助

助	U+52A9, 助 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52A9

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

助 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 月一大尸 (BMKS), four-corner 7412₇, composition ⿰且力)

Derived characters

鋤 (锄) 勗筯莇𪜾𢚆𢭟𬂶𣵪𤞩𮘑𧱑𮫼𭓖𫦬𪊹𪾫𫦵𬀼𠢞𪳌𰁂𢃃𢄂𠢟𫯲

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 27
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2313
Dae Jaweon: page 330, character 16
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 368, character 8
Unihan data for U+52A9

Chinese

simp. and trad.		助
alternative forms		㫑𦔳𧴧𤋰𠡎

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 助
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (且) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
虘	zaːl, zaː
蔖	zlaːl, sʰaːʔ
摣	rnaː, ʔsraː
袓	ʔsjaː, zaʔ
怚	ʔsjaː, ʔsas, *zaʔ
罝	*ʔsjaː
謯	ʔslja, ʔsraːʔ
姐	*ʔsjaːʔ
抯	ʔsljaːʔ, ljaːʔ, *ʔsraː
飷	*ʔsjaːʔ
且	sʰjaːʔ, ʔsa
趄	sʰjaːs, sʰa
笡	*sʰjaːs
查	ʔsraː, zraː, *zraː
柤	*ʔsraː
樝	*ʔsraː
皻	*ʔsraː
渣	*ʔsraː
楂	*zraː
苴	zraː, ʔsa, ʔsaʔ, sʰa
駔	ʔslaːŋʔ, zaːʔ
租	*ʔsaː
蒩	ʔsaː, ʔsaːʔ, *sʰa
祖	*ʔsaːʔ
組	*ʔsaːʔ
珇	*ʔsaːʔ
靻	*ʔsaːʔ
粗	sʰaː, zaːʔ
徂	*zaː
殂	*zaː
麆	zaːʔ, zras
伹	zaːʔ, sʰa
蛆	ʔsa, sʰa
沮	ʔsa, ʔsas, sʰa, zaʔ, *ʔsra
咀	ʔsaʔ, zaʔ
疽	*sʰa
雎	*sʰa
狙	sʰa, sʰas
岨	*sʰa
砠	*sʰa
坥	sʰa, sʰas
刞	*sʰas
覰	*sʰas
覷	*sʰas
跙	*zaʔ
筯	*das
菹	*ʔsra
葅	*ʔsra
阻	ʔsraʔ, ʔsras
俎	*ʔsraʔ
詛	ʔsraʔ, ʔsras
鉏	zra, zraʔ
豠	*zra
鋤	*zra
耡	zra, zras
齟	*zraʔ
助	*zras

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zras) : phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa) + semantic 力 (“strong arm”) – to help with one’s strength.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): zhù (zhu⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zu⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zo⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): zo⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): cu⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chhu

(Meixian, Guangdong): ci⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): zu³
Northern Min (KCR): cū
Eastern Min (BUC): câe̤ / cô
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chō͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): zo⁶
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶zu
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): cou⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhù
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhù
  - Wade–Giles: chu⁴
  - Yale: jù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: juh
  - Palladius: чжу (čžu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: zu⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡su²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: zo⁶
  - Yale: joh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzo⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: zo⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɔː²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: zo⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sᵘɔ³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: cu⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰu¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhu
  - Hakka Romanization System: cu
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cu⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰu⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ci⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰz̩⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: zu³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡su⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cū
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡su⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: câe̤ / cô
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɔ²⁴²/, /t͡sou²⁴²/

Note:

câe̤ - vernacular;
cô - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chō͘
  - Tâi-lô: tsōo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zo
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sɔ²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sɔ³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡sɔ⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zo⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsŏ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡so³⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶zu
  - MiniDict: zu^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zu²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: cou⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰəu̯⁴⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 助
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ʈ͡ʂu⁵³/
	Tianjin	/t͡su⁵³/
	Jinan	/ʈ͡ʂu²¹/
	Qingdao	/ʈ͡ʂu⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ʈ͡ʂu³¹²/
	Xi'an	/p͡fu⁴⁴/
	Xining	/ʈ͡ʂv̩²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡su¹³/
	Lanzhou	/p͡fu¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ʈ͡ʂu²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡səu³⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡su¹³/
	Guiyang	/t͡su²¹³/
	Kunming	/t͡su²¹²/
	Nanjing	/t͡su⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡su⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡su⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/t͡sz̩ʷ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/t͡su⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/zu²³/
	Suzhou	/zəu³¹/
	Hangzhou	/d͡zu¹³/
	Wenzhou	/zɤu²²/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡sʰu²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡sʰəu¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡sʰəu⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/d͡zəɯ²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡sʰu²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sʰz̩⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/t͡sʰu⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sɔ²²/
	Nanning	/t͡sɔ²²/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sɔ²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/t͡sɔ²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/t͡sou²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/t͡su⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/t͡so³⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/to³³/ 訓佐

