或过程)的具体组合将考虑所需疗法和/或过程与希望的所需治疗效果的相容性。也应当理解,所用的疗法可对相同疾病实现所需的效果(例如本发明化合物可与另一种抗癌剂同时施用)、或它们可实现不同效果(例如控制任何副作用)。
本发明包括本发明化合物的药学上可接受的局部制剂。如本文所用,术语“药学上可接受的局部制剂”是指通过将该制剂应用到表皮而用于皮内给药本发明化合物的药学上可接受的任何制剂。在本发明的某些实施方案中,该局部制剂包含载体系统。药学有效的载体包括,但不限于溶剂(例如醇、多元醇、水)、霜剂、洗液、药膏、油、膏剂、脂质体、粉末、乳剂、微乳剂和缓冲溶液(例如低渗或缓冲盐水)或任何其它本领域已知的用于局部施用药物的载体。通过本领域的参考书提供本领域已知载体的更完整列表,例如Remington′sPharmaceuticalSciences,第16版,1980和第17版,1985,均由MackPublishingCompany,Easton,Pa.出版,其公开内容通过引用方式全部并入本文。在某些其它实施方案中,本发明的局部制剂可包含赋形剂。本领域已知的任何药学上可接受的赋形剂可用于制备本发明的药学上可接受的局部制剂。可包括于本发明局部制剂中的赋形剂的实例包括,但不限于防腐剂、抗氧化剂、保湿剂、润肤剂、缓冲剂、增溶剂、其它渗透剂、皮肤保护剂、表面活性剂和推进剂、和/或额外的用于与本发明化合物组合的治疗剂。适合的防腐剂包括,但不限于醇类、季铵类、有机酸类、对羟基苯甲酸酯类(paraben)和酚类。适合的抗氧化剂包括,但不限于抗坏血酸和其酯、亚硫酸氢钠、丁羟甲苯、丁羟茴醚、生育酚和螯合剂如EDTA和柠檬酸。适合的保湿剂包括,但不限于甘油、山梨醇、聚乙二醇、尿素和丙二醇。用于本发明的适合缓冲剂包括,但不限于柠檬酸、盐酸和乳酸缓冲剂。适合的增溶剂包括,但不限于季铵氯化物、环糊精、苯甲酸苄酯、卵磷脂和聚山梨醇酯。可用于本发明局部制剂的适合皮肤保护剂包括,但不限于维生素E油、尿囊素、二甲基硅油、甘油、矿脂和氧化锌。
在某些实施方案中,本发明的药学上可接受的局部制剂包含至少一种本发明化合物和一种渗透促进剂。局部制剂的选择将取决于若干因素,包括待治疗的病症、本发明化合物和其它存在的赋形剂的理化特性、它们在制剂中的稳定性、可用的生产设备和成本限制。如本文所用,术语“渗透促进剂”是指能够将药学活性化合物递送透过角质层并进入表皮或真皮、优选具有很少或没有全身吸收的试剂。已经评价了多种化合物在增强药物透过皮肤的渗透速度中的效力。参见,例如,PercutaneousPenetrationEnhancers,MaibachH.I.andSmithH.E.(eds.),CRCPress,Inc.,BocaRaton,FIa.(1995)(其考察了各种皮肤渗透促进剂的用途和测试)和Buyuktimkin等,ChemicalMeansofTransdermalDrugPermeationEnhancementinTransdermalandTopicalDrugDeliverySystems,GoshT.K.,PfisterW.R.,YumS.I.(Eds.),InterpharmPressInc.,BuffaloGrove,IU.(1997)。在某些示例性的实施方案中,本发明所用渗透剂包括,但不限于甘油三酸酯(例如豆油)、芦荟组合物(例如芦荟冰凉凝胶)、乙醇、异丙醇、辛基苯基聚乙二醇、油酸、聚乙二醇400、丙二醇、N-癸基甲基亚砜、脂肪酸酯(例如肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、月桂酸甲酯、甘油单油酸酯和丙二醇单油酸酯)和N-甲基吡咯烷。
在某些实施方案中,组合物可为药膏、糊剂、霜剂、洗液、凝胶、粉末、溶液、喷雾剂、吸入剂或贴剂的形式。在某些示例性的实施方案中,本发明组合物的制剂为霜剂,其可进一步包含饱和或不饱和脂肪酸例如硬脂酸、棕榈酸、油酸、棕榈-油酸、十六烷醇或油醇,特别优选的是硬脂酸。本发明的霜剂也可包含非离子型表面活性剂,例如,聚氧-40-硬脂酸酯。在某些实施方案中,当可能需要时,在无菌条件下使活性成分与药学上可接受的载体和任何需要的防腐剂或缓冲剂相混合。预期眼药制剂、滴耳剂和滴眼液也在本发明范围内。另外,本发明预期使用透皮贴剂,其具有额外的向身体提供化合物的受控递送的优势。这种剂型通过将化合物溶解或分配于适当的介质中来制备。如上所述,也可使用渗透促进剂以增加化合物跨越皮肤的流量。可通过提供速率控制膜或通过将化合物分散于聚合物基质或凝胶中来控制速度。
