CN109786872B - Lithium ion battery thermal runaway early warning system and method - Google Patents
Lithium ion battery thermal runaway early warning system and method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention designs a lithium ion battery thermal runaway early warning system and a lithium ion battery thermal runaway early warning method. The sensor comprises an ultrasonic sensor, a temperature sensor, a voltage sensor and a smoke sensor. The ultrasonic sensor can reflect the internal gas state characteristics of the battery, can timely make prejudgment and diagnosis on the thermal safety of the battery at the early stage of the thermal runaway risk emergence, and can quickly and efficiently early warn. The battery management system performs data analysis based on multi-sensor composite detection, sends out early warning signals of different levels by comparing multiple parameters with set thresholds, and adopts different control strategies to strive for reducing the risk of safety accidents caused by thermal runaway and reducing the injury of personnel.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of new energy automobile power batteries, and particularly relates to a thermal runaway early warning system and method for a new energy automobile.
Background
At present, lithium ion batteries are widely adopted as power sources of electric automobiles, and in order to meet the requirement of driving range, the energy density of the lithium ion batteries is continuously improved, so that the problem of remarkable thermal safety is brought. In recent years, many electric vehicles have been on fire, and most of the electric vehicles are related to the thermal safety of lithium ion batteries. The main thermal safety problem of lithium ion batteries comes from thermal runaway. Thermal runaway refers to a phenomenon that the temperature rise rate of a battery is rapidly increased due to a series of exothermic chain reaction in the battery, and the temperature is not controllable any more, so that dangerous conditions such as ignition, explosion, combustion and the like can occur in the battery. In a thermal runaway early warning system developed for an electric automobile at present, early warning is mainly performed through characteristics such as voltage and surface temperature of a battery, smoke and gas in a battery box body, and the like. Signals such as gas, smoke and the like in the battery box are all responses under the conditions that electrolyte is decomposed in a large quantity and releases gas, a safety valve is opened or flame is sprayed, the early warning at the moment represents that the conditions are dangerous, and safety accidents such as ignition of the electric automobile are likely to happen. However, in the case of a battery with an early internal thermal runaway risk, internal characteristics such as temperature characteristics are difficult to obtain, so that the timeliness of the early warning mechanism cannot be guaranteed at present. Therefore, the early, quick and accurate early warning of thermal runaway has important significance for timely taking safety measures and quickly escaping people.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a thermal runaway early warning system for a lithium ion battery pack, which can accurately and effectively perform safety early warning before the battery pack catches fire, so that effective early warning signals are provided for drivers and passengers, response measures can be made or escape can be selected in time, danger signals of different grades are provided for vehicles, and early active control is performed.
The invention discloses a lithium ion battery thermal runaway early warning system which comprises a battery management system, a sensor part, an alarm device and an automatic emergency fire extinguishing device.
The battery management system comprises a detection unit and a main control unit; the sensor part comprises an ultrasonic sensor, a temperature sensor, a voltage sensor and a smoke sensor.
The detection unit acquires detection data of each sensor in real time and transmits the detection data to the main control unit in real time. The main control unit calculates the change rate of the detection data of the ultrasonic sensor, the temperature sensor, the voltage sensor and the smoke sensor in the appointed adjacent time interval according to the received detection data; comparing each detection data and the change rate thereof with a set thermal runaway key parameter threshold value and a set thermal runaway key parameter threshold value; then, the main control unit carries out grading early warning according to the judgment result and sends out different early warning signals according to different early warning grades; and the alarm device, the automatic emergency fire extinguishing device and the electric automobile are provided with a thermal management system to perform corresponding operation according to the received early warning signal.
The early warning method aiming at the lithium ion battery thermal runaway early warning system comprises the following steps:
the method comprises three levels of early warning, which specifically comprises the following steps:
A. first-level warning
If the main control unit detects that the detection parameter or the change rate of any one of the ultrasonic sensor, the temperature sensor, the voltage sensor and the smoke sensor exceeds a first threshold range, the main control unit sends a primary early warning signal.
B. Two-stage early warning
Two cases are classified for secondary early warning:
1) and if the control unit detects that the detection parameter or the change rate of any one of the ultrasonic sensor, the temperature sensor, the voltage sensor and the smoke sensor exceeds a second threshold range, the main control unit sends out a secondary early warning signal.
2) If the main control unit detects that the three detection data or the change rates of the three detection data fed back by the ultrasonic sensor, the temperature sensor and the voltage sensor do not exceed the second threshold range, but the detection data or the change rates of the three detection data do not exceed the third threshold range, the main control unit sends out a secondary early warning signal.
