More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/

research-article

Open access

More than a Modern Day Green Book: Exploring the Online Community of Black Twitter

Authors:

Shamika Klassen,

Casey FieslerAuthors Info & Claims

Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Volume 5, Issue CSCW2

Article No.: 458, Pages 1 - 29

https://doi.org/10.1145/3479602

Published: 18 October 2021 Publication History

Abstract

The Negro Motorist Green Book was a tool used by the Black community to navigate systemic racism throughout the U.S. and around the world. Whether providing its users with safer roads to take or businesses that were welcoming to Black patrons, The Negro Motorist Green Book fostered pride and created a physical network of safe spaces within the Black community. Building a bridge between this artifact which served Black people for thirty years and the current moment, we explore Black Twitter as an online space where the Black community navigates identity, activism, racism, and more. Through interviews with people who engage with Black Twitter, we surface the benefits (such as community building, empowerment, and activism) and challenges (like dealing with racism, appropriation, and outsiders) on the platform, juxtaposing the Green Book as a historical artifact and Black Twitter as its contemporary counterpart. Equipped with these insights, we make suggestions including audience segmentation, privacy controls, and involving historically disenfranchised perspectives into the technological design process. These proposals have implications for the design of technologies that would serve Black communities by amplifying Black voices and bolstering work toward justice.

References

[1]

1937. Grayson's Travel Guide Off The Press. Atlanta Daily World, Atlanta.

[2]

Reed Albergotti. 2020. "Black creators sue YouTube, alleging racial discrimination.". Washington Post (2020). https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/06/18/black-creators-sue-youtube-alleged-race-discrimination/

[3]

Muhammad Ali, Piotr Sapiezynski, Miranda Bogen, Aleksandra Korolova, Alan Mislove, and Aaron Rieke. 2019. Discrimination through Optimization: How Facebook's Ad Delivery Can Lead to Biased Outcomes. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 30 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359301

Digital Library

[4]

Nazanin Andalibi. 2019. What Happens After Disclosing Stigmatized Experiences on Identified Social Media: Individual, Dyadic, and Social/Network Outcomes. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland Uk) (CHI '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300367

Digital Library

[5]

Julia Angwin and Terry Parris Jr. 2016. "Facebook Lets Advertisers Exclude Users by Race. ". ProPublica (2016). https://www.propublica.org/article/facebook-lets-advertisers-exclude-users-by-race

[6]

Patrick Bayer, Fernando Ferreira, and Stephen L. Ross. 2016. "What Drives Racial and Ethnic Differences in High Cost Mortgages? The Role of High Risk Lenders.". Duke University (2016). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/13241/SSRN-id2730894.pdf 'sequence=1

[7]

Lindsay Blackwell, Tianying Chen, Sarita Schoenebeck, and Cliff Lampe. 2018. When Online Harassment Is Perceived as Justified. https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM18/paper/view/17902

[8]

Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3, 2 (2006), 77--101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa arXiv:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

[9]

Kirsten Bray and Christina Harrington. 2021. Speculative Blackness: Considering Afrofuturism in the Creation of Inclusive Speculative Design Probes. In Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2021 (Virtual Event, USA) (DIS '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1793--1806. https://doi.org/10.1145/3461778.3462002

Digital Library

[10]

André Brock. 2012. From the Blackhand Side: Twitter as a Cultural Conversation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 56, 4 (2012), 529--549. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2012.732147 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2012.732147

[11]

Jr Brock, André. 2020. Distributed Blackness: African American Cybercultures. New York University Press, New York.

[12]

Helen Brown. 2020. "The Amen Break - how an obscure 1960s B-side became the most sampled song in history". Financial Times (2020). https://ig.ft.com/life-of-a-song/amen-break.html

[13]

Tamara Lizette Brown and Baruti N. Kopano (Eds.). 2015. Soul Thieves: The Appropriation and Misrepresentation of African American Popular Culture. Journal of American History 102, 3 (12 2015), 945--946. https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jav581 arXiv:https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-pdf/102/3/945/5071115/jav581.pdf

[14]

Matthew Carrasco and Andruid Kerne. 2018. Queer Visibility: Supporting LGBT+ Selective Visibility on Social Media. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173824

Digital Library

[15]