也应当理解,本发明化合物和药物组合物可被配制成和用于联合治疗,即化合物和药物组合物可与一种或多种其它需要的疗法或医疗过程同时、在其之前或之后配制或施用。联合方案中所用的治疗(疗法或过程)的具体组合将考虑所需疗法和/或过程与待实现的所需治疗效果的相容性。也应当理解,所用的疗法可对相同疾病实现所需的效果(例如本发明化合物可与另一种免疫调节剂、抗癌剂或用于治疗牛皮癣的试剂同时施用)、或它们可实现不同效果(例如控制任何副作用)。
例如,可与本发明的创新性化合物联合使用的其它治疗或抗癌剂包括,但不限于,外科手术、放疗(仅以一些实例中举例说明,γ-辐射、中子束放疗、电子束放疗、质子治疗、近距治疗和全身放射性同位素)、内分泌治疗、生物反应调节剂(仅举几例,干扰素、白细胞介素、抗体、适体、siRNA、寡核苷酸、酶、离子通道和受体抑制剂或活化剂)、热疗和冷疗、减弱任何副作用的试剂(例如止吐药)及其它批准的化疗药物,举例来说,包括,但不限于,烷化药物(例如甲氮芥、苯丁酸氮芥、环磷酰胺、马法兰、异环磷酰胺)、抗代谢药物(例如甲氨蝶呤)、嘌呤拮抗剂和嘧啶拮抗剂(例如6-巯基嘌呤、5-氟尿嘧啶、阿糖胞苷、吉西他滨)、纺锤体毒性药物(例如长春碱、长春新碱、长春瑞滨、紫杉醇)、鬼臼毒素(例如依托泊苷、伊立替康、拓扑替康)、抗生素类(阿霉素、博来霉素、丝裂霉素)、亚硝基脲(例如卡氮芥、洛莫司汀)、无机离子(例如顺铂、卡铂)、酶(例如天门冬酰胺酶)和激素类(例如它莫西芬、亮丙瑞林、氟他胺和甲地孕酮)。对最新的癌症治疗更全面的讨论参见TheMerckManual,第17版,1999,其全部内容通过引用方式并入本文。还参见国家癌症研究所(NCI)网站(www.nci.nih.gov),对于FDA批准的肿瘤学药物的列表参见食品和药物管理局(FDA)网站(www.fda.gov/cder/cancer/dmglistfrarne)。
在某些实施方案中,本发明的药物组合物进一步包含一种或多种额外的治疗活性成分(例如化疗剂和/或缓和剂)。为了本发明的目的,术语“缓和剂”是指致力于减轻疾病症状和/或治疗方案的副作用,但不能治愈疾病的治疗。例如,缓和剂治疗包括止痛药、止吐药物、退热剂和抗病态药物。另外,化法、放疗和外科手术都可用来缓和(即减轻症状而不治愈疾病;例如用于缩小肿瘤和减轻压力、流血、疼痛和其它癌症症状)。
本发明化合物和组合物可与激素和甾体抗炎药,例如但不限于雌二醇、结合雌激素(例如PREMARIN、PREMPRO和PREMPHASE)、17β雌二醇、鲑鱼降钙素、左旋甲状腺素、地塞米松、甲孕酮、强的松、可的松、氟尼缩松和氢化可的松;非甾体抗炎药,例如但不限于曲马多、芬太尼、安乃近、酮洛芬、萘普生、萘丁美酮、酮洛酸、氨基丁三醇、洛索洛芬、布洛芬、阿司匹林和醋氨酚;抗TNF-α抗体,例如因夫利昔单抗(REMICADETM)和依那西普(ENBRELTM)一起施用。
本发明药物组合物包含与一种或多种药学上可接受载体一起配制的治疗有效量的本发明化合物。如本文所用,术语“药学上可接受载体”是指非毒性、惰性的固体、半固体或液体填充剂、稀释剂、包封材料或任何类型的制剂助剂。本发明药物组合物可经口、直肠、胃肠外、池内(intracisternally)、阴道内、腹腔内、局部(如通过粉末、药膏或滴剂)、经颊或作为经口或鼻腔喷雾施用于人类和其它动物。
