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Article

Evaluating Energy Retrofit and Indoor Environmental Quality in a Serbian Sports Facility: A Comprehensive Case Study

by
Mirjana Miletić
1,*,
Dragan Komatina
2,
Lidija Babić
1 and
Jasmina Lukić
1
1
Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
2
Faculty of Architecture, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9401; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209401
Submission received: 7 August 2024 / Revised: 11 September 2024 / Accepted: 10 October 2024 / Published: 15 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)
Browse Figures
Figure 1
<p>Voždovac Sports Centre. (<b>a</b>) Building layout with thermal zones; (<b>b</b>) Universal hall; (<b>c</b>) Offices. Photos taken by author.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Model of the Voždovac Sports Centre SC2 IES VE model.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Final annual energy consumption for the SC2 Voždovac Sports Centre.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Position of the office space (<b>a</b>) and universal hall (<b>b</b>) for comfort analysis.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Air temperature in the northwest office of the SC2 model over the course of a year (<b>a</b>) and on the day when the temperature reaches its highest value (<b>b</b>).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Lighting in the office of the SC2 model; (<b>a</b>) lighting during the day; (<b>b</b>) values of DF, FlucsDL; (<b>c</b>) day lighting analysis in perspective, day lighting analysis, RadianceIES, IES VE.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Comfort index for the administration office (<b>a</b>) annually; (<b>b</b>) percentage per year.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Air temperature in the universal sports hall of the SC2 model over the course of a year (<b>a</b>); air temperature for July 11th (<b>b</b>), based on the Apache module, VistaPro, IES VE.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Lighting in the universal sports hall at the SC2 Center, (<b>a</b>) daylighting DF; (<b>b</b>) lux values, RadianceIES, IES VE; (<b>c</b>) perspective view with day lighting values, day lighting, and electric lighting simulations.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Comfort index throughout the year (<b>a</b>); the maximum value during the coldest day in January (<b>b</b>).</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Energy consumption for Voždovac Sports Centre for Scenarios 1, 2, and 3.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Comparison analysis for Scenarios 1, 2, and 3: (<b>a</b>) comfort index for the selected office; (<b>b</b>) comfort index for universal sports hall.</p> ">
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
This research addresses the challenge of enhancing energy efficiency in public buildings while maintaining or improving occupant comfort. With stricter modern energy regulations, many older facilities, such as sports halls built between 1960 and 1980, face the need for renovation to meet current standards. The central research question investigates what measures can be implemented to improve the energy efficiency of sports halls without compromising comfort for the occupants. This study examines strategies, techniques, and possibilities for optimizing energy performance during the rehabilitation of universal sports halls within sports centers. It includes a theoretical and analytical evaluation of various measures in line with existing regulations and thermal comfort requirements. This research uses simulation software, the Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment, to model different Passive House measures applied to a case study of a sports center built in 1976 in Belgrade. This study provides practical guidelines for enhancing thermal insulation on the building’s envelope to achieve energy savings. The application of these measures demonstrates that significant energy savings can be realized by focusing on specific sections of the building, such as the administrative areas, rather than the entire facility. The findings offer valuable insights into energy-optimization strategies for existing sports facilities, highlighting the practical application of measures to improve energy performance in a real-world context. The results contribute to the development of effective renovation practices for older sports buildings, ensuring they meet modern energy efficiency standards while maintaining optimal comfort for users.

1. Introduction

The energy consumption of sports buildings is a critical aspect of their design and operation, as it significantly impacts both their environmental footprint and operational costs [1]. Efficient energy use in these structures is essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainability in the sports sector [2]. Integrating renewable energy sources and advanced energy-management systems can greatly enhance the energy efficiency of sports facilities [3]. Additionally, careful consideration of insulation, lighting, and HVAC systems during the design phase can lead to substantial long-term savings and improved environmental performance [4]. These structures often require significant energy inputs due to their large spaces, high ceilings, and the need for specialized climate control systems [5]. The energy demand is influenced by factors such as lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and hot water for showers and swimming pools [6].
To enhance energy efficiency in sports buildings, various energy-saving measures can be implemented. These include installing energy-efficient lighting systems, such as LED fixtures, which consume less electricity and have a longer lifespan [7]. Additionally, optimizing the HVAC system with energy-efficient equipment and smart controls can significantly reduce energy consumption as well as building energy management systems [8]. The use of renewable energy sources, such as solar panels or geothermal systems, can further contribute to sustainability [9,10].
Comfort conditions are another essential consideration in sports buildings. Thermal comfort is subjective, varying from person to person based on factors like preferences, clothing, and activity level. Environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity also play a significant role in individual perceptions of comfort [11]. These facilities must maintain appropriate temperature, humidity, and air quality to ensure a comfortable environment for athletes and spectators [12]. This can be achieved by incorporating advanced climate control systems or proper insulation to prevent heat loss or gain, which are considered passive design strategies. Additionally, natural ventilation and daylighting can enhance comfort while reducing energy use [13]. By adopting sustainable practices and technologies, these buildings can achieve energy efficiency while maintaining a pleasant environment for all users [14].
Most sports facilities in Serbia were built between 1960 and 1980, and many sports centers in Belgrade share similar characteristics. These centers generally feature a main sports hall and additional areas designed to support its operations. The main sports hall is typically multifunctional and used for various indoor team sports such as basketball, volleyball, or handball. Sports centers are organized into distinct spaces, primarily designated for public use, players, management, and technical equipment [15].
Energy consumption in sports buildings is influenced by several key factors, including location, size, and the materials used in their construction [16]. The energy demand in these facilities encompasses both thermal energy for heating and electrical energy for operating equipment, air conditioning, ventilation, and lighting systems [17,18,19,20]. The local climate is a major determinant of energy consumption levels, with sports buildings in Mediterranean climates typically requiring around 260 kWh/m2, while those in continental climates may consume up to 490 kWh/m2 due to harsher weather conditions [21,22].
The comfort requirements for different user groups, such as the public and players, as well as the variety of services provided within the facility, significantly impact energy use. Ensuring the right comfort levels often involves balancing the needs of spectators and athletes, which can lead to increased energy consumption. Unfortunately, many existing sports buildings fall short of current environmental standards, making it essential to retrofit and upgrade these structures to enhance their energy efficiency and reduce their environmental impact. By addressing these challenges, sports facilities can better meet modern sustainability goals while providing comfortable and efficient environments for all users [23,24,25,26,27,28].
This article focuses on improving the energy performance of the envelope of the Voždovac Sports Centre in Belgrade. It is a typical sports center with a compact layout. The main sports hall and the administrative building are treated as distinct thermal zones due to their differing comfort requirements [15]. Different Passive House measures applied to the building, possibilities, and outcomes were simulated in the software package Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment, which is approved by USGBC, ASHRAE, CIBSE, and the U.S. Department of Energy [15].

