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Selecting the Most Effective Nudge: Evidence from a Large-Scale Experiment on Immunization

Author

Listed:
  • Abhijit Banerjee
  • Arun G. Chandrasekhar
  • Suresh Dalpath
  • Esther Duflo
  • John Floretta
  • Matthew O. Jackson
  • Harini Kannan
  • Francine N. Loza
  • Anirudh Sankar
  • Anna Schrimpf
  • Maheshwor Shrestha
Abstract
Policymakers often choose a policy bundle that is a combination of different interventions in different dosages. We develop a new technique—treatment variant aggregation (TVA)—to select a policy from a large factorial design. TVA pools together policy variants that are not meaningfully different and prunes those deemed ineffective. This allows us to restrict attention to aggregated policy variants, consistently estimate their effects on the outcome, and estimate the best policy effect adjusting for the winner’s curse. We apply TVA to a large randomized controlled trial that tests interventions to stimulate demand for immunization in Haryana, India. The policies under consideration include reminders, incentives, and local ambassadors for community mobilization. Cross-randomizing these interventions, with different dosages or types of each intervention, yields 75 combinations. The policy with the largest impact (which combines incentives, ambassadors who are information hubs, and reminders) increases the number of immunizations by 44% relative to the status quo. The most cost-effective policy (information hubs, ambassadors, and SMS reminders but no incentives) increases the number of immunizations per dollar by 9.1% relative to status quo.

Suggested Citation

  • Abhijit Banerjee & Arun G. Chandrasekhar & Suresh Dalpath & Esther Duflo & John Floretta & Matthew O. Jackson & Harini Kannan & Francine N. Loza & Anirudh Sankar & Anna Schrimpf & Maheshwor Shrestha, 2021. "Selecting the Most Effective Nudge: Evidence from a Large-Scale Experiment on Immunization," NBER Working Papers 28726, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28726
    Note: CH DAE DEV EH LS PE POL
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hinz, Oliver & Skiera, Bernd & Barrot, Christian & Becker, Jan, 2011. "Seeding Strategies for Viral Marketing: An Empirical Comparison," Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL) 56543, Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL).
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    Cited by:

    1. Raúl Duarte & Frederico Finan & Horacio Larreguy & Laura Schechter, 2019. "Brokering Votes With Information Spread Via Social Networks," NBER Working Papers 26241, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    2. Raman Kachurka & Michał W. Krawczyk & Joanna Rachubik, 2021. "Persuasive messages will not raise COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Evidence from a nation-wide online experiment," Working Papers 2021-07, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw.
    3. Amaral, Sofia & Dinarte-Diaz, Lelys & Dominguez, Patricio & Perez-Vincent, Santiago M., 2024. "Helping families help themselves: The (Un)intended impacts of a digital parenting program," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    4. Belmonte, A & Pickard, H, 2022. "Safe at Last? LATE Effects of a Mass Immunization Campaign on Households’ Economic Insecurity," CAGE Online Working Paper Series 604, Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE).
    5. Barteska, Philipp & Dobkowitz, Sonja & Olkkola, Maarit & Rieser, Michael, 2023. "Mass vaccination and educational attainment: Evidence from the 1967–68 Measles Eradication Campaign," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    6. Athey, Susan & Bergstrom, Katy & Hadad, Vitor & Jamison, Julian C. & Ozler, Berk & Parisotto, Luca & Sama, Julius Dohbit, 2021. "Shared Decision-Making: Can Improved Counseling Increase Willingness to Pay for Modern Contraceptives?," Research Papers 3987, Stanford University, Graduate School of Business.
    7. Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak & Edward Miguel, 2022. "The Economics of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poor Countries," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 14(1), pages 253-285, August.
    8. Derksen, Laura & Kerwin, Jason Theodore & Reynoso, Natalia Ordaz & Sterck, Olivier, 2021. "Appointments: A More Effective Commitment Device for Health Behaviors," SocArXiv y8gh7, Center for Open Science.
    9. Aparajithan Venkateswaran & Anirudh Sankar & Arun G. Chandrasekhar & Tyler H. McCormick, 2024. "Robustly estimating heterogeneity in factorial data using Rashomon Partitions," Papers 2404.02141, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2024.
    10. O'Neill, Stephen & Grieve, Richard & Singh, Kultar & Dutt, Varun & Powell-Jackson, Timothy, 2024. "Persistence and heterogeneity of the effects of educating mothers to improve child immunisation uptake: Experimental evidence from Uttar Pradesh in India," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    11. Bahety, Girija & Bauhoff, Sebastian & Patel, Dev & Potter, James, 2021. "Texts don’t nudge: An adaptive trial to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in India," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    12. Charlotte Pelras & Andrea Renk, 2021. "Sterilizations and immunization in India: The Emergency experience (1975-1977)," DeFiPP Working Papers 2105, University of Namur, Development Finance and Public Policies.
    13. Maria Nareklishvili & Nicholas Polson & Vadim Sokolov, 2022. "Feature Selection for Personalized Policy Analysis," Papers 2301.00251, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2023.
    14. Bussolo, Maurizio & Sarma, Nayantara & Torre, Iván, 2023. "The links between COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and non-pharmaceutical interventions," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    15. Mylène Lagarde & Carlos Riumallo Herl, 2023. "Stronger together: Group incentives and the demand for prevention," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 23-0010/V, Tinbergen Institute.
    16. Fang, Ximeng & Goette, Lorenz & Rockenbach, Bettina & Sutter, Matthias & Tiefenbeck, Verena & Schoeb, Samuel & Staake, Thorsten, 2023. "Complementarities in behavioral interventions: Evidence from a field experiment on resource conservation," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    17. Charlotte Pelras & Andrea Renk, 2022. "When Sterilizations Lower Immunizations: The Emergency Experience in India (1975-77)," DeFiPP Working Papers 2206, University of Namur, Development Finance and Public Policies.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • C18 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Methodolical Issues: General
    • C93 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Design of Experiments - - - Field Experiments
    • D83 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness
    • I15 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health and Economic Development
    • O12 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

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