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- research-articleOpen Access
Knowledge creation through collaboration: The role of shared institutional affiliations and physical proximity
- Bryan Stephens
The Fuqua School of Business Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
, - Jonathon N. Cummings
The Fuqua School of Business Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Volume 72, Issue 11•November 2021, pp 1337-1353 • https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24491AbstractThis paper examines how shared affiliations within an institution (e.g., same primary appointment, same secondary appointment, same research center, same laboratory/facility) and physical proximity (e.g., walking distance between collaborator ...
- 0Citation
MetricsTotal Citations0
- Bryan Stephens
- research-articlefreePublished By ACMPublished By ACM
Geography is alive and well in virtual teams
- Jonathon N. Cummings
Duke University
Communications of the ACM, Volume 54, Issue 8•August 2011, pp 24-26 • https://doi.org/10.1145/1978542.1978551Just because a team is virtual, it doesn't mean geography is dead.
- 21Citation
- 1,904
- Downloads
MetricsTotal Citations21Total Downloads1,904Last 12 Months288Last 6 weeks55
- Jonathon N. Cummings
- research-articlePublished By ACMPublished By ACM
What's in a move?: normal disruption and a design challenge
- Reza B. Zadeh
Carnegie Mellon, PIttsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
, - Aruna D. Balakrishnan
Carnegie Mellon, PIttsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
, - Sara Kiesler
Carnegie Mellon, PIttsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
, - Jonathon N. Cummings
Duke University, Durham, N. Carolina, USA
CHI '11: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems•May 2011, pp 2897-2906• https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979372The CHI community has led efforts to support teamwork, but has neglected team disruption, as may occur if team members relocate to another institution. We studied moves in 548 interdisciplinary research projects with 2691 researchers (PIs). Moves, and ...
- 4Citation
- 295
- Downloads
MetricsTotal Citations4Total Downloads295Last 12 Months3
- Reza B. Zadeh
- research-articlePublished By ACMPublished By ACM
Research team integration: what it is and why it matters
- Aruna D. Balakrishnan
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
, - Sara Kiesler
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
, - Jonathon N. Cummings
Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
, - Reza Zadeh
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
CSCW '11: Proceedings of the ACM 2011 conference on Computer supported cooperative work•March 2011, pp 523-532• https://doi.org/10.1145/1958824.1958905Science policy across the world emphasizes the desirability of research teams that can integrate diverse perspectives and expertise into new knowledge, methods, and products. However, integration in research work is not well understood. Based on ...
- 28Citation
- 544
- Downloads
MetricsTotal Citations28Total Downloads544Last 12 Months49Last 6 weeks3
- Aruna D. Balakrishnan
- article
Crossing Spatial and Temporal Boundaries in Globally Distributed Projects: A Relational Model of Coordination Delay
- Jonathon N. Cummings
Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
, - J. Alberto Espinosa
Kogod School of Business, American University, Washington, DC 20016
, - Cynthia K. Pickering
Information Services and Technology Group, Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California 95054
Information Systems Research, Volume 20, Issue 3•September 2009, pp 420-439 • https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1090.0239In globally distributed projects, members have to deal with spatial boundaries (different cities) and temporal boundaries (different work hours) because other members are often in cities within and across time zones. For pairs of members with spatial ...
- 43Citation
MetricsTotal Citations43
- Jonathon N. Cummings
- research-articlePublished By ACMPublished By ACM
Who collaborates successfully?: prior experience reduces collaboration barriers in distributed interdisciplinary research
- Jonathon N. Cummings
Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
, - Sara Kiesler
Carnegie Mellon University, PIttsburgh, PA, USA
CSCW '08: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work•November 2008, pp 437-446• https://doi.org/10.1145/1460563.1460633Two recent studies of over 500 interdisciplinary research projects have documented comparatively poor outcomes of more distributed projects and the failed coordination mechanisms that partly account for these problems. In this paper we report results of ...
- 101Citation
- 1,854
- Downloads
MetricsTotal Citations101Total Downloads1,854Last 12 Months98Last 6 weeks3
- Jonathon N. Cummings
- research-articlePublished By ACMPublished By ACM
Keeping in touch by technology: maintaining friendships after a residential move
- Irina Shklovski
University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
, - Robert Kraut
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
, - Jonathon Cummings
Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
CHI '08: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems•April 2008, pp 807-816• https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357182Many observers have praised new communication technologies for providing convenient and affordable tools for maintaining relationships at a distance. Yet the precise role of mediated communication in relationship maintenance has been difficult to ...
