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CN101589129A - 促进气化器中合成气冷却的方法和设备 - Google Patents

促进气化器中合成气冷却的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN101589129A
CN101589129A CNA2007800501450A CN200780050145A CN101589129A CN 101589129 A CN101589129 A CN 101589129A CN A2007800501450 A CNA2007800501450 A CN A2007800501450A CN 200780050145 A CN200780050145 A CN 200780050145A CN 101589129 A CN101589129 A CN 101589129A
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cooling
gasifier
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fluid
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CN101589129B (zh
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保罗·S·华莱士
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Air Products and Chemicals Inc
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02CGAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C3/00Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
    • F02C3/20Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products
    • F02C3/26Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products the fuel or oxidant being solid or pulverulent, e.g. in slurry or suspension
    • F02C3/28Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products the fuel or oxidant being solid or pulverulent, e.g. in slurry or suspension using a separate gas producer for gasifying the fuel before combustion
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    • C10J3/72Other features
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    • C10KPURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
    • C10K1/00Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
    • C10K1/08Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02CGAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C6/00Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use
    • F02C6/18Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use using the waste heat of gas-turbine plants outside the plants themselves, e.g. gas-turbine power heat plants
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/0041Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for only one medium being tubes having parts touching each other or tubes assembled in panel form
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/06Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media
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    • C10J2200/00Details of gasification apparatus
    • C10J2200/09Mechanical details of gasifiers not otherwise provided for, e.g. sealing means
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    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
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Abstract

提供一种冷却气化器(200)中合成气的方法。该方法包括:将冷却流体(308)引入至少一个压板(320),所述压板至少部分地伸入气化器的反应区(228);使反应流体环绕至少一个压板流动,以促进从反应流体向冷却流体的热传递。

Description

促进气化器中合成气冷却的方法和设备
发明背景
本发明总体上涉及整体煤气化联合循环(integrated gasificationcombined cycle)(IGCC)发电系统,更具体地,涉及包括一体式辐射型合成气冷却器(integral radiant syngas cooler)的气化器。
至少一部分已知的IGCC系统包括与至少一个动力供应涡轮系统(power-producing turbine system)联合的煤气化系统。例如,已知的气化器将燃料、空气或氧气、蒸汽和/或石灰石的混合物转化为部分燃烧气体(有时称作“合成气”)输出。将热的燃烧气体送入燃气涡轮机的燃烧室,燃气涡轮机为发电机提供动力,发电机向电网供电。将至少一部分已知的燃气涡轮机的排气送入热回收蒸汽发生器,热回收蒸汽发生器产生用于驱动蒸汽涡轮机的蒸汽。蒸汽涡轮机产生的动力驱动向电网供电的发电机。
至少一部分已知的煤气化系统使用分离式气化器以及体积庞大的辐射型冷却器,以气化底部残留物、回收热量、除去合成气中的固体物质、使合成气能够被其它系统利用。支撑气化器和辐射型冷却器运转所需的这些附加部件和辅助设备增加了系统的复杂性、资金开支和操作人力。
发明内容
在一种实施方案中,提供冷却气化器中合成气的方法。该方法包括:引导冷却流体通过至少一个压板,所述压板至少部分地伸入气化器的反应区;使反应流体环绕所述至少一个压板流动,以促进从反应流体向冷却流体的热传递。
在另一实施方案中,提供气化器。该气化器包括反应区和辐射型冷却器。辐射型冷却器包括伸入反应区的至少一个压板。所述至少一个压板包括至少一根冷却管,该冷却管经配置使冷却流体在其中循环,以促进流经反应区的反应流体冷却。
在再一实施方案中,提供辐射型冷却器。该冷却器包括伸入气化器通道的至少一个压板。所述至少一个压板包括至少一根冷却管,该冷却管经配置使冷却流体在其中循环,以促进流经气化器的反应流体冷却。
附图说明
图1是示例性已知整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电系统的示意图。
图2是示例性气化器的示意图,该气化器包括一体式辐射合成气冷却器并可与图1所示的系统一同使用。
图3是包括图2所示一体式辐射合成气冷却器的示例性气化器的截面图。
具体实施方式
图1是示例性已知整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电系统50的示意图。IGCC系统50一般包括主空气压缩机52、与压缩机52以流动连通方式连接的空气分离装置54、与空气分离装置54以流动连通方式连接的气化器56、与气化器56以流动连通方式连接的燃气涡轮机10以及蒸汽涡轮机58。
工作时,压缩机52压缩引入空气分离装置54的环境空气。在一些实施方案中,除压缩机52以外或可供选择地,将来自燃气涡轮机压缩机12的压缩空气送入空气分离装置54。空气分离装置54利用压缩空气产生用于气化器56的氧气。更具体地,空气分离装置54将压缩空气分为分离的氧气(O2)流和气体副产物(有时称作“工艺气体(process gas)”)。空气分离装置54产生的工艺气体包括氮气并在本文中称作“氮气工艺气体”(NPG)。NPG可能还包括其它气体,例如但不限于,氧气和/或氩气。例如,在一些实施方案中,NPG包括约95%至约100%的氮气。如以下更详细的描述,将O2流引入气化器56,以用于产生供燃气涡轮机10用作燃料的部分燃烧气体,在本文中称作“合成气”。在一部分已知的IGCC系统50中,将至少一部分NPG流从空气分离装置54排放至大气。另外,在一部分已知的IGCC系统50中,将一部分NPG流注入燃气涡轮机燃烧室14内的燃烧区(未示出),以促进控制燃气涡轮机10的排放,更具体地以促进降低燃烧温度并减少燃气涡轮机10的一氧化二氮排放。在示例性实施方案中,IGCC系统50包括压缩机60,该压缩机用于在氮气工艺气体流注入燃烧区之前对其进行压缩。
