CN105727773B - 一种抗菌抗污染聚合物分离膜及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种抗菌抗污染聚合物分离膜及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种具有持久抗菌抗污染效果的聚合物分离膜及其制备方法,可广泛适用于水处理中,属于水处理和膜分离科学与技术领域。将季铵盐共混于成膜聚合物及添加剂中,通过浸没沉淀相转化法制膜,即可得到含季铵盐改性聚合物分离膜。用此法改性后,聚合物分离膜引入季铵盐抑菌剂,有效地改善分离膜的抗菌能力和抗污染能力,延长了膜的使用寿命,对细菌和微生物的繁殖有明显的抑制作用。本发明工艺简单,易于操作,不需要昂贵的设备,易于推广,所制备的季铵盐改性聚合物分离膜具有良好抗菌抗污染性能,在水处理领域具有潜在的广泛应用价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有持久抗菌抗污染效果的聚合物分离膜及其制备方法,属于水处理和膜分离科学与技术领域。
背景技术
随着膜分离技术的逐步深入与推广,人们对膜性能要求越来越高。一些高分子聚合物因具有良好的热稳定性、化学稳定性,耐酸、碱、微生物侵蚀和耐氧化等优异性能,成为膜材料选择的重要组成之一。但是膜的污染问题仍然是困扰聚合物膜分离技术发展的主要问题,尤其是分离料液中的细菌在膜表面的粘附和生长,易造成膜污染,使膜的分离性能变差,膜通量急剧下降,限制了其在许多方面的应用。因此,研究制备新型膜材料并通过膜材料的物化性质改性,提升分离膜的抗菌抗污染性能已经成为膜制备领域的热点。
目前已有大量关于聚合物分离膜抗菌抗污染改性的相关报道。例如,发明专利CN104524986A将基膜浸泡在多巴胺溶液中,利用多巴胺的自聚在基膜表面形成一层聚多巴胺层,然后与聚乙烯亚胺水溶液进行反应,最后经过阳离子化反应,得到亲水抗菌膜。发明专利CN104190274A以聚偏氟乙烯、银离子及两性离子单体为主要原料制得银纳米颗粒两性离子聚合物刷,接枝于聚偏氟乙烯膜表面,达到抗菌的目的。但以上改性多是通过表面沉积或接枝、层层自组装或交联等手段将无机小分子或者有机高分子抗菌剂与具有分离功能的膜基材结合起来,改性方法复杂,不利于商业化生产。另外,改性层容易脱附而导致抗污染能力的丧失,改性膜的抑菌效果也未经过长期实验的检验,是否具有长期的抗菌抗污染效果还有待进一步考证。
季铵盐作为一类广谱杀菌剂,广泛应用于水处理、石油采矿业的杀菌消毒。这类杀菌剂的作用机理主要是接触杀菌,即杀菌剂作为阳离子单体通过静电力、氢键力以及表面活性剂分子与蛋白质分子间的相互作用,吸附带负电的细菌体,聚集在细胞壁上,产生位阻效应,导致细菌生长受抑而死亡。因此,这类杀菌剂具有高效、低毒、不易受pH值变化的影响、使用方便、化学性能稳定等特点,适用于抵抗微生物在膜表面的粘附,从而达到预防膜表面被微生物及其分泌物污染的目的。
本发明将季铵盐共混于膜基体中,获得了持久抗菌抗污染的膜材料,改性聚合物分离膜成本低、抗菌、抗污染效果好。本发明工艺简单,易于操作,不需要昂贵的设备,易于推广,为抗菌、抗污染分离膜材料在水处理领域的商业化应用提供技术支持。到目前为止,利用季铵盐的特性对聚合物膜材料进行改性,制备具有抗菌污染性能的聚合物分离膜的相关研究和报道还极为少见。
发明内容
为克服现有膜分离技术中的一些缺陷,本发明通过将季铵盐加入铸膜液中进行共混,开发出具有持久抗菌抗污染性能的聚合物分离膜。
因此,本发明的目的之一在于制备一种具有持久抗菌抗污染性能的聚合物分离膜。经改性后的分离膜表面能够抑制细菌、微生物的生长和粘附,具有显著地持久抗污染效果。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种制备具有持久抗菌抗污染性能的聚合物分离膜的方法,工艺简单,易于操作,便于工业化实施。
本发明提出的一种抗菌抗污染改性聚合物分离膜,所述改性聚合物分离膜通过将抗菌剂季铵盐共混于成膜聚合物、成孔剂及有机溶剂中,采用浸没沉淀相转化法制膜得到;所述改性聚合物分离膜由成膜聚合物、季铵盐和有机溶剂组成,以改性聚合物分离膜的重量份为基准,每100重量份的改性聚合物分离膜中含有5~20重量份的成膜聚合物,1~10重量份的成孔剂,0.1 ~5重量份抗菌剂季铵盐,余量为有机溶剂;所述抗菌剂季铵盐采用烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵、烷基二甲基苄基溴化铵、氰基季铵盐、聚氮杂环季铵盐或聚季铵盐中的一种或几种的混合物,季铵盐质量分数为0.1%~5%。
本发明中,以改性聚合物分离膜的重量份为基准,每100重量份的改性聚合物分离膜中含有8~15重量份的成膜聚合物,5~8重量份的成孔剂,1~2重量份的抗菌剂季铵盐,余量为有机溶剂。
本发明提出的一种抗菌抗污染聚合物分离膜的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
(1)将成膜聚合物、成孔剂和有机溶剂按比例混合,在75-85℃下搅拌溶解50-55h后得到均一溶液I;
