[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ skip to main content
research-article

Understanding Older Adults' Participation in Online Social Activities: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic

Published: 11 November 2022 Publication History

Abstract

Restrictions arising from the COVID-19 pandemic have limited opportunities for older people to participate in face-to-face organised social activities. Many organisations moved these activities online, but little is known about older adults' experiences of participating in those activities. This paper reports an investigation of older adults' experiences of participating in social activities that they used to attend in-person, but which were moved online because of strict lockdown restrictions. We conducted in-depth interviews with 40 older adults living independently (alone or with others). Findings from a reflexive thematic analysis show that online social activities were important during the pandemic for not only staying connected to other people but also helping older adults stay engaged in meaningful activities, including arts, sports, cultural, and civic events. Online activities provided older adults with opportunities to connect with like-minded people; share care, encouragement, and support; participate in civic agendas; learn knowledge and develop new skills; and experience entertainment, distraction, and mental stimulation. Our participants had diverse perceptions of the transition from in-person to online social activities. Based on the findings, we present a taxonomy of multi-layered meaningful activities for older adults' digital social participation and highlight implications for future technology design.

References

[1]
Raghad A. Alharbi, Faisal T. Altayyari, Farah S. Alamri and Sultan A. Alharthi. 2021. Pandemic-Driven Technology During COVID-19: Experiences of Older Adults. In Companion Publication of the 2021 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, Association for Computing Machinery, 5--9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3462204.3481769
[2]
Dorine Andrews, Jennifer Preece and Murray Turoff. 2002. A conceptual framework for demographic groups resistant to on-line community interaction. International Journal of Electronic Commerce 6, 3, 9--24.
[3]
Keith Atkinson, Jaclyn Barnes, Judith Albee, Peter Anttila, Judith Haataja, Kanak Nanavati, Kelly Steelman and Charles Wallace. 2016. Breaking Barriers to Digital Literacy: An Intergenerational Social-Cognitive Approach. In Proceedings of the 18th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. Association for Computing Machinery, Reno, Nevada, USA, 239--244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2982142.2982183
[4]
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2018. Census of Population and Housing: Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), Australia. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/2033.0.55.001.
[5]
Marcos Baez, Radoslaw Nielek, Fabio Casati and Adam Wierzbicki. 2019. Technologies for promoting social participation in later life. In Ageing and Digital Technology, Springer, 285--306.
[6]
Steven Baker, Jeni Warburton, Jenny Waycott, Frances Batchelor, Thuong Hoang, Briony Dow, Elizabeth Ozanne and Frank Vetere. 2018. Combatting social isolation and increasing social participation of older adults through the use of technology: A systematic review of existing evidence. Australasian journal on ageing 37, 3, 184--193.
[7]
Steven Baker, Jenny Waycott, Sonja Pedell, Thuong Hoang and Elizabeth Ozanne. 2016. Older people and social participation: from touch-screens to virtual realities. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Interactive Technology and Ageing Populations. 34--43.
[8]
Barbara Barbosa Neves, Rachel Franz, Rebecca Judges, Christian Beermann and Ron Baecker. 2019. Can digital technology enhance social connectedness among older adults? A feasibility study. Journal of Applied Gerontology 38, 1, 49--72.
[9]
Steve Benford, Paul Mansfield and Jocelyn Spence. 2021. Producing Liveness: The Trials of Moving Folk Clubs Online During the Global Pandemic. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, Yokohama, Japan, Article 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445125
[10]
Marla Berg-Weger and John E. Morley. 2020. Loneliness and social isolation in older adults during the Covid-19 pandemic: Implications for gerontological social work 24, 456--458.
[11]
Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2021. Thematic analysis. Analysing qualitative data in psychology. London: Sage Publications Ltd, 128--147.
[12]