2. Legislative Review

When discussing sustainability parameters in the design, construction, and maintenance of sports facilities, it can be noted that there is no specific international law; rather, national laws and regulations of individual federations must be adhered to. As of today, in most European Union Countries, the design and construction of sports areas from an energy-saving perspective is not subject to specific legislation. The fundamental document applied to such facilities is the Energy Performance of Building Directive 2002/91 (EPBD 2002/91) [29].
The key documents concerning International Standards and Regulations on Energy Efficiency and Categorization of Sports facilities are as follows:
  • The Directive on Energy Performance of the Buildings (EPBD 2010/31/EU) aims to reduce energy consumption in construction by introducing a building energy efficiency certificate containing data on energy performance calculations [30];
  • The Directive on Energy End Use Efficiency and Energy Services (Directive 2006/32/EC) defines how services should operate, maintain, and control to enhance energy efficiency [31];
  • The ASHRAE (American Society for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineers) sets standards for comfort conditions, addressing factors like temperature, humidity, ventilation, activity levels, and clothing [32];
  • Building environment design—indoor air quality—includes methods of expressing the quality of indoor air for human occupancy, BSI—BS ISO 16814 [33];
  • Ventilation for Buildings, Design Criteria for the Indoor Environment CEN CR 1752, defines design criteria for the indoor environment [34,35].
In Serbia, there are various documents aimed at regulating pollution reduction, increasing energy efficiency, and mitigating the impact of climate change on the environment. Although this documentation is already in use, it takes some time to assess its effectiveness:
  • The National Strategy for Sustainable Development till 2030. This document emphasizes the importance of implementing so-called clean technologies, increasing energy efficiency, and utilizing renewable energy sources [36];
  • The Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia by 2025. This document defines priorities related to increasing energy efficiency in production, distribution, and energy use [37];
  • Low on Efficient Use of Energy regulates local energy planning and prescribes obligations related to energy efficiency at the local self-government [38];
  • The Regulation on the Conditions, Content, and Manner of Issuing Certificates of Energy Properties of Buildings anticipates the creation of energy passports for buildings, defining requirements for both new and existing objects [39];
  • The Regulation on Energy Efficiency of Buildings (2011) specifies energy properties and the method of calculating the thermal properties of high-rise buildings, formulating energy requirements for new and existing structures [40].
The existence of these documents indicates that planning practices in Serbia are aligning with contemporary European trends, promoting elements of sustainable development and energy efficiency.

3. Literature Review

A literature review on the topic of energy consumption, energy-saving measures, and comfort conditions in sports buildings typically explores the following research areas [41]:
  • Energy consumption
Sports buildings, such as stadiums, arenas, gyms, and swimming pools, often have high energy demands due to their size, usage patterns, and the need for specialized equipment [42]. The literature frequently examines energy intensity while quantifying energy consumption by comparing it with other building types [15].
While exploring the consumption of energy in these buildings, it is very important to make a difference between various operational phases, such as regular training sessions, events, and maintenance periods that significantly influence energy consumption [16]. The literature highlights how event-specific peaks, such as during large games or concerts, can lead to short-term spikes in energy use [43]. All of these activities of players and spectators were taken under consideration while simulating energy performance.
  • Energy-saving measures
Research in this area focuses on strategies to reduce energy consumption while maintaining or improving users’ comfort [44]. Key measures include the transition from traditional lighting systems to energy-efficient LEDs [44]; advanced HVAC systems with variable-speed drives, smart controls, and energy-recovery systems [5]; and measures concerning building envelope, insulation, window glazing, and shading devices in minimizing thermal losses [45]. The literature often emphasizes the importance of Renewable Energy Integration, such as solar panels and geothermal systems [46,47,48].
  • Comfort conditions
Maintaining comfort conditions is crucial in sports buildings to ensure the well-being of athletes and spectators. The literature explores thermal comfort, Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), and Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) [49]. Research suggests that maintaining a stable indoor temperature and humidity level is key to ensuring comfort, especially in spaces with high occupant density as sports centers [49]; it also explores air quality where proper ventilation systems are essential to maintain healthy air quality, particularly in enclosed spaces where activities may generate high levels of CO2 or other pollutants [50], as well as acoustic comfort, which is vital in sports facilities [51], where noise levels can be high. Studies examine the use of sound-absorbing materials and acoustic design to minimize disturbances [52].
The literature also identifies challenges in improving energy efficiency in sports buildings, such as the complexity of retrofitting existing structures and the need for more comprehensive data on energy use [53]. Future research directions may include the development of advanced energy monitoring systems, the exploration of new materials and technologies, and the investigation of user behavior’s impact on energy consumption [54,55,56].
In summary, the literature review underscores the significant energy demands of sports buildings and the various measures available to reduce consumption while ensuring comfort. It highlights the importance of a holistic approach, integrating energy efficiency with sustainable design and operation practices [57].
Table 1 gives an overview of the possible implementation of the Serbian (RS) and international legislation in energy retrofitting of the sports facilities according to the defined research areas: energy consumption, energy-saving measures, and comfort conditions:

4. Research Questions

The following research questions were identified, focusing on improvement using passive strategies and positions of its implementation in the sports centers [49];
RQ1: Is it feasible to implement energy-retrofitting strategies specifically for the sports center administration, excluding the sports hall, to achieve a significant reduction in overall energy consumption to upgrade the energy class of the building by one level?
RQ2: Can energy-retrofitting strategies be effectively implemented in a sports hall within a sports center without extending these measures to the entire building, thereby achieving a significant reduction in energy consumption while maintaining or enhancing occupant comfort?
The first question explores the potential for significant energy savings by applying retrofitting strategies to the sports center as a whole, but specifically excluding the sports hall, having in mind two separate thermal zones. This inquiry seeks to determine whether comprehensive retrofitting of other areas within the sports center while leaving the sports hall, as different thermal zones, unchanged, can result in meaningful reductions in energy consumption to improve the energy class of a building in accordance with legislation and the law on energy efficiency by one level [39].
These research questions aim to investigate the effectiveness and implications of targeted energy-retrofitting strategies within a sports center.
The second question examines whether it is possible to achieve substantial energy savings and enhanced comfort by applying retrofitting measures solely to the sports hall without necessitating the implementation of similar measures throughout the entire facility. The focus here is on understanding whether localized improvements can yield significant energy benefits while ensuring that the sports hall’s operational performance and occupant comfort are preserved or enhanced. It has to be mentioned that the same improvement measures were tested on a facility belonging to the same category but of a different form, an object of dispersed form, in the broader context of the research [15].
Both questions are designed to provide a nuanced understanding of how targeted energy-retrofitting measures, thermal insulation in this case, can balance energy efficiency with occupant comfort and operational efficacy, contributing to more informed decision making in the context of sports facility management and renovation.

