Natural Resource Dependence and Tax Effort in Sub-Saharan Africa
Author
Suggested Citation
Download full text from publisher
References listed on IDEAS
- Paul Clist & Oliver Morrissey, 2011. "Aid and tax revenue: Signs of a positive effect since the 1980s," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 23(2), pages 165-180, March.
- Christian Ebeke & M Mansour & Grégoire Rota-Graziosi, 2016.
"The Power to Tax in Sub-Saharan Africa: LTUs, VATs, and SARAs,"
Working Papers
halshs-01332049, HAL.
- Christian EBEKE & Mario MANSOUR & Grégoire ROTA-GRAZIOSI, 2016. "The Power to Tax in Sub-Saharan Africa: LTUs, VATs, and SARAs," Working Papers P154, FERDI.
- Christian EBEKE & M MANSOUR & Grégoire ROTA-GRAZIOSI, 2016. "The Power to Tax in Sub-Saharan Africa: LTUs, VATs, and SARAs," Working Papers 201611, CERDI.
- Christian EBEKE & Mario MANSOUR & Grégoire ROTA-GRAZIOSI, 2016. "The Power to Tax in Sub-Saharan Africa: LTUs, VATs, and SARAs," Working Papers P154, FERDI.
- Hermann D. Yohou & Michaël Goujon & Wautabouna Ouattara, 2016.
"Heterogeneous Aid Effects on Tax Revenues: Accounting for Government Stability in WAEMU Countries,"
Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 25(3), pages 468-498.
- Djedje Hermann Yohou & Michaël Goujon & Wautabouna Ouattara, 2015. "Heterogeneous Aid Effects on Tax Revenues: Accounting for Government Stability in WAEMU Countries," CERDI Working papers halshs-01138159, HAL.
- Djedje Hermann Yohou & Michaël Goujon & Wautabouna Ouattara, 2016. "Heterogeneous Aid Effects on Tax Revenues: Accounting for Government Stability in WAEMU Countries," Post-Print hal-01687424, HAL.
- Djedje Hermann Yohou & Michaël Goujon & Wautabouna Ouattara, 2015. "Heterogeneous Aid Effects on Tax Revenues: Accounting for Government Stability in WAEMU Countries," Working Papers halshs-01138159, HAL.
- Michaël GOUJON & Wautabouna OUATTARA & Djedje Hermann YOHOU, 2015. "Heterogeneous Aid Effects on Tax Revenues: Accounting for Government Stability in WAEMU Countries," Working Papers 201506, CERDI.
- Xavier Sala-i-Martin & Arvind Subramanian, 2013.
"Addressing the Natural Resource Curse: An Illustration from Nigeria,"
Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 22(4), pages 570-615, August.
- Xavier Sala-i-Martin & Arvind Subramanian, 2008. "Addressing the Natural Resource Curse: An Illustration from Nigeria," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Paul Collier & Chukwuma C. Soludo & Catherine Pattillo (ed.), Economic Policy Options for a Prosperous Nigeria, chapter 3, pages 61-92, Palgrave Macmillan.
- Xavier Sala-i-Martín & Arvind Subramanian, 2003. "Addressing the natural resource curse: An illustration from Nigeria," Economics Working Papers 685, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
- Mr. Arvind Subramanian & Xavier Sala-i-Martin, 2003. "Addressing the Natural Resource Curse: An Illustration From Nigeria," IMF Working Papers 2003/139, International Monetary Fund.
- Xavier Sala-i-Martin & Arvind Subramanian, 2003. "Addressing the Natural Resource Curse: An Illustration from Nigeria," NBER Working Papers 9804, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Alsharif, Nouf & Bhattacharyya, Sambit & Intartaglia, Maurizio, 2017. "Economic diversification in resource rich countries: History, state of knowledge and research agenda," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 154-164.
- Tania Masi & Antonio Savoia & Kunal Sen, 2020. "Is there a fiscal resource curse? Resource rents, fiscal capacity, and political institutions in developing economies," WIDER Working Paper Series wp2020-10, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
- Knack, Stephen, 2009.
"Sovereign rents and quality of tax policy and administration,"
Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 359-371, September.