Robin Brewer and Anne Marie Piper. 2016. "Tell It Like It Really Is": A Case of Online Content Creation and Sharing Among Older Adult Bloggers. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, San Jose, California, USA, 5529--5542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858379
[13]
Matthew Burgess and Georgina McKay. 2021. Melbourne Reopens, Ending One of World's Longest Lockdowns. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021--10--21/one-of-world-s-longest-lockdowns-set-to-end-today-in-melbourne.
[14]
Romina Carrasco. 2017. Designing Virtual Avatars to Empower Social Participation among Older Adults. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, Denver, Colorado, USA, 259--262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3027063.3027133
[15]
Namkee G Choi, Diana M DiNitto, C Nathan Marti and Bryan Y Choi. 2021. Telehealth use among older adults during COVID-19: Associations with sociodemographic and health characteristics, technology device ownership, and technology learning. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 07334648211047347.
[16]
Victoria Clarke and Virginia Braun. 2014. Thematic analysis. In Encyclopedia of critical psychology, Springer, 1947--1952.
[17]
José Coelho, Fábio Rito and Carlos Duarte. 2017. "You, me & TV" - Fighting social isolation of older adults with Facebook, TV and multimodality. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 98, 38--50. http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.09.015
[18]
Helena Daffern, Kelly Balmer and Jude Brereton. 2021. Singing together, yet apart: the experience of UK choir members and facilitators during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in psychology 12, 303.
[19]
Heather Douglas, Andrew Georgiou and Johanna Westbrook. 2017. Social participation as an indicator of successful aging: an overview of concepts and their associations with health. Australian Health Review 41, 4, 455--462.
[20]
Yvonne Earnshaw. 2017. Navigating turn-taking and conversational repair in an online synchronous course. Online Learning Journal 21, 4.
[21]
Claude Ferrand, Guillaume Martinent and Neriman Durmaz. 2014. Psychological need satisfaction and well-being in adults aged 80years and older living in residential homes: Using a self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Aging Studies 30, 104--111. http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2014.04.004
[22]
Lorna Gibson, Wendy Moncur, Paula Forbes, John Arnott, Christopher Martin and Amritpal S Bhachu. 2010. Designing social networking sites for older adults. Proceedings of HCI 2010 24, 186--194.
[23]
Ernest Gonzales, Christina Matz-Costa and Nancy Morrow-Howell. 2015. Increasing opportunities for the productive engagement of older adults: A response to population aging. The Gerontologist 55, 2, 252--261.
[24]
David Greathead, Lynne Coventry, Budi Arief and Aad van Moorsel. 2012. Deriving requirements for an online community interaction scheme: indications from older adults. In CHI '12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, Austin, Texas, USA, 1541--1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2212776.2223669
[25]
Kristen R Haase, Theodore Cosco, Lucy Kervin, Indira Riadi and Megan E O'Connell. 2021. Older Adults' Experiences With Using Technology for Socialization During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-sectional Survey Study. JMIR aging 4, 2, e28010.
[26]
Alexis Hope, Ted Schwaba and Anne Marie Piper. 2014. Understanding digital and material social communications for older adults. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 3903--3912.
[27]
Margaret A. Hughes and Deb Roy. 2021. Keeper: A Synchronous Online Conversation Environment Informed by In-Person Facilitation Practices. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Association for Computing Machinery, Article 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445316
[28]
Francisco Ibarra, Olga Korovina, Marcos Baez, Fabio Casati, Maurizio Marchese, Luca Cernuzzi and Galina A Barysheva. 2016. Tools enabling online contributions by older adults. IEEE Internet Computing 20, 5, 58--65.
[29]
Bran Knowles, Vicki L. Hanson, Yvonne Rogers, Anne Marie Piper, Jenny Waycott and Nigel Davies. 2019. HCI and Aging: Beyond Accessibility. In Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, Glasgow, Scotland Uk, Paper W07. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3290607.3299025
[30]
Anne C Krendl and Brea L Perry. 2021. The impact of sheltering in place during the COVID-19 pandemic on older adults' social and mental well-being. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B 76, 2, e53-e58.
[31]
