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Article

Plan for the Sustainability of Public Buildings through the Energy Efficiency Certification System: Case Study of Public Sports Facilities, Korea

by
Seon Gyeong Baek
Architecture & Urban Research Institute, Sejong-si 30116, Korea
Buildings 2021, 11(12), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120589
Submission received: 4 October 2021 / Revised: 24 November 2021 / Accepted: 24 November 2021 / Published: 26 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Buildings in the Built Environment)
Browse Figure
Figure 1
<p>Status of certification plans by type of national sports centers: (<b>a</b>) Plan status; (<b>b</b>) missing and error status (Type1: Base-type facility; Type2: Life-friendly-type facility)</p> ">
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
This study examines strategies for energy efficiency in public buildings in Korea and the implementation of certification systems. It also identifies the actual plan status and discusses improvements at the institutional level. The target is the national sports centers, where the discussion on energy efficiency has been assiduous, as they have recently expanded regionally in Korea. Among the 541 national sports centers in Korea, 90 facilities for which a preliminary review was performed on the plan by the National Public Building Center were analyzed. The energy efficiency plan is realized through Building Energy Efficiency, Zero Energy Building, and Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design certifications. As a result of analyzing the plan status, omissions or errors in certification were confirmed in about 10% of each, even though more than 80% of the facilities were subject to mandatory application. In Korea’s condition, to revitalize the practice of the system, it is necessary to expand the government’s publicity and support initiatives, use differential application of evaluation items, and strengthen incentives. This study provides meaningful results and suggestions for implementing an energy efficiency system at the national level under similar conditions in the future.

1. Introduction

Energy efficiency of buildings is an important issue with regard to sustainable development goals (SDGs). Buildings are one of the most energy-consuming objects, and continue to increase. According to the 2018 Global Status Report of the International Energy Agency (IEA), buildings account for the highest percentage of final energy use worldwide, at approximately 35%. In terms of CO2 emissions, the buildings and buildings construction sectors together account for nearly 40% [1]. Energy use in buildings has slowed down since 2010, but it is still on the rise; and if there is no action to reduce it, it is expected to exceed 50% by 2050 [2].
Accordingly, in some European countries and the United States, the effectiveness of sustainable building development is being improved and energy savings are already being derived by categorizing the systems in detail [3]. Some countries in Europe and Asia that urgently need energy efficiency implementation are working hard to establish and operate the system [4,5]. In Korea, as of 2018, 84% of the total primary energy supply among IEA member countries depended on imports, and the proportion of renewable energy was the lowest. To overcome this problem, the Korean government announced the 2020 Green New Deal policy and mentioned that related systems should be more actively implemented to reduce carbon emissions [6]. In particular, since reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing heating energy consumption were presented as major items, a direction was set to strengthen mandatory regulations based on the existing law in relation to buildings. In countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, various energy-efficiency-related systems have been established through gradual social consensus on sustainability, whereas in Korea, the government’s system was preceded by necessity [7]. Under these conditions, Korea is now standing at a point where it is necessary to further spread awareness of the need for energy efficiency for sustainability and increase its execution capacity.
In Korea, institutional devices for building energy efficiency have been established as follows. Regarding sustainability, Korea enacted the Sustainable Development Act (SDA) in 2007. Through this law, sustainability was defined as achieving harmony and balance in the present without wasting economic, social, and environmental resources or degrading the conditions for future generations [8]. In particular, SDA raised awareness regarding sustainability in Korea by providing the basis for the role of the state and local governments in sustainability and related research, education, and publicity [9]. In 2010, the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth, was enacted in connection with the concept of sustainability stipulated by the SDA. For sustainability, a national implementation direction for low-carbon-based green growth was established, and detailed principles were stipulated accordingly. In Korea, in particular, as the brown industry was predominant, both industrial restructuring and green development strategies were needed for each sector [10].
