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力

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: カ, 九, 丸, and ㄌ
力 U+529B, 力
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-529B
← 劚
[U+529A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 劜 →
[U+529C]
⼒ U+2F12, ⼒
KANGXI RADICAL POWER
← ⼑
[U+2F11] 		Kangxi Radicals ⼓ →
[U+2F13]
力 U+F98A, 力
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98A
← 黎
[U+F989] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 曆 →
[U+F98B]

Translingual

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Stroke order
2 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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See images of
Radical 19 力

力 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+0, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大尸 (KS), four-corner 40027, composition ⿻𠃌丿)

  1. Kangxi radical #19, ⼒.

Derived characters

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Descendants

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See also

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  • カ (Japanese katakana)

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2288
  • Dae Jaweon: page 327, character 31
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 364, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+529B

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 力
alternative forms 𠠲
⿻力丶
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (力) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
勒 *rɯːɡ
肋 *rɯːɡ
扐 *rɯːɡ
仂 *rɯːɡ, *rɯɡ
艻 *rɯːɡ
朸 *rɯːɡ, *rɯɡ
玏 *rɯːɡ
泐 *rɯːɡ, *rɯɡ
阞 *rɯːɡ
竻 *rɯːɡ
力 *rɯɡ
屴 *rɯɡ
鳨 *rɯɡ

Pictogram (象形) – alternative interpretation, either an arm bending out from the side of the body, or a wooden plough. The original version was 𠠲 and the letter ㄌ in zhuyin alphabet was inspired by this character.

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra (“strength; to win; classifier for people”) + *-k (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Burmese အား (a:, “strength; force”); Proto-Loloish *ra² (“strength”), whence Nuosu ꊋ (we); Panyi Bai [script needed] (ɣɯ̱⁴², “strength”); Central Bai hhep (“strength”). A causative derivative is 飭 (OC rhək) (Schuessler, 2007).

Schuessler (2007) also suggests an etymological connection with 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “to come”).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • lì - literary;
  • sā̤ - vernacular.
Note:
  • la̍t - vernacular;
  • le̍k/lia̍k/lit - literary.
Note:
  • lag8 - vernacular;
  • lig4 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 力
Mandarin Beijing /li⁵¹/
Harbin /li⁵³/
Tianjin /li⁵³/
Jinan /li²¹/
Qingdao /li⁴²/
Zhengzhou /li²⁴/
Xi'an /li²¹/
Xining /l̩⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /li¹³/
Lanzhou /li¹³/
Ürümqi /li²¹³/
Wuhan /ni²¹³/
Chengdu /ni³¹/
Guiyang /ni²¹/
Kunming /li³¹/
Nanjing /liʔ⁵/
Hefei /liəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /liəʔ²/
Pingyao /liʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /liəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /liɪʔ¹/
Suzhou /liəʔ³/
Hangzhou /liəʔ²/
Wenzhou /lei²¹³/
Hui Shexian /li²²/
Tunxi /li¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /li²⁴/
Xiangtan /ni²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /liʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /lit̚⁵/
Taoyuan /lit̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /lek̚²/
Nanning /lek̚²²/
Hong Kong /lik̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lik̚⁵/
/lat̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /liʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /li⁴²/
Shantou (Teochew) /lak̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /lek̚⁵/
/lak̚³/
Rime
Character 力
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 職 (134)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 林直切
Baxter lik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lɨk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/lɨk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/liek̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lik̚/
Li
Rong 		/liək̚/
Wang
Li 		/lĭək̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/li̯ək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lik6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 力
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ lik ›
Old
Chinese 		/*k.rək/
English strength

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 力
Reading # 1/1
No. 7854
Phonetic
component 		力
Rime
group 		職
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		力
Old
Chinese 		/*rɯɡ/