5. Materials and Methods

To address the identified and explore research questions, the Voždovac Sports Centre in Belgrade underwent a detailed analysis of various interventions aimed at enhancing indoor comfort and reducing energy consumption. The analysis involved examining the building’s location, structural elements, and thermal envelope performance, leading to the creation of two improvement scenarios: Scenarios 1 (RQ1) and 2 (RQ2).
In Scenario 1, various refurbishment measures were applied to the thermal envelope of the building, excluding the main hall, while in Scenario 2, these measures were exclusively implemented in the main sports hall only. The measures for the different structure positions are proposed while keeping in mind two different thermal zones of the same building: main sports hall and the rest of the building [15]. These analyses are part of a larger study that examines another sports building in the same urban area, with the same dimensions of the sports hall but with a fragmented layout. A comparison of the analyses of both models was also conducted. Shape factor of the facilities and cost–benefit of the improvements of the buildings in the same category is a subject of future research and considered as a shortcoming of the current research [58].
The methodological approach involved several key steps. Initially, the existing building model was evaluated to determine its current state [59]. Following this, thermal envelope elements requiring refurbishment were identified, with priority given to those with the highest transmission losses. Measures for energy improvement were then defined, proposing architectural refurbishment actions that meet EnerPHit/EnerPHit+ standards (Passive House Certificate for retrofits) [60], resulting in the creation of Scenario 1 and Scenario 2. The effects of the applied measures were analyzed by evaluating parameters such as final energy consumption (Qh, nd [kWh/m2a]) and achieved comfort conditions, considering the impacts both individually and cumulatively. Finally, a comparative analysis of Scenario 1, Scenario 2, and Scenario 3 (total facility retrofitting) was conducted to determine their relative effectiveness. Comfort conditions were evaluated for each proposed scenario [59].

5.1. Case Study—Energy Retrofit of Voždovac Sports Centre in Belgrade, Serbia

The Voždovac Sports Centre is located on the southwestern edge of Belgrade, about 5 km from the city center. It sits on the periphery of the city, adjacent to a forested area. Figure 1 provides visual representations of both the exterior and interior of the building.
The building under consideration possesses several structural and architectural features that hold significance for the subsequent analysis. It comprises two stories with a total floor area of 6098.86 m2, inclusive of the basement. The main sports hall, with a seating capacity of 2000, is positioned at the center, with seats on both sides of the court. The total façade area, including basement, amounts to 2635.6 m2, with 35.8% of it being glazed. Window opening area is 212.46 m2. The structural system is a metal skeleton, complemented by brick walls serving as infill.
Additional crucial details related to the building’s operations are presented in Table 2. This includes information about working hours and the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system implemented within the structure [59].

Thermal Envelope of the Sports Centre Voždovac

Table 3 gives an overview of the structural elements of the thermal envelope.

6. Results

The energy efficiency of the existing building, along with the models for Scenario 1, Scenario 2, and Scenario 3, was simulated using the Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment 2017 software package (IES VE) for the climatic conditions of Belgrade. Climatic factors such as the annual variation in air temperature and relative humidity, solar insolation, radiation intensity, and wind patterns are characteristics of the location where the building is situated. When renovating this building and its technical systems, it is very important to understand the climatic characteristics of the area. These data serve as input for calculations of energy consumption as well as for assessing comfort conditions within the building [59].
For the examination of a building’s energy efficiency through simulations, i.e., for determining thermal and energy behavior with the aim of optimizing energy performance, it is necessary to have data on the climatic and hydrometeorological conditions of the building’s location—in this case, Belgrade. The optimization of a building’s energy performance was carried out using an appropriate Typical Meteorological Year for Belgrade (a thirty-year period). The average mean, daily maximum, and minimum temperatures and humidity values for Belgrade are provided in Table 4 [59].
The case study model was initially created in SketchUp and subsequently transferred to IES VE 2017, as illustrated in Figure 2. The sports center features a total heated floor area of 6098.85 m2, and the overall heated volume of the building is 35,529.56 m3.
The operating hours, as summarized in Table 1, differ between the main sports hall and the other parts of the building. These two segments are treated as separate thermal zones due to distinct thermal requirements. For the simulation of the existing situation, the infiltration rate was set at 0.2 air changes per hour (ACH). In terms of air exchange, there is no natural ventilation in the main sports hall, while it exists in other parts of the building [61].
Simulated indoor air temperatures during the heating period (mid-October to mid-March) are maintained at 16 °C for the main sports hall (ranging from 12 °C to 18 °C for sports activities) and 20 °C for the rest of the building (with a comfort range of 24 °C for locker rooms and 26 °C for administration), as per CIBSE Guide A, 2015 [62]. From mid-May to mid-October, the simulated indoor air temperature is set at 20 °C for the main sports hall and 26 °C for all other spaces, following the Rule book on the Energy Efficiency of Buildings (Official Gazette of RS, No. 61/2011) [40]. However, in line with European standards, thermal comfort during summer should not exceed 10% of occupancy hours above 25 °C throughout the year [59].
Internal thermal gains in the main sports hall are influenced by several factors, including lighting in the sports arena, occupancy levels, equipment within the arena, computers in the administrative area, as well as lighting and occupancy by individuals.