Meredith Clark. 2014. To tweet our own cause: A mixed-methods study of the online phenomenon "Black Twitter". https://doi.org/10.17615/7bfs-rp55

[16]

Meredith D. Clark. 2020. DRAG THEM: A brief etymology of so-called ?cancel culture". Communication and the Public 5, 3--4 (2020), 88--92. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047320961562 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047320961562

[17]

Keith Cortis and Siegfried Handschuh. 2015. Analysis of Cyberbullying Tweets in Trending World Events. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Knowledge Technologies and Data-Driven Business (Graz, Austria) (i-KNOW '15). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 7, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2809563.2809605

Digital Library

[18]

EJ Dickson. 2019. A "LGBTQ Influencers Criticize YouTube After Homophobic Videos Are Allowed to Stay.". Rolling Stone (2019). https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/lgbtq-influencers-steven-crowder-carlos-maza-homophobic-video-youtube-844561/

[19]

Tawanna R. Dillahunt and Joey Chiao-Yin Hsiao. 2020. Positive Feedback and Self-Reflection: Features to Support Self-Efficacy among Underrepresented Job Seekers. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Honolulu, HI, USA) (CHI '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376717

Digital Library

[20]

Tawanna R. Dillahunt and Alex Lu. 2019. DreamGigs: Designing a Tool to Empower Low-Resource Job Seekers. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland Uk) (CHI '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300808

Digital Library

[21]

Bryan Dosono and Bryan Semaan. 2020. Decolonizing Tactics as Collective Resilience: Identity Work of AAPI Communities on Reddit. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4, CSCW1, Article 069 (May 2020), 20 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3392881

Digital Library

[22]

Nora A Draper and Joseph Turow. 2019. The corporate cultivation of digital resignation. New Media & Society 21, 8 (2019), 1824--1839. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819833331 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819833331

[23]

Harry T. Dyer. 2017. The Presentation of Selfie in Everyday Life: Considering the Relationship Between Social Media Design and User in the Online Actions and Interactions of Young People. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Social Media & Society (Toronto, ON, Canada) (#SMSociety17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 6, 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3097286.3097292

Digital Library

[24]

Brianna Dym, Jed R. Brubaker, Casey Fiesler, and Bryan Semaan. 2019. "Coming Out Okay": Community Narratives for LGBTQ Identity Recovery Work. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 3, CSCW, Article 154 (Nov. 2019), 28 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359256

Digital Library

[25]

Brianna Dym and Casey Fiesler. 2020. Social Norm Vulnerability and Its Consequences for Privacy and Safety in an Online Community. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4, CSCW2, Article 155 (Oct. 2020), 24 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3415226

Digital Library

[26]

Brianna Dym, Namita Pasupuleti, Cole Rockwood, and Casey Fiesler. 2021. "You Don't Do Your Hobby as a Job": Stereotypes of Computational Labor and Their Implications for CS Education. In Proceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Virtual Event, USA) (SIGCSE '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 823--829. https://doi.org/10.1145/3408877.3432396

Digital Library

[27]

Erik Eckholm. 2006. "Black and Hispanic Home Buyers Pay Higher Interest on Mortgages, Study Finds.". New York Times (2006). https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/01/us/01minorities.html

[28]

Candice Edrington and Nicole Lee. 2018. Tweeting a Social Movement: Black Lives Matter and its use of Twitter to Share Information, Build Community, and Promote Action. The Journal of Public Interest Communications 2 (09 2018), 289. https://doi.org/10.32473/jpic.v2.i2.p289

[29]

Rose Eveleth. 2014. A New Harassment Policy for Twitter. The Atlantic (2014). https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/12/new-harassment-policy-for-twitter/383344/

[30]

Casey Fiesler and Brianna Dym. 2020. Moving Across Lands: Online Platform Migration in Fandom Communities. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4, CSCW1, Article 042 (May 2020), 25 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3392847

Digital Library

[31]

Casey Fiesler, Shannon Morrison, and Amy S. Bruckman. 2016. An Archive of Their Own: A Case Study of Feminist HCI and Values in Design. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI '16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2574--2585. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858409

Digital Library

[32]