- 43Citation
- 2,022
- Downloads
MetricsTotal Citations43Total Downloads2,022Last 12 Months166Last 6 weeks9
- Irina Shklovski
- article
The spatial, temporal, and configurational characteristics of geographic dispersion in teams
- Michael Boyer O'Leary
Carroll School of Management, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA
, - Jonathon N. Cummings
Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, NC
As organizations operate across greater distances, scholars are increasingly interested in the work of geographically dispersed teams and the technologies that they use to communicate and coordinate their work. However, research has generally not ...
- 56Citation
- 29
- Downloads
MetricsTotal Citations56Total Downloads29
- Michael Boyer O'Leary
- ArticlePublished By ACMPublished By ACM
Routine patterns of internet use & psychological well-being: coping with a residential move
- Irina Shklovski
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
, - Robert Kraut
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
, - Jonathon Cummings
Duke University, Durham, NC
CHI '06: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems•April 2006, pp 969-978• https://doi.org/10.1145/1124772.1124917In this paper we examine how routine uses of the Internet for communication with family and friends and for entertainment may serve as indicators of overall levels of psychological well-being. Changes in psychological well-being in response to a major ...
- 20Citation
- 1,288
- Downloads
MetricsTotal Citations20Total Downloads1,288Last 12 Months24Last 6 weeks1
- Irina Shklovski
- ArticlePublished By ACMPublished By ACM
CSCW and cyberinfrastructure: opportunities and challenges
- Guy Almes
National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA
, - Jonathon Cummings
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
, - Jeremy P. Birnholtz
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
, - Ian Foster
Argonne National Lab, Argonne, IL
, - Tony Hey
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Swindon, UK
, - Bill Spencer
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
CSCW '04: Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work•November 2004, pp 270-273• https://doi.org/10.1145/1031607.1031651This panel will provide a forum for a discussion of important and timely issues surrounding the global deployment of cyberinfrastructure to support science and engineering research activities. Representatives of funding agencies, existing ...
- 5Citation
- 863
- Downloads
MetricsTotal Citations5Total Downloads863
- Guy Almes
- article
Work Groups, Structural Diversity, and Knowledge Sharing in a Global Organization
Management Science, Volume 50, Issue 3•March 2004, pp 352-364 • https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1030.0134Effective work groups engage in external knowledge sharing-the exchange of information, know-how, and feedback with customers, organizational experts, and others outside of the group. This paper argues that the value of external knowledge sharing ...
- 97Citation
MetricsTotal Citations97
- article
Team Boundary Issues Across Multiple Global Firms
Numerous methodological issues arise when studying teams that span multiple boundaries. The main purpose of this paper is to raise awareness about the challenges of conducting field research on teams in global firms. Based on field research across ...
- 28Citation
- 23
- Downloads
MetricsTotal Citations28Total Downloads23
- articlefreePublished By ACMPublished By ACM
The quality of online social relationships
- Jonathon N. Cummings
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
, - Brian Butler
University of Pittsburgh, PA
, - Robert Kraut
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittburgh, PA
Communications of the ACM, Volume 45, Issue 7•July 2002, pp 103-108 • https://doi.org/10.1145/514236.514242Online relationships are less valuable than offline ones. Indeed, their net benefit depends on whether they supplement or substitute for offline social relationships.
- 314Citation
- 22,955
- Downloads
MetricsTotal Citations314Total Downloads22,955Last 12 Months1,122Last 6 weeks214
- Jonathon N. Cummings
- Article
Researching on Teams with Multiple Boundaries
HICSS '02: Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'02)-Volume 8 - Volume 8•January 2002, pp 253The main purpose of this paper is to discuss: (a) types of boundaries found in field research on teams; (b) methodological challenges encountered when examining teams that cross boundaries; and (c) possible research design solutions. Based on our own ...
- 1Citation
MetricsTotal Citations1
- ArticlePublished By ACMPublished By ACM
Do we visit, call, or email?: media matter in close relationships
- Jonathon N. Cummings
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
, - Robert Kraut
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
, - Sara Kiesler
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
CHI EA '01: CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems•March 2001, pp 161-162• https://doi.org/10.1145/634067.634166People use a variety of media to communicate with family and friends, though the evidence is sparse regarding whether differences in the quality of social relationships can be explained, in part, by differences in the media they use. Participants (N=446)...