Middle Chinese: dzrjoH

Rime
Character	助
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	崇 (20)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	牀據切
Baxter	dzrjoH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʒɨʌ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɖ͡ʐiɔ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʒiɔ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɖ͡ʐɨə̆^H/
Li Rong	/d͡ʒiɔ^H/
Wang Li	/d͡ʒĭo^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɖ͡ʐʱi̯wo^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zo⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]ra-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*zras/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	助
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhù
Middle Chinese	‹ dzrjo^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[dz]ra-s/
English	help (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	助
Reading #	1/1
No.	10457
Phonetic component	且
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	助
Old Chinese	/*zras/

Definitions

助

to help; to aid; to assist

Synonyms

edit

佐理 (zuǒlǐ) (literary, with a task)
使勁／使劲 (shǐjìn)
加勢／加势 (jiāshì)
助力 (zhùlì)
助理 (zhùlǐ)
助益 (zhùyì) (literary)
匡助 (kuāngzhù) (literary)
協助／协助 (xiézhù)
參佐／参佐 (cānzuǒ) (literary)
增援 (zēngyuán, “to provide reinforcements”)
幫／帮 (bāng)
幫助／帮助 (bāngzhù)
幫同／帮同 (bāngtóng) (literary)
幫寸／帮寸 (bāngcùn)
幫帶／帮带 (bāngdài)
幫忙／帮忙 (bāngmáng)
幫手／帮手 (bong¹ sau²) (Cantonese)
幫扶／帮扶 (bāngfú)
幫襯／帮衬 (bāngchèn)
幫贈／帮赠 (Hokkien)
扶
扶助 (fúzhù)
扶持 (fúchí)
扶掖 (fúyè) (formal)
拉巴 (dialectal)
挺 (tǐng)
援助 (yuánzhù)
𢯭手 (Hakka)
支助 (zhīzhù) (literary)
支持 (zhīchí)
支援 (zhīyuán)
救 (jiù)
相幫／相帮 (xiāngbāng) (dialectal)
相輔／相辅 (Teochew)
翼 (yì) (literary, or in compounds)
聲援／声援 (shēngyuán, “to express support for”)
臂助 (bìzhù) (literary)
補益／补益 (bǔyì)
補臺／补台 (bǔtái) (mainland China)
贈力／赠力 (Hokkien)
贈助／赠助 (Hokkien)
贊喙／赞喙 (“to express support for”) (Hokkien)
贈手／赠手 (Hokkien)
贊聲／赞声 (“to express support for”) (Hokkien)
輔助／辅助 (fǔzhù)
陪 (péi) (literary, or in compounds)
鬥幫贈／斗帮赠 (Hokkien)
鬥相共／斗相共 (Hokkien)
鬥跤手／斗跤手 (Hokkien)
鬥跤搭／斗跤搭 (Hokkien)

Antonyms

edit

妨礙／妨碍 (fáng'ài)
干擾 (gānrǎo)
搗亂／捣乱 (dǎoluàn)
阻礙／阻碍 (zǔ'ài)