Casey Fiesler and Nicholas Proferes. 2018. "Participant" Perceptions of Twitter Research Ethics. Social Media + Society 4, 1 (2018), 2056305118763366. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118763366 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118763366

[33]

Taryn Finley. 2021. Existing While Black: What Does It Feel Like When Every Move You Make Is Policed? Huffington Post (2021). https://www.huffpost.com/interactives/existing-while-black

[34]

Sarah Florini. 2014. Tweets, Tweeps, and Signifyin': Communication and Cultural Performance on ?Black Twitter". Television & New Media 15, 3 (2014), 223--237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476413480247 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476413480247

[35]

Sucheta Ghoshal and Amy Bruckman. 2019. The Role of Social Computing Technologies in Grassroots Movement Building. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 26, 3, Article 18 (June 2019), 36 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3318140

Digital Library

[36]

Sucheta Ghoshal, Rishma Mendhekar, and Amy Bruckman. 2020. Toward a Grassroots Culture of Technology Practice. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4, CSCW1, Article 054 (May 2020), 28 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3392862

Digital Library

[37]

Cole Gleason, Patrick Carrington, Lydia B. Chilton, Benjamin Gorman, Hernisa Kacorri, Andrés Monroy-Hernández, Meredith Ringel Morris, Garreth Tigwell, and Shaomei Wu. 2020. Future Research Directions for Accessible Social Media. SIGACCESS Access. Comput. 127, Article 3 (July 2020), 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3412836.3412839

Digital Library

[38]

Cole Gleason, Stephanie Valencia, Lynn Kirabo, Jason Wu, Anhong Guo, Elizabeth Jeanne Carter, Jeffrey Bigham, Cynthia Bennett, and Amy Pavel. 2020. Disability and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Using Twitter to Understand Accessibility during Rapid Societal Transition. In The 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Virtual Event, Greece) (ASSETS '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 5, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3373625.3417023

Digital Library

[39]

Nell Gluckman. 2021. "Why Disability Studies Scholars Are Protesting a Prominent Textbook". The Chronicle of Higher Education (2021). https://www.chronicle.com/article/why-disability-studies-scholars-are-protesting-a-prominent-textbook

[40]

Erving Goffman. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Anchor.

[41]

Joseph A. Gonzales, Casey Fiesler, and Amy Bruckman. 2015. Towards an Appropriable CSCW Tool Ecology: Lessons from the Greatest International Scavenger Hunt the World Has Ever Seen. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (CSCW '15). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 946--957. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675240

Digital Library

[42]

Roderick Graham and "Shawn Smith. 2016. The Content of Our #Characters: Black Twitter as Counter-public. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 2, 4 (2016), 433--449. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649216639067 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649216639067

[43]

Mary L. Gray. 2009. Out in the Country: Youth, Media, and Queer Visibility in Rural America. NYU Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qfvxm

[44]

Joshua Lumpkin Green. 2006. Digital Blackface: The Repackaging of the Black Masculine Image. Ph.D. Dissertation. Miami University. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1154371043

[45]

K. J. Greene. 1998--1999. Copyright, Culture & (and) Black Music: A Legacy of Unequal Protection. Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal (Comm/Ent) 21 (1998--1999), 339.

[46]

Brandon Griggs. 2018. Living While Black: Here are all the routine activities for which police were called on African-Americans this year. CNN (2018). https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/20/us/living-while-black-police-calls-trnd/index.html

[47]

Oliver L. Haimson, Justin Buss, Zu Weinger, Denny L. Starks, Dykee Gorrell, and Briar Sweetbriar Baron. 2020. Trans Time: Safety, Privacy, and Content Warnings on a Transgender-Specific Social Media Site. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4, CSCW2, Article 124 (Oct. 2020), 27 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3415195

Digital Library

[48]

David Hankerson, Andrea R. Marshall, Jennifer Booker, Houda El Mimouni, Imani Walker, and Jennifer A. Rode. 2016. Does Technology Have Race?. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI EA '16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 473--486. https://doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2892578

Digital Library

[49]

Jean Hardy. 2021. Queer information literacies: social and technological circulation in the rural Midwestern United States. Information, Communication & Society 24, 1 (2021), 102--117. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1635184 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1635184

[50]

