今

Translingual

Stroke order
Mainland China

Stroke order
All regions except mainland China

Alternative forms

In all regions except mainland China, the stroke between 𠆢 and ㇇ for 今 (and its derived characters) is written with a horizontal 一 line.
In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing standardized form), the stroke between 𠆢 and ㇇ for 今 (and its derived characters) is written with a slanting 丶 dot instead.
In the historical Kangxi dictionary, the component below 𠆢 is written 一 followed by 𠃍 instead.

Han character

今 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓 (OIN) or 人一弓 (OMN), four-corner 8020₇, composition ⿱亽㇇(G) or ⿱亼㇇(HTJKV))

Derived characters

仱, 吟, 坅, 妗, 岒, 忴, 扲, 汵, 昑, 肣, 枔, 㲐, 玪, 𥄯, 矜, 砛, 紟(𫄛), 耹, 𦧈, 䑤, 蚙, 衿, 訡, 赺, 趻, 軡, 鈐(钤), 䩂, 靲, 䪩, 䰼, 鹶, 黅, 黔, 霒, 䶃, 䶖, 㪁, 欦, 雂, 鳹, 㕂, 岑, 庈, 芩, 笒, 棽, 琴, 含, 念, 侌, 𠉞, 衾, 貪(贪), 酓, 霠, 𩃬

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 91, character 18
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 358
Dae Jaweon: page 194, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 105, character 5
Unihan data for U+4ECA

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 今
Shang	Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Oracle bone script j12838 j12839 j12840 j12841 j12842 j12843 j12844 j12845 j12846 j12847 j12848 j12849 j12850 j12851 j12852 j12853 j12854 j12856 j12857 j12858 j12859 j12860 j12861 j12862 j12863 j12864 j12865 j12866 j12867 j12868 j12869 j12870 j12871 j12872 j12873 j12874 j12875 j12876 j12877 j12878 j12879 j12880 j12881 j12882 j12883 j12884 j12885 j12886 j12887 j12888 j12889 j12890 j12891 j12892 j12893 j12894 j12895 j12896 j12897 j12898 j12899 j12900 j12901 j12902 j12903 j12904 j12905 j12906 j12907 j12908 j12909 j12910 j12911 j12912 j12914 j12915 j12916 j12917 j12918 j12919 j12920 j12921 j12922 j12923 j12924 j12925 j12926 j12927 j12928 j12929 j12930 j12931 j12932 j12933 j12934 j12935 j12936 j12937 j12938 j12939 j12940 j12941 j12942 j12943 j12944 j12945 j12946 j12947 j12948 j12949 j12950 j12951 j12952 j12953 j12954 j12955 j12956 j12957 j12958 j12959 j12960 j12961 j12962 j12963 j12964 j12965 j12966 j12967 j12968 j12969 j12970 j12971 j12972 j12973 j12974 j12975 j12976 j12977 j12978 j12979 j12980 j12981 j12982 j12983 j12984 j12985 j12986 j12987 j12988 j12989 j12990 j12991 j12992 j12993 j12994 j12995 j12996 j12997 j12998 j12999 j13000 j13001 j13002 j13003 j13004 j13005 j13006 j13007 j13008 j13009 j13010 j13011 j13012 j13013 j13014 j13015 j13016 j13017 j13018 j13019 j13020 j13021 j13022 j13023 j13024 Bronze inscriptions b08008 b08009 b08010 b08011 b08012 b08013 b08014 b08015 b08016 b08017 b08018 b08019 b08020 b08021 b08022 b08023 b08024 b08025 b08026 b08027 b08028 b08029 Small seal script s03768 Transcribed ancient scripts L12486 L12487 L12488 L12489 L12490 L12491 L12492 L12493 L12494 L12495 L12496 L12497
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (今) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
貪	*kʰl'uːm
嗿	*l̥ʰuːmʔ
僋	l̥ʰuːms, luːms
酓	qʰɯːm, qlamʔ, *qlɯːms
馠	*qʰɯːm
谽	*qʰɯːm
唅	qʰɯːm, ɡɯːms
含	*ɡɯːm
肣	ɡɯːm, ɡɯːmʔ
頷	ɡɯːm, ɡɯːmʔ
筨	*ɡɯːm
梒	*ɡɯːm
鋡	*ɡɯːm
莟	ɡɯːmʔ, ɡɯːms
琀	*ɡɯːms
浛	*ɡɯːms
盦	qɯːm, qaːb
韽	qɯːm, qrɯːms
玪	*krɯːm
妗	qʰrɯːm, kʰjam, qʰlɯːm, ɡrɯms
欦	qʰrɯːmʔ, qʰram, kʰlam, kʰlamʔ, *qʰlɯːm
黔	ɡram, ɡrɯm
鈐	*ɡram
鳹	*ɡram
雂	ɡram, ɡrɯm
念	*nɯːms
梣	sɡɯm, sɡrɯm
枔	*sɢrɯm
岑	*sɡrɯm
笒	sɡrɯm, ɡrɯms
涔	*sɡrɯm
侺	*ɡjɯms
今	*krɯm
黅	*krɯm
衿	*krɯm
衾	*kʰrɯm
坅	*kʰrɯmʔ
搇	*kʰrɯms
琴	*ɡrɯm
禽	*ɡrɯm
芩	*ɡrɯm
庈	*ɡrɯm
耹	*ɡrɯm
靲	*ɡrɯm
擒	*ɡrɯm
檎	*ɡrɯm
紟	*ɡrɯms
吟	ŋɡrɯm, ŋɡrɯms
訡	*ŋɡrɯm
廞	qʰrɯm, qʰrɯmʔ
陰	*qrɯm
霠
飲	qrɯmʔ, qrɯms
蔭	*qrɯms
廕	*qrɯms
矜	ɡrɯn, ɡɯn, *kɯŋ