气化器56将燃料、空气分离装置54提供的O2、蒸汽和/或石灰石的混合物转化为供燃气涡轮机10用作燃料的合成气输出。尽管气化器56可使用任意燃料,但在一些已知的IGCC系统50中,气化器56使用煤、石油焦炭、残油、油品乳化液、沥青砂和/或其它类似燃料。在一些已知的IGCC系统50中,气化器56产生的合成气包括二氧化碳。在示例性实施方案中,在将气化器56产生的合成气引入燃气涡轮机燃烧室14进行燃烧之前,在清洗装置(clean-up device)62中对所述合成气进行清洗。在清洗过程中可将二氧化碳(CO2)从合成气中分离出来,在一些已知的IGCC系统50中,可能将二氧化碳排放到大气中。燃气涡轮机10驱动向电网(未示出)供电的发电机64。将燃气涡轮机10的排气引入热回收蒸汽发生器66,热回收蒸汽发生器66产生驱动蒸汽涡轮机58的蒸汽。蒸汽涡轮机58产生的动力驱动向电网供电的发电机68。在一些已知的IGCC系统50中,将来自热回收蒸汽发生器66的蒸汽送入气化器56以用于生成合成气。
另外,在示例性实施方案中,系统50包括泵70,泵70将蒸汽74从蒸汽发生器66送至气化器56内的辐射型合成气冷却器(未示出),以促进在气化器56内流动的合成气冷却。引导蒸汽74通过辐射型合成气冷却器,在辐射型合成气冷却器中水72转变为蒸汽74。随后,使蒸汽74返回蒸汽发生器66以在气化器56或蒸汽涡轮机58中使用。
图2是示例性的先进固体清除气化器200的示意图,该固体清除气化器200包括一体式辐射型合成气冷却器300。该气化器200可与IGCC例如系统50(图1所示)一同使用。在示例性实施方案中,气化器200包括上壳体202、下壳体204以及在上壳体202和下壳体204之间延伸的大致为圆筒形的容器主体206。进料喷射器208穿透上壳体202,以使燃料流能够导入气化器200。更具体地,使从喷射器208流过的燃料途经限定在进料喷射器208中的一个或多个通道并经由喷嘴210以预定模式212排入限定在气化器200中的燃烧区214。燃料可在进入喷嘴210之前与其它物质混合,和/或可在从喷嘴210排出时与其它物质混合。例如,燃料可在进入喷嘴210之前与从系统50的工艺过程中回收的细料混合,和/或燃料可在喷嘴210处或喷嘴210的下游与氧化剂例如空气或氧气混合。
在示例性实施方案中,将燃烧区214限定为垂直取向的、大致为圆筒形的空间,该空间基本上与连续流动连通的喷嘴210共准直。燃烧区214的外围由耐热壁216限定,该耐热壁216包括结构性基底如耐热镍铬铁管218和耐热涂层220,耐热涂层220足以耐受燃烧区214内的高温高压作用。在示例性实施方案中,耐热壁216的出口端222包括收缩出口喷嘴224,该喷嘴有助于燃烧区214中保持预定背压,同时允许燃烧区214中产生的燃烧产物和合成气离开燃烧区214。燃烧产物可能包括气体副产物、通常形成在耐热涂层220上的熔渣、和/或以悬浮形式夹带在气体副产物中细粒状物质。
在离开燃烧区214之后,可流动的熔渣和固体熔渣重力自流到与下壳体204连接的闭锁料斗226中。闭锁料斗226保持一定的水位,使可流动的熔渣急冷变为脆性固体物质,在从气化器200中取出时可将脆性固体物质破碎为较小块。在示例性实施方案中,闭锁料斗226捕获将近90%的离开燃烧区214的细粒。
在示例性实施方案中,第一环形通道228至少部分地环绕燃烧区214。通道228在其内周由耐热壁216以及在其径向外周由圆筒状外壳230部分地限定,该圆筒状外壳230基本上与燃烧区214共轴对准。通道228在顶部由上凸缘232密封。将气体副产物和任意残留细粒从燃烧区214中向下的方向234导向通道228中向上的方向236。在出口喷嘴224处的快速变向促进细粒和熔渣与气体副产物分离。
引导气体副产物和任意残留细粒向上经过通道228到达出口238。在引导气体副产物经过通道228时,可从气体副产物和细粒回收热量。例如,在一种实施方案中,气体副产物以将近2500°F的温度进入通道228并以将近1800°F的温度离开通道228。气体副产物和细粒经由出口238从通道228中排出并被引入第二环形通道240,在该第二环形通道240中气体副产物和细粒变为向下流动的方向241。在气体副产物和细粒从通道240流过时,例如可使用过热管242回收热量,过热管242将来自气体副产物和细粒流的热量传递给从过热管242中流过的蒸汽。例如,在一种实施方案中,气体副产物以将近1800°F的温度进入通道240并以将近1500°F的温度离开通道240。
当气体副产物和细粒流到达通道240的底端244时,通道240朝向闭锁料斗226收缩。更具体地,在底端244,引导气体副产物和细粒流向上经过水雾246,水雾246降低气体副产物和细粒流的温度。从气体副产物和细粒流中消除的热量往往使水雾246蒸发并使细粒聚集,使得细粒形成落入下壳体204的相对较大的灰渣块。沿相反方向将气体副产物和残余细粒流引向界定底端244的多孔板。在多孔板248以上保持一定的水位,以促进从气体副产物流中除去额外的细粒。在气体副产物和残余细粒流经过多孔板248进行过滤时,气体副产物和残余细粒流中包含的细粒被捕集在水中并穿过孔输送至形成在下壳体204中的污水槽。闭锁料斗226和下壳体204之间限定的间隙250使细粒能够流入闭锁料斗226,从而便于将细粒从气化器200中除去。