用于口服给药的液体剂型包括药学上可接受的乳剂、微乳剂、溶液、悬浮液、糖浆和酏剂。除了活性化合物,液体剂型可包含本领域通常使用的惰性稀释剂,例如水或其它溶剂、增溶剂和乳化剂例如乙醇、异丙醇、碳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、苄醇、苯甲酸苄酯、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、二甲基甲酰胺、油(特别地,棉籽油、花生油、玉米油、胚芽油、橄榄油、蓖麻油和芝麻油)、甘油、四氢糠醇、聚乙二醇和山梨聚糖的脂肪酸酯及其混合物。除了惰性稀释剂,口服组合物也可包含佐剂例如润湿剂、乳化剂和悬浮剂、甜味剂、调味剂和芳香剂。
可注射制剂,例如无菌注射水溶液或油性悬浮液可依照已知技术使用适合的分散剂或润湿剂和悬浮剂来配制。该无菌注射制剂也可为于无毒胃肠外可接受的稀释剂或溶剂中的无菌注射溶液、悬浮液或乳液,例如1,3-丁二醇中的溶液。可用的可接受介质和溶剂中有水、林格氏液、U.S.P.和等渗氯化钠溶液。另外,无菌的、非挥发性油常用作溶剂或悬浮介质。为此目的,可使用任何温和的不挥发性油,包括合成的甘油单酯或甘油二酯。另外,脂肪酸例如油酸用于注射制剂中。
为了延长药效,经常需要减缓药物自皮下或肌肉内注射的吸收。这可通过使用具有低水溶性的晶体或无定形物质的液体悬浮液来实现。于是药物的吸收速度取决于其,溶解速度又可取决于晶体大小和晶型。或者,胃肠外给药的药物形式的延缓吸收可通过将药物溶解或悬浮于油介质中来实现。
用于直肠或阴道给药的组合物优选为栓剂,其可通过将本发明化合物与适合的非刺激性赋形剂或载体例如可可脂、聚乙二醇或栓剂蜡(其在室温下为固体,但在体温下为液体,并因此熔融于直肠或阴道腔内并释放活性化合物)混合来制备。
相似类型的固体组合物也可用作软和硬填充的明胶胶囊(使用如乳糖或牛奶糖以及高分子量聚乙二醇等的赋形剂)的填充剂。
活性化合物也可为具有一种或多种上述赋形剂的微胶囊形式。片剂、糖衣丸、胶囊、丸剂和颗粒剂的固体剂型可用包衣和壳例如肠溶包衣、控释包衣和其它药物制剂领域所熟知的包衣制备。在这些固体剂型中,活性化合物可与至少一种惰性稀释剂例如蔗糖、乳糖或淀粉混合。如常规实践,这种剂型也可包含除惰性稀释剂以外的其他物质,例如压片润滑剂和其它压片辅助剂例如硬脂酸镁和微晶纤维素。在胶囊、片剂和丸剂的情况下,该剂型也可包含缓冲剂。
用于局部或透皮给药的本发明化合物的剂型包括膏剂、糊剂、霜剂、洗液、凝胶、粉末、溶液、喷雾剂、吸入剂或贴剂。当可能需要时,在无菌条件下将活性成分与药学上可接受的载体和任何需要的防腐剂或缓冲剂相混合。预期眼药制剂、滴耳剂、眼药膏、粉末和溶液也在本发明的范围内。
除了本发明的活性化合物,膏剂、糊剂、霜剂和凝胶可包含赋形剂例如动物或植物脂肪、油、蜡、石蜡、淀粉、黄蓍胶、纤维素衍生物、聚乙二醇、硅氧烷、斑脱土、硅酸、滑石和氧化锌,或其混合物。
除本发明化合物外,粉末和喷雾剂可包含赋形剂例如乳糖、滑石、硅酸、氢氧化铝、硅酸钙和聚酰胺粉末,或这些物质的混合物。喷雾剂可额外地包含常规推进剂例如氯氟烃。
透皮贴剂对于向身体提供化合物的受控递送具有额外的优势。该剂型可通过将化合物溶解或分配于适当介质中来制备。吸收增强剂也可用来增加化合物跨过皮肤的流量。可通过提供速率控制膜或通过将化合物分散在聚合物基质或凝胶中来控制速度。
依照本发明的治疗方法,通过以实现所需结果所需要的量和时间向受试者施用治疗有效量的本发明化合物来治疗或预防受试者例如人类或其它动物的疾病。如本文所用,术语本发明化合物的“治疗有效量”是指减少受试者的疾病症状的化合物的足够量。如在医学领域中被很好地理解的,本发明化合物的治疗有效量为处于适用于任何医学治疗的合理效益/风险比下。
通常,以治疗有效量、通过任何本领域已知的常规和可接受方式、单独或与一种或多种治疗剂联合施用本发明化合物。治疗有效量可根据疾病的严重性、受试者的年龄和相对健康、所用化合物的效力和其他因素而大范围地变化。通常,全身性日剂量约0.03-2.5mg/kg体重(0.05-4.5mg/m2)显示出获得满意结果。在较大的哺乳动物,例如人类中指示的日剂量为约0.5mg-约100mg的范围、以例如至多一天4次的分次剂量或以延缓形式来方便利地施用。口服给药所适合的单位剂型包含约1-50mg的活性成分。