Dave Harley, Kate Howland, Eric Harris, and Cara Redlich. 2014. Online Communities for Older Users: What Can We Learn from Local Community Interactions to Create Social Sites That Work for Older People. In Proceedings of the 28th International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference on HCI 2014 - Sand, Sea and Sky - Holiday HCI (Southport, UK) (BCS-HCI '14). BCS, Swindon, GBR, 42--51. https://doi.org/10.14236/ewic/hci2014.5

[51]

Christina Harrington and Tawanna R Dillahunt. 2021. Eliciting Tech Futures Among Black Young Adults: A Case Study of Remote Speculative Co-Design. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 397, 15 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445723

Digital Library

[52]

Blake W. Hawkins and Oliver Haimson. 2018. Building an Online Community of Care: Tumblr Use by Transgender Individuals. In Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Gender & IT (Heilbronn, Germany) (GenderIT '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 75--77. https://doi.org/10.1145/3196839.3196853

Digital Library

[53]

Marc Lamont Hill. 2018. "Thank You, Black Twitter": State Violence, Digital Counterpublics, and Pedagogies of Resistance. Urban Education 53, 2 (2018), 286--302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085917747124 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085917747124

[54]

P.H. Hinchey. 2018. The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B. Du Bois: With a Critical Introduction by Patricia H. Hinchey. Myers Education Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1ZDwAAQBAJ

[55]

Megan Hofmann, Devva Kasnitz, Jennifer Mankoff, and Cynthia L Bennett. 2020. Living Disability Theory: Reflections on Access, Research, and Design. In The 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Virtual Event, Greece) (ASSETS '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 4, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3373625.3416996

Digital Library

[56]

Adam Hughes and Stefan Wojcik. 2019. "Key takeaways from our new study of how Americans use Twitter". Pew Research Center (2019). https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/24/key-takeaways-from-our-new-study-of-how-americans-use-twitter/

[57]

Aarti Israni, Sheena Erete, and Che L. Smith. 2017. Snitches, Trolls, and Social Norms: Unpacking Perceptions of Social Media Use for Crime Prevention. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (Portland, Oregon, USA) (CSCW '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1193--1209. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998238

Digital Library

[58]

Craig Jenkins. 2020. All the Verzuz Battles, Ranked. Vulture (2020). https://www.vulture.com/2020/11/verzuz-instagram-live-battles-ranked.html

[59]

Romy Menghao Jia, Jia Tina Du, and Yuxiang Chris Zhao. 2021. Needs for Relatedness: LGBTQ+ Individuals' Information Seeking and Sharing in an Online Community. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval (Canberra ACT, Australia) (CHIIR '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 291--294. https://doi.org/10.1145/3406522.3446040

Digital Library

[60]

Taylor Jones. 2015. Toward a Description of African American Vernacular English Dialect Regions Using "Black Twitter". American Speech 90 (11 2015), 403--440. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283--3442117

[61]

Jacob Kastrenakes. 2021. Twitter announces paid Super Follows to let you charge for tweets. The Verge (2021). https://www.theverge.com/2021/2/25/22301375/twitter-super-follows-communities-paid-followers

[62]

Jes A. Koepfler and Derek L. Hansen. 2012. We Are Visible: Technology-Mediated Social Participation in a Twitter Network for the Homeless. In Proceedings of the 2012 IConference (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) (iConference '12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 492--493. https://doi.org/10.1145/2132176.2132261

Digital Library

[63]

Jes A. Koepfler, Katie Shilton, and Kenneth R. Fleischmann. 2013. A Stake in the Issue of Homelessness: Identifying Values of Interest for Design in Online Communities. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Communities and Technologies (Munich, Germany) (C&T '13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 36--45. https://doi.org/10.1145/2482991.2482994

Digital Library

[64]

Anja Lambrecht and Catherine Tucker. 2019. Algorithmic Bias? An Empirical Study of Apparent Gender-Based Discrimination in the Display of STEM Career Ads. Management Science 65, 7 (2019), 2966--2981.