- Knack, Stephen, 2008. "Sovereign rents and the quality of tax policy and administration," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4773, The World Bank.
- Dora Benedek & Ernesto Crivelli & Sanjeev Gupta & Priscilla Muthoora, 2014.
"Foreign Aid and Revenue: Still a Crowding-Out Effect?,"
FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, vol. 70(1), pages 67-96, March.
- Ernesto Crivelli & Mr. Sanjeev Gupta & Ms. Priscilla S Muthoora & Ms. Dora Benedek, 2012. "Foreign Aid and Revenue: Still a Crowding Out Effect?," IMF Working Papers 2012/186, International Monetary Fund.
- repec:cep:stieop:41 is not listed on IDEAS
- Adam, Christopher S. & Bevan, David L. & Chambas, Gerard, 2001.
"Exchange rate regimes and revenue performance in Sub-Saharan Africa,"
Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(1), pages 173-213, February.
- C S Adam, D L Bevan and G Chambas, "undated". "Exchange Rate Regimes and Revenue Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa," QEH Working Papers qehwps35, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
- Christopher Adam & David Bevan, 2000. "Exchange Rate Regimes and Revenue Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa," Economics Series Working Papers 9, University of Oxford, Department of Economics.
- Badeeb, Ramez Abubakr & Lean, Hooi Hooi & Clark, Jeremy, 2017.
"The evolution of the natural resource curse thesis: A critical literature survey,"
Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 123-134.
- Ramez Badeed & Hooi Hooi Lean & Jeremy Clark, 2016. "The Evolution of the Natural Resource Curse Thesis: A Critical Literature Survey," Working Papers in Economics 16/05, University of Canterbury, Department of Economics and Finance.
- Mr. Patrick Fossat & Mr. Michel Bua, 2013. "Tax Administration Reform in the Francophone Countries of Sub-Saharan Africa," IMF Working Papers 2013/173, International Monetary Fund.
- Mahdavi, Saeid, 2008. "The level and composition of tax revenue in developing countries: Evidence from unbalanced panel data," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(4), pages 607-617, October.
- David Roodman, 2009.
"How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata,"
Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 9(1), pages 86-136, March.
- David Roodman, 2006. "How to Do xtabond2: An Introduction to "Difference" and "System" GMM in Stata," Working Papers 103, Center for Global Development.
- Christian von Haldenwang & Maksym Ivanyna, 2017. "Does the political resource curse affect public finance?: The vulnerability of tax revenue in resource-rich countries," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2017-7, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
- Mr. Carlos A Leite & Jens Weidmann, 1999. "Does Mother Nature Corrupt? Natural Resources, Corruption, and Economic Growth," IMF Working Papers 1999/085, International Monetary Fund.
- Raddatz, Claudio, 2007.
"Are external shocks responsible for the instability of output in low-income countries?,"
Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(1), pages 155-187, September.
- Raddatz, Claudio, 2005. "Are external shocks responsible for the instability of output in low income countries?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3680, The World Bank.
- Oliver Morrissey & Christian Von Haldenwang & Armin Von Schiller & Maksym Ivanyna & Ingo Bordon, 2016. "Tax Revenue Performance and Vulnerability in Developing Countries," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(12), pages 1689-1703, December.
- Ayelazuno, Jasper, 2014. "Oil wealth and the well-being of the subaltern classes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A critical analysis of the resource curse in Ghana," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 66-73.
- Djedje Hermann Yohou & Michaël Goujon & Wautabouna Ouattara, 2016. "Heterogeneous Aid Effects on Tax Revenues: Accounting for Government Stability in WAEMU Countries," Post-Print halshs-01297394, HAL.
- Wigley, Simon, 2017. "The resource curse and child mortality, 1961–2011," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 142-148.
- Parcero, Osiris J. & Papyrakis, Elissaios, 2016. "Income inequality and the oil resource curse," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 159-177.
- Mr. David Kloeden, 2011. "Revenue Administration Reforms in anglophone Africa Since the Early 1990's," IMF Working Papers 2011/162, International Monetary Fund.
- Ms. Janet Gale Stotsky & Ms. Asegedech WoldeMariam, 1997. "Tax Effort in Sub-Saharan Africa," IMF Working Papers 1997/107, International Monetary Fund.