在某些实施方案中,本发明化合物的治疗量或剂量可为约0.1mg/kg-约500mg/kg(约0.18mg/m2-约900mg/m2),或者为约1-约50mg/kg(约1.8-约90mg/m2)。通常,本发明的治疗方案包括每天以单剂量或多剂量向需要这种治疗的患者施用约10mg-约1000mg的本发明化合物。治疗量或剂量也将根据给药途径以及与其它药剂共同使用的可能性而变化。
在改善受试者病症时,如果需要,施用维持剂量的本发明化合物、组合物或组合。随后,随着症状的变化,可减少施用剂量或频率或两者至维持改善病症的水平,当症状减轻至所需水平时停止治疗。然而,在疾病症状出现任何复发时,受试者可能需要在长期的间歇治疗。
然而,应当理解本发明化合物和组合物的总日用量将由主治医师在合理医学判断的范围内确定。对于任何具体患者的具体抑制剂量将取决于多种因素,包括待治疗的疾病和疾病的严重性;所用具体化合物的活性;所用的具体组合物;患者的年龄、体重、总体健康、性别和饮食;给药时间、给药途径和所用具体化合物的排泄速度;治疗的持续时间;与所用具体化合物组合或同时使用的药物等医学领域所熟知的因素。
本发明也提供了一种药物组合,例如试剂盒,包含a)作为如本文所述的本发明化合物的第一药剂,其为游离形式或药学上可接受盐的形式,和b)至少一种共用药剂。该试剂盒可包含向患有或易患疾病或紊乱的受试者施用的说明书。
本文所用的术语“共同施用”或“联合施用”等是指包括向单个患者施用所选治疗剂,、并意欲包括药剂不必须以相同施用途径或同时施用的治疗方案。
如本文所用,术语“药物组合”是指由多于一种活性成分的混合或组合得到、并包含活性成分的固定和非固定组合的产物。术语“固定组合”是指活性成分例如本发明化合物和共用药剂以单个实体或剂量的形式被同时施用给患者。术语“非固定组合”是指活性成分例如本发明化合物和共用药剂作为独立的实体同时、协同或无具体时间限制地相继施用给患者,其中这种施用在患者体内提供这两种化合物的治疗有效水平。后者也应用于鸡尾酒疗法,例如施用三种或更多种活性成分。
可用作药学上可接受载体的材料的一些实例包括,但不限于离子交换剂、氧化铝、硬脂酸铝、卵磷脂、血清蛋白例如人血清白蛋白、缓冲物质例如磷酸盐、甘氨酸、山梨酸或山梨酸钾、饱和植物脂肪酸的偏甘油酯混合物、水、盐或电解质例如硫酸鱼精蛋白、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸氢钾、氯化钠、锌盐、硅溶胶、三硅酸镁、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚丙烯酸盐、蜡、聚乙烯-聚氧丙烯-嵌段共聚物、羊毛脂、糖例如乳糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖;淀粉例如玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉;纤维素和其衍生物例如羧甲基纤维素钠、乙基纤维素和醋酸纤维素酯;粉末黄蓍胶;麦芽;明胶;滑石;赋形剂例如可可脂和栓剂蜡、油例如花生油、棉籽油、红花油、芝麻油、橄榄油、玉米油和豆油;二醇例如丙二醇或聚乙二醇;酯例如油酸乙酯和月桂酸乙酯、琼脂;缓冲剂例如氢氧化镁和氢氧化铝;藻酸;无热原水、等渗盐水;林格氏液;乙醇和磷酸盐缓冲溶液,以及其它非毒性相容性润滑剂例如月桂基硫酸钠和硬脂酸镁,以及着色剂、释放剂、包衣剂、甜味剂、调味剂和芳香剂,防腐剂和抗氧化剂也可依照配剂人员的判断而存在于组合物中。可将蛋白激酶抑制剂或其药物盐配制成施用给动物或人类的药物组合物。这些包含能有效治疗或预防蛋白激酶介导的病症的量的蛋白质抑制剂和药学上可接受载体的药物组合物为本发明的另一个实施方案。
实施例
结合以下实施例更好地理解本发明化合物和方法,所述实施例仅意欲作为解释说明而并不意图限制本发明的范围。所公开实施方案的多种变化和改进对于本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的,并且包括但不限于涉及本发明的化学结构、取代基、衍生物、制剂和/或方法的这些变化和改进可在不脱离本发明的精神和所附权利要求书的范围内做出。本文方案中结构变量的定义与本文所描绘的化学式中相应位置的那些相同。