6.1. Energy Consumption

The diagram presents the outcomes of simulated conditions, energy consumption, and the baseline scenario, which represents the existing state prior to any improvements (Figure 2). After conducting dynamic simulations, the following values were derived:
  QH, nd = 1021.69 MWh/a
qh, nd = QH, nd/Af
              = 1021.69/6098.85 MWh/m2a = 0.168 MWh/m2a
        QH, nd, rel = (168/90) × 100 = 186.7%
QH, nd, rel ≤ 200 for buildings designated for sports and recreation, representing class E.
The diagram shows the annual consumption of total energy for the SC1 facility (Figure 3) calculated using the software package IES VE, Apache module, VistaPro.
Based on the calculation, the annual electricity consumption amounts to 156,000 kWh. Simulation conditions yielded a consumption of 154.35 MWh annually, which is considered as a very satisfactory deviation.

6.2. Thermal Comfort of the Existing State

Figure 4a illustrates the location of the office within the facility, positioned in the northwest section. The office spans an area of 25 m2 and has a volume of 87.5 m3. The exterior wall has a surface area of 17.5 m2, while the glazed opening area measures 12.5 m2.
On 10 July at 18:30, the temperature in the northwest office reaches 31.6 °C, which is above the acceptable maximum of 26 °C for office spaces within the sports building. Conversely, the lowest temperature in the office is recorded on January 18th at 06:30, just before the heating system activates, and is below freezing. During the summer, the temperature exceeds 26 °C only 6.5% of the time, which is considered very satisfactory. Figure 5 depicts the variations in annual air temperature in the office space (Figure 5a) and the temperature profile for the hottest day of the year, 10 July (Figure 5b).
In the observed space, the minimum lighting level is 264.2 lux, while the maximum is 3000 lux (Figure 6). Curtains that are already installed are necessary.
During the winter period, the comfort index for the administration’s working hours ranges between 4 and 5, indicating an acceptably cool environment. Throughout the winter, 72% of the time spent in the office has a comfort index below 6. In contrast, during the summer, the comfort index varies from 7 to 10, with 7 and 8 representing a pleasant condition and 9 and 10 indicating an acceptably warm environment. At 14.8% of the time, the comfort index exceeds 8. Figure 7 shows the fluctuations in the comfort index throughout the year (Figure 7a) and the annual percentage distribution of these values (Figure 7b).
It is necessary to analyze comfort for universal sport hall separately, keeping in mind that this space represent different thermal zones.
Figure 4b illustrates the location of the hall within the facility. The hall covers an area of 2395.4 m2, with a volume of 21,747.5 m3. The exterior wall surface area is 884.1 m2, and the area of the openings is 460.4 m2.
In the model, the universal sports hall peaks at 31.1 °C on 11 July at 17:30. Throughout 41% of the hall’s total occupancy hours, the air temperature exceeds 16 °C, which is the lower limit used for simulating conditions during the heating period. This is deemed highly unfavorable for sports activities. The lowest recorded temperature of 2 °C occurs on 25 December (see Figure 8).
At the SC2 Center’s universal sports hall, nearly the entire playing area is illuminated with lighting levels between 300 and 500 lux, which is optimal for both recreational and professional sports activities. The highest illumination level, reaching 700 lux, is found along the perimeter of the playing area (refer to Figure 9).
During the winter, the comfort index in the hall ranges from 3 to 4, reflecting conditions from uncomfortably cold to pleasantly cool. In the summer, the index ranges from 7 to 9, indicating from pleasant to moderately warm conditions. For 73.2% of the time spent in the hall, the comfort index is below 6, signifying conditions that range from uncomfortably cold to cool. Approximately 21.4% of the time is considered comfortable, while only 8% of the summer hours are moderately warm. The comfort index exceeds 8 for just 5.4% of the total hours in the space (see Figure 10).

6.3. Measures for Improvement of Elements of Thermal Envelope

The initial improvement strategy focuses on enhancing thermal insulation by upgrading both the material type and thickness. Improving or adding thermal insulation is regarded as one of the most effective measures for boosting individual energy efficiency, and it can be applied either internally or externally. In this case study, the proposed approach involves increasing the thickness of the thermal insulation to 15 cm using either rock wool or XPS on the interior side of the thermal envelope. Additionally, enhancements to the glazed areas are recommended, including the use of Low-E Triple Glazing with a solar factor (SC) of 0.2. These measures are designed to meet the criteria outlined by the EnerPHit/EnerPHit+ certification from the Passive House Institute, which sets maximum thermal transmittance values for various components of the thermal envelope. The corresponding U-values are detailed in Table 4.
The simulation results for energy performance, both before and after refurbishment, are summarized for Scenario 1 (the Sports Centre building excluding the main sports hall) in Table 5, Scenario 2 (the main sports hall) in Table 6, and Scenario 3 (total facility improvement) in Table 7. Each proposed intervention is evaluated based on the heating energy parameter (Qh, nd), which is measured in kilowatt-hours per square meter per year [kWh/m2a].
Implementing measures that fulfill the minimum requirements of the EnerPHit certification can lead to substantial energy savings for heating, totaling 51.6%. When a comprehensive set of measures is applied to all selected areas, the building achieves a C energy rating. Additionally, comfort conditions in the office were enhanced, with the percentage of time considered comfortable increasing from 13.1% to 15.5%.
If the mentioned improvement measures are applied only to the universal hall in the facility, considering it as a separate thermal zone, it is possible to achieve an improvement in the entire facility by one energy class through the implementation of the package of proposed measures. If all measures are applied, the energy savings are 20%.
Improvement scenario 3, total facility retrofitting, is presented in Table 7.
A 64.9% energy saving was achieved by applying the mentioned measures to the entire building, which improved the building by two energy levels.

6.4. Comparative Analysis of Scenario 1, Scenario 2, and Scenario 3

The comparative analysis of Scenario 1, Scenario 2, and the combined Scenario 3 concerning energy consumption and comfort level is presented in Table 8 and Figure 11. When Scenario 1 is integrated with Scenario 2, encompassing the entire building refurbishment, a 64.9% energy savings is attained. The building is elevated from an E to a C energy level, consistent with the outcome of Scenario 1.
The comparative analysis of energy consumption for Scenario 1, Scenario 2, and Scenario 3, as shown in Table 6, is illustrated in Figure 11.
The comfort analysis is shown in Figure 12. Figure 12a shows the comfort index for the selected office; Figure 12b shows the comfort index for the universal sports hall.