Ideogram (指事) – An inverted 曰 (yuē) ("to speak"), hence 亼 with a horizontal stroke at the bottom, so the inverted mouth means "not to speak".

Another theory suggests that it depicts something in the mouth. Maybe the original form of 噤 (OC *ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms) or 吟 (OC *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms). The derivative 含 (OC *ɡɯːm) refers to the original word.

Etymology 1

trad.		今
simp. ^#		今
alternative forms		𫢉 ⿱𠆢𬼽𱎜

Etymology not clear. The word's root may be 其 (OC *ɡɯ, “this”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): jīn (jin¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jin¹

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): jǐn
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gam¹

(Dongguan, Jyutping++): gam¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): gim¹

(Yangjiang, Jyutping++): giem¹
Gan (Wiktionary): jin¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kîm

(Hailu, HRS): gim^ˋ

(Meixian, Guangdong): gim¹
Jin (Wiktionary): jing¹
Northern Min (KCR): gíng
Eastern Min (BUC): gĭng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ging¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kin / kim

(Teochew, Peng'im): gim¹

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): gim¹
Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): gam¹
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ¹cin
- (Jinhua): ¹cin
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jin¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jīn
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jin
  - Wade–Giles: chin¹
  - Yale: jīn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jin
  - Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (今兒／今儿)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jīnr
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jinr
  - Wade–Giles: chin¹-ʼrh
  - Yale: jīnr
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiel
  - Palladius: цзиньр (czinʹr)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiə̯ɻ⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: jin¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gin
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: jǐn
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiẽ²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gam¹
  - Yale: gām
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gam¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gem¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐm⁵⁵/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++: gam¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐm²¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: gim¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kim³³/
- (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
  - Jyutping++: giem¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiɛm³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: jin¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kîm
  - Hakka Romanization System: gim^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gim¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kim²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: gim^ˋ
  - Sinological IPA: /kim⁵³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gim¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kim⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: jing¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gíng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ging¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kin / kim
  - Tâi-lô: kin / kim
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kyn, kym
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kin⁴⁴/, /kim⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kin³³/, /kim³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kin⁴⁴/, /kim⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kin⁴⁴/, /kim⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kin⁴⁴/, /kim⁴⁴/