Meanwhile, as the international demand for energy efficiency in buildings increased, the Korean government enacted the Green Buildings Construction Support Act (GBA) for low-carbon buildings in 2012. In GBA, sustainable buildings that minimize the impact on buildings and the environment while providing a pleasant and healthy living environment are designated as “green buildings”. It also stipulates the mandatory requirements for buildings constructed by private or public institutions. In particular, around the world, green buildings reduce the cost of maintenance and end life by approximately 10–30%; however, construction costs are much higher [11,12]. Therefore, the Korean government, which needs to encourage project implementers to construct buildings in accordance with mandatory regulations, provides administrative and financial support for the construction related to energy efficiency [13].
In particular, in the 2000s, the sustainability of public architecture became an important issue in Korea. In Korea, where modernization and industrialization took place through the Japanese colonial period in the early 1900s, the central government built a large amount of public architecture rapidly after the 1960s [14]. The results became evident in the 2000s, and various discussions and practices were used to decide on design, distribution, and construction methods [15]. Above all, as public buildings are built in a short time from the point of view of supply, these buildings are quite outdated and have problems such as asbestos, even though only about 20–30 years have passed. As a result, new construction or renovation becomes inevitable. These issues are closely related not only to a country’s budget or workforce issues, but also to global environmental issues. The Korean government has announced a plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37% by 2030 compared to 2020 and to be carbon neutral by 2050, and concrete implementation for this is an important point [16]. Accordingly, the government regulates public institutions to obtain essential certifications when constructing or remodeling buildings and provides incentives and expands the scope of each.
However, when a business department promotes a public project, in many cases, they do not properly understand energy efficiency and review appropriate certification [17]. This is because the pilot projects for each certification have just been completed, the regulations are constantly being revised and supplemented, and the obligations or recommendations to be applied differ depending on the characteristics of the facility [18]. Accordingly, it is time to clarify the energy efficiency strategy based on the current plan for each type and discuss the method for active implementation.
This study confirms the energy efficiency plan strategy by focusing on public sports facilities that have recently expanded nationally. Studies on the direction and methods of energy efficiency systems in terms of public policy have been conducted worldwide. Depending on the characteristics of each country, there have been discussions about long-term frameworks [19] or public awareness and participation [20,21]. In the building sector, research on related technologies and certifications continues, regardless of the country. In particular, in Asian countries including Korea, research on energy consumption, application of new technologies, and related certification systems have been mainly conducted rather than verifying the effects and results [22,23].
In Korea, with respect to energy efficiency certification applied to public buildings, research has been mainly conducted on the application method for each certification over the past 10 years [24,25]. Above all, there have been many cases of reviewing related systems while checking the ratio of energy consumption to the entire public building [7]. In addition, it has been discussed how the certification plan for a specific type appears centered on public offices and apartments [26,27]; however, no study has comprehensively analyzed the status of the related certification system and plans for the recently expanding public sports facilities.
Public sports facilities in Korea rank 7th among the 10 types of facilities in terms of total floor area among public architectures in Korea [18] (p. 9). In particular, public sports facilities, such as a national sports center, which will be built as a living-friendly facility by 2027, are on the rise according to the current national policy. Since sports facilities use a large amount of energy by operating swimming pools and gyms, from 2020, the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism added support for the construction of energy-efficient buildings for the sustainability of facilities. This study comprehensively identifies the energy efficiency certification system for the sustainability of such public buildings and analyzes the energy efficiency planning status. In addition, it suggests measures that need to be added or improved at the institutional level to activate the certification plan.