实施例1:2-(二苯基氨基)-N-(7-(羟基氨基)-7-氧代庚基)嘧啶-5-甲酰胺的合成
反应方案
中间体2的合成
将苯胺(3.7g,40mmol)、2-氯嘧啶-5-甲酸乙酯1(7.5g,40mmol)、K2CO3(11g,80mmol)于DMF(100ml)中的混合物除气并在N2下120℃下搅拌过夜。冷却反应混合物至室温并用EtOAc(200ml)稀释,然后用饱和盐水(200mlx3)洗涤。分离有机层并用Na2SO4干燥、蒸发至干并通过硅胶色谱(石油醚/EtOAc=10/1)纯化以得到白色固体状的所需产物(6.2g,64%)。
中间体3的合成
将化合物2(6.2g,25mmol)、碘代苯(6.12g,30mmol)、CuI(955mg,5.0mmol)、Cs2CO3(16.3g,50mmol)于TEOS(200ml)的混合物脱气并用氮气吹扫。140℃下搅拌所得混合物14小时。冷却至室温后,用EtOAc(200ml)和95%EtOH(200ml)稀释残留物、加入于硅胶上的NH4F-H2O[50g,通过向硅胶(500g,100-200目)加入NH4F(100g)的水溶液(1500ml)来预制]、并将所得混合物在室温下保持2小时,过滤凝固物质并用EtOAc洗涤。将滤液蒸发至干并用硅胶色谱(石油醚/EtOAc=10/1)纯化残留物以得到黄色固体(3g,38%)。
中间体4的合成
向化合物3(3.0g,9.4mmol)的EtOH(200ml)溶液中加入2N的NaOH(200ml)。60℃下搅拌混合物30分钟。溶剂蒸发后,用2N的HCl中和溶液以得到白色沉淀。用EtOAc(2x200ml)萃取悬浮液、并分离有机层、用水(2x100ml)、盐水(2x100ml)洗涤、并用Na2SO4干燥。去除溶剂得到褐色固体(2.5g,92%)。
中间体6的合成
室温下搅拌化合物4(2.5g,8.58mmol)、氨基庚酸酯5(2.52g,12.87mmol)、HATU(3.91g,10.30mmol)、DIPEA(4.43g,34.32mmol)的混合物过夜。过滤反应混合物后,滤液蒸发至干并用硅胶色谱(石油醚/EtOAc=2/1)纯化残留物以得到褐色固体(2g,54%)。
2-(二苯基氨基)-N-(7-(羟基氨基)-7-氧代庚基)嘧啶-5-甲酰胺的合成
0℃下搅拌化合物6(2.0g,4.6mmol)、氢氧化钠(2N,20mL)于MeOH(50ml)和DCM(25ml)中的混合物10分钟。将羟基胺(50%)(10ml)冷却至0℃并加入混合物中。室温下搅拌所得混合物20分钟。去除溶剂后,用1M的HCl中和混合物以得到白色沉淀。过滤粗产物并用制备型HPLC纯化以得到白色固体(950mg,48%)。
实施例2:4-(2,6-二甲基苯基氨基)-N-(7-(羟基氨基)-7-氧代庚基)-N-甲基苯甲酰胺的合成
反应方案:
中间体3的合成:
对100mL三颈烧瓶装配磁力搅拌棒、压力均衡滴液漏斗和与氮气流线路连接的回流冷凝器。用热枪干燥系统,同时用干燥氮气冲洗。然后水浴中冷却反应容器,同时维持轻微正氮气压。向烧瓶中加入羟基胺-O-磺酸2(8.48g,0.075mol)和95-97%甲酸(45ml)。3分钟时间内在搅拌下加入环庚酮(5.61g,0.05mol)(注3)于15ml的95-97%甲酸中的溶液。加入完成后,回流加热反应混合物5小时,然后将其冷却至室温。用75ml冰水使反应混合物终止反应。用6N氢氧化钠将水溶液缓慢中和至pH7,并用三份100ml的氯仿萃取。用无水硫酸镁干燥合并的有机层。在旋转蒸发器上去除溶剂之后,通过蒸馏纯化产物六氢氮杂环辛酮(hexahydroazocinone)以得到3(4.6g,72%),133-135℃/4mmHg。
中间体4的合成:
将3(5.6g,44.1mmol)与氢氧化钡(3.8g,26.95mmol)和水(55ml)混合。将悬浮液加热至110℃6小时,然后冰浴上冷却。气体二氧化碳鼓泡通过溶液20分钟。通过硅藻土垫过滤悬浮液,并将滤液浓缩至干。用乙腈研磨残留物、收集、醚清洗并真空干燥以得到白色固体状的4(6.0g,93%)。