- 2Citation
- 612
- Downloads
MetricsTotal Citations2Total Downloads612Last 12 Months4Last 6 weeks1
- Jonathon N. Cummings
Author Profile Pages
- Description: The Author Profile Page initially collects all the professional information known about authors from the publications record as known by the ACM bibliographic database, the Guide. Coverage of ACM publications is comprehensive from the 1950's. Coverage of other publishers generally starts in the mid 1980's. The Author Profile Page supplies a quick snapshot of an author's contribution to the field and some rudimentary measures of influence upon it. Over time, the contents of the Author Profile page may expand at the direction of the community.
Please see the following 2007 Turing Award winners' profiles as examples: - History: Disambiguation of author names is of course required for precise identification of all the works, and only those works, by a unique individual. Of equal importance to ACM, author name normalization is also one critical prerequisite to building accurate citation and download statistics. For the past several years, ACM has worked to normalize author names, expand reference capture, and gather detailed usage statistics, all intended to provide the community with a robust set of publication metrics. The Author Profile Pages reveal the first result of these efforts.
- Normalization: ACM uses normalization algorithms to weigh several types of evidence for merging and splitting names.
These include:- co-authors: if we have two names and cannot disambiguate them based on name alone, then we see if they have a co-author in common. If so, this weighs towards the two names being the same person.
- affiliations: names in common with same affiliation weighs toward the two names being the same person.
- publication title: names in common whose works are published in same journal weighs toward the two names being the same person.
- keywords: names in common whose works address the same subject matter as determined from title and keywords, weigh toward being the same person.
The more conservative the merging algorithms, the more bits of evidence are required before a merge is made, resulting in greater precision but lower recall of works for a given Author Profile. Many bibliographic records have only author initials. Many names lack affiliations. With very common family names, typical in Asia, more liberal algorithms result in mistaken merges.
Automatic normalization of author names is not exact. Hence it is clear that manual intervention based on human knowledge is required to perfect algorithmic results. ACM is meeting this challenge, continuing to work to improve the automated merges by tweaking the weighting of the evidence in light of experience.
- Bibliometrics: In 1926, Alfred Lotka formulated his power law (known as Lotka's Law) describing the frequency of publication by authors in a given field. According to this bibliometric law of scientific productivity, only a very small percentage (~6%) of authors in a field will produce more than 10 articles while the majority (perhaps 60%) will have but a single article published. With ACM's first cut at author name normalization in place, the distribution of our authors with 1, 2, 3..n publications does not match Lotka's Law precisely, but neither is the distribution curve far off. For a definition of ACM's first set of publication statistics, see Bibliometrics
- Future Direction:
The initial release of the Author Edit Screen is open to anyone in the community with an ACM account, but it is limited to personal information. An author's photograph, a Home Page URL, and an email may be added, deleted or edited. Changes are reviewed before they are made available on the live site.
ACM will expand this edit facility to accommodate more types of data and facilitate ease of community participation with appropriate safeguards. In particular, authors or members of the community will be able to indicate works in their profile that do not belong there and merge others that do belong but are currently missing.
A direct search interface for Author Profiles will be built.
An institutional view of works emerging from their faculty and researchers will be provided along with a relevant set of metrics.
It is possible, too, that the Author Profile page may evolve to allow interested authors to upload unpublished professional materials to an area available for search and free educational use, but distinct from the ACM Digital Library proper. It is hard to predict what shape such an area for user-generated content may take, but it carries interesting potential for input from the community.
Bibliometrics
The ACM DL is a comprehensive repository of publications from the entire field of computing.
It is ACM's intention to make the derivation of any publication statistics it generates clear to the user.
- Average citations per article = The total Citation Count divided by the total Publication Count.
- Citation Count = cumulative total number of times all authored works by this author were cited by other works within ACM's bibliographic database. Almost all reference lists in articles published by ACM have been captured. References lists from other publishers are less well-represented in the database. Unresolved references are not included in the Citation Count. The Citation Count is citations TO any type of work, but the references counted are only FROM journal and proceedings articles. Reference lists from books, dissertations, and technical reports have not generally been captured in the database. (Citation Counts for individual works are displayed with the individual record listed on the Author Page.)
- Publication Count = all works of any genre within the universe of ACM's bibliographic database of computing literature of which this person was an author. Works where the person has role as editor, advisor, chair, etc. are listed on the page but are not part of the Publication Count.