Digital Library

[65]

Cliff A.C. Lampe, Nicole Ellison, and Charles Steinfield. 2007. A Familiar Face(Book): Profile Elements as Signals in an Online Social Network. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI '07). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 435--444. https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240695

Digital Library

[66]

Makeba Lavan. 2015. THE NEGRO TWEETS HIS PRESENCE: BLACK TWITTER AS SOCIAL AND POLITICAL WATCHDOG. Modern Language Studies 45, 1 (2015), 56--65. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24616765

[67]

Latoya A. Lee. 2017. Black Twitter: A Response to Bias in Mainstream Media. Social Sciences 6, 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci6010026

[68]

Lena Mamykina, Drashko Nakikj, and Noemie Elhadad. 2015. Collective Sensemaking in Online Health Forums. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (CHI '15). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3217--3226. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702566

Digital Library

[69]

A. M. Martin. 2020. Black LinkedIn Is Thriving. Does LinkedIn Have a Problem With That? The New York Times (2020). https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/08/business/Black-linkedin.html

[70]

Alice E. Marwick and danah boyd. 2011. I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society 13, 1 (2011), 114--133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810365313 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810365313

[71]

Dong Nguyen, A. Seza Dogruoz, Carolyn Rose, and Franciska de Jong. 2015. "Computational Socialinguistics: A Survey.". Computational Linguistics 42 (2015), 3.

[72]

Ihudiya Finda Ogbonnaya-Ogburu, Angela D.R. Smith, Alexandra To, and Kentaro Toyama. 2020. Critical Race Theory for HCI. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Honolulu, HI, USA) (CHI '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--16. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376392

Digital Library

[73]

Bernd Pape, Leonard Reinecke, Markus Rohde, and Monique Strauss. 2003. E-Community-Building in WiInf-Central. In Proceedings of the 2003 International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work (Sanibel Island, Florida, USA) (GROUP '03). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 11--20. https://doi.org/10.1145/958160.958163

Digital Library

[74]

Krunal Dhiraj Patel, Andrew Heppner, Gautam Srivastava, and Vijay Mago. 2019. Analyzing Use of Twitter by Diabetes Online Community. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) (ASONAM '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 937--944. https://doi.org/10.1145/3341161.3343673

Digital Library

[75]

PBS. 2020. Driving While Black: Race, Space and Mobility in America. PBS (2020). https://www.pbs.org/video/driving-while-black-race-space-and-mobility-in-america-achvfr/

[76]

Sarah Perez. 2017. Twitter Today Starts Enforcing New Rules Around Violence and Hate. TechCrunch (2017). https://techcrunch.com/2017/12/18/twitter-today-starts-enforcing-new-rules-around-violence-and-hate/

[77]

Sarah Perez. 2020. Twitter claims increased enforcement of hate speech and abuse policies in last half of 2019. TechCrunch (2020). https://techcrunch.com/2020/08/19/twitter-claims-increased-enforcement-of-hate-speech-and-abuse-policies-in-last-half-of-2019/

[78]

Pritha Prasad. 2016. Beyond rights as recognition: Black Twitter and posthuman coalitional possibilities. Prose Studies 38, 1 (2016), 50--73. https://doi.org/10.1080/01440357.2016.1151763 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/01440357.2016.1151763

[79]

Anna Priante, Michel L Ehrenhard, Tijs van den Broek, and Ariana Need. 2018. Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research. New Media & Society 20, 7 (2018), 2647--2669. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817744783 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817744783 30581365.

[80]

Yolanda A. Rankin, Jakita O. Thomas, and Sheena Erete. 2021. Real Talk: Saturated Sites of Violence in CS Education. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 802--808. https://doi.org/10.1145/3408877.3432432

Digital Library

[81]

Elissa M. Redmiles, Jessica Bodford, and Lindsay Blackwell. 2019. "I Just Want to Feel Safe": A Diary Study of Safety Perceptions on Social Media. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 13, 01 (Jul. 2019), 405--416. https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/3356

[82]

Jennifer Reut. 2019. Travelguide: Vacation and Recreation Without Humiliation. Retrieved February 2, 2021 from https://savingplaces.org/stories/travelguide-vacation-and-recreation-without-humiliation#.YHJUSRNKh24

[83]

Richard Rothstein. 2017. The Color of Law: A forgotten history of how our government segregated America. W.W. Norton & Company, New York.