中间体5的合成:
将亚硫酰氯(1.81ml,24.8mmol)以以一定速度在搅拌下滴加至4(1.8g,12.4mmol)的甲醇(30ml)冷悬浮液中以使得反应温度维持在-5℃至-10℃。全部亚硫酰氯加入之后,允许混合物升温至室温并搅拌过夜。然后真空浓缩混合物以得到白色固体,用醚对其研磨(两次)以得到2.38g白色固体状的7-氨基庚酸甲酯,盐酸盐(1∶1)5(4.8g,100%)。
中间体6的合成:
室温下向5(1.67g,8.54mmol)、NaBH(AcO)3(10.8g,51.2mmol)于1,2-二氯乙烷(50ml)中的搅拌混合物中加入苯甲醛(1.00g,9.40mmol)。室温下搅拌所得溶液4小时。1分钟内滴加37%的HCHO(513mg,17.0mmol)。室温下搅拌所得溶液过夜。通过硅藻土垫过滤溶液、并用DCM(100ml)洗涤固体滤饼。将合并的有机层蒸发至干、并通过硅胶柱色谱(EtOAc)纯化残留物以得到无色油状的6(1.41g,62.8%)。
中间体7的合成:
0℃下2分钟内向6(1.50g,5.69mmol)于1,2-二氯乙烷(20ml)的搅拌溶液中逐滴加入氯甲酸1-氯乙酯(1.0g,6.8mmol)。回流下搅拌所得溶液10小时。真空下蒸发溶液、并向残留物中加入MeOH(20ml)。回流下搅拌所得混合物1小时。然后将溶液蒸发至干以得到固体状的粗制7(1.3g),其不经进一步纯化而直接用于下步反应。
中间体9的合成:
室温下搅拌酸8(2.01g,10mmol)、胺7(2.52g,12mmol)、DIPEA(5.17g,40mmol)和HATU(4.561g,12mmol)于DCM(30ml)中的混合物4小时。反应混合物蒸发至干后,通过硅胶柱色谱(石油醚/EtOAc=1/1)纯化残留物以得到白色固体状的9(2.4g,66%)。
中间体11的合成:
将胺10(0.84g,6.94mmol)、溴化物9(2.06g,5.78mmol)、Cs2CO3(4.52g,13.8mmol)、Pd2(dba)3(64mg,0.069mmol)和Xantphos(81mg,0.14mmol)于甲苯(20ml)中的混合物脱气并在100℃下搅拌过夜。将反应混合物冷却至室温并通过硅藻土过滤。滤液蒸发至干并通过硅胶色谱(石油醚/EtOAc=1/1)纯化残留物以得到浅黄色油状的11(2.21g,96%)。
4-(2,6-二甲基苯基氨基)-N-(7-(羟基氨基)-7-氧代庚基)-N-甲基苯甲
酰胺的合成
0℃下搅拌化合物11(1.58g,4.00mmol)、2N的氢氧化钠(10ml,20mmol)于MeOH(8ml)和DCM(60ml)中的混合物10分钟。将羟胺(7.93g,120mmol)的50%水溶液冷却至0℃并加入到混合物中。并在0℃下搅拌所得混合物约2小时。用2N的HCl中和反应混合物至pH7。去除溶剂后,用EtOAc(10ml)萃取残留物。用水(20ml)和盐水(20ml)洗涤有机层、Na2SO4干燥、真空蒸发以得到白色固体状的ACY-161-89(1.55g,98%)。
实施例3:2-(2,6-二甲基苯基氨基)-N-(7-(羟基氨基)-7-氧代庚基)-N-甲基嘧啶-5-甲酰胺的合成
反应方案
中间体2的合成
回流下加热化合物1(2g,12mmol)、DMAP(1.32g,11mmol)和POCl3(20mL)的混合物1.5小时。去除溶剂后,向残留物加入EA。用NaOH水溶液(2M)将混合物的pH调节至7,然后分离有机层、用盐水洗涤。去除溶剂后,用PE提取残留物并用Na2SO4干燥、蒸发溶剂得到浅黄色固体(1g,45%)。
中间体3的合成
将苯胺(325mg,2.68mmol)、化合物2(500mg,2.68mmol)、K2CO3(370mg,2.68mmol)于DMF(10mL)中的混合物脱气并在140℃下搅拌过夜。将反应混合物冷却至室温并过滤。用水(2x20mL)和盐水(2x20mL)洗涤滤液、用EA萃取。用Na2SO4干燥有机层、并蒸发至干。通过硅胶色谱(PE/EA=5/1)纯化残留物以得到褐色油状的粗产物(320mg,44%)。
