慘

See also: 惨

慘	U+6158, 慘 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6158

← 慗
[U+6157]

CJK Unified Ideographs

慙 →
[U+6159]

Translingual

Han character

慘 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 心戈戈竹 (PIIH), four-corner 9302₂, composition ⿰忄參)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 398, character 38
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11094
Dae Jaweon: page 738, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2348, character 11
Unihan data for U+6158

Chinese

trad.		慘
simp.		惨
alternative forms		惨憯𢠊𢡖

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 慘
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (參) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
篸	ʔsluːm, ʔsluːms
參	sʰluːm, sʰluːms, sloːm, sʰrum, *srum
驂	*sʰluːm
傪	sʰluːm, sʰluːmʔ
慘	*sʰluːmʔ
黲	sʰluːmʔ, sʰloːmʔ
謲	*sʰluːms
毿	*sluːm
蔘	sluːm, srum
犙	sluːm, sru, *srɯu
糝	*sluːmʔ
槮	sluːmʔ, sʰrum, srum, srumʔ
鬖	*sloːm
摻	sruːm, sruːmʔ
醦	sruːmʔ, sʰrumʔ
縿	*sroːm
穇	*sroːm
嵾	*sʰrum
磣	*sʰrumʔ
墋	*sʰrumʔ
曑	*srum
瘮	*srumʔ
滲	*srums

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰluːmʔ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 參 (OC *sʰluːm, *sʰluːms, *sloːm, *sʰrum, *srum)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): cǎn (can³)

(Zhuyin): ㄘㄢˇ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): caam²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): tam²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhám
Northern Min (KCR): chǎng
Eastern Min (BUC): chāng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chhám

(Teochew, Peng'im): cam²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵tshoe

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: cǎn
  - Zhuyin: ㄘㄢˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cǎn
  - Wade–Giles: tsʻan³
  - Yale: tsǎn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsaan
  - Palladius: цань (canʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰän²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: caam²
  - Yale: cháam
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsaam²
  - Guangdong Romanization: cam²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰaːm³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: tam²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰam⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhám
  - Hakka Romanization System: cam^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cam³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰam³¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: chǎng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: chāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰaŋ³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhám
  - Tâi-lô: tshám
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zharm
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰam⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰam⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰam⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰam⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰam⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: cam²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshám
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰam⁵²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵tshoe
  - MiniDict: tshoe^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²tshoe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰø³⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 慘
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡sʰan²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/t͡sʰan⁵³/
	Tianjin	/t͡sʰan¹³/
	Jinan	/t͡sʰã⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/t͡sʰã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡sʰan²⁴/
	Xi'an	/t͡sʰã⁵³/
	Xining	/t͡sʰã⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡sʰan⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡sʰɛ̃n⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡sʰan⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/t͡sʰan⁴²/
	Chengdu	/t͡sʰan⁵³/
	Guiyang	/t͡sʰan⁴²/
	Kunming	/t͡sʰã̠⁵³/
	Nanjing	/t͡sʰaŋ²¹²/
	Hefei	/t͡sʰæ̃²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡sʰæ̃⁵³/
	Pingyao	/t͡sʰɑŋ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/t͡sʰæ̃⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡sʰø³⁵/
	Suzhou	/t͡sʰø⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/t͡sʰẽ̞⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/t͡sʰø³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡sʰɛ³⁵/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡sʰɔ³¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡sʰan⁴¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/t͡sʰan⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡sʰan²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sʰam³¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/t͡sʰɑm³¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sʰam³⁵/
	Nanning	/t͡sʰam³⁵/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sʰam³⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/t͡sʰam⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/t͡sʰaŋ³²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/t͡sʰam⁵³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/sam²¹³/

Middle Chinese: tshomX

Rime
Character	慘
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	覃 (159)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	七感切
Baxter	tshomX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰʌm^X/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰəm^X/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰɒm^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰəm^X/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰᴀm^X/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰɒm^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡sʰăm^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	cǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	caam²

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*sʰluːmʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	慘
Reading #	1/1
No.	1084
Phonetic component	參
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	慘
Old Chinese	/*sʰluːmʔ/

Definitions

慘

(literary, or in compounds) cruel; vicious; malicious
(of losses, defeats, etc.) severe; crushing; heavy
miserable; pitiful; wretched
(literary, or in compounds) gloomy; dim; dismal

Synonyms

(cruel):

edit

兇惡／凶恶 (xiōng'è)
兇殘／凶残 (xiōngcán)
兇狠／凶狠 (xiōnghěn)
兇猛／凶猛 (xiōngměng)
兇險／凶险 (xiōngxiǎn)
凶暴 (xiōngbào)
厲害／厉害 (lìhài)
嚴酷／严酷 (yánkù)
強暴／强暴 (qiángbào)
忍 (rěn) (literary)
惡勢／恶势 (Xiamen Hokkien)
惡毒／恶毒 (èdú)
惡狠狠／恶狠狠 (èhěnhěn)
暴力 (bàolì)
暴戾 (bàolì) (literary)
暴虐 (bàonüè)
暴躁 (bàozào)
橫逆／横逆 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
殘／残 (cán) (literary,or in compounds)
殘忍／残忍 (cánrěn)
殘暴／残暴 (cánbào)
殘酷／残酷 (cánkù)
毒辣 (dúlà)
烏心／乌心 (Min Nan)
狠心 (hěnxīn)
狠毒 (hěndú)
狠狠 (hěnhěn)
猙獰／狰狞 (zhēngníng)
粗殘／粗残 (Xiamen Hokkien)
辣 (là)
酷烈 (kùliè)
野蠻／野蛮 (yěmán)
陰功／阴功 (jam¹ gung¹) (Cantonese)
險惡／险恶 (xiǎn'è)
黑心 (hēixīn)

