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Women in Top Incomes – Evidence from Sweden 1974-2013

Author

Listed:
  • Boschini, Anne

    (SOFI, Stockholm University)

  • Gunnarsson, Kristin

    (Department of Economics)

  • Roine, Jesper

    (SITE, Stockholm School of Economics,)

Abstract
Using a large, register-based panel data set we study gender differences in top incomes in Sweden over the period 1974-2013. We find that, while women are still a minority of the top decile group, and make up a smaller share the higher up in the distribution we move, their presence has steadily increased in all top groups over the past four decades. Top income women are wealthier and rely more on capital incomes, but the difference, relative to men, has decreased since the 1970s. Over this period capital incomes have in general become more important in the top, but the share of working-rich women has gone up, while the opposite is true for men. Realized capital gains are more important for top income women but turn out to be of a more transitory nature than for men. Mobility is generally higher for top income women compared to top income men but the trend since the 1990s is toward increased gender equality in this respect too. Finally, we find important differences between top income women and men in terms of marital status and family composition. Overall, our results suggest that many of the findings in the top income literature have a clear gender component and that understanding gender equality in the top of the distribution requires studying not only earnings and labour market outcomes but also incomes from other sources.

Suggested Citation

  • Boschini, Anne & Gunnarsson, Kristin & Roine, Jesper, 2018. "Women in Top Incomes – Evidence from Sweden 1974-2013," Working Paper Series 2018:3, Uppsala University, Department of Economics.
    • Handle: RePEc:hhs:uunewp:2018_003
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Anthony B. Atkinson & Alessandra Casarico & Sarah Voitchovsky, 2018. "Top incomes and the gender divide," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 16(2), pages 225-256, June.
    2. Roman Bobilev & Anne Boschini & Jesper Roine, 2020. "Women in the Top of the Income Distribution: What Can We Learn From LIS-Data?," Italian Economic Journal: A Continuation of Rivista Italiana degli Economisti and Giornale degli Economisti, Springer;Società Italiana degli Economisti (Italian Economic Association), vol. 6(1), pages 63-107, March.
    3. Carl Magnus Bjuggren & Magnus Henrekson, 2022. "Female self-employment: prevalence and performance effects of having a high-income spouse," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 59(1), pages 163-181, June.
    4. Ravaska Terhi, 2018. "Top incomes and income dynamics from a gender perspective : Evidence from Finland 1995-2012," Working Papers 1822, Tampere University, Faculty of Management and Business, Economics.
    5. Boschini, Anne & Gunnarsson, Kristin & Roine, Jesper, 2020. "Women in top incomes – Evidence from Sweden 1971–2017," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 181(C).
    6. Terhi Ravaska, 2018. "Top incomes and income dynamics from a gender perspective: Evidence from Finland 1995–2012," Working Papers 321, Työn ja talouden tutkimus LABORE, The Labour Institute for Economic Research LABORE.
    7. Lusi Liao & Sasiwimon W. Paweenawat, 2020. "A Glass Ceiling? Gender Inequality of Top Earners in Thailand," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 40(1), pages 500-515.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Income inequality; income distribution; gender inequality; top incomes; capital incomes; realized capital gains;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D13 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Household Production and Intrahouse Allocation
    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • H20 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - General
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials

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