2. Materials and Methods

In Section 2, among public buildings, public sports facilities, which are the subject of this study, and related energy efficiency certifications are discussed, and the analysis method and process are explained.
In Korea, sports facilities are classified into private and public sports facilities according to the Act on the Installation and Use of Sports Facilities, and public sports facilities refer to types created and operated by the state and local governments. In connection with the Seoul Olympic Games held in Korea in 1988, public sports facilities began to be built in each region as a result of the revitalization policy of living sports [28] (p. 3). Particularly, under the name of the National Sports Center, living sports facilities based on swimming pools and gymnasiums have been built in 226 local governments across the country with support from the National Sports Promotion Fund (NSPF). From 1997 to 2020, 541 buildings were built with government support [29]. In other words, there are about one or two in each region in Korea, which is only 1 per 140,000 people in terms of supply standards. This is quite different from that of neighboring countries, such as Japan, where it is 1 per 290,000 people and Norway, where it is 1 per 5000 [28] (p. 4). Although a public sports facility is a base facility in the region, it is not a facility closely related to daily life. Accordingly, the government is promoting and implementing full-scale expansion with the goal of approximately 161 additional facilities by 2027 (Table 1). In particular, in relation to the aforementioned Green New Deal policy to reduce energy consumption in the country, to actively apply the relevant system in the supply of sports facilities, support for major certifications is being expanded. When planning a zero-energy facility, if an application is made to the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism, the government provides about 840,000 USD per facility to install solar panels and geothermal energy [30].
In Korea, according to the public building construction procedure, when each business department completes a project plan, including a plan for energy efficiency, an architect is selected after the preliminary review and public building deliberation. In other words, the energy efficiency certification plan is confirmed in the preliminary review process, and its adequacy is evaluated in public building deliberation. This procedure for creating public buildings is applied in accordance with the Act on the Promotion of the Building Service Industry. A preliminary review is mandatory when the estimated design cost is approximately 85,000 USD or more, and this review has been conducted by the National Public Building Center (NPBC) since 2014 [31]. As a result of checking the standards and data reviewed by NPBC, the mandatory energy efficiency systems applied to the creation or remodeling of public sports facilities are Building Energy Efficiency Grade (BEE), Zero Energy Building (ZEB), and Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED) certifications.
Internationally, the sustainability of buildings, above all else, is realized through the development of evaluation tools for eco-friendly buildings. As mentioned above, many indicators used in Europe and the United States are referenced, and standards differ depending on the characteristics of countries [32]. Specifically, considering sustainability, there was a discussion about applying detailed items, with an appropriate weight, based on the characteristics of each country [33]. The creation of sustainable buildings in Korea is promoted by five principles according to the GBA. As mentioned earlier, Korea’s main objective is to minimize greenhouse gas emissions from the environment. The first is to create a building by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The second is to create an environment-friendly and sustainable building. The third is to create a building that uses new and renewable energy and saves resources. The fourth is to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings, and the fifth is to secure a balance between the different areas of these buildings [8]. Based on these principles, a certification system related to the energy efficiency of public buildings was prepared and classified. In previous studies, energy-related evaluation tools for buildings were compared using five dimensions of sustainability: environmental, social, economic, cultural, and governance [33]. The Korean certifications, however, focus mainly on energy resources and material, along with resource consumption and environmental waste [23]. These are being evaluated based on embodied primary energy use. In addition, the final cost reduction is mainly considered from the economic perspective [34]. However, the consideration of user convenience in the social aspect has neither been proven through the system in a quantitative dimension [13], nor in a cultural dimension. In terms of governance, the longer-term life cycle management of a building is unclear.
The BEE certification is a rating system that promotes growth of buildings with high energy performance and spreads awareness about effective building energy management by providing quantitative and objective information on building energy performance [35]. Calculating and grading buildings’ energy consumption has been practiced in many countries before, but there are differences in the standards and scope of mandatory application [36].
ZEB stipulates its definition in GBA and refers to a green building that minimizes the energy load required by the building and minimizes the energy consumption by using new and renewable energy. Therefore, it is closely related to the BEE grade, because the calculation of the energy requirement must be performed. In Korea, ZEB was systematically started in 2014. At that time, the government established a basic plan for green buildings and announced a plan to activate ZEB; after a pilot project, the certification system started in 2017. From 2020, the scope of mandatory targets for public buildings has been stipulated. The government specified and announced the implementation of this mandatory ZEB by amending the GBA, and it is expected to reduce energy import costs by approximately 1 billion USD per year by 2030 [6,37].
ZEB has been realized in the United States, Europe, and Japan, and its definition varies depending on the detailed regulations of each country. In Europe, ZEB is a building with high energy performance architecturally and equipmentally for heating, cooling, hot water supply, lighting, and ventilation, and includes renewable energy produced at the site or nearby areas. In the United States, it is a building in which the energy used per year and the energy produced are the same; similarly, in Japan, ZEB is defined as a building in which the total annual energy consumption is zero [38,39,40,41]. Although ZEB is a simple concept, there is no internationally agreed definition [42]. While many studies have been conducted, the detailed differences are still under discussion; in particular, there should be a common agreement on the category of zero and the definition of energy-efficient building. In addition, there is generally a need to clarify the scope of applied technologies that can be supplied [43,44]. These points are closely related to the life-cycle energy evaluation for zero energy. In the case of Korea, it is not yet at the stage of identifying and applying detailed variables for each type in relation to life cycle evaluation. In the international discussion, there are significant differences depending on the type and size of the facilities [45]. In the case of sports facilities, space efficiency is important not only because of materials, heating, and circulation, but also because many users use them all the time [46,47].
G-SEED is a system that grants eco-friendly building certification to buildings that have contributed to energy saving and environmental pollution reduction in the entire process, including the design, construction, and management of buildings, in accordance with the rules for green building certification of the Ministry of Environment and GBA. In 2002, the government started an eco-friendly building certification system for apartment houses. In 2005, related laws were established, and in 2008, the certification rules and standards were revised. Thereafter, as the GBA was enacted in 2013, the scope gradually expanded.
This study analyzes the current status of the energy efficiency plan in these three aspects, based on the plan data of the national sports center, a public sports facility for living, reviewed by NPBC. The NPBC data include business planning and architectural planning related to the three certifications. For comparison of plans, of 541 national sports centers created in Korea by 2020, the disabled and small gym types were excluded. As a result of checking the projects that performed preliminary reviews through NPBC among 354 projects, 90 were found. After classifying 90 projects by detailed facility type, plan data were extracted to derive the current status and characteristics. Based on this, the study discusses ways to improve and enhance the implementation of an energy efficiency certification plan (Table 2).