[84]

Maarten Sap, Dallas Card, Saadia Gabriel, Yejin Choi, and Noah A. Smith. 2020. The risk of racial bias in hate speech detection. ACL 2019 - 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Proceedings of the Conference (2020), 1668--1678. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19--1163

[85]

Morgan Klaus Scheuerman, Stacy M. Branham, and Foad Hamidi. 2018. Safe Spaces and Safe Places: Unpacking Technology-Mediated Experiences of Safety and Harm with Transgender People. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 2, CSCW, Article 155 (Nov. 2018), 27 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274424

Digital Library

[86]

Jacqueline Schiappa. 2015. #If TheyGunnedMeDown: The Necessity of "Black Twitter" and Hashtags in the Age of Ferguson. ProudFlesh: New Afrikan Journal of Culture, Politics and Consciousness 0, 10 (2015). https://www.africaknowledgeproject.org/index.php/proudflesh/article/view/2144

[87]

Hanna Schneider, Malin Eiband, Daniel Ullrich, and Andreas Butz. 2018. Empowerment in HCI - A Survey and Framework. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173818

Digital Library

[88]

Sarita Schoenebeck, Oliver L Haimson, and Lisa Nakamura. 2020. Drawing from justice theories to support targets of online harassment. New Media & Society 0, 0 (2020), 1461444820913122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820913122 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820913122

[89]

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Jean Blackwell Hutson Research and Reference Division, and The New York Public Library. 1930. Hackley & Harrison's hotel and apartment guide for colored travelers. The New York Public Library Digital Collections, New York.

[90]

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, and The New York Public Library. 1937. The Negro Motorist Green Book. The New York Public Library Digital Collections, New York.

[91]

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, and The New York Public Library. 1948. The Negro Motorist Green Book. The New York Public Library Digital Collections, New York.

[92]

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, and The New York Public Library. 1949. The Negro Motorist Green Book. The New York Public Library Digital Collections, New York.

[93]

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, and The New York Public Library. 1966. The Negro Motorist Green Book. The New York Public Library Digital Collections, New York.

[94]

John S. Seberger, Marissel Llavore, Nicholas Nye Wyant, Irina Shklovski, and Sameer Patil. 2021. Empowering Resignation: There's an App for That. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445293

Digital Library

[95]

Joseph Seering. 2020. Reconsidering Self-Moderation: The Role of Research in Supporting Community-Based Models for Online Content Moderation. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4, CSCW2, Article 107 (Oct. 2020), 28 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3415178

Digital Library

[96]

Bryan Semaan, Bryan Dosono, and Lauren M. Britton. 2017. "Impression Management in High Context Societies: 'Saving Face' with ICT.". In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. Article 37, 13 pages.

[97]

Sanjay Sharma. 2013. Black Twitter? Racial Hashtags, Networks and Contagion. New Formations 78, 78 (2013), 46--64. https://doi.org/10.3898/newf.78.02.2013

[98]

Gretchen Sullivan Sorin. 2020. Driving while Black : African American travel and the road to civil rights (first edition. ed.). Liveright Publishing Corporation, a division of W.W. Norton & Company, New York, NY.

[99]

Katta Spiel, Kathrin Gerling, Cynthia L. Bennett, Emeline Brulé, Rua M. Williams, Jennifer Rode, and Jennifer Mankoff. 2020. Nothing About Us Without Us: Investigating the Role of Critical Disability Studies in HCI. In Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Honolulu, HI, USA) (CHI EA '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--8. https://doi.org/10.1145/3334480.3375150

Digital Library

[100]

Denny L. Starks, Tawanna Dillahunt, and Oliver L. Haimson. 2019. Designing Technology to Support Safety for Transgender Women & Non-Binary People of Color. In Companion Publication of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2019 Companion (San Diego, CA, USA) (DIS '19 Companion). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 289--294. https://doi.org/10.1145/3301019.3323898

Digital Library

[101]

Tonia Sutherland. 2019. Social Media and the Black Travel Community: From Autonomous Space to Liberated Space. 9. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2019.265

[102]

Yla R. Tausczik, Laura A. Dabbish, and Robert E. Kraut. 2014. Building Loyalty to Online Communities through Bond and Identity-Based Attachment to Sub-Groups. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (Baltimore, Maryland, USA) (CSCW '14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 146--157. https://doi.org/10.1145/2531602.2531688

Digital Library

[103]

Candacy A. Taylor. 2020. Overground railroad : the Green Book and the roots of Black travel in America / Candacy Taylor. Abrams Press, New York.

