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The Distributional Impacts of Fiscal Policy: The Case of the Philippines

Author

Listed:
  • Son, Hyun

    (Asian Development Bank)

Abstract
The distributional impacts of fiscal policies are instrumental in reducing inequality in countries like the Philippines, where inequality has been persistently high. This paper assesses how equitable various taxes and transfers in the Philippines are by deriving the elasticities of Atkinson and Sen’s social welfare functions and introducing a welfare reform index. Among various income sources, the paper finds that rentals from properties, dividends from investment, incomes from construction entrepreneurial activities, and remittances from abroad are regressive. In contrast, family sustenance activities, entrepreneurial activities in farming and fishing, and remittances from domestic sources are found to be progressive. The paper also finds that while direct taxes like personal income tax are overall progressive in the Philippines, they only generate little revenues, indicating their limited impact on inequality reduction. Furthermore, this paper shows that the poor bear much of indirect tax burden on individual commodities such as food items largely consumed at home since they spend a greater proportion of their expenditure on such basic commodities relative to their nonpoor counterparts.

Suggested Citation

  • Son, Hyun, 2022. "The Distributional Impacts of Fiscal Policy: The Case of the Philippines," ADB Economics Working Paper Series 662, Asian Development Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:ris:adbewp:0662
    as

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    File URL: https://www.adb.org/publications/distributional-impacts-fiscal-policy-philippines
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Shinozaki, Shigehiro & Rao, Lakshman N., 2021. "COVID-19 Impact on Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises under the Lockdown: Evidence from a Rapid Survey in the Philippines," ADBI Working Papers 1216, Asian Development Bank Institute.
    2. Valenzuela, Maria Rebecca & Wong, Wing-Keung & Zhen, Zhu Zhen, 2017. "Income and Consumption Inequality in the Philippines: A Stochastic Dominance Analysis of Household Unit Records," ADBI Working Papers 662, Asian Development Bank Institute.
    3. Sen, Amartya, 1974. "Informational bases of alternative welfare approaches : Aggregation and income distribution," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 387-403, November.
    4. Ernesto M. Pernia, 2008. "Migration, Remittances, Poverty and Inequality The Philippines," UP School of Economics Discussion Papers 200801, University of the Philippines School of Economics.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    social welfare function; tax progressivity; redistribution; normative analysis; horizontal inequity; fiscal policy;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    • H24 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
    • H31 - Public Economics - - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents - - - Household
    • H53 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
    • I38 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs

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