3. Results

Section 3 explains the results of analyzing the energy efficiency plan status for a total of 90 projects for which a preliminary review was performed through the NPBC.
  • Building Energy Efficiency Grade (BEE) Certification
BEE determines the grade by measuring the total primary energy consumption per unit area by calculating the energy requirements for heating, cooling, hot water supply, lighting, and ventilation, dividing them by the floor area of each space and adding them up. The certification level is divided into 1+++, 1++, 1+, and 1–7 grades (total of 10 grades) according to the required amount. Buildings other than residential buildings are determined according to the annual primary energy consumption per unit area (less than 80 to less than 700 kWh/m2). (1) It is divided into 1+++ grade when it is less than 80, 1++ grade when 80 or more but less than 140, 1+ grade when 140 or more but less than 200, 1 grade when 200 or more but less than 260, and 2 grade when 260 or more but less than 320.
Primary energy consumption (kWh/m2·year) = ∑ Energy consumption by use × Primary energy conversion factor
According to the GBA and Energy Use Rationalization Act, BEE is mandatory for public buildings with a total floor area of 3000 m2 or more that are newly built or expanded by public institutions or market-type and quasi-market-type public enterprises. The same applies to apartments created by public institutions. (Table 3)
This certification is a process in which the project promotion department fills out an application for energy efficiency grade and submits it to one of nine certification bodies nationwide along with a certain fee. The certification body then issues a certificate and evaluation letter after examination. In particular, the energy consumption for heating, cooling, hot water supply, lighting, and ventilation is calculated by dividing the floor area of each space that requires the corresponding energy; therefore, the business department must submit the design drawing together. Energy consumption uses a mathematical calculation model, and accurate figures are calculated using ECO2, a building energy evaluation program [48]. For a single building, the evaluation is divided into two rounds. In the first preliminary certification, documents with estimated requirements are reviewed before construction. Then, in the second main certification, the final grade is determined after determining whether recalculating the energy requirements for each item is consistent with the on-site verification after construction. The organization undertaking the project can obtain a certificate 50 days after the date of application. Certification fees (excluding residential buildings) range from a minimum of 1600 USD (1000 m2) to a maximum of 16,000 USD (60,000 m2), depending on the exclusive area, excluding common areas, such as stairs, corridors, and parking lots.
As a result of analyzing the NPBC’s preliminary review data on these BEE certifications, it is confirmed that 94.8% of national sports centers fall under the certification target. Among them, 6.9% had omissions in the plan, even though they were subject to certification. In detail, 89.5% of the base type and 95.7% of the living-friendly-type national sports centers were subject to certification, but 10.3% had errors in the certification plan. According to NPBC’s opinion of preliminary review, this was mostly because the project implementation department was not aware of whether mandatory BEE certification was required.
  • Zero Energy Building (ZEB) Certification
In Korea, ZEB is first “passive,” which minimizes the building’s cooling and heating energy requirements through reinforcement of insulation and airtight performance; second, “active,” which minimizes energy consumption through application of high-efficiency facilities and building energy management system (BEMS); and third, it aims for “new and renewable” that produces new and renewable energy through solar power, geothermal heat, and fuel cells [38]. Accordingly, in Korea, ZEB certification gives grades 1 to 5 by calculating the energy self-reliance rate. This rate is the primary energy consumption per unit area divided by primary energy production. In other words, it refers to the ratio of new and renewable energy production to energy consumed by buildings for cooling, heating, hot water supply, lighting, and ventilation. (2) When the energy self-reliance rate is 100% or more, grade 1 is given; when it is 80% or more but less than 100%, it is grade 2; and when it is 60% or more but less than 80%, grade 3 is given. Further, 40% or more but less than 60% are graded 4, and 20% to less than 40% are graded 5.
Energy self-sufficiency rate (%) = Primary energy consumption per unit area (kWh/m2·year)/Primary energy production per unit area (kWh/m2·year) × 100
From 2020, except for apartment houses, public buildings subject to the submission of a building energy code compliance (BECC) with a total floor area of 1000 m2 or more can only be built with mandatory ZEB certification. BECC must be submitted at the time of applying for building permits for new buildings with a total floor area of 500 m2 or more, according to the GBA [49]. The government intends to expand its compulsory target gradually. From 2023, it will be mandatory for public buildings with a total floor area of 500 m2, and from 2025, not only public buildings but also private buildings with a floor area of more than 1000 m2 and apartment houses with 30 or more households will need to comply with this requirement.
For a public building to receive ZEB certification in Korea, the building energy efficiency rating calculated according to the primary energy consumption must be 1++ or higher and less than 140 kWh/m2, as mentioned above. The energy self-reliance rate should be approximately 20% or higher. It is also necessary to install a BEMS that measures and manages energy consumption in real time or a remote meter reading electronic meter. BEMS is an integrated measurement, control, management, and operating system that monitors energy usage history and provides an optimized energy management plan for the building to maintain a comfortable indoor environment and efficient energy management [50]. Information on renewable energy, hot water supply, gas, heating, cooling power, and lighting power is measured through sensors, and then energy-saving control is activated through software for optimization. BEMS also complies with GBA regulations and is mandatory for public buildings with a total floor area of 10,000 m2 [51].