7. Discussion

In the context of sports buildings, passive energy-saving measures focus on design and material strategies that reduce energy consumption without relying solely on active systems [63]. The basic measures include enhancing the thermal insulation of the building envelope that can significantly reduce heat loss and gain, leading to lower heating and cooling energy requirements [48].
In the analysis and execution of energy simulations, various technologies have been considered [64]. However, the primary focus has been on passive measures and improvement in the thermal envelope of some parts of the building. These measures are emphasized due to their potential for significant impact on achieving comfortable indoor conditions while optimizing energy use [65].
Specifically, passive strategies, such as improvement in the thermal envelope of the whole sports center or only one part, give answers to the defined research question:
RQ1: Is it feasible to implement energy-retrofitting strategies specifically for the sports center, excluding the sports hall, to achieve a significant reduction in overall energy consumption to upgrade the energy class of the building by one level?
In Scenario 1, the focus is on improving the energy efficiency of the building’s office spaces while deliberately excluding the main sports hall from retrofitting measures. This scenario provides insights into how targeted retrofitting interventions in non-sports hall areas can impact both comfort and energy savings.
The retrofitting measures applied to the office spaces resulted in a 15.8% improvement in overall comfort. This enhancement is indicative of the positive effects of energy-efficient upgrades, such as improved insulation, better window glazing, and optimized HVAC systems, on indoor comfort levels. Enhanced comfort can be attributed to reduced thermal fluctuations, improved air quality, and more stable indoor temperatures, which collectively contribute to a more pleasant working environment [66].
Despite the overall comfort improvement, there is a noted decrease in the percentage of comfortable hours during the occupancy period in the office spaces. This reduction suggests that while retrofitting measures improve overall comfort, there might be specific instances or conditions where the comfort levels are less optimal [67].
The estimated energy savings for space heating amount to 51.6%. This significant reduction in energy consumption highlights the effectiveness of the retrofitting measures in improving energy efficiency and upgrading facility energy class for two levels, from E to C.
Scenario 1 demonstrates that targeted energy retrofitting in office spaces can lead to substantial energy savings and improved overall comfort. However, it also reveals the potential for decreased comfort during specific occupancy periods, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to retrofitting that balances energy efficiency with occupant comfort. Further investigation into specific comfort issues and the implementation of advanced control systems may enhance the effectiveness of energy-retrofitting measures while maintaining or improving occupant satisfaction [68].
RQ2: Can energy-retrofitting strategies be effectively implemented in a sports hall within a sports center without extending these measures to the entire building, thereby achieving a significant reduction in energy consumption while maintaining or enhancing occupant comfort and operational performance?
In Scenario 2, the focus is on retrofitting the thermal envelope of the main sports hall, which involves enhancing insulation, upgrading windows, and improving overall building envelope performance. This scenario aims to evaluate the effects of these improvements on energy consumption and occupant comfort within the sports hall [69].
The retrofitting measures applied to the main sports hall resulted in a 20.7% reduction in energy consumption for heating. This substantial decrease in energy use highlights the effectiveness of improving the thermal envelope.
The percentage of hours with a positive comfort index increases from 13.4% to 21.6% of the total occupancy. This improvement reflects the enhanced comfort levels achieved through retrofitting. The increase in comfort is particularly significant given the sports hall’s diverse user groups, which include the challenge of balancing comfort requirements for different groups within the sports hall [70].
Scenario 2 demonstrates that retrofitting the thermal envelope of the main sports hall can lead to significant energy savings and improved comfort levels. The 20.7% reduction in heating energy consumption and the increase in the comfort index reflect the effectiveness of these measures in addressing the diverse needs of both spectators and players. Further refinement of comfort control strategies and continuous monitoring can enhance the balance between energy efficiency and occupant satisfaction, leading to an optimized sports facility environment.

8. Conclusions

Integrating passive energy-saving measures in sports buildings offers a promising approach to enhancing energy efficiency while maintaining or improving occupant comfort. By prioritizing design improvements and material upgrades, sports facilities can achieve significant energy reductions and support broader sustainability goals. Future research should continue to explore innovative passive strategies and their impact on energy consumption, with an emphasis on practical applications and performance outcomes [6].
Incorporating passive measures into the design and renovation of sports buildings is essential for achieving a balance between energy efficiency and occupant comfort [71].
In Europe, approximately 1.5 million sports facilities have been constructed, many of which continue to operate at full capacity. This substantial number of facilities constitutes roughly 8% of the total building stock in certain countries and regions. These facilities are significant not only in terms of their number but also due to their impact on energy consumption. Sports facilities are responsible for approximately 10% of the overall global energy consumption, highlighting their importance in the context of energy efficiency improvements within the building sector. Additionally, sports facilities occupy a significant portion of built space, accounting for approximately 4% of the total built area in Europe. This considerable footprint underscores the critical role that these buildings play in regional and national energy strategies, particularly in efforts to enhance energy efficiency and reduce overall energy use [72,73,74].
In Serbia, while construction practices have improved recently, they have historically not focused on energy optimization. Today, energy optimization is a critical topic in professional discussions, particularly for residential buildings. Analysis of the entire building stock shows that nearly 50% of energy is consumed during building operations. This highlights the considerable economic and environmental importance of implementing measures to improve energy efficiency [75].
The implementation of targeted refurbishment measures aimed at enhancing the thermal performance of both transparent and opaque components of the thermal envelope can lead to significant reductions in energy consumption for space heating. In the context of this study, Scenario 1 (RQ1) involves the refurbishment of the building while excluding the main sports hall from the upgrades. Under this scenario, office comfort levels see an improvement of 15.8%. However, there is a noted decrease in the percentage of hours during which the office remains comfortable throughout the occupancy period. Despite this, Scenario 1 achieves a substantial 51.6% reduction in energy consumption for space heating.
Scenario 2 (RQ2), on the other hand, focuses specifically on enhancing the thermal envelope of the main sports hall. This scenario results in a 20.7% decrease in heating energy consumption, alongside a notable increase in the proportion of hours with a positive comfort index, rising from 13.4% to 21.6% of the total occupancy period. This improvement is particularly significant given the varying comfort requirements of the different occupant groups within the sports hall—namely, spectators and players engaged in physically demanding activities.
When the interventions outlined in Scenario 3, improvement of the whole sports facility, are implemented, it provides a 64.9% savings, and comfort conditions in the sports hall are slightly improved compared to Scenario 2, which raises questions about the economic justification of the investment. Notably, the findings suggest that implementing Scenario 1 alone yields comfort levels and energy savings comparable to Scenario 3. Therefore, Scenario 1 represents a more efficient strategy for improving the building’s energy class, achieving significant energy savings while maintaining satisfactory comfort levels [59].
Given the explicit economic assessments, it can be concluded that if the economic dimension is significant, as it invariably is, Scenario 1 emerges as the optimal solution for this type of building.
These findings might be generalized to other types of sports buildings or different geographic locations with varying climate conditions, providing valuable insights for broader applications for buildings with two thermal zones. By adapting the results to different sports building designs and environmental settings, the principles derived from the study could help optimize energy efficiency and occupant comfort across a wide range of scenarios. However, it is essential to consider the specific characteristics of each building type and location to ensure that the generalizations are both accurate and effective in practice.
By focusing on strategies such as thermal insulation, as presented in this research, advanced glazing, natural ventilation, day lighting, thoughtful building orientation, and innovative materials can improve indoor comfort while reducing energy consumption. Future research should continue to explore and refine these passive strategies, comfort level, and economic aspects to optimize their effectiveness in various sports building contexts [76].