- Abdelwahed, Loujaina, 2020. "More oil, more or less taxes? New evidence on the impact of resource revenue on domestic tax revenue," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
- Arellano, Manuel & Bover, Olympia, 1995.
"Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models,"
Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 29-51, July.
- M Arellano & O Bover, 1990. "Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models," CEP Discussion Papers dp0007, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
- repec:idq:ictduk:12795 is not listed on IDEAS
- Agbeyegbe, Terence D. & Stotsky, Janet & WoldeMariam, Asegedech, 2006.
"Trade liberalization, exchange rate changes, and tax revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa,"
Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 261-284, April.
- Mr. Terence D Agbeyegbe & Ms. Janet Gale Stotsky & Ms. Asegedech WoldeMariam, 2004. "Trade Liberalization, Exchange Rate Changes, and Tax Revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa," IMF Working Papers 2004/178, International Monetary Fund.
- Terence D.Agbeyegbe & Janet G. Stotsky & Asegedech WoldeMariam, 2004. "Trade Liberalization, Exchange Rate Changes, and Tax Revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa," Economics Working Paper Archive at Hunter College 403, Hunter College Department of Economics, revised 2004.
- repec:idq:ictduk:11258 is not listed on IDEAS
- Mr. Dhaneshwar Ghura, 1998. "Tax Revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa: Effects of Economic Policies and Corruption," IMF Working Papers 1998/135, International Monetary Fund.
- Leuthold, Jane H., 1991. "Tax shares in developing economies A panel study," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 173-185, January.
- Persson, Torsten & Besley, Tim, 2013.
"Taxation and Development,"
CEPR Discussion Papers
9307, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Timothy Besley & Torsten Persson, 2013. "Taxation and Development," STICERD - Economic Organisation and Public Policy Discussion Papers Series 041, Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines, LSE.
- Cockx, Lara & Francken, Nathalie, 2016. "Natural resources: A curse on education spending?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 394-408.
- Damette, Olivier & Seghir, Majda, 2018.
"Natural resource curse in oil exporting countries: A nonlinear approach,"
International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 231-246.
- Olivier Damette & Majda Seghir, 2018. "Natural resource curse in oil exporting countries: A nonlinear approach," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 156, pages 231-246.
- Collier, Paul, 2006. "Is Aid Oil? An Analysis Of Whether Africa Can Absorb More Aid," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 34(9), pages 1482-1497, September.
- Masi, Tania & Savoia, Antonio & Sen, Kunal, 2024.
"Is there a fiscal resource curse? Resource rents, fiscal capacity and political institutions in developing economies,"
World Development, Elsevier, vol. 177(C).
- Tania Masi & Antonio Savoia & Kunal Sen, 2020. "Is there a fiscal resource curse?: Resource rents, fiscal capacity, and political institutions in developing economies," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2020-10, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
- Ishak, Phoebe W. & Farzanegan, Mohammad Reza, 2020.
"The impact of declining oil rents on tax revenues: Does the shadow economy matter?,"
Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
- Phoebe W. Ishak & Mohammad Reza Farzanegan, 2020. "The Impact of Declining Oil Rents on Tax Revenues: Does the Shadow Economy Matter?," CESifo Working Paper Series 8132, CESifo.
- Bornhorst, Fabian & Gupta, Sanjeev & Thornton, John, 2009. "Natural resource endowments and the domestic revenue effort," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 25(4), pages 439-446, December.
- Bird, Richard M. & Martinez-Vazquez, Jorge & Torgler, Benno, 2008. "Tax Effort in Developing Countries and High Income Countries: The Impact of Corruption, Voice and Accountability," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 55-71, March.
- Arvanitis, Yannis & Weigert, Maxime, 2017. "Turning resource curse into development dividends in Guinea-Bissau," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 226-237.
- Atsushi Iimi, 2007. "Escaping from the Resource Curse: Evidence from Botswana and the Rest of the World," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 54(4), pages 663-699, November.