In Korea’s ZEB certification, a certification body approved by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MOLIT) receives application documents, including design drawings submitted by public institutions, uses the ECO2 program like BEE certification, and evaluates it in two stages. The certificate is issued within 30 days. The first preliminary certificate is required for the approval of building construction, and the second certificate is required for approval of use. In the past, only the Korea Energy Agency oversaw certification, but recently, MOLIT increased the number of certification agencies to a total of nine to expand the zero-energy buildings. At the time of the introduction of the certification system in 2017, there were only 10 ZEB applications, but in 2020, it surged to 507, and it is expected that the number will exceed 1000 in the near future [37].
As mentioned earlier, since the subject of this ZEB certification is over 1000 m2 of total floor area, almost all national sports centers are currently covered. However, since 2020, when these mandatory regulations were implemented, 56.9% of all national sports centers have been subject to the ZEB certification plan. Considering the mandatory application period, 82.5% of plan status was confirmed. In addition, there were missing plans and errors in 8.6% of the projects. Overall, 5.3% of the base-type facilities and 82.1% of the living-friendly facilities were subject to the ZEB certification obligation. As mentioned earlier, this is the result of the certification system becoming mandatory from 2020, while the types of public sports facilities have changed since 2019. Among them, 12.8% of the living-friendly facilities did not recognize the compulsory subjects, so they omitted or made the wrong plan.
  • Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED) Certification
The G-SEED evaluates the environmental impact of the entire life cycle of a building, such as location, material selection, construction, maintenance, and disposal, with the goal of sustainable development. Accordingly, the G-SEED gives detailed scores for each item, sums them up, and divides them into grades 1 to 4 according to the score (Table 4). Based on a total of 100 points for non-residential public buildings, 80 points or more for new construction and 75 points or more for remodeling are the best grades. Scores of 65 to 70 or more are graded 2, 55 to 60 or more are graded 3, and 45 to 50 or more grades are graded 4. According to the government notice, focusing on new non-residential buildings, a total of 45 detailed items are identified in the areas of land use and transportation, energy and environmental pollution, materials and resources, water circulation management, maintenance, ecological environment, and indoor environment; additional points are given for the other 9 items. By examining the detailed evaluation items, it was confirmed that a considerable number of items were checked for each division. In the case of Korea, since the active recognition and implementation of sustainable public buildings has not yet been shown, the mandatory provisions and evaluation items are being approached from various angles.
G-SEED is applied to not only new constructions but also existing and remodeled buildings. In particular, from 2013, public buildings with a total floor area of 3000 m2 or more ordered by public institutions must obtain this certification. Since this certification is a comprehensive evaluation of the environmental performance of a building, the validity period is set for five years.
G-SEED is operated by the Korea Construction Research Institute. It accepts applications from 10 certification organizations across the country, and is evaluated by the Certification Deliberation Committee, and then given a certification grade. This certification does not evaluate only the results derived from accurate formulas such as BEE or ZEB, so the committee directly reviews related materials. The applicant organization submits a self-evaluation report and basic drawings (plan, elevation view), which must receive the first preliminary certification in the design phase and the secondary certification in the use approval phase.
As a result of analyzing the results of this G-SEED certification plan for national sports centers, 81% of the total fell under the certification target, and there were omissions or errors in the certification plan of 6.9%. Among the detailed types, 78.9% of the base-type facilities and 82.1% of the living-friendly facilities were subject to the G-SEED obligation. As with the ZEB certification results, there were 10.3% omissions and errors only in living-friendly facilities.
  • Synthesis
This study examines the energy efficiency certifications that must be confirmed in the planning process when creating public buildings in Korea and analyzes the current state of the plan, focusing on public sports facilities. Energy efficiency certifications applicable to these facilities are BEE, ZEB, and G-SEED according to the GBA, which is mandatory for buildings over 3000 m2, 1000 m2, and 3000 m2 based on the total floor area. A summary of the plans and omissions for the three certifications mandatory for public sports facilities is as follows (Figure 1). Among public sports facilities, 94.8% of national sports facilities created with the NSPF were subject to BEE, 56.9% ZEB, and 81% G-SEED. In particular, there were omissions or errors in 10.3%, 12.8%, and 10.3%, respectively, in the plan for living-friendly-type facilities created recently. In the case of the ZEB certification plan, a relatively low rate is confirmed because certification is not compulsory before the establishment of a living-friendly-type facility. However, even considering this, omissions or errors occurred in approximately 12.8% of the plans.