Definitions

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力

  1. physical strength; physical power; energy
    她個子雖小但力大驚人。 [MSC, trad.]
    她个子虽小但力大惊人。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā gèzǐ suī xiǎo dàn lì dà jīngrén. [Pinyin]
    For a small woman she has surprising strength.
  2. force; strength; power
    汽力  ―  qìlì  ―  steam power
    藥力／药力  ―  yàolì  ―  efficacy of a drug
    力量  ―  lìliàng  ―  power
    攻擊力／攻击力  ―  gōngjīlì  ―  firepower
  3. (physics) force
    這個力的方向與位移相同。 [MSC, trad.]
    这个力的方向与位移相同。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè ge lì de fāngxiàng yǔ wèiyí xiāngtóng. [Pinyin]
    This force is the same direction as the displacement.
  4. ability; capability
    能力  ―  nénglì  ―  ability
    他對古董很有鑑賞力。 [MSC, trad.]
    他对古董很有鉴赏力。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā duì gǔdǒng hěn yǒu jiànshǎng lì. [Pinyin]
    He has an eye for antiques.
  5. power and influence; might
  6. (literary) to make an effort; to strive; to endeavor; to work hard
  7. with all one's might; doing all in one's power
    力爭／力争  ―  lìzhēng  ―  to work hard for
    力挽狂瀾／力挽狂澜  ―  lìwǎnkuánglán  ―  to do one's utmost to save a desperate situation
  8. a surname: Li

Synonyms

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  • (physical strength):
  • (ability):
  • (function):
  • (to make an effort):

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (力):
  • → Japanese: 力(りき) (riki)
  • → Korean: 력(力) (ryeok), 역(力) (yeok)
  • → Vietnamese: lực (力)

Others:

References

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Japanese

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

Kanji

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力

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. power, force, strength

Readings

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
力
ちから
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *tikara. Compound of Old Japanese elements 霊 (chi, “power, life force, essence”) +‎ 柄 (kara, “source, origin”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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力(ちから) • (chikara) 

  1. strength; power; force
  2. (physics) force
  3. ability; capacity
  4. effort
  5. (tarot): Strength
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Proper noun

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力(ちから) • (Chikara) 

  1. a male given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
力
りき
Grade: 1
goon

From Middle Chinese 力 (lik). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare modern Cantonese reading lik6.

Pronunciation

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Affix

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力(りき) • (riki) 

  1. power, strength
    力(りき)学(がく)、力(りき)士(し)、二馬(にば)力(りき)
    rikigaku, rikishi, nibariki
    “power studies” (dynamics), “strength person” (sumo wrestler), two horsepower

Noun

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力(りき) • (riki) 

  1. physical strength
  2. (Buddhism) capability, especially mystical power
  3. (Buddhism) the suchness of ability, one of the Ten Suchnesses in Mahayana Buddhism
  4. short for 力者 (rikisha): a strong person
  5. (archaic) short for 車力 (shariki), 力車 (rikisha): a rickshaw
  6. (archaic) a rickshaw operator's wages
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
力
りょく
Grade: 1
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 力 (lì), but apparently from a different source dialect or at a different time than 力 (lik). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Compare reconstructed Middle Chinese reading /li̯ək/ or Korean reading ryeok.

Only found in compounds and idioms in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation

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Affix

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力(りょく) • (ryoku) 

  1. strength, power
    力(りょく)争(そう)、権(けん)力(りょく)
    ryokusō, kenryoku
    “strength struggle” (a hard fight), “right power” (authority)
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms

References

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  1. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 力 (MC lik). Perhaps more specifically from Late Middle Chinese 力 (LMC *liə̌k).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 륵〮 (Yale: lúk)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

力 (eumhun 힘 력 (him ryeok), word-initial (South Korea) 힘 역 (him yeok))

  1. hanja form? of 력/역 (“power; force”) [affix]

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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力: Hán Việt readings: lực (林(lâm)直(trực)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
力: Nôm readings: sức[1][3][4], lực[2][3], sực[3][4], sựt[3][4], rực[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of lực (“physical force”).
  2. Nôm form of sức (“strength; power”).

Compounds

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hồ (1976).
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