Note:

kin - vernacular;
kim - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: gim¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kim
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kim³³/
(Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: gim¹
- Sinological IPA: /kim³⁵/

Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++: gam¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kəm⁵³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo)
  - Wugniu: ¹cin
  - MiniDict: cin^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹jin
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕin⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /ciŋ⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming): /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /t͡ɕin⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /t͡ɕin³³⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵²/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵²/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ¹cin
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /t͡ɕiŋ³³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: jin¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin³³/

Middle Chinese: kim

Rime
Character	今
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	侵 (140)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居吟切
Baxter	kim
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiɪm/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚim/
Shao Rongfen	/kiem/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kjim/
Li Rong	/kjəm/
Wang Li	/kĭĕm/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯əm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jīn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gam¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]r[ə]m/

(Zhengzhang): /*krɯm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	今
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jīn
Middle Chinese	‹ kim ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]r[ə]m/
English	now
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	今
Reading #	1/1
No.	6599
Phonetic component	今
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	金
Old Chinese	/*krɯm/
Notes	文源謂含初文

Definitions

今

now; at present; current
今天 ― jīntiān ― the current day; today

從今以後／从今以后 ― cóngjīnyǐhòu ― from now onwards.

Synonym: 現在／现在
modern times
古往今來／古往今来 ― gǔwǎngjīnlái ― from ancient to modern times.
- 王之好樂甚，則國其庶幾乎。今之樂，猶古之樂也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  王之好乐甚，则国其庶几乎。今之乐，犹古之乐也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE
  Wáng zhī hào yuè shèn, zé guó qí shù jǐ hū. Jīn zhī yuè, yóu gǔ zhī yuè yě. [Pinyin]
  If your Majesty's love of music were very great, Qi would be near to a state of good government! The music of the present day is just like the music of antiquity, as regards effecting that.
Synonym: 現代／现代 (xiàndài)