Compounds

互助 (hùzhù)
互助合作
互助會／互助会 (hùzhùhuì)
佐助器
借助 (jièzhù)
內助／内助 (nèizhù)
公共救助
助人 (zhùrén)
助人為樂／助人为乐 (zhùrénwéilè)
助力 (zhùlì)
助動詞／助动词 (zhùdòngcí)
助勢／助势
助奏
助威 (zhùwēi)
助學／助学 (zhùxué)
助學貸款／助学贷款 (zhùxué dàikuǎn)
助學金／助学金 (zhùxuéjīn)
助惡／助恶 (zhù'è)
助我張目／助我张目
助戰／助战 (zhùzhàn)
助手 (zhùshǒu)
助攻 (zhùgōng)
助教 (zhùjiào)
助桀為虐／助桀为虐
助燃
助理 (zhùlǐ)
助產／助产 (zhùchǎn)
助產士／助产士 (zhùchǎnshì)
助產婆／助产婆
助益 (zhùyì)
助紂為虐／助纣为虐 (zhùzhòuwéinüè)
助聽器／助听器 (zhùtīngqì)
助興／助兴 (zhùxìng)
助詞／助词 (zhùcí)
助講／助讲
助賑／助赈
助跑 (zhùpǎo)
助辯／助辩
助選／助选 (zhùxuǎn)
助選員／助选员
助長／助长 (zhùzhǎng)
助陣／助阵 (zhùzhèn)
動態助詞／动态助词 (dòngtài zhùcí)
匡助 (kuāngzhù)
協助／协助 (xiézhù)
同惡相助／同恶相助
堯夫助麥／尧夫助麦
大有助益
天助自助 (tiānzhùzìzhù)
失業救助／失业救助
失道寡助 (shīdàoguǎzhù)
如有神助
孤立無助／孤立无助
守望相助 (shǒuwàngxiāngzhù)
將伯之助／将伯之助
幫助／帮助 (bāngzhù)
得道多助 (dédàoduōzhù)
愛莫之助／爱莫之助
愛莫能助／爱莫能助 (àimònéngzhù)
扶助 (fúzhù)
把薪助火
拔刀相助 (bádāoxiāngzhù)
拔苗助長／拔苗助长 (bámiáozhùzhǎng)
指南之助
按彊助弱／按强助弱
捐助 (juānzhù)
推波助瀾／推波助澜 (tuībōzhùlán)
援助 (yuánzhù)
援助交際／援助交际 (yuánzhù jiāojì)
揠苗助長／揠苗助长 (yàmiáozhùzhǎng)
摩旗相助
支助 (zhīzhù)
救助 (jiùzhù)
救助金 (jiùzhùjīn)
施助
有助 (yǒuzhù)
求助 (qiúzhù)
江山之助
濟助／济助
無助／无助 (wúzhù)
特別助理／特别助理
獎助／奖助
現金救助／现金救助
相助 (xiāngzhù)
社會救助／社会救助
祐助
線上求助／线上求助
臂助 (bìzhù)
自助 (zìzhù)
自助人助
自助旅行
自助旅遊／自助旅游
自助餐 (zìzhùcān)
藉助／借助
補助／补助 (bǔzhù)
補助商業／补助商业
補助教育／补助教育
補助翼／补助翼 (bǔzhùyì)
補助貨幣／补助货币
補助費／补助费
補助金／补助金 (bǔzhùjīn)
襄助 (xiāngzhù)
語助詞／语助词
談助／谈助
貧民救助／贫民救助
資助／资助 (zīzhù)
資怨助禍／资怨助祸
賢內助／贤内助 (xiánnèizhù)
贊助／赞助 (zànzhù)
贊助人／赞助人
輔助／辅助 (fǔzhù)
輔助車道／辅助车道
醫務扶助／医务扶助
隨緣樂助／随缘乐助
鼎力相助 (dǐnglìxiāngzhù)
齎助／赍助

Descendants

→ Thai: ช่วย (chûai)

References

“助”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00384

Japanese

Kanji

助

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Go-on: じょ (jo, Jōyō)^{←じよ (zyo, historical)}
Kan-on: そ (so)
Kun: たすける (tasukeru, 助ける, Jōyō)、たすかる (tasukaru, 助かる, Jōyō)、すける (sukeru, 助ける)、すけ (suke, 助, Jōyō)、たすく (tasuku, 助く)、すく (suku, 助く)

Noun

助(すけ) • (suke)

assistance

Prefix

助(じょ) • (jo-)

help
assistant

Korean

Hanja

助 (eumhun 도울 조 (doul jo))

hanja form^? of 조 (“help”)

Compounds

원조 (援助, wonjo, “aid; assistance; support”)
조력 (助力, joryeok, “help; assistance; helping hand”)

Vietnamese

Han character

助: Hán Nôm readings: trợ, rợ, chợ, chữa, đợ

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.