C. Three-level early warning
For the three-level early warning, two cases are also adopted:
1) if the main control unit detects that the detection data or the change rate of the detection data exceeds the third threshold range and the detection data or the change rate of the detection data does not exceed the third threshold range, the main control unit sends out a three-stage early warning signal;
2) if the main control unit detects that the detection data of the ultrasonic sensor or the change rate of the detection data do not exceed the third threshold range; at the moment, if the detection data of the temperature sensor or the change rate of the detection data exceeds a third threshold range and the change rate of the voltage sensor exceeds a third threshold, the main control unit sends out a three-level early warning signal.
The invention has the advantages that:
1. the lithium ion battery thermal runaway early warning system and method provided by the invention are based on the joint of multiple sensors to carry out data analysis and detection, and multi-level detection and early warning are carried out from the aspects of internal gas production state, battery voltage and surface temperature, and smoke particle concentration in a battery box, so that the timeliness is good, and the implementation is easy.
2. Compared with the method of commonly adopting an internal embedded temperature sensor, the lithium ion battery thermal runaway early warning and method provided by the invention have obvious difference in the aspect of battery internal state parameter detection, and the internal thermal safety state can be reflected by detecting the internal gas characteristic state of the battery through the ultrasonic sensor, so that the arrangement convenience of an early warning system is embodied.
3. The lithium ion battery thermal runaway early warning and method provided by the invention can be used for timely pre-judging and diagnosing the thermal safety of the battery at the early stage of the thermal runaway risk emergence from a brand-new angle of the internal gas distribution quantity of the battery, can realize dynamic tracking and response of the thermal safety state in the battery, and remarkably improves the timeliness of early warning.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a thermal runaway early warning system of a lithium ion battery according to the invention;
fig. 2 is a flow chart of a three-stage early warning method of the lithium ion battery thermal runaway early warning system of the invention.
In the figure:
1-Battery management System 2-sensor part 3-alarm device
4-automatic emergency fire extinguishing device 45-thermal management system 101-detection unit
102-main control unit 201-ultrasonic sensor 202-temperature sensor
203-Voltage sensor 204-Smoke sensor
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The invention discloses a lithium ion battery thermal runaway early warning system, which comprises a battery management system 1, a sensor part 2, an alarm device 3 and an automatic emergency fire extinguishing device 4, and is shown in figure 1. The battery management system 1 includes a detection unit 101 and a main control unit 102. The sensor portion 2 includes an ultrasonic sensor 201, a temperature sensor 202, a voltage sensor 203, and a smoke sensor 204. The ultrasonic sensor 201 is used for detecting the gas release amount inside the lithium battery; the temperature sensor 202 is used for detecting the temperature of the battery surface; the voltage sensor 203 is used for detecting the voltage of the battery; the smoke sensor 204 is used to detect the smoke particle concentration within the battery compartment.
The input end of the detection unit 101 is connected to the ultrasonic sensor 201, the temperature sensor 202, the voltage sensor 203 and the smoke sensor 204, and acquires detection data of each sensor in real time, including data M detected by the ultrasonic sensor 201 in real time, data T detected by the temperature sensor 202 in real time, data U detected by the voltage sensor 203 in real time, and data C detected by the smoke sensor 204 in real time.
The output end of the detection unit 101 is connected with the input end of the main control unit 102; the detection unit 101 transmits the acquired detection data of each sensor to the main control unit 102 in real time.
The main control unit 102 calculates the change rates DM, DT, DU, and DC of the detection data of the ultrasonic sensor 201, the temperature sensor 202, the voltage sensor 203, and the smoke sensor 204 in the specified adjacent time intervals according to the received detection data, compares the detection data and the change rate thereof with the set threshold values of the critical parameter of thermal runaway (temperature, voltage, internal gas distribution amount, smoke particle concentration) and the change rate thereof, and can obtain a large amount of test data for safety test verification before the battery leaves the factory. Then, the main control unit 102 performs a hierarchical early warning according to the judgment result, pre-judges the current thermal safety state of the battery, specifically includes a third-level early warning, and takes the first-level as the most serious level for warning, wherein the meanings of the hierarchical early warnings are as follows:
the primary early warning indicates that the battery in the battery box has or is about to have an obvious thermal runaway phenomenon;
the secondary early warning indicates that the battery in the battery box is likely to generate heat or is about to generate heat;
a three-level warning indicates that the battery may cause initial thermal safety problems due to abuse.
The threshold value and the change rate of each of the above parameters are set to 3 threshold values, respectively, which are set to first to third threshold values, wherein:
the first threshold is the average value of each thermal runaway key parameter and the change rate thereof in the first 5 minutes before the thermal runaway of the battery occurs under the experimental condition. The selected time of 5 minutes is specified in the current new national standard lithium ion power storage battery safety requirement for electric vehicles, and the automobile needs to provide an early warning signal 5 minutes before the battery pack has a thermal runaway risk, and the angle of reserving 5 minutes of escape time is started.