夹带物分离器254环绕下壳体204的上端。更具体地,分离器254位于多孔板248的上方且位于覆盖多孔板248的水位以上。夹带物分离器254例如可以是包括切向入口或转动叶片的漩流分离器或离心分离器,转动叶片使从其中流过的气体副产物和残余细粒回旋运动。离心力将颗粒向外甩至分离器254的壁面,细粒在壁面上聚结并重力自流至分离器下壳体204。另外,任意残余细粒撞击筛网垫片,与其它颗粒聚集在一起,并被冲入下壳体204。
可供选择地,夹带物分离器254可为叶片型,例如人字形分离器或撞击式分离器。在人字形分离器中,气体副产物从叶片之间经过并被迫按照曲折或锯齿形模式行进。夹带的颗粒和任意液滴不能够跟随气流并在聚结之前撞击叶片表面,从而颗粒重力自流到下壳体204中。可在叶片侧面增加诸如弯钩和凹坑等特征,以助于改善颗粒和液滴的捕获。另外,可堆叠人字形栅网以提供一系列分离阶段。类似地,在气体副产物和细粒经过曲面叶片时,撞击式分离器引发漩流运动。所引起的回旋运动致使夹带的颗粒和任意液滴被压向容器壁,从而可将夹带的颗粒和任意液滴收集在下壳体204中。
气体副产物和任意残余细粒流进入分离器254,从而将基本上全部的任意残余夹带颗粒和/或液滴从气体副产物流中除去。气体副产物流经由出口256离开气化器200以进一步进行处理。
在示例性实施方案中,气化器200还包括连接在通道228中的辐射型合成气冷却器300。另外,在示例性实施方案中,冷却器300为包括三根冷却管306的三路冷却器。在可供选择的实施方案中,冷却器300可包括促进通道228中合成气冷却的任意合适数量的冷却管306。
另外,在一种实施方案中,冷却器300包括围绕圆筒状容器206的中心线CL环向隔开的多个压板320。压板320从耐热壁216朝向容器主体206径向向外延伸。另外,压板320包括入口302、出口304以及多根在入口302和出口304之间延伸的冷却管306。压板320设置在通道228内,以促进从通道228中流过的合成气冷却。
在示例性实施方案中,入口302从冷却管306的第一端308延伸至圆筒状容器206的外部310。类似地,出口304从冷却管306的第二端312延伸至外部310。在示例性实施方案中,入口302设置在出口304的下方。在可供选择的实施方案中,入口302设置在出口304的上方或基本与出口304在同一平面上。
在工作期间,泵70将蒸汽74从蒸汽发生器66经过入口302引入冷却管第一端308。可供选择地,可将蒸汽74从任意合适的源头引入入口302。然后,经过冷却管306将蒸汽74引向第二端312。与此同时,引入通道228的合成气围绕冷却管306流动,以促进合成气和蒸汽74之间的热交换。具体而言,由于蒸汽74的温度低于合成气的温度,因而蒸汽74从合成气吸收热量以促进合成气冷却。
另外,除冷却合成气以外,冷却管306还促进耐热壁216冷却。更具体地,随着蒸汽74从合成气吸收热量,温度较高的蒸汽74在冷却管306中生成并通过出口304排出。在示例性实施方案中,将蒸汽74从出口304排入蒸汽发生器66,以在系统50中进一步使用。在可供选择的实施方案中,将蒸汽74引至系统50和/或需要蒸汽的任意其它系统的任意合适的部分。在另一可供选择的实施方案中,将蒸汽74从系统50排放到大气中。
图3是沿图2所示的线3-3截取的具有一体式辐射型合成气冷却器300的气化器200的截面图。在示例性实施方案中,冷却器300包括压板320。各压板320设置在通道228内并从耐热壁216朝向容器主体206径向向外延伸。另外,各压板320包括入口302、出口304以及在入口302和出口304之间延伸的冷却管306。压板320内的冷却管306与多个连接构件322连接在一起,以促进在通道228内流动的合成气冷却。在示例性实施方案中,如图3所示,冷却器300包括十三个压板320。
另外,在示例性实施方案中,各压板320环向设置在燃烧区214周围。更具体地,在示例性实施方案中,各压板320围绕燃烧区214与各自相应的环向相邻的压板320均匀间隔约27.69°。在可供选择的实施方案中,冷却器300包括十五个压板320,使得各压板320围绕燃烧区214与各自相应的压板320相隔约24°。在另一可供选择的实施方案中,冷却器300包括多于或少于十三个压板320。在另一可供选择的实施方案中,压板320不是环向均匀间隔的。
在示例性实施方案中,各压板320包括至少三根冷却管306。具体而言,第一根压板冷却管330位于从耐热壁216径向向外相距距离331之处并通过至少一个连接构件322与耐热壁216连接。第二根压板冷却管332位于从冷却管330径向向外相距距离333之处。在示例性实施方案中,距离333近似等于距离331。至少一个连接构件322将冷却管332固定在冷却管330上。第三根压板冷却管334位于从冷却管332径向向外相距距离335之处。在示例性实施方案中,距离335近似等于距离331,使得冷却管330和334与冷却管332等间隔。可供选择地,距离335不等于距离331,冷却管330和334与冷却管332不是等间隔的。至少一个连接构件322使冷却管334与冷却管332连接。另外,在示例性实施方案中,利用至少一个连接构件322使冷却管334与第二通道240连接,使得冷却管334径向向内与通道228相距距离337。在可供选择的实施方案中,各压板320包括如本文所述促进通道228中合成气冷却的任意数量的冷却管。