Antonym: 古
this
今夏 ― jīn xià ― this summer

今次 [Cantonese] ― gam¹ ci³ [Jyutping] ― this time

Synonyms: 此 (cǐ), 這／这
(literary) thus; promptly
- 子為我反，無見王矣。十日之內，數萬之眾，今涉魏境。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  子为我反，无见王矣。十日之内，数万之众，今涉魏境。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5^th – 3^rd centuries BCE
  Zǐ wèi wǒ fǎn, wú jiàn wáng yǐ. Shírì zhī nèi, shù wàn zhī zhòng, jīn shè wèi jìng. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Synonyms: 即, 立刻 (lìkè)
(literary) if
- 此無他，與民同樂也。今王與百姓同樂，則王矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  此无他，与民同乐也。今王与百姓同乐，则王矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE
  Cǐ wú tā, yǔ mín tóng yuè yě. Jīn wáng yǔ bǎixìng tóng yuè, zé wàng yǐ. [Pinyin]
  Their feeling thus is from no other reason but that you cause them to have their pleasure as you have yours. If your Majesty now will make pleasure a thing common to the people and yourself, the royal sway awaits you.
- 今兩虎共鬥，其勢不俱生。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  今两虎共斗，其势不俱生。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Jīn liǎng hǔ gòng dòu, qí shì bù jù shēng. [Pinyin]
  If we (the two tigers) fight against one another, it is certainly not possible that both of us will survive.
Synonyms: 若, 假如 (jiǎrú)
a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 現在 (“now”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		當今, 此時, 方今, 今朝, 如今, 而今, 今₁, 茲, 乃今, 於今
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		現在, 現今, 現時, 當今, 此時, 此刻, 如今, 而今, 茲
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	現在, 現而今, 如今晚兒
	Taiwan	現在
	Ulanhot	現在
	Tongliao	現在
	Chifeng	現在
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	現在
	Harbin	現在, 現如今, 現下, 現前兒
	Shenyang	現在
	Malaysia	現在
	Singapore	現在
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	現如今, 當下
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	現在, 如今, 現如今
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	這時晚兒, 現時晚兒
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	現在, 而今, 現如今
	Wanrong	人根, 移根
	Xi'an	致兒, 現在
	Xuzhou	眼今, 眼是, 腳底下, 現如今, 現而今 dated, 至而今 dated
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	現在
	Bayanhot	現在
	Lanzhou	賈
	Ürümqi	眼下, 現在
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	這陣子, 這陣, 這下兒, 這個時候, 現在
	Wuhan	如今, 此如今
	Guiyang	這下, 這崗, 掌, 這歇, 這個時候
	Kunming	現在
	Guilin	現在
	Liuzhou	一寁
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	現在
	Yangzhou	現在
	Hefei	而今, 如今
Cantonese	Guangzhou	而家, 家下, 家陣
	Hong Kong	而家, 家下, 家陣, 而家下 dated
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	那下
	Macau	而家
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	而家
	Taishan	該時
	Dongguan	家下, 那下
	Yangjiang	果陣
	Xinyi	個陣
	Nanning	而家, 而卡
	Wuzhou	家陣, 而家
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	而家
	Singapore (Guangfu)	而家
Gan	Nanchang	現在, 如今
	Lichuan	該行崽
	Pingxiang	該仔, 如今
Hakka	Meixian	今下, 今仔下, 現下
	Xingning	如下
	Fengshun (Tangkeng)	今₁
	Fengshun (Fengliang)	今時
	Fengshun (Pantian)	今子
	Huidong (Daling)	今下
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	如今
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	如今
	Changting	如今
	Wuping	今下
	Wuping (Pingyu)	今₁
	Liancheng	已久
	Ninghua	今子
	Yudu	如今
	Ruijin	如今, 今下子
	Shicheng	今底
	Shangyou (Shexi)	如今
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	這下, 現下, 今下, 今時, 今這下
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	這下, 現下, 今嘎, 今這下
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	這下, 現下, 今這下
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	這下, 現下, 今這下, 這滿
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	這下, 現下, 今這下, 今下, 今時
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	這下, 現時, 今這下, 這滿
	Hong Kong	今下
	Sabah (Bao'an)	今下, 今下子, 今下仔
	Sabah (Longchuan)	今下
	Senai (Huiyang)	今下
	Kuching (Hepo)	呢下
Huizhou	Jixi	爾歇
Huizhou	Shexian	爾扎兒
Jin	Taiyuan	如今, 而今
	Xinzhou	現時
	Taibus (Baochang)	現在
	Linhe	這咱會兒
	Jining	這會兒
	Hohhot	這會兒
	Baotou	這會兒
	Dongsheng	這會兒
	Haibowan	如今
Northern Min	Jian'ou	迦今, 今迦, 現刻
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	迦
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	迦
	Wuyishan	今下
	Pucheng (Shibei)	迦, 今下
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	現時, 現刻, 現在, 現今, 仱, 今旦日
	Fuqing	現時
	Ningde	現在, 仱
	Fuding	足古
Southern Min	Xiamen	這陣, 這滿, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 今₂, 這氣
	Quanzhou	這陣, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現當今, 今₂, 際, 這氣
	Zhangzhou	這陣, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現主在, 現在, 現曾, 今₂, 這氣
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	現主清
	Zhao'an	這陣, 這馬, 現在
	Taipei	這馬
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	這馬
	Kaohsiung	今₂, 這時, 這陣, 這馬
	Yilan	今₂, 這陣, 這馬
	Changhua (Lukang)	這陣, 這馬, 這路尾
	Taichung	這馬, 這陣
	Taichung (Wuqi)	這馬
	Tainan	今₂, 這時, 這陣, 這馬, 這站, 現主時, 現這馬, 現步
	Taitung	這馬
	Hsinchu	這陣, 這馬
	Kinmen	這陣
	Penghu (Magong)	這陣, 今₂, 這馬
	Penang (Hokkien)	今仔, 當今
	Singapore (Hokkien)	這陣, 這時, 當今, 這久, 這馬
	Manila (Hokkien)	這陣, 現時, 現在, 現主時, 這際, 這時
	Chaozhou	此在, 現在, 現時, 只陣
	Shantou	現在, 現時, 只陣, 只回, 此在, 眼在
	Shantou (Chenghai)	此在, 只陣
	Jieyang	此在, 只時, 只回, 只陣
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	現在
	Singapore (Teochew)	只陣, 當今
	Pontianak (Teochew)	只旦
	Leizhou	現旦
	Wenchang	現旦
	Haikou	現旦
	Singapore (Hainanese)	現旦
Puxian Min	Putian	今₂, 即下, 現時
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	今₂, 現時
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	即下, 現時
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	今₂, 即下, 現時
	Xianyou	今₂, 即下, 現時
	Xianyou (Fengting)	今₂, 現時
	Xianyou (Youyang)	今₂, 即下, 現時
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	而今
Wu	Shanghai	現在, 乃, 葛歇, 搿歇, 搿個辰光, 迭歇, 迭個辰光
	Shanghai (Chongming)	那末
	Suzhou	現在, 姑歇, 哀歇, 該歇
	Danyang	格歇候, 格娘收, 現在
	Hangzhou	記歇
	Wenzhou	恁界, 恁仰界
	Jinhua	格孑
Xiang	Changsha	如今, 如至今, 如嶄, 現在
	Xiangtan	咯如在
	Loudi	而界, 如今
	Shuangfeng	侯基

Compounds

Etymology 2

trad.		今
simp. ^#		今
alternative forms		旦當／当擔／担咊 Teochew

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “from 當／当? or cognate with Eastern Min 仱?”

Pronunciation

Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): da¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): taⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): dan¹ / da¹

Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: da¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ta⁵³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: taⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tann
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dvaf
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tã⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tã³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tã⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tã⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tã⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: dan¹ / da¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: taⁿ / ta
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tã³³/, /ta³³/

Definitions

今

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 現在 (“now”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		當今, 此時, 方今, 今朝, 如今, 而今, 今₁, 茲, 乃今, 於今
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		現在, 現今, 現時, 當今, 此時, 此刻, 如今, 而今, 茲
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	現在, 現而今, 如今晚兒
	Taiwan	現在
	Ulanhot	現在
	Tongliao	現在
	Chifeng	現在
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	現在
	Harbin	現在, 現如今, 現下, 現前兒
	Shenyang	現在
	Malaysia	現在
	Singapore	現在
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	現如今, 當下
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	現在, 如今, 現如今
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	這時晚兒, 現時晚兒
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	現在, 而今, 現如今
	Wanrong	人根, 移根
	Xi'an	致兒, 現在
	Xuzhou	眼今, 眼是, 腳底下, 現如今, 現而今 dated, 至而今 dated
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	現在
	Bayanhot	現在
	Lanzhou	賈
	Ürümqi	眼下, 現在
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	這陣子, 這陣, 這下兒, 這個時候, 現在
	Wuhan	如今, 此如今
	Guiyang	這下, 這崗, 掌, 這歇, 這個時候
	Kunming	現在
	Guilin	現在
	Liuzhou	一寁
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	現在
	Yangzhou	現在
	Hefei	而今, 如今
Cantonese	Guangzhou	而家, 家下, 家陣
	Hong Kong	而家, 家下, 家陣, 而家下 dated
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	那下
	Macau	而家
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	而家
	Taishan	該時
	Dongguan	家下, 那下
	Yangjiang	果陣
	Xinyi	個陣
	Nanning	而家, 而卡
	Wuzhou	家陣, 而家
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	而家
	Singapore (Guangfu)	而家
Gan	Nanchang	現在, 如今
	Lichuan	該行崽
	Pingxiang	該仔, 如今
Hakka	Meixian	今下, 今仔下, 現下
	Xingning	如下
	Fengshun (Tangkeng)	今₁
	Fengshun (Fengliang)	今時
	Fengshun (Pantian)	今子
	Huidong (Daling)	今下
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	如今
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	如今
	Changting	如今
	Wuping	今下
	Wuping (Pingyu)	今₁
	Liancheng	已久
	Ninghua	今子
	Yudu	如今
	Ruijin	如今, 今下子
	Shicheng	今底
	Shangyou (Shexi)	如今
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	這下, 現下, 今下, 今時, 今這下
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	這下, 現下, 今嘎, 今這下
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	這下, 現下, 今這下
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	這下, 現下, 今這下, 這滿
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	這下, 現下, 今這下, 今下, 今時
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	這下, 現時, 今這下, 這滿
	Hong Kong	今下
	Sabah (Bao'an)	今下, 今下子, 今下仔
	Sabah (Longchuan)	今下
	Senai (Huiyang)	今下
	Kuching (Hepo)	呢下
Huizhou	Jixi	爾歇
Huizhou	Shexian	爾扎兒
Jin	Taiyuan	如今, 而今
	Xinzhou	現時
	Taibus (Baochang)	現在
	Linhe	這咱會兒
	Jining	這會兒
	Hohhot	這會兒
	Baotou	這會兒
	Dongsheng	這會兒
	Haibowan	如今
Northern Min	Jian'ou	迦今, 今迦, 現刻
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	迦
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	迦
	Wuyishan	今下
	Pucheng (Shibei)	迦, 今下
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	現時, 現刻, 現在, 現今, 仱, 今旦日
	Fuqing	現時
	Ningde	現在, 仱
	Fuding	足古
Southern Min	Xiamen	這陣, 這滿, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 今₂, 這氣
	Quanzhou	這陣, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現當今, 今₂, 際, 這氣
	Zhangzhou	這陣, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現主在, 現在, 現曾, 今₂, 這氣
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	現主清
	Zhao'an	這陣, 這馬, 現在
	Taipei	這馬
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	這馬
	Kaohsiung	今₂, 這時, 這陣, 這馬
	Yilan	今₂, 這陣, 這馬
	Changhua (Lukang)	這陣, 這馬, 這路尾
	Taichung	這馬, 這陣
	Taichung (Wuqi)	這馬
	Tainan	今₂, 這時, 這陣, 這馬, 這站, 現主時, 現這馬, 現步
	Taitung	這馬
	Hsinchu	這陣, 這馬
	Kinmen	這陣
	Penghu (Magong)	這陣, 今₂, 這馬
	Penang (Hokkien)	今仔, 當今
	Singapore (Hokkien)	這陣, 這時, 當今, 這久, 這馬
	Manila (Hokkien)	這陣, 現時, 現在, 現主時, 這際, 這時
	Chaozhou	此在, 現在, 現時, 只陣
	Shantou	現在, 現時, 只陣, 只回, 此在, 眼在
	Shantou (Chenghai)	此在, 只陣
	Jieyang	此在, 只時, 只回, 只陣
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	現在
	Singapore (Teochew)	只陣, 當今
	Pontianak (Teochew)	只旦
	Leizhou	現旦
	Wenchang	現旦
	Haikou	現旦
	Singapore (Hainanese)	現旦
Puxian Min	Putian	今₂, 即下, 現時
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	今₂, 現時
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	即下, 現時
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	今₂, 即下, 現時
	Xianyou	今₂, 即下, 現時
	Xianyou (Fengting)	今₂, 現時
	Xianyou (Youyang)	今₂, 即下, 現時
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	而今
Wu	Shanghai	現在, 乃, 葛歇, 搿歇, 搿個辰光, 迭歇, 迭個辰光
	Shanghai (Chongming)	那末
	Suzhou	現在, 姑歇, 哀歇, 該歇
	Danyang	格歇候, 格娘收, 現在
	Hangzhou	記歇
	Wenzhou	恁界, 恁仰界
	Jinhua	格孑
Xiang	Changsha	如今, 如至今, 如嶄, 現在
	Xiangtan	咯如在
	Loudi	而界, 如今
	Shuangfeng	侯基

