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Employee stock options: Much more valuable than you thought

Author

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  • Hodder, James E.
  • Jackwerth, Jens Carsten
Abstract
Previous papers have argued that trading restrictions can result in a typical employee stock option having a subjective value (certainty equivalent value) that is substantially less than its Black-Scholes value. However, these analyses ignore the manager's ability to (at least partially) control the risk level within the firm. In this paper, we show how managerial control can lead to such options having much larger certainty equivalent values for employees who can exercise control. We also show that the potential for early exercise is substantially less valuable with managerial control. The certainty equivalent value for a European option with managerial control can easily exceed the Black-Scholes value for a comparable option without control. However, it is questionable whether Black-Scholes is an appropriate benchmark for an option where the underlying process exhibits controlled volatility. We show how to obtain a risk-neutral valuation for such an option. That risk-neutral value can be substantially greater or less than the Black- Scholes value. Furthermore, the option's certainty equivalent value can also be greater or less than its risk-neutral value.

Suggested Citation

  • Hodder, James E. & Jackwerth, Jens Carsten, 2005. "Employee stock options: Much more valuable than you thought," CoFE Discussion Papers 05/01, University of Konstanz, Center of Finance and Econometrics (CoFE).
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:cofedp:0501
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    File URL: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/32152/1/504461559.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kenneth L. Judd, 1998. "Numerical Methods in Economics," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262100711, April.
    2. Mark Rubinstein, 1976. "The Valuation of Uncertain Income Streams and the Pricing of Options," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 7(2), pages 407-425, Autumn.
    3. Lambert, Ra & Larcker, Df & Verrecchia, Re, 1991. "Portfolio Considerations In Valuing Executive-Compensation," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(1), pages 129-149.
    4. Carpenter, Jennifer N., 1998. "The exercise and valuation of executive stock options," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(2), pages 127-158, May.
    5. Merton, Robert C, 1969. "Lifetime Portfolio Selection under Uncertainty: The Continuous-Time Case," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 51(3), pages 247-257, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Chris Riddell, 2010. "Comment on "New Data for Answering Old Questions Regarding Employee Stock Options"," NBER Chapters, in: Labor in the New Economy, pages 180-184, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    2. Francesco Bova & Marshall Vance, 2019. "Uncertainty avoidance and the timing of employee stock option exercise," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 50(5), pages 740-757, July.

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