Audrey Lebrasseur, Noémie Fortin-Bédard, Josiane Lettre, Emilie Raymond, Eve-Line Bussières, Nolwenn Lapierre, Julie Faieta, Claude Vincent, Louise Duchesne and Marie-Christine Ouellet. 2021. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on older adults: rapid review. JMIR aging 4, 2, e26474.
[32]
Helen Lester, Nicki Mead, Carolyn Chew Graham, Linda Gask and Siobhan Reilly. 2012. An exploration of the value and mechanisms of befriending for older adults in England. Ageing & Society 32, 2, 307--328.
[33]
Mélanie Levasseur, Johanne Desrosiers and Denise St-Cyr Tribble. 2008. Subjective quality-of-life predictors for older adults with physical disabilities. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation 87, 10, 830--841.
[34]
Mélanie Levasseur, Lucie Richard, Lise Gauvin and Émilie Raymond. 2010. Inventory and analysis of definitions of social participation found in the aging literature: Proposed taxonomy of social activities. Social Science & Medicine 71, 12, 2141--2149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.041
[35]
Martin Lindström, Bertil S Hanson and Per-Olof Östergren. 2001. Socioeconomic differences in leisure-time physical activity: the role of social participation and social capital in shaping health related behaviour. Social science & medicine 52, 3, 441--451.
[36]
Joanna McHugh Power. 2021. It takes (more than) a village. International Psychogeriatrics 33, 5, 441--443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220003907
[37]
Sharan B Merriam and Youngwha Kee. 2014. Promoting community wellbeing: The case for lifelong learning for older adults. Adult education quarterly 64, 2, 128--144.
[38]
Felix Müller, Susanne Röhr, Ulrich Reininghaus and Steffi G. Riedel-Heller. 2021. Social Isolation and Loneliness during COVID-19 Lockdown: Associations with Depressive Symptoms in the German Old-Age Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, 7, 3615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073615
[39]
Barbara Barbosa Neves, Rachel L. Franz, Cosmin Munteanu, Ronald Baecker and Mags Ngo. 2015. "My Hand Doesn't Listen to Me!": Adoption and Evaluation of a Communication Technology for the 'Oldest Old'. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 1593--1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702430
[40]
Chris Norval. 2012. Understanding the incentives of older adults' participation on social networking sites. SIGACCESS Access. Comput., 102, 25--29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2140446.2140452
[41]
Novia Nurain, Clara Caldeira and Kay Connelly. 2021. Older Adults' Experiences of Autonomy During COVID-19 Pandemic. In Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1--6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451674
[42]
Novia Nurain, Chia-Fang Chung, Clara Caldeira and Kay Connelly. 2021. Hugging with a Shower Curtain: Older Adults' Social Support Realities During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 5, CSCW2, Article 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3479607
[43]
Carolyn Pang, Zhiqin Collin Wang, Joanna McGrenere, Rock Leung, Jiamin Dai and Karyn Moffatt. 2021. Technology Adoption and Learning Preferences for Older Adults. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1--13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445702
[44]
Ulrike Pfeil. 2007. Online social support for older people. ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing, 88, 3--8.
[45]
Ulrike Pfeil, Panayiotis Zaphiris and Stephanie Wilson. 2009. Older adults' perceptions and experiences of online social support. Interacting with computers 21, 3, 159--172.
[46]
Premier of Victoria. 2021. Extended Melbourne Lockdown to Keep Victorians Safe. Retrieved from https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/extended-melbourne-lockdown-keep-victorians-safe-0.
[47]
Premier of Victoria. 2021. Lockdown Across Regional Victoria To Keep Us Safe. Retrieved from https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/lockdown-across-regional-victoria-keep-us-safe.
[48]
Julie A. Rennecker, Alan R. Dennis and Sean Hansen. 2010. "Invisible Whispering": Restructuring Meeting Processes with Instant Messaging. In Handbook of Group Decision and Negotiation, D. Marc Kilgour and Colin Eden Eds. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 25--45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978--90--481--9097--3_3
[49]
Olivia K. Richards, Gabriela Marcu and Robin N. Brewer. 2021. Hugs, Bible Study, and Speakeasies: Designing for Older Adults' Multimodal Connectedness. In Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2021, Association for Computing Machinery, 815--831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3461778.3462075
[50]