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.M.; methodology, M.M.; software, M.M.; writing—original draft preparation, M.M., D.K. and L.B.; writing—review and editing, L.B., D.K. and J.L.; visualization, J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia, contract No. 451-03-65/2024-03/200155, realized by the Faculty of Technical Sciences in Kosovska Mitrovica, University of Pristina and University of Montenegro.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

This paper is a part of research UDK No. 725.85:620.9(497.11)”1960/1980”(043.3).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Voždovac Sports Centre. (a) Building layout with thermal zones; (b) Universal hall; (c) Offices. Photos taken by author.
Figure 1. Voždovac Sports Centre. (a) Building layout with thermal zones; (b) Universal hall; (c) Offices. Photos taken by author.
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Figure 2. Model of the Voždovac Sports Centre SC2 IES VE model.
Figure 2. Model of the Voždovac Sports Centre SC2 IES VE model.
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Figure 3. Final annual energy consumption for the SC2 Voždovac Sports Centre.
Figure 3. Final annual energy consumption for the SC2 Voždovac Sports Centre.
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Figure 4. Position of the office space (a) and universal hall (b) for comfort analysis.
Figure 4. Position of the office space (a) and universal hall (b) for comfort analysis.
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Figure 5. Air temperature in the northwest office of the SC2 model over the course of a year (a) and on the day when the temperature reaches its highest value (b).
Figure 5. Air temperature in the northwest office of the SC2 model over the course of a year (a) and on the day when the temperature reaches its highest value (b).
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Figure 6. Lighting in the office of the SC2 model; (a) lighting during the day; (b) values of DF, FlucsDL; (c) day lighting analysis in perspective, day lighting analysis, RadianceIES, IES VE.
Figure 6. Lighting in the office of the SC2 model; (a) lighting during the day; (b) values of DF, FlucsDL; (c) day lighting analysis in perspective, day lighting analysis, RadianceIES, IES VE.
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Figure 7. Comfort index for the administration office (a) annually; (b) percentage per year.
Figure 7. Comfort index for the administration office (a) annually; (b) percentage per year.
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Figure 8. Air temperature in the universal sports hall of the SC2 model over the course of a year (a); air temperature for July 11th (b), based on the Apache module, VistaPro, IES VE.
Figure 8. Air temperature in the universal sports hall of the SC2 model over the course of a year (a); air temperature for July 11th (b), based on the Apache module, VistaPro, IES VE.
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Figure 9. Lighting in the universal sports hall at the SC2 Center, (a) daylighting DF; (b) lux values, RadianceIES, IES VE; (c) perspective view with day lighting values, day lighting, and electric lighting simulations.
Figure 9. Lighting in the universal sports hall at the SC2 Center, (a) daylighting DF; (b) lux values, RadianceIES, IES VE; (c) perspective view with day lighting values, day lighting, and electric lighting simulations.
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Figure 10. Comfort index throughout the year (a); the maximum value during the coldest day in January (b).
Figure 10. Comfort index throughout the year (a); the maximum value during the coldest day in January (b).
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Figure 11. Energy consumption for Voždovac Sports Centre for Scenarios 1, 2, and 3.
Figure 11. Energy consumption for Voždovac Sports Centre for Scenarios 1, 2, and 3.
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Figure 12. Comparison analysis for Scenarios 1, 2, and 3: (a) comfort index for the selected office; (b) comfort index for universal sports hall.
Figure 12. Comparison analysis for Scenarios 1, 2, and 3: (a) comfort index for the selected office; (b) comfort index for universal sports hall.
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Table 1. Review of the implemented legislation and its implications concerning energy retrofitting and sports facilities for energy consumption, saving measures, and comfort conditions.
Table 1. Review of the implemented legislation and its implications concerning energy retrofitting and sports facilities for energy consumption, saving measures, and comfort conditions.
Research AreaLegislativeImplications on Energy-Retrofitting Measures
Energy consumptionEPBD 2010731/EUA difference was detected in the conditions for achieving energy efficiency in buildings between international and national regulations. The conditions for energy classifications retrofits have been established, particularly concerning sports facilities and improvement in thermal comfort of the building. (Table 3)
Directive 2006/32/EC
National Strategy for Sustainable Development till 2030
Low on Efficient Use of Energy
Regulation on the Conditions, Content, and Manner of Issuing Certificates of Energy Properties of Buildings
Energy-saving measuresRegulation on the Conditions, Content, and Manner of Issuing Certificates of Energy Properties of BuildingsThe maximum U-values for specific layers of the thermal envelope have been determined, which are used to establish the thickness of thermal insulation layers for the different positions of façade of the sport building (Tables 5–8).
Regulation on Energy Efficiency of Buildings
Comfort conditionsASHRAEBased on regulations regarding comfort conditions related to lighting, hygiene, and thermal performance, the most optimal comfort conditions have been defined (comfort level ranging from 6 to 9, Tables 5–8)
BSI—BS ISO 16814
Environment CEN CR 1752
Table 2. Operating profile and HVAC system of the Voždovac Sports Centre.
Table 2. Operating profile and HVAC system of the Voždovac Sports Centre.
Basic CharacteristicsAdministrationMain Sport Hall
Operating profileFrom 8 a.m. till 16 a.m., except weekends and holidays. Two workers per office.From 8 a.m. till 23 p.m., every day except 1st of January. Official games during weekends have 500 spectators.
HVACThe building has three substations (one in the basement to the west) with the chamber for heating and ventilation of a large hall, and two additional small climate chambers for a small hall and changing rooms. The facility has individually installed split climate units. Radiator heating [14].
LightingOffices and hallways are equipped with incandescent bulbs and fluorescent lights with magnetic ballasts.The lighting in the hall consists of approximately 350 ELKO, Maribor, Živina, IC 121–1400 W lamps. It is 70% operational. Maximum intensity is around 1000 lux.
Table 3. Thermal envelope of the Voždovac Sports Centre.
Table 3. Thermal envelope of the Voždovac Sports Centre.
Thermal Envelope PositionsExisting Building before Implementation of Proposed Energy-Efficiency Measures
Layers from Outside to InsideU
W/m2K		Area
(m2)		FxU × A × Fx%
Building without Main Sport Hall
External wallBrick, 38 cm
Gypsum plasterboard, 1.3 cm		2.006947.961.01901.6157.24
Basement wallGravel, 15 cm
Bitumen layer protection, 5 mm
Cast concrete, 25 cm
Gypsum plastering, 1.3 cm		1.132803.630.6578.6117.42