中间体4的合成
将2M的NaOH(15mL)加入到化合物3(320mg,1.18mmol)的EtOH(15mL)溶液中。60℃下搅拌混合物10分钟。用2M的HCl中和溶液并用EA(2x60mL)萃取。用水(2x20mL)、盐水(2x20mL)洗涤有机层,并用Na2SO4干燥。蒸发溶剂以留下白色固体(270mg,94%)。
中间体6的合成
室温下搅拌化合物4(270mg,1.11mmol)、化合物5(231mg,1.33mmol)、HATU(506mg,1.33mmol)、DIPEA(574mg,4.44mmol)于THF(30mL)中的混合物过夜。过滤反应混合物。蒸发滤液至干并通过制备型TLC(PE/EA=1/2)纯化残留物以得到褐色油(320mg,72%)。
2-(2,6-二甲基苯基氨基)-N-(7-(羟基氨基)-7-氧代庚基)-N-甲基嘧啶
-5-甲酰胺的合成
0℃下搅拌化合物6(200mg,0.50mmol)、NaOH(2M,2mL)于MeOH(8mL)和DCM(4mL)中的混合物10分钟。将羟胺(0.4mL)冷却至0℃并加入到混合物中。室温下搅拌所得混合物20分钟后,真空去除有机溶剂。用1M的HCl将残留物酸化至pH7并用EA萃取。用水(2x20mL)、盐水(2x20mL)洗涤有机层,并用Na2SO4干燥,蒸发至干,并通过制备型TLC(DCM/MeOH=5/1)纯化残留物以得到褐色固体(106mg,53%)。
实施例4:N-(7-(羟基氨基)-7-氧代庚基)-4-(羟基二苯基甲基)苯甲酰胺的合成
反应方案
-65℃下向1(201mg,1mmol)的无水THF(5ml)溶液中滴加正丁基锂溶液(1.6M于己烷中,1.5ml)。5分钟后,在10分钟内加入二苯甲酮溶液(182mg于5ml无水THF)(放热的)。-65℃下进一步搅拌混合物30分钟并在室温下搅拌过夜。用饱和NH4Cl(10ml)使反应混合物终止反应并减压浓缩。用2N的HCl将混合物酸化至pH4、用乙酸乙酯(2x10ml)萃取。分离有机层、用Na2SO4干燥并蒸发至干。用制备型TLC(DCM/MeOH=10∶1)纯化残留物以得到白色固体状化合物2(205mg,67%)。
室温下搅拌2(150mg,0.49mmol)、EDCI(190mg,0.98mmol)、HOBt(132mg,0.98mmol)和3(190mg,0.98mmol)的THF(10mL)溶液2小时。减压浓缩反应混合物并通过制备型TLC纯化残留物以得到黄色油状化合物4(124mg,56%)。
顺序用NaOH(于MeOH中饱和,1.0ml)和NH2OH水溶液(50wt%,0.55ml)处理4(124mg,0.27mmol)的MeOH(5mL)溶液并在室温下搅拌30分钟。用2N的HCl将反应混合物缓慢酸化至pH6-7、并用乙酸乙酯(2x5ml)萃取。分离有机层、用Na2SO4干燥并减压浓缩以得到黄色固体状标题化合物(111mg,90%)。
实施例5:HDAC酶测试
在DMSO中将测试化合物稀释至50倍的最终浓度并制备10个点的三倍稀释系列。在分析缓冲液(50mM的HEPES,pH7.4,100mM的KCl,0.001%Tween-20,0.05%BSA,20μM的TCEP)中将化合物稀释至6倍其最终浓度。将HDAC酶(从BPSBiosciences购买)于分析缓冲液中稀释至1.5倍其最终浓度。将0.05μM最终浓度的三肽底物和胰蛋白酶在分析缓冲液中稀释至6倍其最终浓度。在这些测试中使用的最终酶浓度为3.3ng/ml(HDAC1)、0.2ng/ml(HDAC2)、0.08ng/ml(HDAC3)和2ng/ml(HDAC6)。所用最终底物浓度为16μM(HDAC1)、10μM(HDAC2)、17μM(HDAC3)和14μM(HDAC6)。一式两份地将5μl化合物和20μl酶加入到黑色、不透明384孔板的孔中。将酶和化合物一起温育于室温下10分钟。将5μl的底物加入到各个孔中,将板振摇60秒并置于Victor2微滴定板阅读仪上。监控荧光的发生60分钟并计算反应的线性速率。使用GraphPadPrism、通过四参数曲线拟合来测定IC50。