- Sisso, Delphine Carole & Beaumais, Olivier, 2018. "Gold price volatility, tax revenue, and employment: can Burkina Faso's adaptation strategy avoid the natural resource curse?," Environment and Development Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 23(5), pages 543-557, October.
- Manuel Arellano & Stephen Bond, 1991.
"Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations,"
The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 58(2), pages 277-297.
- Tom Doan, "undated". "RATS program to replicate Arellano-Bond 1991 dynamic panel," Statistical Software Components RTZ00169, Boston College Department of Economics.
- Musharraf Cyan & Jorge Martinez-Vazquez & VIoleta Vulovic, 2013. "Measuring tax effort: Does the estimation approach matter and should effort be linked to expenditure goals?," International Center for Public Policy Working Paper Series, at AYSPS, GSU paper1308, International Center for Public Policy, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University.
- Nouf Nasser Alsharif, 2017. "Three essays on growth and economic diversification in resource-rich countries," Economics PhD Theses 0317, Department of Economics, University of Sussex Business School.
- Mawejje, Joseph, 2019. "Natural resources governance and tax revenue mobilization in sub saharan Africa: The role of EITI," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 176-183.
- Christian von Haldenwang & Maksym Ivanyna, 2017. "Does the political resource curse affect public finance? The vulnerability of tax revenue in resource-rich countries," WIDER Working Paper Series 007, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
Citations
Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
Cited by:
- Terver Theophilus Kumeka & Isiaka Akande Raifu & Oluwatosin Adeniyi, 2024. "Globalisation and Inclusive Growth in Africa: The Role of Institutional Quality," Foreign Trade Review, , vol. 59(1), pages 62-97, February.
Most related items
These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.- Sèna Kimm Gnangnon, 2022. "Financial development and tax revenue in developing countries: investigating the international trade channel," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 2(1), pages 1-26, January.
- Sèna Kimm Gnangnon & Jean-François Brun, 2019. "Internet and the structure of public revenue: resource revenue versus non-resource revenue," Journal of Economic Structures, Springer;Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS), vol. 8(1), pages 1-26, December.
- Sena Kimm Gnangnon & Jean-François Brun, 2018. "Impact of Multilateral Trade Liberalization on Resource Revenue," Economies, MDPI, vol. 6(4), pages 1-19, November.
- Compaoré, Ali, 2022. "Access-for-all to financial services: Non-resources tax revenue-harnessing opportunities in developing countries," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 236-245.
- Sarra Ben Slimane, 2024. "The Impact of Resource Revenue on Non-Resource Tax Revenue in Oil-Exporting Countries: Evidence from Nonlinear Analysis," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(1), pages 272-280, January.
- Sena Kimm Gnangnon, 2020. "Effect of Development Aid on Tax Reform in Recipient-Countries: Does Trade Openness Matter?," Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy (JICEP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 11(01), pages 1-23, January.
- Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm, 2019. "Financial Development and Tax Revenue in Developing Countries: Investigating the International Trade and Economic Growth Channels," EconStor Preprints 206628, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
- Brun, Jean-François & Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm, 2017. "Does trade openness contribute to driving financing flows for development?," WTO Staff Working Papers ERSD-2017-06, World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Research and Statistics Division.
- Crivelli, Ernesto & Gupta, Sanjeev, 2014.
"Resource blessing, revenue curse? Domestic revenue effort in resource-rich countries,"
European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 88-101.
- Ernesto Crivelli & Mr. Sanjeev Gupta, 2014. "Resource Blessing, Revenue Curse? Domestic Revenue Effort in Resource-Rich Countries," IMF Working Papers 2014/005, International Monetary Fund.
- Marin Ferry, 2019.
"The carrot and stick approach to debt relief: overcoming moral hazard,"
Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 28(3), pages 252-276.
- Marin Ferry, 2015. "The Carrot and Stick Approach to Debt Relief : Overcoming Moral Hazard," Working Papers DT/2015/14, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).
- Marin Ferry, 2019. "The carrot and stick approach to debt relief: overcoming moral hazard," Post-Print hal-04258169, HAL.
- Jean-François Brun & Sèna Kimm Gnangnon, 2019. "Tax reform, public revenue and public revenue instability in developing countries: Does development aid matter?," CERDI Working papers halshs-02089734, HAL.