Glazed
Window
Clear float, 6 mm
Cavity, 12 mm
Clear float, 6 mm		Uf with frame = 3.201
Ug glass >g EN 410 = 0.707		945.310.71892.5153.18
DoorAluminum doors with clear float glass, 6 mmUf with frame = 3201
Ug glass >g EN 410 = 0.707
RoofFinal layer with aluminum shell
Gilsomatic layer
Viapol, 0.04 cm
Cold coating
Durasol roof tiles, 10 cm
R bearer air layer, 60 cm
Joists
Spruce blinds, 22 mm		1.292527.81.03260.991.63
Ground floorCeramic tiles and cement mortar, 0.4 cm
Leveling layer, 0.2 cm
Concrete slab, 0.8 cm
Buffer layer, 150 cm		1.312527.80.51655.7346.53
Thermal envelope ∑А = 12,482.17 Hts = 13,724.48
Proportion of transparent surfaces 9.85%
Sports Hall
Thermal Envelope PositionsExisting Building before Implementation of Proposed Energy-Efficiency Measures
Description of Layers from Outside to InsideU
W/m2K		Area
(m2)		FxU × A × Fx%
External wall
Gypsum mortar, 1.25 cm
Brick, 22 cm		1.82884.090.81284.2436.17
GlazedTranslucent double-profiled glass in a steel frame3.2285.00.7638.417.94
RoofFinal layer with aluminum shell
Gilsomatic layer
Viapol, 4 mm
Cold coating
Durasol roof tiles, 10 cm
R bearer
Joists
Spruce blinds		1.202395.411.02874.4980.77
Groud floorAsh wood parquet, 22 mm
Perforated underlay
Rubber pads, 10 mm
Vandex insulation
Concrete slab, 80 + 20
Buffer, 150 mm		0.772395.410.5922.2325.91
Thermal layer of the hall ∑А = 5674.92 Hts = 5719.3
Proportion of the transparent part: 5.02%
Surface area of the thermal envelope of the hallА [m2] 5674.92
Surface area of the thermal envelope of the entire facilityА [m2] 12,482.17
Net surface area of the heated part of the hallАf [m2] 2395.41
Net surface area of the heated part of the entire facilityАf [m2] 6098.85
Volume of the heated part of the hallV [m3] 21,747.46
Volume of the heated part of the entire facilityV [m3] 35,529.56
Shape factor of the hallf0 [m−1] 0.26
Shape factor of the entire facilityf0 [m−1] 0.35
Fx—correction factor, UxAxFx—transmission losses, %—percentage of transmission losses.
Table 4. Table of average mean, daily maximum, and minimum temperatures and average humidity for Belgrade.
Table 4. Table of average mean, daily maximum, and minimum temperatures and average humidity for Belgrade.
Avarage Temperature Values
°CЈanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilМаyJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember
mean−1.720.785.179.8316.8321.8324.7222.9420.2213.507.782.67
max. 1.564.008.7213.8921.0626.3928.3326.5623.1717.1710.445.28
min.−5.22−3.221.726.6712.7217.5021.2219.5616.899.944.83−0.06
Avarage humidity values
Before noon60.657.161.158.260.857.455.660.665.759.565.266.1
Afternoon58.354.653.547.352.449.848.052.658.651.659.259.1
Table 5. Improvement Scenario 1; energy consumption and comfort index.
Table 5. Improvement Scenario 1; energy consumption and comfort index.
Sports Centre—Building without Main Sport Hall (Scenario 1)
Positions of the Thermal EnvelopeExisting Situation before Implementation of Energy-Efficiency MeasuresAfter Applying Proposed Measures
UUmaxAHtsA1
W/m2KW/m2Km2W/KRock Wool (15 cm)
U W/m2K
External wall, first story, office2.00.15947.961901.610.2
Fulfilled condition of thermal comfort, office13.1% when occupied comfort index is 6–8 (comfort index values are taken from IES VE, Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment)12.4% when occupied comfort index is 6–8
Qhnd kWh/m21021.7964.8
Energy grade Qh, nd, relQh, nd, rel = 186.7% ЕQh, nd, rel = 175.8% Е
Energy saving5.6%
External wall, basement, office-11.130.5903.6578.6Rock wool (15 cm)
U W/m2K
0.2
Fulfilled condition of thermal comfort in the office20.5% when occupied comfort index is 6–820.5% when occupied comfort index is 6–8
Qhnd kWh/m21021.7982.3
Energy grade Qh, nd, relQh, nd, rel = 186.7% ЕQh, nd, rel = 178.9% Е
Energy savings [%]3.9%
Floor1.310.152527.81655.73XPS (15 cm)
U W/m2K
0.18
Achieved thermal comfort in the building13.1% when occupied comfort index is 6–810.8% when occupied comfort index is 6–8
Qhnd kWh/m21021.7822.8
Energy grade Qh, nd, relQh, nd, rel = 186.7% ЕQh, nd, rel = 150% D
Energy savings [%]19.5%
Roof1.290.152527.83260.9XPS (15 cm)
U W/m2K
0.15
Achieved thermal comfort in the building, office 13.1% when occupied comfort index is 6–813.8% when occupied comfort index is 6–8
Qhnd kWh/m21021.7872.5
Energy grade Qh, nd, relQh, nd, rel = 186.7% ЕQh, nd, rel = 158.9% Е
Energy savings [%]14.6%
Glazed area2.860.85945.311892.51Al
U W/m2K
1.19 glass only 0.9
Achieved thermal comfort in the building [°C]13.1% when occupied comfort index is 6–812.7% when occupied comfort index is 6–8
Qhnd kWh/m21021.7976.7
Energy grade Qh, nd, relQh, nd, rel = 186.7% ЕQh, nd, rel = 177.9% Е
Energy savings [%]4.4%
Scenario 1, cumulative measures
Achieved thermal comfort in the building [°C] at 13.4%15.5% when occupied comfort index is 6–8
Qhnd at 1021.7 kWh/m2494.3
Energy grade Qh, nd, rel = 180% ЕQh, nd, rel = 90.05% C
Energy savings [%]51.6%