[104]

Sheneese Thompson. 2015. Exploitation, Cultural Appropriation, and Degradation. American Cancer Society, 1--3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663202.wberen694 arXiv:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118663202.wberen694

[105]

Alexandra To, Wenxia Sweeney, Jessica Hammer, and Geoff Kaufman. 2020. "They Just Don't Get It": Towards Social Technologies for Coping with Interpersonal Racism. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4, CSCW1, Article 024 (May 2020), 29 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3392828

Digital Library

[106]

Jasper Tran O'Leary, Sara Zewde, Jennifer Mankoff, and Daniela K. Rosner. 2019. Who Gets to Future? Race, Representation, and Design Methods in Africatown. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300791

Digital Library

[107]

Jessica Vitak. 2012. The Impact of Context Collapse and Privacy on Social Network Site Disclosures. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 56, 4 (2012), 451--470. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2012.732140 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2012.732140

[108]

Apryl Williams and Vanessa Gonlin. 2017. I got all my sisters with me (on Black Twitter): second screening of How to Get Away with Murder as a discourse on Black Womanhood. Information, Communication & Society 20, 7 (2017), 984--1004. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1303077 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1303077

[109]

Woodrow W. Winchester. 2018. Afrofuturism, Inclusion, and the Design Imagination. Interactions 25, 2 (Feb. 2018), 41--45. https://doi.org/10.1145/3182655

Digital Library

[110]

Jill Palzkill Woelfer and David G. Hendry. 2012. Homeless Young People on Social Network Sites. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Austin, Texas, USA) (CHI '12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2825--2834. https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208686

Digital Library

[111]

Stefan Wojcik and Adam Hughes. 2019. "Sizing Up Twitter Users". Pew Research Center (2019). https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/

[112]

Jeffery Wu and Lim Chee Koon. 2012. Tangible Social-Media Application for the Elderly. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Rehabilitation Engineering & Assistive Technology (Tampines, Singapore) (i-CREATe '12). Singapore Therapeutic, Assistive & Rehabilitative Technologies (START) Centre, Midview City, SGP, Article 37, 4 pages.

Digital Library

[113]

Amulya Yadav, Hau Chan, Albert Xin Jiang, Haifeng Xu, Eric Rice, and Milind Tambe. 2016. Using Social Networks to Aid Homeless Shelters: Dynamic Influence Maximization under Uncertainty. In Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Autonomous Agents & Multiagent Systems (Singapore, Singapore) (AAMAS '16). International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC, 740--748.

[114]

Anon Ymous, Katta Spiel, Os Keyes, Rua M. Williams, Judith Good, Eva Hornecker, and Cynthia L. Bennett. 2020. "I Am Just Terrified of My Future" - Epistemic Violence in Disability Related Technology Research. In Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Honolulu, HI, USA) (CHI EA '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--16. https://doi.org/10.1145/3334480.3381828

Digital Library

[115]

Jing Zhang. 2017. Supporting Information Needs of Transitional Phases in Diabetes Management Through Online Health Communities. In Companion of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (Portland, Oregon, USA) (CSCW '17 Companion). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 107--111. https://doi.org/10.1145/3022198.3024942

Digital Library

Cited By

Lyu YCai JDosono BYadav DCarroll J(2024)"I Upload... All Types of Different Things to Say the World of Blindness Is More Than What They Think It Is": A Study of Blind TikTokers' Identity Work from a Flourishing PerspectiveProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36870138:CSCW2(1-24)Online publication date: 8-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3687013
Smith CKlassen SPrinster GTan CKeegan B(2024)Governance of the Black Experience on Reddit: r/BlackPeopleTwitter as a Case Study in Supporting Sense of Virtual Community for Black UsersProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36869208:CSCW2(1-32)Online publication date: 8-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3686920
Taylor JDeng WHolstein KFox SZhu H(2024)Carefully Unmaking the “Marginalized User:” A Diffractive Analysis of a Gay Online CommunityACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction10.1145/3673229Online publication date: 14-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3673229
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