Compounds

References

“今”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Alternative forms

𫝆

Kanji

今

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

now; at present

Readings

Go-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)^{←こん (kon, historical)}^{←こむ (komu, ancient)}
Kan-on: きん (kin, Jōyō)^{←きん (kin, historical)}^{←きむ (kimu, ancient)}
Kun: いま (ima, 今, Jōyō)
Nanori: な (na)

Compounds

今日(きょう) (kyō): today
今上(きんじょう) (kinjō)
今朝(けさ) (kesa): this morning
今年(ことし) (kotoshi): this year
今宵(こよい) (koyoi): tonight; this evening
今夏(こんか) (konka)
今回(こんかい) (konkai): this time; lately
今期(こんき) (konki)
今暁(こんぎょう) (kongyō)
今月(こんげつ) (kongetsu): this month
今古(こんこ) (konko)
今後(こんご) (kongo): from now on
今国会(こんこっかい) (konkokkai)
今次(こんじ) (konji)
今昔(こんじゃく) (konjaku)
今週(こんしゅう) (konshū): this week
今秋(こんしゅう) (konshū)
今春(こんしゅん) (konshun)
今生(こんじょう) (konjō)
今人(こんじん) (konjin)
今世紀(こんせいき) (konseiki)
今是昨非(こんぜさくひ) (konzesakuhi)
今度(こんど) (kondo): this time; recent; previous; another
今冬(こんとう) (kontō)
今晩(こんばん) (konban): tonight; this evening
今般(こんぱん) (konpan)
今明日(こんみょうにち) (konmyōnichi)
今夜(こんや) (kon'ya)
今夕(こんゆう) (kon'yū)
今世界

Etymology

Kanji in this term
今
いま Grade: 2
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.^[1] From Proto-Japonic *ima.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) いま [íꜜmà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]^[3]^[1]
IPA^(key): [ima̠]

(Kyoto) いま [ìmá] (Teiki – [0])^[1]

Historical evolution of the Kyoto pitch accent

※ H for high and flat syllables (◌́), L for low and flat syllables (◌̀), F for high-to-low syllables (◌̂), R for low-to-high syllables (◌̌).
※ References: ^[1]

Adverb

今(いま) • (ima)

now
just now
soon
Synonyms: すぐ (sugu, “soon”), すぐに (sugu ni, “immediately”)

Noun

今(いま) • (ima)

now; present
今(いま)を生(い)きる
ima o ikiru
live in the now

今(いま)はもうない。
Ima wa mō nai.
It does not exist any more. (lit. "now it is already none.")
just now
Synonym: さっき

今(いま)の声(こえ)
ima no koe
that voice just now

なんだったんだろう、今(いま)の。
Nan datta n darō, ima no.
What was that just now…?

