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The comparative statics of effective demand

Author

Listed:
  • Jochen Hartwig
Abstract
Keynes introduces the term 'effective demand' in chapter 3 of the General Theory as designating the point of intersection of two functions: the 'aggregate demand function' (D) and the 'aggregate supply function' (Z). For the first time in the literature, I here specify exact functional forms for the D and Z functions and run numerical simulations which allow to study the comparative statics of the model in the face of various 'shocks'. The demonstration of how the D/Z model actually works will hopefully prove useful for future students of the economics of Keynes.

Suggested Citation

  • Jochen Hartwig, 2017. "The comparative statics of effective demand," FMM Working Paper 03-2017, IMK at the Hans Boeckler Foundation, Macroeconomic Policy Institute.
    • Handle: RePEc:imk:fmmpap:03-2017
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. MG Hayes, 2007. "Keynes's Z function, heterogeneous output and marginal productivity," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 31(5), pages 741-753, September.
    2. Mark Hayes, 2007. "The Point of Effective Demand," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(1), pages 55-80.
    3. Jochen Hartwig, 2014. "Relative Movements of Real Wages and Output," KOF Working papers 14-355, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich.
    4. Palley, Thomas I, 1997. "Expected Aggregate Demand, the Production Period and the Keynesian Theory of Aggregate Supply," The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, University of Manchester, vol. 65(3), pages 295-309, June.
    5. Olivier Allain, 2013. "Effective Demand: Securing the Foundations," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(4), pages 653-660, October.
    6. Jochen Hartwig, 2011. "Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply: Will the Real Keynes Please Stand Up?," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(4), pages 613-618, October.
    7. Olivier Allain, 2009. "Effective Demand and Short-term Adjustments in the General Theory," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(1), pages 1-22.
    8. M. G. Hayes, 2008. "Keynes's Z function: a reply to Hartwig and Brady," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 32(6), pages 1003-1003, November.
    9. Olivier Allain, 2013. "Effective Demand: Securing the Foundations," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(4), pages 653-660, October.
    10. Jochen Hartwig, 2004. "Keynes's multiplier in a two-sectoral framework," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(3), pages 309-334.
    11. M.G. Hayes, 2013. "Effective Demand: Securing the Foundations," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(4), pages 661-671, October.
    12. Paul Davidson, 2002. "Financial Markets, Money and the Real World," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 2467.
    13. Jesus Felipe & Franklin M. Fisher, 2003. "Aggregation in Production Functions: What Applied Economists should Know," Metroeconomica, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 54(2‐3), pages 208-262, May.
    14. J. Hartwig & M. E. Brady, 2008. "Comment: Hayes on Z," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 32(5), pages 815-819, September.
    15. Olivier Allain & Jochen Hartwig & M.G. Hayes, 2013. "Introduction to the Symposium," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(4), pages 650-652, October.
    16. John King, 1993. "Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis Since Keynes: A Partial History," Working Papers 1993.16, School of Economics, La Trobe University.
    17. Paul Davidson, 1994. "Post Keynesian Macroeconomic Theory," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 124.
    18. J. E. King, 1994. "Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis Since Keynes: A Partial History," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(1), pages 3-31, September.
    19. Alfonso Palacio-Vera, 2009. "Capital Accumulation, Technical Progress and Labour Supply Growth: Keynes's Approach to Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis Revisited," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(1), pages 23-49.
    20. Shaikh, Anwar, 1974. "Laws of Production and Laws of Algebra: The Humbug Production Function," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 56(1), pages 115-120, February.
    21. Paul Davidson, 1978. "Money and the Real World," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, edition 0, number 978-1-349-15865-2, October.
    22. Marc Lavoie, 2003. "Real Wages and Unemployment with Effective and Notional Demand for Labor," Review of Radical Political Economics, Union for Radical Political Economics, vol. 35(2), pages 166-182, June.
    23. Victoria Chick, 1983. "Macroeconomics after Keynes: A Reconsideration of the General Theory," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262530457, April.
    24. Gerhard Michael Ambrosi, 2011. "Keynes' abominable Z-footnote," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 35(3), pages 619-633.
    25. Jochen Hartwig, 2013. "Effective Demand: Securing the Foundations," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(4), pages 672-678, October.
    26. Olivier Allain, 2009. "Effective demand and short-term adjustments in the General Theory," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-00345891, HAL.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Keynes; effective demand; D/Z model;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • B31 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology - - History of Economic Thought: Individuals - - - Individuals
    • E12 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General Aggregative Models - - - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian; Modern Monetary Theory

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