More than a Modern Day Green Book: Exploring the Online Community of Black Twitter
1. Human-centered computing
  1. Collaborative and social computing
    1. Collaborative and social computing theory, concepts and paradigms
      1. Computer supported cooperative work
    2. Empirical studies in collaborative and social computing

Recommendations

Black Lives, Green Books, and Blue Checks: Comparing the Content of the Negro Motorist Green Book to the Content on Black Twitter
GROUP

The Negro Motorist Green Book was a publication that offered resources for the Black traveler from 1936 to 1966. More than a directory of Black-friendly businesses, it also offered articles that provided insights for how best to travel safely, engagement ...
Governance of the Black Experience on Reddit: r/BlackPeopleTwitter as a Case Study in Supporting Sense of Virtual Community for Black Users
CSCW

Despite frequent efforts to combat racism, almost no research has explored how to cultivate positive experiences of thriving Black culture on Reddit. In this case study, we surveyed users of r/BlackPeopleTwitter (BPT)--a large, popular subreddit that ...
Community based Hashtag Recommender System (CHRS) for twitter

The microblogging service Twitter has witnessed a rapid increase in its adopters ever since it’s discovery in October 2006. Today it has become a medium of communication as well as spread of information. Hashtags are created in twitter by users whenever ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction

Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction Volume 5, Issue CSCW2

CSCW2

October 2021

5376 pages

EISSN:2573-0142

DOI:10.1145/3493286

Editor:
Jeff Nichols
Apple Inc., United States

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2021 Owner/Author.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License.

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 18 October 2021

Published in PACMHCI Volume 5, Issue CSCW2

Check for updates

Badges

Honorable Mention

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Funding Sources

National Science Foundation

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

26
Total Citations
View Citations
6,026
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)3,175
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)204

Reflects downloads up to 12 Dec 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Lyu YCai JDosono BYadav DCarroll J(2024)"I Upload... All Types of Different Things to Say the World of Blindness Is More Than What They Think It Is": A Study of Blind TikTokers' Identity Work from a Flourishing PerspectiveProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36870138:CSCW2(1-24)Online publication date: 8-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3687013
Smith CKlassen SPrinster GTan CKeegan B(2024)Governance of the Black Experience on Reddit: r/BlackPeopleTwitter as a Case Study in Supporting Sense of Virtual Community for Black UsersProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36869208:CSCW2(1-32)Online publication date: 8-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3686920
Taylor JDeng WHolstein KFox SZhu H(2024)Carefully Unmaking the “Marginalized User:” A Diffractive Analysis of a Gay Online CommunityACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction10.1145/3673229Online publication date: 14-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3673229
Egede LConey LJohnson BHarrington CFord D(2024)"For Us By Us": Intentionally Designing Technology for Lived Black ExperiencesProceedings of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference10.1145/3643834.3661535(3210-3224)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3643834.3661535
Chen APark CDarkwa AHolliday RBest M(2024)"We're Not in That Circle of Misinformation": Understanding Community-Based Trusted Messengers Through Cultural Code-SwitchingProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36374298:CSCW1(1-36)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3637429
Prinster GSmith CTan CKeegan B(2024)Community Archetypes: An Empirical Framework for Guiding Research Methodologies to Reflect User Experiences of Sense of Virtual Community on RedditProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36373108:CSCW1(1-33)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3637310
Jonas RDe ACotter K(2024)"We happen to be different and different is not bad": Designing for Intersectional Fat-Positive Information-SeekingProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642599(1-17)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642599
Taylor JSimpson ETran ABrubaker JFox SZhu H(2024)Cruising Queer HCI on the DL: A Literature Review of LGBTQ+ People in HCIProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642494(1-21)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642494
Nivedhitha KPasricha PAngelin Vilma G(2024)How green social network affordances enhance pro‐environmental behaviour?International Journal of Consumer Studies10.1111/ijcs.1303848:2Online publication date: 10-Mar-2024
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.13038
Grant RLyons N(2024)Focusing on the fellas: Stacey Abrams’ social media campaign addresses misogynoir in U.S. politicsCommunication, Culture & Critique10.1093/ccc/tcae047Online publication date: 29-Nov-2024
https://doi.org/10.1093/ccc/tcae047
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents