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Eye, Head and Torso Coordination During Gaze Shifts in Virtual Reality

Authors:

Ludwig Sidenmark,

Hans GellersenAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), Volume 27, Issue 1

Article No.: 4, Pages 1 - 40

https://doi.org/10.1145/3361218

Published: 14 December 2019 Publication History

Abstract

Humans perform gaze shifts naturally through a combination of eye, head and body movements. Although gaze has been long studied as input modality for interaction, this has previously ignored the coordination of the eyes, head and body. This article reports a study of gaze shifts in virtual reality aimed to address the gap and inform design. We identify general eye, head and torso coordination patterns and provide an analysis of the relative movements’ contribution and temporal alignment. We quantify effects of target distance, direction and user posture, describe preferred eye-in-head motion ranges and identify a high variability in head movement tendency. Study insights lead us to propose gaze zones that reflect different levels of contribution from eye, head and body. We discuss design implications for HCI and VR, and in conclusion argue to treat gaze as multimodal input, and eye, head and body movement as synergetic in interaction design.

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Cited By

Bischof WAnderson NKingstone A(2024)A tutorial: Analyzing eye and head movements in virtual realityBehavior Research Methods10.3758/s13428-024-02482-556:8(8396-8421)Online publication date: 8-Aug-2024
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-024-02482-5
Hooge INiehorster DNyström MHessels R(2024)Large eye–head gaze shifts measured with a wearable eye tracker and an industrial cameraBehavior Research Methods10.3758/s13428-023-02316-w56:6(5820-5833)Online publication date: 10-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02316-w
Callahan-Flintoft CJensen ENaeem JNonte MMadison ARies A(2024)A Comparison of Head Movement Classification MethodsSensors10.3390/s2404126024:4(1260)Online publication date: 16-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041260
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Eye, Head and Torso Coordination During Gaze Shifts in Virtual Reality
1. Human-centered computing
  1. Human computer interaction (HCI)
    1. Empirical studies in HCI
    2. Interaction paradigms
      1. Virtual reality

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cover image ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction

ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction Volume 27, Issue 1

February 2020

206 pages

ISSN:1073-0516

EISSN:1557-7325

DOI:10.1145/3372746

Editor:
Kristina Höök
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden

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Publication History

Published: 14 December 2019

Accepted: 01 September 2019

Revised: 01 July 2019

Received: 01 December 2018

Published in TOCHI Volume 27, Issue 1

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Cited By

Bischof WAnderson NKingstone A(2024)A tutorial: Analyzing eye and head movements in virtual realityBehavior Research Methods10.3758/s13428-024-02482-556:8(8396-8421)Online publication date: 8-Aug-2024
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-024-02482-5
Hooge INiehorster DNyström MHessels R(2024)Large eye–head gaze shifts measured with a wearable eye tracker and an industrial cameraBehavior Research Methods10.3758/s13428-023-02316-w56:6(5820-5833)Online publication date: 10-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02316-w
Callahan-Flintoft CJensen ENaeem JNonte MMadison ARies A(2024)A Comparison of Head Movement Classification MethodsSensors10.3390/s2404126024:4(1260)Online publication date: 16-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041260
Miyashita YHarasawa MHara KSawahata YKomine K(2024)Estimation of horizontal spatial specifications for ideal head-mounted displays in practical conditionsFrontiers in Virtual Reality10.3389/frvir.2024.14852435Online publication date: 5-Nov-2024
https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2024.1485243
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Hadnett-Hunter JLundell BEllison-Taylor IPorubanova MAlasaarela TOlkkonen M(2024)AR-in-VR simulator: A toolbox for rapid augmented reality simulation and user researchACM Symposium on Applied Perception 202410.1145/3675231.3675240(1-11)Online publication date: 30-Aug-2024
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Lee JKim HYang YKim G(2024)RPG: Rotation Technique in VR Locomotion using Peripheral GazeProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36556098:ETRA(1-19)Online publication date: 28-May-2024
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Hou BNewn JSidenmark LKhan AGellersen H(2024)GazeSwitch: Automatic Eye-Head Mode Switching for Optimised Hands-Free PointingProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36556018:ETRA(1-20)Online publication date: 28-May-2024
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Manakhov PSidenmark LPfeuffer KGellersen H(2024)Gaze on the Go: Effect of Spatial Reference Frame on Visual Target Acquisition During Physical Locomotion in Extended RealityProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642915(1-16)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
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