Table 6. Improvement scenario 2; energy consumption and comfort index.
Table 6. Improvement scenario 2; energy consumption and comfort index.
Main Sports Hall (Scenario 2)
Positions of the Thermal EnvelopeExisting Situation before Implementation of Energy-Efficiency MeasuresAfter Applying Proposed Measures
UUmaxAHtsA1
W/m2KW/m2Km2W/KRock Wool (15 cm)
U W/m2K
External wall to the heated part of the building1.820.35884.091284.240.2
Fulfilled condition of thermal comfort—office21.4% when occupied comfort index is 6–8 (comfort index values are taken from IES VE, Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment)21.8% when occupied comfort index is 6–8
Qhnd kWh/m21021.7964.8
Energy grade Qh, nd, relQh, nd, rel = 186.7% ЕQh, nd, rel = 172.5% Е
Energy saving7.3%
Ground floor of the playground0.770.152395.4922.23XPS (15 cm)
U W/m2K
0.18
Fulfilled condition of thermal comfort in the office21.4% when occupied comfort index is 6–821.9% when occupied comfort index is 6–8
Qhnd kWh/m21021.7957.3
Energy grade Qh, nd, relQh, nd, rel = 186.7% ЕQh, nd, rel = 174.4% Е
Energy savings [%]6.3%
Roof1.200.152527.82874.49XPS (15 cm)
U W/m2K
0.15
Achieved thermal comfort in the building, office 21.4% when occupied comfort index is 6–822.3% when occupied comfort index is 6–8
Qhnd kWh/m21021.7919.9
Energy grade Qh, nd, relQh, nd, rel = 186.7% ЕQh, nd, rel = 167.6% Е
Energy savings [%]9.9%
Glazed area3.20.85285.0638.4Al
U W/m2K
1.01 glass only 0.78
Achieved thermal comfort in the building [°C]21.4% when occupied comfort index is 6–822.5% when occupied comfort index is 6–8
Qhnd kWh/m21021.7950.9
Energy grade Qh, nd, relQh, nd, rel = 186.7% ЕQh, nd, rel = 173.2% Е
Energy savings [%]6.9%
Scenario 2, cumulative measures
Achieved thermal comfort in the building [°C] at 13.4%23.7% when occupied comfort index is 6–8
Qhnd at 1021.7 kWh/m2810.5
Energy grade Qh, nd, rel = 180% ЕQh, nd, rel = 147.7% D
Energy savings [%]20.7%
Table 7. Improvement scenario 3; energy consumption and comfort index.
Table 7. Improvement scenario 3; energy consumption and comfort index.
Sports Facility
Positions of the Thermal EnvelopeExisting Situation before Implementation of Energy-Efficiency MeasuresAfter Applying Proposed Measures
UUmaxAHtsA1
W/m2KW/m2Km2W/KRock Wool (15 cm)
U W/m2K
External wall of the facility2.00.151832.13664.20.2
Fulfilled condition of thermal comfort—office21.4% when occupied comfort index is 6–8 (comfort index values are taken from IES VE, Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment)15.5% when occupied comfort index is 6–8
Ground floor of the facility1.310.154923.23224.7XPS (15 cm)
U W/m2K
0.18
Roof1.200.154923.25904.8XPS (15 cm)
U W/m2K
0.15
Glazed area3.20.852530.95669.2Al
U W/m2K
1.01 glass only 0.78
Fulfilled condition of thermal comfort in the office21.4% when occupied comfort index is 6–815.5% when occupied comfort index is 6–8
Qhnd kWh/m21021.7358.5
Energy grade Qh, nd, relQh, nd, rel = 186.7% ЕQh, nd, rel = 63.47% C
Energy savings64.9%
Scenario 3
Achieved thermal comfort in the building sport hall [°C] at 13.4%21.7% when occupied comfort index is 6–8
Qhnd at 1021.7 kWh/m2358.5
Energy grade Qh, nd, rel = 180% ЕQh, nd, rel = 63.47% C
Energy savings [%]64.9%
Table 8. Comparison of results of energy consumption for Scenario 1, 2, and 3.
Table 8. Comparison of results of energy consumption for Scenario 1, 2, and 3.
Results of the SimulationsExistingScenario
1		Scenario
2		Scenario
3
Qhnd [MWh]1021.7494.3810.5358.5
Energy level Qh, nd, relЕCEC
Energy savings after package of measures [%]51.6%20.7%64.9%
Office—comfort index, when occupied 6–821.4%15.5%-15.5% (hall)
Main sport hall—comfort index, 6–813.4%-21.6%24.6% (hall)
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Miletić, M.; Komatina, D.; Babić, L.; Lukić, J. Evaluating Energy Retrofit and Indoor Environmental Quality in a Serbian Sports Facility: A Comprehensive Case Study. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 9401. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209401

AMA Style

Miletić M, Komatina D, Babić L, Lukić J. Evaluating Energy Retrofit and Indoor Environmental Quality in a Serbian Sports Facility: A Comprehensive Case Study. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(20):9401. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209401

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miletić, Mirjana, Dragan Komatina, Lidija Babić, and Jasmina Lukić. 2024. "Evaluating Energy Retrofit and Indoor Environmental Quality in a Serbian Sports Facility: A Comprehensive Case Study" Applied Sciences 14, no. 20: 9401. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209401

APA Style

Miletić, M., Komatina, D., Babić, L., & Lukić, J. (2024). Evaluating Energy Retrofit and Indoor Environmental Quality in a Serbian Sports Facility: A Comprehensive Case Study. Applied Sciences, 14(20), 9401. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209401

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