- Publication Years = the span from the earliest year of publication on a work by this author to the most recent year of publication of a work by this author captured within the ACM bibliographic database of computing literature (The ACM Guide to Computing Literature, also known as "the Guide".
- Available for download = the total number of works by this author whose full texts may be downloaded from an ACM full-text article server. Downloads from external full-text sources linked to from within the ACM bibliographic space are not counted as 'available for download'.
- Average downloads per article = The total number of cumulative downloads divided by the number of articles (including multimedia objects) available for download from ACM's servers.
- Downloads (cumulative) = The cumulative number of times all works by this author have been downloaded from an ACM full-text article server since the downloads were first counted in May 2003. The counts displayed are updated monthly and are therefore 0-31 days behind the current date. Robotic activity is scrubbed from the download statistics.
- Downloads (12 months) = The cumulative number of times all works by this author have been downloaded from an ACM full-text article server over the last 12-month period for which statistics are available. The counts displayed are usually 1-2 weeks behind the current date. (12-month download counts for individual works are displayed with the individual record.)
- Downloads (6 weeks) = The cumulative number of times all works by this author have been downloaded from an ACM full-text article server over the last 6-week period for which statistics are available. The counts displayed are usually 1-2 weeks behind the current date. (6-week download counts for individual works are displayed with the individual record.)
ACM Author-Izer Service
Summary Description
ACM Author-Izer is a unique service that enables ACM authors to generate and post links on both their homepage and institutional repository for visitors to download the definitive version of their articles from the ACM Digital Library at no charge.
Downloads from these sites are captured in official ACM statistics, improving the accuracy of usage and impact measurements. Consistently linking to definitive version of ACM articles should reduce user confusion over article versioning.
ACM Author-Izer also extends ACM’s reputation as an innovative “Green Path” publisher, making ACM one of the first publishers of scholarly works to offer this model to its authors.
To access ACM Author-Izer, authors need to establish a free ACM web account. Should authors change institutions or sites, they can utilize the new ACM service to disable old links and re-authorize new links for free downloads from a different site.
How ACM Author-Izer Works
Authors may post ACM Author-Izer links in their own bibliographies maintained on their website and their own institution’s repository. The links take visitors to your page directly to the definitive version of individual articles inside the ACM Digital Library to download these articles for free.
The Service can be applied to all the articles you have ever published with ACM.
Depending on your previous activities within the ACM DL, you may need to take up to three steps to use ACM Author-Izer.
For authors who do not have a free ACM Web Account:
- Go to the ACM DL http://dl.acm.org/ and click SIGN UP. Once your account is established, proceed to next step.
For authors who have an ACM web account, but have not edited their ACM Author Profile page:
- Sign in to your ACM web account and go to your Author Profile page. Click "Add personal information" and add photograph, homepage address, etc. Click ADD AUTHOR INFORMATION to submit change. Once you receive email notification that your changes were accepted, you may utilize ACM Author-izer.
For authors who have an account and have already edited their Profile Page:
- Sign in to your ACM web account, go to your Author Profile page in the Digital Library, look for the ACM Author-izer link below each ACM published article, and begin the authorization process. If you have published many ACM articles, you may find a batch Authorization process useful. It is labeled: "Export as: ACM Author-Izer Service"
ACM Author-Izer also provides code snippets for authors to display download and citation statistics for each “authorized” article on their personal pages. Downloads from these pages are captured in official ACM statistics, improving the accuracy of usage and impact measurements. Consistently linking to the definitive version of ACM articles should reduce user confusion over article versioning.
Note: You still retain the right to post your author-prepared preprint versions on your home pages and in your institutional repositories with DOI pointers to the definitive version permanently maintained in the ACM Digital Library. But any download of your preprint versions will not be counted in ACM usage statistics. If you use these AUTHOR-IZER links instead, usage by visitors to your page will be recorded in the ACM Digital Library and displayed on your page.
FAQ
- Q. What is ACM Author-Izer?
A. ACM Author-Izer is a unique, link-based, self-archiving service that enables ACM authors to generate and post links on either their home page or institutional repository for visitors to download the definitive version of their articles for free.
- Q. What articles are eligible for ACM Author-Izer?
- A. ACM Author-Izer can be applied to all the articles authors have ever published with ACM. It is also available to authors who will have articles published in ACM publications in the future.