4. Discussion

In this study, I checked the current status of plans for energy efficiency certifications that should be mandatory for sports facilities among public buildings, and it is urgent to activate the plan of certifications. Improvement for this is discussed in five aspects as follows.
First, raising awareness of the need for the plan should be the first priority to prevent omissions. In addition, public relations and support projects at the government level need to be expanded. In particular, ZEB will be mandatory, from 2023, for public buildings of 500 m2 or larger. Hence, almost all public buildings will be covered. Therefore, if a business department wants certification consulting, it provides free support as part of its preparation. In Korea, there is rarely a separate department that promotes public architecture, and in most cases, the person in charge of each department is not concerned with the major architectural plans and executes the project. Therefore, public relations and support projects, including education, should be prioritized in such administrative structures.
In addition, the mandatory application of the energy efficiency certification system will be expanded, especially for public buildings. Hence, the method of evaluating “everything” related to energy saving needs to be discouraged. Evidently, all aspects of energy efficiency need to be considered in major government projects. However, in the process of creating small and medium-sized buildings in local governments, a gradual approach, such as which aspects to plan first, will be a way to increase the effectiveness of the system. For this purpose, detailed categories of evaluation and incentives should be prepared.
Above all, to increase the voluntary performance of business departments on the certification plan for the sustainability of public buildings, it is effective to systematically strengthen the incentives for each application. Currently, in the case of BEE certification, when receiving grades 1+ and 1 and G-SEED certification, the acquisition tax and property tax of new buildings are partially exempted, and standards, such as floor area ratio and height of new buildings, are relaxed. The relaxation of building standards for new buildings is also applied at the time of ZEB certification, but there is a difference in the relaxation rate from grades 1 to 5 (Table 5). In particular, since the rate of omissions and errors in the ZEB plan is relatively high for national sports centers, it is necessary to consider the expansion of incentives for this.
The business department must ensure that there are no omissions or errors in the certification plan so that future implementation is not disrupted. Above all, by understanding incentives, it is necessary to contract with an architect after considering the budget and the size of the structure that can be planned. In particular, a national sports center is often planned in a complex way, including swimming pools and gyms, as well as resident public facilities, such as libraries. Therefore, unnecessary budget and period losses may occur in the future because there are many aspects to be considered in the design process. Above all, since the relaxation of building standards among incentives must be planned and applied before project approval is granted through public building deliberations, it must be clearly judged and provided as a guideline before the architect begins working on the basic design.
This energy efficiency plan is primarily reviewed through a preliminary review by NPBC in the public building construction process. Business departments can select experts, such as architects, through public building deliberation after supplementing according to the opinions of the NBPC. Therefore, it is necessary to review the energy efficiency plan more closely and present opinions in the preliminary review and public building deliberation. Above all, the preliminary review is the only process that objectively confirms the plan and provides important opinions on reducing unnecessary changes in the subsequent process. Currently, NPBC mainly judges only the presence or absence of a plan through a preliminary review and provides opinions only on omissions. However, information and opinions on the certification system procedure and budgeting, such as fees, and the possibility of changes, such as the size due to incentives, should be provided to business departments that lack general knowledge and understanding of building construction.