- Djedje Hermann YOHOU & Michaël GOUJON, 2017.
"Reassessing Tax Effort in Developing Countries: a Proposal of a Vulnerability-Adjusted Tax Effort Index (VATEI),"
Working Papers
P186, FERDI.
- Djedje Hermann YOHOU & Michaël GOUJON, 2017. "Reassessing Tax Effort in Developing Countries: a Proposal of a Vulnerability-Adjusted Tax Effort Index (VATEI)," Working Papers P186, FERDI.
- Jean-François Brun & Sèna Kimm Gnangnon, 2019. "Tax reform, public revenue and public revenue instability in developing countries: Does development aid matter?," Working Papers halshs-02089734, HAL.
- Ali Compaore, 2020. "Access-for-all to Financial Services: Non- resources Tax Revenue-harnessing Opportunities in Developing Countries," Working Papers hal-02901664, HAL.
- Abdramane Camara, 2023. "The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Tax Revenue," Comparative Economic Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Association for Comparative Economic Studies, vol. 65(1), pages 168-190, March.
- Abdramane Camara, 2019. "The effect of foreign direct investment on tax revenue in developing countries," Working Papers hal-03188025, HAL.
- Djedje Hermann YOHOU & Michaël GOUJON & Bertrand LAPORTE & Samuel GUERINEAU, 2016.
"Is Aid Unfriendly to Tax? African Evidence of Heterogeneous Direct and Indirect Effects,"
Working Papers
201608, CERDI.
- Djedje Hermann Yohou & Michaël Goujon & Bertrand Laporte & Samuel Guérineau, 2016. "Is Aid Unfriendly to Tax? African Evidence of Heterogeneous Direct and Indirect Effects," CERDI Working papers halshs-01321620, HAL.
- Djedje Hermann Yohou & Michaël Goujon & Bertrand Laporte & Samuel Guérineau, 2016. "Is Aid Unfriendly to Tax? African Evidence of Heterogeneous Direct and Indirect Effects," Working Papers halshs-01321620, HAL.
- Aguima Aime Bernard Lompo, 2021. "How Financial Sector Development Improve Tax Revenue Mobilization for Developing Countries?," Working Papers hal-03328502, HAL.
- Hermann D. Yohou & Michaël Goujon & Wautabouna Ouattara, 2016.
"Heterogeneous Aid Effects on Tax Revenues: Accounting for Government Stability in WAEMU Countries,"
Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 25(3), pages 468-498.
- Djedje Hermann Yohou & Michaël Goujon & Wautabouna Ouattara, 2015. "Heterogeneous Aid Effects on Tax Revenues: Accounting for Government Stability in WAEMU Countries," Working Papers halshs-01138159, HAL.
- Michaël GOUJON & Wautabouna OUATTARA & Djedje Hermann YOHOU, 2015. "Heterogeneous Aid Effects on Tax Revenues: Accounting for Government Stability in WAEMU Countries," Working Papers 201506, CERDI.
- Djedje Hermann Yohou & Michaël Goujon & Wautabouna Ouattara, 2015. "Heterogeneous Aid Effects on Tax Revenues: Accounting for Government Stability in WAEMU Countries," CERDI Working papers halshs-01138159, HAL.
- Djedje Hermann Yohou & Michaël Goujon & Wautabouna Ouattara, 2016. "Heterogeneous Aid Effects on Tax Revenues: Accounting for Government Stability in WAEMU Countries," Post-Print hal-01687424, HAL.
- Manamba Epaphra & Lucas E. Kaaya, 2020. "Tax Revenue Effect of Sectoral Growth and Public Expenditure in Tanzania: An application of Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model," Romanian Economic Business Review, Romanian-American University, vol. 15(3), pages 81-120, September.
More about this item
Keywords
Oil Rents; Tax Revenue; Non-resource Revenue; Tax Efforts; Natural;All these keywords.
JEL classification:
- H20 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - General
- H27 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Other Sources of Revenue
- O13 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Environment; Other Primary Products
- O55 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Africa
Statistics
Access and download statisticsCorrections
All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ris:jecdev:0022. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.
If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .
If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Tram Nguyen (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/eccaukr.html .
Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.