- Q. Are there any restrictions on authors to use this service?
- A. No. An author does not need to subscribe to the ACM Digital Library nor even be a member of ACM.
- Q. What are the requirements to use this service?
- A. To access ACM Author-Izer, authors need to have a free ACM web account, must have an ACM Author Profile page in the Digital Library, and must take ownership of their Author Profile page.
- Q. What is an ACM Author Profile Page?
- A. The Author Profile Page initially collects all the professional information known about authors from the publications record as known by the ACM Digital Library. The Author Profile Page supplies a quick snapshot of an author's contribution to the field and some rudimentary measures of influence upon it. Over time, the contents of the Author Profile page may expand at the direction of the community. Please visit the ACM Author Profile documentation page for more background information on these pages.
- Q. How do I find my Author Profile page and take ownership?
- A. You will need to take the following steps:
- Create a free ACM Web Account
- Sign-In to the ACM Digital Library
- Find your Author Profile Page by searching the ACM Digital Library for your name
- Find the result you authored (where your author name is a clickable link)
- Click on your name to go to the Author Profile Page
- Click the "Add Personal Information" link on the Author Profile Page
- Wait for ACM review and approval; generally less than 24 hours
- Q. Why does my photo not appear?
- A. Make sure that the image you submit is in .jpg or .gif format and that the file name does not contain special characters
- Q. What if I cannot find the Add Personal Information function on my author page?
- A. The ACM account linked to your profile page is different than the one you are logged into. Please logout and login to the account associated with your Author Profile Page.
- Q. What happens if an author changes the location of his bibliography or moves to a new institution?
- A. Should authors change institutions or sites, they can utilize ACM Author-Izer to disable old links and re-authorize new links for free downloads from a new location.
- Q. What happens if an author provides a URL that redirects to the author’s personal bibliography page?
- A. The service will not provide a free download from the ACM Digital Library. Instead the person who uses that link will simply go to the Citation Page for that article in the ACM Digital Library where the article may be accessed under the usual subscription rules.
However, if the author provides the target page URL, any link that redirects to that target page will enable a free download from the Service.
- Q. What happens if the author’s bibliography lives on a page with several aliases?
- A. Only one alias will work, whichever one is registered as the page containing the author’s bibliography. ACM has no technical solution to this problem at this time.
- Q. Why should authors use ACM Author-Izer?
- A. ACM Author-Izer lets visitors to authors’ personal home pages download articles for no charge from the ACM Digital Library. It allows authors to dynamically display real-time download and citation statistics for each “authorized” article on their personal site.
- Q. Does ACM Author-Izer provide benefits for authors?
- A. Downloads of definitive articles via Author-Izer links on the authors’ personal web page are captured in official ACM statistics to more accurately reflect usage and impact measurements.
Authors who do not use ACM Author-Izer links will not have downloads from their local, personal bibliographies counted. They do, however, retain the existing right to post author-prepared preprint versions on their home pages or institutional repositories with DOI pointers to the definitive version permanently maintained in the ACM Digital Library.
- Q. How does ACM Author-Izer benefit the computing community?
- A. ACM Author-Izer expands the visibility and dissemination of the definitive version of ACM articles. It is based on ACM’s strong belief that the computing community should have the widest possible access to the definitive versions of scholarly literature. By linking authors’ personal bibliography with the ACM Digital Library, user confusion over article versioning should be reduced over time.
In making ACM Author-Izer a free service to both authors and visitors to their websites, ACM is emphasizing its continuing commitment to the interests of its authors and to the computing community in ways that are consistent with its existing subscription-based access model.
- Q. Why can’t I find my most recent publication in my ACM Author Profile Page?
- A. There is a time delay between publication and the process which associates that publication with an Author Profile Page. Right now, that process usually takes 4-8 weeks.
- Q. How does ACM Author-Izer expand ACM’s “Green Path” Access Policies?
- A. ACM Author-Izer extends the rights and permissions that authors retain even after copyright transfer to ACM, which has been among the “greenest” publishers. ACM enables its author community to retain a wide range of rights related to copyright and reuse of materials. They include:
- Posting rights that ensure free access to their work outside the ACM Digital Library and print publications
- Rights to reuse any portion of their work in new works that they may create
- Copyright to artistic images in ACM’s graphics-oriented publications that authors may want to exploit in commercial contexts
- All patent rights, which remain with the original owner