(severe):

edit

不得了 (bùdéliǎo)
了不得 (colloquial)
勿得了 (Wu)
嚴峻／严峻 (yánjùn)
嚴重／严重 (yánzhòng)
慘重／惨重 (cǎnzhòng)
深重 (shēnzhòng)
礙事／碍事 (àishì) (often in the negative)
腬身 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
要緊／要紧 (yàojǐn)
重大

(miserable):

edit

京京 (jīngjīng) (literary)
傷心／伤心 (shāngxīn)
傷悲／伤悲 (shāngbēi) (literary)
傷感／伤感 (shānggǎn)
傷懷／伤怀 (shānghuái) (literary)
傷痛／伤痛 (shāngtòng)
傷神／伤神 (shāngshén) (literary)
刺心 (cìxīn)
哀傷／哀伤 (āishāng)
哀切 (āiqiè)
哀怨 (āiyuàn)
哀悽／哀凄 (āiqī)
哀慟／哀恸 (āitòng)
哀戚 (āiqī) (literary)
哀痛 (āitòng)
哀苦 (āikǔ)
心酸 (xīnsuān)
怛傷／怛伤 (dáshāng) (literary)
悄然 (qiǎorán) (literary)
情傷／情伤 (qíngshāng) (literary)
悲催 (bēicuī) (neologism, jocular)
悲傷／悲伤 (bēishāng)
悲切 (bēiqiè) (literary)
悲哀 (bēi'āi)
悲悽／悲凄 (bēiqī)
悱惻／悱恻 (fěicè) (literary)
悽惶／凄惶 (qīhuáng) (literary)
悽愴／凄怆 (qīchuàng) (literary)
悲愴／悲怆 (bēichuàng) (literary)
悲慘／悲惨 (bēicǎn)
悲慟／悲恸 (bēitòng)
悲戚 (bēiqī)
悽戚／凄戚 (qīqī) (literary)
悲摧 (bēicuī) (literary)
悲楚 (bēichǔ) (literary)
悲涼／悲凉 (bēiliáng)
悲痛 (bēitòng)
悲苦 (bēikǔ)
感傷／感伤 (gǎnshāng)
愀愴／愀怆 (qiǎochuàng)
愁楚 (chóuchǔ) (literary)
惻然／恻然 (cèrán) (literary)
愴然／怆然 (chuàngrán) (literary)
憂傷／忧伤 (yōushāng)
慘悽／惨凄 (cǎnqī)
憂愁／忧愁 (yōuchóu)
憂戚／忧戚 (yōuqī) (literary)
慘淡／惨淡 (cǎndàn)
憯懍／憯懔 (cǎnlǐn)
懤懤／㤽㤽 (chóuchóu)
沉痛 (chéntòng)
淒切／凄切 (qīqiè)
淒惻／凄恻 (qīcè) (literary)
淒慘／凄惨 (qīcǎn)
淒楚／凄楚 (qīchǔ)
淒涼／凄凉 (qīliáng)
淒然／凄然 (qīrán) (literary)
痛心 (tòngxīn)
艱苦心／艰苦心 (Hokkien)
蒼涼／苍凉 (cāngliáng)
酸心 (suānxīn)
難受／难受 (nánshòu)
難過／难过 (nánguò)
青凊 (Hokkien)
黯然 (ànrán)

(gloomy):

edit

冥冥 (míngmíng) (literary)
慘淡／惨淡 (cǎndàn)
慘白／惨白 (cǎnbái)
昏暗 (hūn'àn)
昏沉 (hūnchén)
昏黑 (hūnhēi)
晦冥 (huìmíng) (literary, used both literally and figuratively)
晦暗 (huì'àn) (literary)
暗淡 (àndàn) (used both literally and figuratively)
烏暗／乌暗 (Hokkien, Teochew)
陰幽／阴幽 (yīnyōu) (literary)
黑暗 (hēi'àn)

Compounds

Japanese

Shinjitai	惨
Kyūjitai	慘

Kanji

慘

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 惨)

Kyūjitai form of 惨: wretched

Readings

Go-on: そん (son)
Kan-on: さん (san)
Kan’yō-on: ざん (zan)
Kun: みじめ (mijime, 慘め)、いたむ (itamu, 慘む)

Korean

Hanja

慘 • (cham, chim) (hangeul 참, 침, revised cham, chim, McCune–Reischauer ch'am, ch'im, Yale cham, chim)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

慘: Hán Nôm readings: thảm, thom, thỏm

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.