Valeria Righi, Sergio Sayago and Josep Blat. 2017. When we talk about older people in HCI, who are we talking about? Towards a "turn to community'in the design of technologies for a growing ageing population. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 108, 15--31.
[51]
Kamila R. H. Rodrigues, Lucas A. S. Onuki, Danillo M. X. Assunção, Sidnei Gazola Junior and Maria G. C. Pimentel. 2020. Possibilities for the digital literacy of the older people in times of social distancing. In Proceedings of the 19th Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, Diamantina, Brazil, Article 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3424953.3426657
[52]
Andrea L Rosso, Jennifer A Taylor, Loni Philip Tabb and Yvonne L Michael. 2013. Mobility, disability, and social engagement in older adults. Journal of aging and health 25, 4, 617--637.
[53]
Gernot Rottermanner, Peter Judmaier, Shadja El Aeraky, Christian Gradl and Sabine Sommer. 2018. Brelomate: a multiscreen communication and gaming platform to enhance social inclusion. In Proceedings of the 10th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Association for Computing Machinery, Oslo, Norway, 928--931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3240167.3240229
[54]
Cristina Rottondi, Chris Chafe, Claudio Allocchio and Augusto Sarti. 2016. An overview on networked music performance technologies. IEEE Access 4, 8823--8843.
[55]
Alexander Seifert, Shelia R Cotten and Bo Xie. 2020. A Double Burden of Exclusion? Digital and Social Exclusion of Older Adults in Times of COVID-19. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa098
[56]
Frances Sin, Sophie Berger, Ig-Jae Kim and Dongwook Yoon. 2021. Digital Social Interaction in Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 5, CSCW2, Article 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3479524
[57]
Jaisie Sin, Rachel L. Franz, Cosmin Munteanu and Barbara Barbosa Neves. 2021. Digital Design Marginalization: New Perspectives on Designing Inclusive Interfaces. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1--11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445180
[58]
Atlanta Sloane-Seale and Bill Kops. 2008. Older adults in lifelong learning: Participation and successful aging. Canadian Journal of University Continuing Education 34, 1.
[59]
Julie S Son, Galit Nimrod, Stephanie T West, Megan C Janke, Toni Liechty and Jill J Naar. 2020. Promoting older adults' physical activity and social well-being during COVID-19. Leisure Sciences, 1--8.
[60]
Kelly Steelman and Charles Wallace. 2021. Breaking barriers, building understanding: a multigenerational approach to digital literacy instruction for older adults. SIGCAS Comput. Soc. 49, 1, 23--24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3447892.3447901
[61]
Christie Suggs, Jennifer Myers and Vanessa Dennen. 2010. Raise your hand if you wanna speak: Navigating turn-taking in a Webex course. In E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE), 2212--2219.
[62]
Peter C. Sun, Nancy Morrow-Howell, Elizabeth Pawloski and Alexander Helbach. 2021. Older Adults' Attitudes Toward Virtual Volunteering During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Applied Gerontology 40, 9, 953--957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07334648211006978
[63]
Gareth Terry and Nikki Hayfield. 2020. Reflexive thematic analysis. In Handbook of qualitative research in education, Edward Elgar Publishing.
[64]
Christina Victor, Sasha Scambler, John Bond and Ann Bowling. 2000. Being alone in later life: loneliness, social isolation and living alone. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 10, 4, 407--417.
[65]
Philipp Wagner, Anna Winkler, Irina Paraschivoiu, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, Magdalena Gärtner and Manfred Tscheligi. 2021. Tracing COVID-19 - Older Adults' Attitudes Toward Digital Contact Tracing and How to Increase Their Participation. In Mensch und Computer 2021. Association for Computing Machinery, Ingolstadt, Germany, 349--353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3473856.3474026
[66]
Jenny Waycott, Frank Vetere and Elizabeth Ozanne. 2019. Building social connections: a framework for enriching older adults' social connectedness through information and communication technologies. In Ageing and Digital Technology, Springer, 65--82.
[67]
Bei Wu. 2020. Social isolation and loneliness among older adults in the context of COVID-19: a global challenge. Global health research and policy 5, 1, 1--3.
[68]
Nicole Yankelovich, Jen McGinn, Mike Wessler, Jonathan Kaplan, Joe Provino and Harold Fox. 2005. Private communications in public meetings. In CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, Portland, OR, USA, 1873--1876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1056808.1057044