(2)另取有机溶剂,将抗菌剂季铵盐加入其中,并使其充分溶解,得到含有抗菌剂的溶液II;
(3)将步骤(2)中所制得的含有抗菌剂的溶液II在转速为800-850r/min的搅拌器搅拌下逐滴加入到步骤(1)中所得溶液I中,在75-85℃下搅拌20-24h,保证充分混合均匀,室温(20-35℃)真空脱泡20-40min得到均一稳定的铸膜液;
(4)将铸膜液于室温下刮制平板膜,在空气中预蒸发30-40s后,浸入凝固浴中,保持20-24h固化成型,得到成形的膜;
(5)成形的膜用清水冲洗后,即得到改性的聚合物分离膜。
本发明中,步骤(1)中所述成膜聚合物为聚偏氟乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚醚砜或聚丙烯腈中的一种或几种混合物。
本发明中,步骤(1)中所述成孔剂为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇或聚醋酸乙烯酯中的一种或几种混合物。
本发明中,步骤(1)中所述有机溶剂为N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺或二甲基亚砜中的一种或几种混合物。
与现有技术相比,本发明中的膜制备方法创新地采用广谱杀菌剂——季铵盐中的一种或几种对聚合物分离膜进行共混改性,成功将抗菌功能引入到聚合物分离膜当中,提高了膜的抗菌抗污染性能。该方法制备的抗菌抗污染改性聚合物分离膜具有以下优点:
(1)提出了一种抗菌抗污染改性聚合物分离膜的制备方法,该方法制成的聚合物分离膜材料有效地结合了季铵盐的抗菌和抗污染双重作用,延长了膜的使用寿命;
(2)制备的抗菌改性聚合物分离膜具有良好的抗菌性能,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等微生物具有明显的抑制和杀灭作用;
(3)与其他抑菌剂相比,所选杀菌剂季铵盐作为一种新型阳离子表面活性剂,通过接触致死的方式进行抑菌,具有抑菌范围更广、抑菌效果更持久且在细菌和微生物的生长周期内不产生抗药性等优点;
(4)共混法制膜工艺简单,易于操作,设备低廉,可控性好,容易工业化实施。
附图说明
图1是采用浊度法测定本发明实施例1和实施例2制备的聚合物分离膜对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌在24h内的抑菌效果图。其中,图(A)为培养不同时间,含有大肠杆菌的培养基在紫外光600nm处吸光度的变化值;图(B)为培养不同时间,含有金黄色葡萄球菌的培养基在紫外光600nm处吸光度的变化值。
图2是实施例4中对实施例1和实施例2所制得的聚合物分离膜在膜生物反应器中长期运行时跨膜压差(TMP)的变化。
图3是实施例4中对实施例1和实施例2所制得的膜在膜生物反应器中长期运行后主要膜面污染物、膜面活细胞的含量及分布情况。其中,(A)为实施例1中膜面污染物含量和分布的激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)图,(B)为实施例1中膜面活细胞含量和分布的CLSM图;(C)为实施例2中膜面污染物含量和分布的CLSM图,染色部分为α-糖/蛋白质,(D)为实施例2中膜面活细胞含量和分布的CLSM图,染色部分为活细胞。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下结合附图及具体实施方式,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施方式仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
实施例1:
未经改性的聚偏氟乙烯膜的制备:取21g聚偏氟乙烯粉末、4g聚乙二醇(M6000)溶解于100mL二甲亚砜中,在80℃下充分搅拌,直至聚偏氟乙烯和成孔剂完全溶解,室温真空脱泡30min后得到均一稳定的铸膜液。将铸膜液倒在玻璃板上,用刮刀均匀地刮制成厚度约为250mm的平板膜,室温下放入去离子水中,凝固成型,待膜从玻璃板上自行脱落后,即可得到未经改性的聚偏氟乙烯膜。
抗菌性能测试:采用浊度法测定本实施例所制得的膜对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌性能,操作如下。用打孔器将实施例1中制得的聚偏氟乙烯膜裁成直径为1cm的圆片,用去离子水浸泡24h后烘干放入多孔板中备用。在超净工作台中,将除菌种以外的所有试验用品在紫外灯下杀菌消毒20min。分别吸取0.8ml的营养肉汤培养基及0.8mL的菌悬液加入多孔板中。放入摇床中37℃恒温培养不同时间后,使用酶标仪在600nm处进行比色。
经测试,本例所得的未经改性的纯聚偏氟乙烯膜对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌无明显抑制作用。从图中可以看出,营养肉汤培养基中大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的数量均随着培养时间的增加而快速增长,说明未经改性的纯聚偏氟乙烯膜对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌没有抑制作用。