5. Conclusions

This study confirms the energy efficiency certification system for the sustainability of buildings and national sports centers, which have been expanding recently in Korea and urgently need an efficiency plan due to high energy consumption, and then analyzes the actual plan status and discusses operational improvements. BEE certification, ZEB certification, and G-SEED certification are mainly considered in the planning process of a national sports center, which is a public sports facility. Whether these certifications are mandatory depends on the total floor area of the building. As a result of analyzing the plan status, when considering the timing of certification, more than 80% of all facilities were subject to mandatory requirements, but omissions or errors in certification were confirmed during planning in about 10% of each of them.
In this study, while preparing for the gradually expanding mandatory regulations, the government’s role and system complementation for revitalizing plan, the role of business departments, and the function of the preliminary review, a review procedure for these plans, were discussed. Under the same conditions as in Korea, where most business departments are composed of administrative-oriented personnel rather than architecture specialists, it is important to expand publicity and support from the government, differential application of evaluation items is required, and incentives must be strengthened.
While strategies for energy efficiency in buildings are being sought around the world, this study is meaningful in that it confirms how much energy efficiency plans are being implemented in what kind of certification system, centering on public buildings in Korea, and suggests improvement points at the institutional level. The matters discussed in this study need to be institutionalized as detailed guidelines.
However, this study has limitations in that it does not draw improvement items for energy efficiency in the technical aspects of public sports facilities. In the next 2–3 years, the actual results of buildings should be comprehensively tracked and analyzed. In addition, in Korea, the ZEB certification grade is given without much consideration of the specificity of each type in relation to equipment or materials. In particular, as mentioned in Section 2, although architectural space design is closely related to the effects that occur in actual use of buildings in relation to thermal performance and air quality, it is still treated as an additional dimension. This issue should be discussed in earnest in the near future in relation to energy evaluation.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data sharing is not applicable to this article.

Acknowledgments

This study includes the results of the analysis based on the preliminary review data of the National Public Building Center with regards to the “Public Architecture from the User’s Perspective: National Sports Facility” report (published in December 2021).

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in writing the manuscript.