The second threshold is the average value of each thermal runaway key parameter and the change rate thereof, wherein the battery temperature exceeds the maximum limit value specified by a manufacturer under the experimental condition, and the same time interval is respectively taken before and after heat generation.
The third threshold is an average value of each thermal runaway key parameter and the change rate thereof, which is obtained at equal time intervals before and after the battery temperature exceeds the upper limit of the normal use temperature or the extreme working conditions such as high-rate charge and discharge under the experimental condition.
The output end of the main control unit 102 is connected with a thermal management system arranged in the electric automobile, and the alarm device 3 and the automatic emergency fire extinguishing device 4 in the invention, so that different early warning signals are sent to the thermal management system, the alarm device 3 and the emergency fire extinguishing device according to different early warning levels, and the aim of reducing personal injury caused by fire accidents possibly occurring in the battery to the maximum extent by early warning and starting corresponding measures is achieved.
The alarm device 3 may be an audible and visual alarm. The emergency fire extinguishing device 4 can use aerosol fire extinguishing agent, strives to reduce the dangerous degree of the fire, reserves more precious time for escaping, provides time for accident disposal, and guarantees the life and property safety of people.
Under the condition that thermal runaway chain exothermic reaction triggered, when the gas production in the battery exceeded a certain degree, battery top relief valve can open gradually, and the temperature on battery surface rose sharply this moment, and voltage can obviously descend, begins gathering gaseous smog and granule in the battery box. Therefore, the invention carries out data analysis and detection based on the combination of multiple sensors, carries out grading early warning, and reduces the personal injury caused by the fire accident possibly occurring in the battery to the maximum extent, and the early warning method for the thermal runaway of the lithium ion battery is shown in figure 2, and specifically comprises the following steps:
in the figure, wherein M1～M3First to third thresholds for the internal gas distribution, respectively; t is1～T3The temperature is respectively a first threshold value to a third threshold value; u shape1～U3Voltage first to third threshold values; c1～C3The first threshold value to the third threshold value of the smoke particle concentration are respectively; DM1～DM3Respectively are a first threshold value to a third threshold value of the change rate of the internal gas distribution quantity; DT1～DT3The first threshold value to the third threshold value of the temperature change rate respectively; DU1～DU3The voltage change rates are respectively a first threshold value to a third threshold value; DC (direct current)1～DC3Respectively, the first threshold value to the third threshold value of the smoke particle concentration change rate.
A. First-level warning
If the main control unit 102 detects that any one detection parameter or the change rate of the detection parameter exceeds the first threshold range, the main control unit 102 sends a primary early warning signal, at the moment, the battery pack has a danger of fire and combustion, the automatic emergency fire extinguishing device 4 is started immediately after receiving the signal, and simultaneously, an audible and visual alarm mode is started to prompt a driver and passengers to escape from the vehicle, so that the fire hazard is reduced to the lowest degree as possible.
If the battery pack does not have serious thermal runaway phenomenon, the primary early warning system cannot be started. However, if the battery pack is overheated due to a certain abuse condition, the temperature of the battery rises and exceeds the temperature use upper limit specified by a manufacturer, gas is generated in the battery pack due to a certain side reaction, and meanwhile, the voltage fluctuates, and at the stage, the secondary early warning is needed to provide safety information at the initial stage of self heat generation of the battery.
B. Two-stage early warning
Two cases are classified for secondary early warning:
1. if the control unit detects that the detection parameter or the change rate of any one of the four sensors exceeds the second threshold range, the main control unit 102 sends out a secondary early warning signal.
2. If the main control unit 102 detects that the three detection data fed back by the ultrasonic sensor 201, the temperature sensor 202 and the voltage sensor 203 or the change rate thereof do not exceed the second threshold range, but the detection data of the ultrasonic sensor 201 or the change rate thereof exceeds the third threshold range, and meanwhile, the detection data of the temperature sensor 202 or the change rate thereof exceeds the third threshold range, the main control unit 102 sends out a secondary early warning signal.
At the moment, the emergency thermal management system 5 is started immediately, and the occurrence of thermal runaway is possibly inhibited or slowed down in a mode of enhancing cooling, so that the safety of the whole vehicle is guaranteed. Thermal management systems such as air-cooled systems should adjust the wind speed to a maximum; the liquid-cooled thermal management system should regulate the coolant flow to the maximum and the water inlet temperature to the minimum; meanwhile, the battery management system 1 is coordinated with the whole vehicle controller, and the power battery has no other power output.