通过引用并入
贯穿本申请所引用的所有参考(包括参考文献、颁发的专利、公开的专利申请和共同未决专利申请)的内容在此以引用方式全部明确地并入本文。除非另有定义,本文所用的全部技术和科学术语与本领域具有普通技术的人员所通常知晓的含义一致。
等同方案
本领域技术人员将了解或能够仅使用常规实验而确定本发明所述的具体实施方案的许多等同方案。这些等同方案意欲被包括于以下权利要求中。
Claims (29)
1.式III化合物:
或其药学上可接受盐,
其中,
环B为苯基、吡啶基、嘧啶基或吡嗪基,其中苯基可任选地被1个或2个C1-C6-烷基、卤素、-O-C1-C6-烷基、CF3或CN取代;
R1为H、C1-C6-烷基、苯基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、吡嗪基或C(O)-R2,其中C1-C6-烷基、苯基或吡啶基可任选被1个或2个OH、卤素、C1-C6-烷基或-O-C1-C6-烷基取代;
R2为吡啶基,和
R为H或C1-C6-烷基。
2.式IV化合物:
或其药学上可接受盐,
其中,
环B为苯基、吡啶基、嘧啶基或吡嗪基,其中苯基可任选地被1个或2个C1-C6-烷基、卤素、CF3、CN取代;
R1为H、C1-C6-烷基、苯基、吡啶基、嘧啶基或吡嗪基,其中C1-C6-烷基、苯基或吡啶基可任选被1个或2个OH、卤素或C1-C6-烷基取代;
R为H或C1-C6-烷基。
3.权利要求1的化合物,选自以下化合物或其药学上可接受盐:
4.权利要求2的化合物,选自以下化合物或其药学上可接受盐:;
5.权利要求4的化合物,其中所述化合物是选自以下化合物或其药学上可接受盐:
6.以下化合物或其药学上可接受盐:
7.以下化合物:
8.以下化合物或其药学上可接受盐:
9.以下化合物:
10.以下化合物或其药学上可接受盐:
11.以下化合物:
12.一种药物组合物,包含权利要求1-11任一项的化合物、或其药学上可接受的盐,以及药学上可接受的载体。
13.一种药物组合物,包含以下化合物或其药学上可接受盐:
以及药学上可接受的载体。
14.一种药物组合物,包含以下化合物:
以及药学上可接受的载体。
15.权利要求1-11任一项的化合物或其药学上可接受盐在制备用于相对于其它HDAC选择性抑制受试者的HDAC6的药物中的用途。
16.权利要求15的用途,其中权利要求1-11任一项的化合物对HDAC6的选择性为5-1000倍。
17.权利要求15的用途,其中当在HDAC酶分析中测试时,权利要求1-11任一项的化合物对HDAC6的选择性为5-1000倍。
18.权利要求15-17任一项的用途,其中所述受试者为人类。
19.权利要求1-11任一项的化合物或其药学上可接受盐在制备用于治疗受试者的由HDAC-6介导的癌症的药物中的用途。
20.权利要求19的用途,其中所述癌症为肺癌、结肠癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、肝癌、胰腺癌、脑癌、肾癌、卵巢癌、皮肤癌、骨癌、胃癌、乳癌、胰癌、神经胶质瘤、胶质母细胞瘤、肝细胞癌、乳头状肾细胞癌、头颈部鳞状细胞癌、白血病、淋巴瘤、或骨髓瘤。
21.权利要求19的用途,其中所述癌症为多发性骨髓瘤。
22.以下化合物或其药学上可接受盐在制备用于治疗受试者中的多发性骨髓瘤的药物中的用途:
23.权利要求22的用途,其中所述受试者为人类。
24.以下化合物在制备用于治疗受试者中的多发性骨髓瘤的药物中的用途:
25.权利要求24的用途,其中所述受试者为人类。
26.包含以下化合物或其药学上可接受盐以及药学上可接受载体的组合物在制备用于治疗受试者中的多发性骨髓瘤的药物中的用途:
27.权利要求26的用途,其中所述受试者为人类。
28.包含以下化合物以及药学上可接受载体的组合物在制备用于治疗受试者中的多发性骨髓瘤的药物中的用途:
29.权利要求28的用途,其中所述受试者为人类。
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