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Exploring Videoconferencing for Older Adults with Cognitive Concerns Using a Dramaturgical LensProceedings of the 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility10.1145/3663548.3675647(1-13)Online publication date: 27-Oct-2024
  • (2024)Can Large Language Models Be Good Companions?Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36596008:2(1-41)Online publication date: 15-May-2024
  • (2024)Understanding the Role of Technology in Older Adults' Changing Social Support NetworksProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36410278:CSCW1(1-28)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Understanding Older Adults' Participation in Online Social Activities: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
    Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction  Volume 6, Issue CSCW2
    CSCW
    November 2022
    8205 pages
    EISSN:2573-0142
    DOI:10.1145/3571154
    Issue’s Table of Contents
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 11 November 2022
    Published in PACMHCI Volume 6, Issue CSCW2

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Badges

    • Honorable Mention

    Author Tags

    1. covid-19
    2. older adult
    3. older people
    4. pandemic
    5. social activities
    6. social engagement
    7. social participation
    8. technology

    Qualifiers

    • Research-article

    Funding Sources

    • Australian Research Council

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)155
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)23
    Reflects downloads up to 12 Dec 2024

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2024)Exploring Videoconferencing for Older Adults with Cognitive Concerns Using a Dramaturgical LensProceedings of the 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility10.1145/3663548.3675647(1-13)Online publication date: 27-Oct-2024
    • (2024)Can Large Language Models Be Good Companions?Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36596008:2(1-41)Online publication date: 15-May-2024
    • (2024)Understanding the Role of Technology in Older Adults' Changing Social Support NetworksProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36410278:CSCW1(1-28)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
    • (2024)HCI and Aging: New Directions, New PrinciplesExtended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613905.3636295(1-5)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
    • (2024)Experiences of Older Adult Volunteers and Nursing Simulation Coordinators in a Graduate-Level Primary Care Telehealth Simulation: Benefits, Facilitators, and Volunteer Management ConsiderationsJournal of Technology in Human Services10.1080/15228835.2024.233693642:3(173-193)Online publication date: 8-Apr-2024
    • (2024)Effects of Zentangle on Older Adults’ Anxiety, Happiness, and DexterityActivities, Adaptation & Aging10.1080/01924788.2024.2317026(1-28)Online publication date: 20-Feb-2024
    • (2024)From “online brains” to “online lives”: understanding the individualized impacts of Internet use across psychological, cognitive and social dimensionsWorld Psychiatry10.1002/wps.2118823:2(176-190)Online publication date: 10-May-2024
    • (2023)“I feel like I’m getting younger”: Investigating the social connections of older handicraft vloggers on the social platform BilibiliProceedings of the 35th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference10.1145/3638380.3638381(257-265)Online publication date: 2-Dec-2023
    • (2023)A Socioenactive Perspective on Emotion Contagion and Senses: Analyzing the Phenomenon via EEG SignalsProceedings of the XXII Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3638067.3638132(1-11)Online publication date: 16-Oct-2023
    • (2023)CASESProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36109107:3(1-31)Online publication date: 27-Sep-2023
    • Show More Cited By

    View Options

    Login options

    Full Access

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    Media

    Figures

    Other

    Tables

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media