Synonyms

現在(げんざい) (genzai)

Derived terms

Terms derived from 今(いま) (ima):

今一度(いまいちど) (imaichido): once more
今々(いまいま) (imaima), 今今(いまいま) (imaima)
今思(いまおも)うと (imaomōto)
今(いま)が今(いま)まで (ima ga ima made): up to this very moment
今方(いまがた) (imagata)
今川焼(いまがわやき) (Imagawayaki)
今頃(いまごろ), 今(いま)ごろ (imagoro): around this time
今更(いまさら) (imasara)
今(いま)し方(がた) (imashigata)
今直(います)ぐ (imasugu)
今少(いますこ)し (imasukoshi)
今出来(いまでき) (imadeki)
今(いま)では (imadeha)
今道心(いまどうしん) (imadōshin)
今時(いまどき), 今(いま)どき (imadoki): these days
今尚(いまなお) (imanao)
今(いま)の所(ところ) (ima no tokoro)
今一(いまひと)つ (imahitotsu): one more; another; slightly lacking
今風(いまふう) (imafū)
今程(いまほど) (imahodo)
今(いま)まで (ima made), 今迄(いままで) (imamade): until now; so far
今村(いまむら) (Imamura)
今(いま)めかしい (imamekashī)
今(いま)めかす (imamekasu)
今(いま)もって (imamotte)
今(いま)や (imaya): nowadays
今(いま)や遅(おそ)しと (imaya ososhi to)
今様(いまよう) (imayō)
今際(いまわ) (imawa)
中今(なかいま) (nakaima, “the present; as a privileged moment in eternity”)

Prefix

今(こん) • (kon-)

(temporal) this
今(こん)世紀(せいき)最大(さいだい)の危機(きき)
kon-seiki saidai no kiki
greatest danger of this century

今(こん)シーズン
kon-shīzun
this season

Proper noun

今(こん) • (Kon)

a surname

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 “いま【今】 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 今 (MC kim). Recorded as Middle Korean ⿱𠆢𬼽/금 (kum) (Yale: kum) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [kɯm]
Phonetic hangul: [금]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

今

Wikisource

今 (eumhun 이제 금 (ije geum))

(literary) Hanja form^? of 금 (“this”).
(literary) Hanja form^? of 금 (“now; at present”).
- 1919, 기미 독립 선언서(己未獨立宣言書) (gimi dongnip seoneonseo) [Proclamation of Korean Independence]:
  痛苦(통고)를 甞(상)한 지 今(금)에 十年(십년)을 過(과)한지라 […]
  tonggoreul sanghan ji geume simnyeoneul gwahanjira
  We have now suffered for a decade […]

Compounds

금방 (今方, geumbang)
방금 (方今, banggeum)
지금 (只今, jigeum)
작금 (昨今, jakgeum)
금번 (今番, geumbeon)
금년 (今年, geumnyeon)
금래 (今來, geumnae)
금차 (今次, geumcha)
금주 (今週, geumju)
금일 (今日, geumil)
목금 (目今, mokgeum)
상금 (尙今, sanggeum)
금명 (今明, geummyeong)
금석 (今夕, geumseok)
금기 (今期, geumgi)
금야 (今夜, geumya)
금월 (今月, geumwol)
금조 (今朝, geumjo)
금대 (今代, geumdae)
금세 (今歲, geumse)
금시 (今時, geumsi)
당금 (當今, danggeum)
금효 (今曉, geumhyo)
금반 (今般, geumban)
금세 (今世, geumse)
금후 (今後, geumhu)
고금 (古今, gogeum)
즉금 (卽今, jeukgeum)
금세기 (今世紀, geumsegi)
금시초문 (今始初聞, geumsichomun)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

Han character

今: Hán Việt readings: kim^[1]^[2]^[3], câm (居(cư)吟(ngâm)切(thiết))^[1]^[2]
今: Nôm readings: kim^[1]^[2]^[4]^[5], câm^[1]^[2], căm^[1], cầm^[1], ngấm^[1]

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Nguyễn (2014).
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
^ Trần (2004).
^ Bonet (1899).
^ Génibrel (1898).

[NKD2O-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 “いま【今】 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[tdcndg-4] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Nguyễn (2014).

[tdcntd-5] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[gdhn-6] Trần (2004).

[bonet-7] Bonet (1899).

[genibrel-8] Génibrel (1898).

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