实施例2:
抗菌改性聚偏氟乙烯膜的制备:取21g聚偏氟乙烯粉末、4g聚乙二醇(M6000)溶解于80mL二甲亚砜中,在80℃下充分搅拌,直至聚偏氟乙烯完全溶解,得到溶液I。取1.25g季铵盐溶于20mL二甲基亚砜中,得到溶液II。高速搅拌下溶液II逐滴加入至溶液I中,室温真空脱泡30min后得到均一稳定的铸膜液。将铸膜液倒在玻璃板上,用刮刀均匀地刮制成厚度约为250mm的平板膜,室温下放入去离子水中,凝固成型,待膜从玻璃板上自行脱落后,即可得到季铵盐改性的聚偏氟乙烯膜。
抗菌性能测试具体过程同实施例1中。
从测试结果可以看出,在恒温培养的24h中,多孔板中的大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的数量基本没有增加,均维持在较低水平。可见,本例所得的季铵盐改性的聚偏氟乙烯膜对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均有明显的抑制作用。
实施例3:
抗菌改性聚偏氟乙烯膜的制备:取21g聚醚砜、3g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮溶解于80mL N,N-二甲基乙酰胺中,在80℃下充分搅拌,直至聚醚砜完全溶解,得到溶液I。取2.5g季铵盐溶于20mL N,N-二甲基乙酰胺,得到溶液II。高速搅拌下溶液II逐滴加入至溶液I中,室温真空脱泡30min后得到均一稳定的铸膜液。将铸膜液倒在玻璃板上,用刮刀均匀地刮制成厚度约为250mm的平板膜,室温下放入去离子水中,凝固成型,待膜从玻璃板上自行脱落后,即可得到季铵盐改性的聚醚砜膜。
抗菌性能测试具体过程同实施例1中。
经测试,本例所得的季铵盐改性聚醚砜分离膜对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均有明显的抑制作用。
实施例4:
抗菌改性膜在反应器中的稳定性测试:分别选取实施例1和实施例2中所制得的膜在长期处理实际生活污水的膜生物反应器中连续运行约120d,膜通量为20L·m-2·h-1,记录二者的跨膜压差(TMP)随时间的变化情况。在TMP上升至30kPa时,将膜取出进行化学清洗。当反应器运行到终点时,取一部分膜,染色后使用CLSM观察分析膜面污染物以及膜面活细胞的分布情况。
通过CLSM分析可以看出,经过在反应器中长期运行后,与实施例1相比,实施例2制得的膜表面活细胞量较少,证明季铵盐改性分离膜优异的抗菌效果,这与浊度法测试的结果相符。另外,实施例2制得的膜,其粘附在膜面的多糖、蛋白质污染物的含量较少,说明在拥有抗菌性能的同时,季铵盐改性分离膜具有明显的抗污染效果。膜压力的变化也证明了这一点:实施例1所得的膜清洗周期约为25~30d,而经季铵盐改性的实施例2中所得的膜清洗周期延长至55~60d,约为未改性之前膜清洗周期的2倍,说明经季铵盐改性后的聚合物分离膜膜压力上升缓慢,抗污染性能显著提升。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,凡依本发明申请专利范围所做的均等变化与修饰,皆应属本发明的涵盖范围。
Claims (1)
1.一种抗菌抗污染改性聚合物分离膜,其特征在于,所述改性聚合物分离膜通过将抗菌剂季铵盐共混于聚偏氟乙烯、聚乙二醇及二甲基亚砜中,采用浸没沉淀相转化法制膜得到;所述改性聚合物分离膜由成膜聚合物、抗菌剂季铵盐、成孔剂和有机溶剂组成;所述成膜聚合物为聚偏氟乙烯,所述成孔剂为聚乙二醇,所述有机溶剂为二甲基亚砜,以改性聚合物分离膜的重量份为基准,每100重量份的改性聚合物分离膜中含有8~15重量份的聚偏氟乙烯,5~8重量份的聚乙二醇,1~2重量份抗菌剂季铵盐,余量为二甲基亚砜;所述抗菌剂季铵盐采用烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵、烷基二甲基苄基溴化铵或氰基季铵盐中的一种或几种的混合物;
所述改性聚合物分离膜的制备具体步骤如下:
(1)将聚偏氟乙烯、聚乙二醇和二甲基亚砜按比例混合,在75-85℃下搅拌溶解50-55h后得到均一溶液I;
(2)另取二甲基亚砜,将抗菌剂季铵盐加入其中,并使其充分溶解,得到含有抗菌剂的溶液II;
(3)将步骤(2)中所制得的含有抗菌剂的溶液II在转速为800-850r/min的搅拌器搅拌下逐滴加入到步骤(1)中所得溶液I中,在75-85℃下搅拌20-24h,保证充分混合均匀,在20-35℃下真空脱泡20-40min得到均一稳定的铸膜液;
(4)将铸膜液于室温下刮制平板膜,在空气中预蒸发30-40s后,浸入凝固浴中,保持20-24h固化成型,得到成形的膜;
(5)成形的膜用清水冲洗后,即得到改性的聚合物分离膜。
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