在工作期间,在示例性实施方案中,将蒸汽74引入压板320的冷却管306,以促进从气化器200的通道228中流过的合成气冷却。在可供选择的实施方案中,将任意合适的冷却流体引入冷却管306。与此同时,将从通道228中流过的合成气引至压板320的冷却管306周围。当合成气环绕压板320的冷却管306流动时,在蒸汽74和合成气之间发生热传递。具体而言,蒸汽74从合成气吸收热量。
在一种实施方案中,提供冷却气化器中合成气的方法。该方法包括:将冷却流体引入至少一个压板,所述压板至少部分地伸入气化器的反应区;使反应流体环绕所述至少一个压板流动,以促进从反应流体向冷却流体的热传递。
如本文所用,以单数提及并以措词“一个”或“一种”修饰的要素或步骤应理解为不排除多个所述要素或步骤,除非明确指出。另外,提及本发明的“一种实施方案”时不应解释为不存在同样并入所述特征的其它实施方案。
上述方法和系统促使合成气在气化器内的冷却管中循环。从而,有利于改善整体煤气化系统中合成气的冷却,而没有增加IGCC中部件的数量。因此,有利于降低IGCC的运行和维护成本,同时提高IGCC的效率。
以上详细描述了将辐射型合成气冷却器引入气化器以冷却气化器中合成气的煤气化系统和方法的示例性实施方案。所示的煤气化系统部件不限于本文所述的具体实施方案,各系统的部件可独立于本文所述的其它部件单独使用。例如,上述煤气化系统部件还可与不同的IGCC系统部件组合使用。
尽管针对不同的具体实施方案对本发明进行了描述,但本领域技术人员应当认识到,在权力要求的构思和范围内可对本发明进行改进。

Claims (18)

1.一种冷却气化器中合成气的方法,所述方法包括:
将冷却流体引入至少一个压板,所述压板至少部分地伸入所述气化器的反应区;以及
使反应流体环绕所述至少一个压板流动,以促进从所述反应流体向所述冷却流体的热传递。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中将冷却流体引入至少一根冷却管包括使所述冷却流体途经至少一根冷却管,以促进从所述反应流体向所述冷却流体的热传递。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中将冷却流体引入至少一根冷却管包括将蒸汽引入至少一根冷却管。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中将冷却流体引入至少一根冷却管包括将冷却流体引入至少一根冷却管,以促进所述气化器的壁面冷却。
5.一种气化器,包括:
反应区;以及
辐射型冷却器,该辐射型冷却器包括伸入所述反应区的至少一个压板,所述至少一个压板包括至少一根冷却管,该冷却管经配置以使冷却流体在其中循环,以促进从所述反应区流过的反应流体冷却。
6.权利要求5的气化器,其中所述至少一个压板包括入口和出口,所述至少一根冷却管以流动连通的方式连接在所述入口和所述出口之间。
7.权利要求5的气化器,其中所述气化器还包括从所述反应区径向向内设置的燃烧区,所述至少一个压板在所述燃烧区和所述气化器的外壁之间延伸。
8.权利要求6的气化器,其中所述辐射型冷却器还包括多个围绕所述燃烧区环向隔开的压板。
9.权利要求8的气化器,其中所述多个压板中的每一个压板围绕所述反应区基本上等间隔。
10.权利要求5的气化器,其中所述至少一个压板包括多根冷却管,所述多根冷却管至少包括第一根冷却管、第二根冷却管和第三根冷却管,所述第二根冷却管基本上等间距地设置在所述第一根冷却管和所述第三根冷却管之间。
11.权利要求10的气化器,其中所述第一根冷却管位于所述第二根冷却管和所述气化器之间,且所述第二根冷却管位于所述第一根冷却管和所述第三根冷却管之间。
12.权利要求10的气化器,其中所述多根冷却管通过多个连接构件连接在一起。
13.权利要求5的气化器,其中所述冷却流体为蒸汽,所述反应流体为合成气,所述辐射型冷却器促进从所述反应流体向从所述辐射型冷却器中流过的蒸汽的热传递。
14.权利要求5的气化器,其中所述辐射型冷却器促进所述气化器冷却。
15.一种辐射型冷却器,包括伸入气化器通道的至少一个压板,所述至少一个压板包括至少一根冷却管,该冷却管经配置使冷却流体在其中循环,以促进从所述气化器中流过的反应流体冷却。
16.权利要求15的辐射型冷却器,其中所述至少一个压板包括多根冷却管,所述多根冷却管至少包括第一根冷却管、第二根冷却管和第三根冷却管,所述第二根冷却管基本上等间距地设置在所述第一根冷却管和所述第三根冷却管之间。
17.权利要求16的辐射型冷却器,其中所述多根冷却管通过多个连接构件连接在一起。
18.权利要求15的辐射型冷却器,其中所述冷却流体为蒸汽,所述反应流体为合成气,所述辐射型冷却器促进从所述反应流体向从所述辐射型冷却器中流过的蒸汽的热传递。
CN2007800501450A 2007-01-19 2007-12-20 促进气化器中合成气冷却的方法和设备 Expired - Fee Related CN101589129B (zh)

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