If the primary warning signal or the secondary warning signal is not sent by the warning system in the process of diagnosis, it is indicated that no single battery in the battery pack is in a dangerous state, but the battery generates heat internally due to charging and discharging in the use process, if the heat dissipation of the thermal management system is poor or abuse conditions such as high-rate charging and discharging occur, the continuous accumulation of heat also affects the thermal safety of the battery, and the battery may evolve into a final thermal runaway, so that a tertiary warning system is required to provide safety state information of the vehicle and perform corresponding processing in time.
C. Three-level early warning
For the three-level early warning, two cases are also adopted:
1. if the main control unit 102 detects that the detection data or the change rate of the detection data of the ultrasonic sensor 201 exceeds the third threshold range, but the detection data or the change rate of the detection data of the temperature sensor 202 does not exceed the third threshold range at this time, it indicates that a small amount of gas is generated inside the battery due to the increase of the temperature, but the temperature characteristic and the voltage characteristic of the outer surface of the battery lag behind the internal characteristic at this time, there may be no obvious change, and a series of heat release chain lock side reactions caused by self-heat generation do not exist inside the battery, then the main control unit 102 sends out a three-stage warning signal.
2. If the main control unit 102 detects that the detection data of the ultrasonic sensor 201 or the change rate thereof does not exceed the third threshold range, the battery may have significant changes in the temperature and voltage change rate of the battery tab due to the high-rate charging and discharging; at this time, if the detection data of the temperature sensor 202 or the change rate thereof exceeds the third threshold range, and the change rate DU of the voltage sensor 203 exceeds the third threshold DU3, the main control unit 102 sends out a three-level warning signal.
At the moment, the temperature of each battery in the battery pack does not reach the temperature range triggering the exothermic side reaction, and the emergency thermal management system is started immediately to strengthen the cooling mode. For example, the air cooling mode of the heat management system can increase the wind speed and flow; the heat management system in the liquid cooling mode can increase the flow of cooling liquid and reduce the temperature of a water inlet; meanwhile, the battery management system 1 and the vehicle control unit coordinate to reduce the maximum available output power of the battery.
According to the system and the method, each battery in the battery pack is monitored, and the driver is warned once the battery with the thermal runaway risk is found.
Claims (1)
1. A lithium ion battery thermal runaway early warning method is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps of adopting a lithium ion battery thermal runaway early warning system for early warning, wherein the lithium ion battery thermal runaway early warning system comprises a battery management system, a sensor part, an alarm device and an automatic emergency fire extinguishing device; the battery management system comprises a detection unit and a main control unit; the sensor part comprises an ultrasonic sensor, a temperature sensor, a voltage sensor and a smoke sensor;
the detection unit acquires detection data of each sensor in real time and transmits the detection data to the main control unit in real time; the main control unit calculates the change rate of the detection data of the ultrasonic sensor, the temperature sensor, the voltage sensor and the smoke sensor in the appointed adjacent time interval according to the received detection data; comparing each detection data and the change rate thereof with a set thermal runaway key parameter threshold value and a set thermal runaway key parameter threshold value; then, the main control unit carries out grading early warning according to the judgment result and sends out different early warning signals according to different early warning grades; the alarm device, the automatic emergency fire extinguishing device and the thermal management system arranged in the electric automobile perform corresponding operations according to the received early warning signals;
the grading early warning comprises three levels of early warning, and specifically comprises the following steps:
A. first-level warning
If the main control unit detects that the detection parameter or the change rate of any one of the ultrasonic sensor, the temperature sensor, the voltage sensor and the smoke sensor exceeds a first threshold range, the main control unit sends a primary early warning signal;
B. two-stage early warning
Two cases are classified for secondary early warning:
1) if the control unit detects that the detection parameter or the change rate of any one of the ultrasonic sensor, the temperature sensor, the voltage sensor and the smoke sensor exceeds a second threshold range, the main control unit sends out a secondary early warning signal;
2) if the main control unit detects that the three detection data or the change rates of the three detection data fed back by the ultrasonic sensor, the temperature sensor and the voltage sensor do not exceed the second threshold range, but the detection data or the change rates of the three detection data exceed the third threshold range, and meanwhile, the detection data or the change rates of the three detection data exceed the third threshold range, the main control unit sends a secondary early warning signal;
C. three-level early warning
For the three-level early warning, two cases are also adopted:
1) if the main control unit detects that the detection data or the change rate of the detection data exceeds the third threshold range and the detection data or the change rate of the detection data does not exceed the third threshold range, the main control unit sends out a three-stage early warning signal;
2) if the main control unit detects that the detection data of the ultrasonic sensor or the change rate of the detection data do not exceed the third threshold range; at the moment, if the detection data of the temperature sensor or the change rate of the detection data exceeds a third threshold range and the change rate of the voltage sensor exceeds a third threshold, the main control unit sends out a three-level early warning signal.
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