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Buildings 11 00589 g001 550
Figure 1. Status of certification plans by type of national sports centers: (a) Plan status; (b) missing and error status (Type1: Base-type facility; Type2: Life-friendly-type facility)
Figure 1. Status of certification plans by type of national sports centers: (a) Plan status; (b) missing and error status (Type1: Base-type facility; Type2: Life-friendly-type facility)
Buildings 11 00589 g001
Table
Table 1. Types and characteristics of a national sports center.
Table 1. Types and characteristics of a national sports center.
DivisionType1: Base-Type FacilityType2: Life-Friendly-Type Facility
DefinitionLocal base public sports facilitiesLiving area public sports facilities
Standard1 per each local government (population over 500,000 can be added)Sports facilities blind spot
ProcedureLocal government application (limited to once) →
KSPO 1 review and support confirmation
→ Facility creation		Local government application
→ KSPO 1 review and support confirmation
→ Facility creation
NSPF 22.3~2.7 million USD2.5~3.4 million USD
Detail typeClassified by program
-Basic swimming pool type, multi-purpose gym type, gym complex type		Classification according to regional characteristics
-City growth type, small-town growth type, city-specific type, a small-town specific type
ProgramSports-oriented program operationOperation of programs that include local and community activities
1 Korea Sports Promotion Foundation; 2 National Sports Promotion Fund.
Table
Table 2. Research flow and method.
Table 2. Research flow and method.
StepContents
Step 1Confirmation of energy efficiency certification system related to public sports facilities in KoreaBEE, ZEB, G-SEED
Definition, scope, application target, characteristics by certification system		Literature analysis
NPBC 1’s data verification and related items derivationProjects for which planning was reviewed through NPBC among all 354 facilities
Business plan and architectural plan related to the certification plan for each project		90 public sports facilities data check
Step 2Classification of detailed typesBase-type29 facility certification plan status analysis
Life-friendly-type61 facility certification plan status analysis
Deduction of the status and characteristics of certification plans by type
Step 3Proposal of additional and improvement needs at the institutional level to revitalize the energy efficiency plan
Table
Table 3. Targets and grades for building energy efficiency ratings for public buildings.
Table 3. Targets and grades for building energy efficiency ratings for public buildings.
DivisionSize and TypeProject Ordering OrganizationGradePrimary Energy Consumption (kWh/m2·year)
BEENew construction or extension of a separate building with a total floor area of 3000 m2 or morePublic institutionsGrade 1 or higherGrade 1: 80 or more and less than 140
Market-type, semi-market-type public enterpriseGrade 1++ or higherGrade 1++: less than 80
Apartment (including studio)Public institutionsGrade 2 or higherGrade 2: 260 or more and less than 320
Table
Table 4. Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED) evaluation items (new public buildings) (Source: Green Building Center).
Table 4. Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED) evaluation items (new public buildings) (Source: Green Building Center).
DivisionCertification ItemsPoint
1Land Use and Transportation1.1The ecological value of the existing land2
1.2Avoid excessive underground development3
1.3Minimize the amount of cut soil for earthworks2
1.4The feasibility of measures to prevent interference with the right to sunlight2
1.5Arrangement plan to secure proper sunlight1
1.6Proximity to public transport2
1.7Installation of bicycle parking lot2
2Energy and environmental pollution2.1Energy performance12
2.2Conducting testing, adjustment, and evaluation (TAB), and commissioning2
2.3Energy monitoring and management support device2
2.4Lighting energy saving4
2.5Use of new and renewable energy3
2.6Application of low-carbon energy source technology1
2.7Ozone layer protection and global warming reduction3
2.8Establishment of solar control plan to reduce cooling energy2
3Materials and
resources		3.1Use of Environmentally Declared Products (EDPs)4
3.2Use of low-carbon materials2
3.3Use of resource recycling materials2
3.4Use of materials to reduce harmful substances2
3.5Application rate of green building materials4
3.6Installation of storage facilities for recyclable resources1
4Water cycle
management		4.1Rainwater management5
4.2Use of rainwater and runoff groundwater4
4.3Use of water-saving devices3
4.4Water usage monitoring2
5Maintenance5.1Environmental management plan of construction site2
5.2Provision of operation/maintenance documents and manuals2
5.3Suppression of dust generation in the playground1
5.4Provision of G-SEED related information3
6Ecological
environment		6.1Creation of linked greenery axis2
6.2Natural Ground Greenery Ratio4
6.3Ecological area ratio6
6.4Biotope composition4
6.5Creation of ecological learning center1
7Indoor
environment		7.1Application of products with low emission of indoor air pollutants3
7.2Securing natural ventilation performance2
7.3Design of outdoor air supply and exhaust ports2
7.4CO2 monitoring system operation and ventilation rate evaluation2
7.5Thermostat installation level2
7.6Adoption of comfortable indoor environment control method2
7.7Sound insulation performance of boundary walls between rooms2
7.8Indoor and outdoor noise level for traffic noise (road, rail)2
7.9Sunshade installation to control direct sunlight and reduce glare2
7.10Creation of a dedicated rest area1
AdditionInnovative
design		1Land use and transportation: installation of alternative transportation-related facilities1
2Energy and environmental pollution: Zero Energy Building3
3Materials and resources: conducting building life cycle evaluation2
Reuse of major structural parts of existing buildings5
4Water circulation management: reuse of gray water and sewage and wastewater treatment water1
5Maintenance: environmental management of green construction sites1
6Ecological environment: topsoil recycling rate1
7Indoor environment: securing natural light performance1
Design participation by green building certification experts1
Innovative green building planning and design: evaluation through deliberation3
Table
Table 5. Summary of incentives for relaxation of building standards by building efficiency certification.
Table 5. Summary of incentives for relaxation of building standards by building efficiency certification.
DivisionCertification Level
BEE1+1+11
G-SEEDvery bestgreatvery bestgreat
Incentive9%6%6%3%
ZEB12345
Incentive15%14%14%12%11%
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Baek, S.G. Plan for the Sustainability of Public Buildings through the Energy Efficiency Certification System: Case Study of Public Sports Facilities, Korea. Buildings 2021, 11, 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120589

AMA Style

Baek SG. Plan for the Sustainability of Public Buildings through the Energy Efficiency Certification System: Case Study of Public Sports Facilities, Korea. Buildings. 2021; 11(12):589. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120589

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Baek, Seon Gyeong. 2021. "Plan for the Sustainability of Public Buildings through the Energy Efficiency Certification System: Case Study of Public Sports Facilities, Korea" Buildings 11, no. 12: 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120589

APA Style

Baek, S. G. (2021). Plan for the Sustainability of Public Buildings through the Energy Efficiency Certification System: Case Study of Public Sports Facilities, Korea. Buildings, 11(12), 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120589

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