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Gels
Special Issues
Biopolymer Gel-Assisted Synthesis of Particles for Biomedical Applications (2nd Edition)
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Biopolymer Gel-Assisted Synthesis of Particles for Biomedical Applications (2nd Edition)

A special issue of Gels (ISSN 2310-2861). This special issue belongs to the section "Gel Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 15726

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mazeyar Parvinzadeh Gashti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 South Broadway Street, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
2. National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
Interests: electrospinning for tissue engineering applications; biomineralization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Today, we know that biopolymer gels, as cross-linked systems, are extensively used in various areas of biomedicine and pharmacotherapy. Depending on their chemical structure and polarity, biomacromolecular-based gels generally contain functional domains that can act as reactive sites for interactions with ions and generate functional hybrid particles. In biomedical research, these particles are considered in different areas, including bone and tissue engineering, surgical instruments and medical devices, neural engineering, cancer therapy, biomechanics, and medical imaging. Biopolymer gels, such as model systems, are also able to change the shape and morphology of particles and tailor their biofunctionality. Drug-loaded biocompatible gels are extensively explored for the synthesis of particles that can lead to cancer therapy and gradual drug release in different organs. Another interesting approach is implementing biopolymer-loaded hybrid nanoparticles in the bioimaging and molecular diagnostics of diseases due to excellent optical properties.

The investigation of the role of biopolymer-based gels in the synthesis of inorganic particles and crystals is, therefore, important for introducing cost-effective, simple, and convenient strategies regarding biomedical products. In this Special Issue, I welcome original research papers, as well as reviews, on the synthesis of biopolymer–inorganic hybrid particles. The main objective is to gather contributions on various aspects related to the preparation, analyses, pharmaceutical uses, bioimaging, as well as the potential toxicity to humans of these particles during their usage.

I hope that this Special Issue will provide the scientific community with a thorough overview of the current research on particle synthesis, characterization, and applications in the biomedical area.

Dr. Mazeyar Parvinzadeh Gashti
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Gels is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biopolymer gels in synthesis of hierarchical and self-assembled structures
  • biopolymer hybrid particles for cell encapsulation and biofabrication
  • biopolymer hybrid particles for micropatterning and bio sensing in microfluidic devices
  • injectable biopolymer hybrid particles in biomedical applications
  • biopolymer hybrid particles for drug delivery
  • biopolymer hybrid particles in cosmetic, hygiene, and personal care products

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review, Other

16 pages, 3540 KiB  
Article
Cryostructuring of Polymeric Systems: 68. Evaluation of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Composite Cryogels Filled with Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)-Based Microspheres of Different Porous Morphology as Potential Delivery Systems for Drugs of Various Water-Solubility
by Dmitrii A. Michurov, Gagik A. Andreasyan and Vladimir I. Lozinsky
Gels 2024, 10(11), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10110734 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 726
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)-based microspheres of two types, with and without macropores, were prepared; their morphology and particle size were evaluated. These microspheres were entrapped as disperse fillers into the bulk of macroporous cryogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). It was found that the rigidity [...] Read more.
Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)-based microspheres of two types, with and without macropores, were prepared; their morphology and particle size were evaluated. These microspheres were entrapped as disperse fillers into the bulk of macroporous cryogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). It was found that the rigidity of the resultant composite cryogels increased markedly as compared to that of unfilled cryogels of the same PVA concentration. The resulting composites were further tested for their potential to act as drug carriers. With that, simvastatin was included into the filler particles directly in the course of their preparation, followed by entrapment of such drug-loaded microspheres into the PVA cryogel. In turn, ibuprofen sodium salt was introduced into the preliminary prepared cryogels filled with the drug-free microspheres. The experimental study of drug release kinetics showed that due to the non-covalent interactions of both simvastatin and ibuprofen sodium salt with the particles of discrete phase, prolongation of the release processes was observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymer Gel-Assisted Synthesis of Particles for Biomedical Applications (2nd Edition))
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>Images (optical stereomicroscope) of wet PHB microspheres: MS-1 (<b>a</b>) and MS-2 (<b>b</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>SEM images of dry PHB microspheres: MS-1 (<b>a</b>) and MS-2 (<b>b</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>PHB particle size distribution. Curve 1 corresponds to MS-1, curve 2 corresponds to MS-2.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Values of the Young’s modulus of the PVA cryogel samples prepared from the feed compositions indicated in <a href="#gels-10-00734-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Chemical structure of ibuprofen sodium salt [<a href="#B53-gels-10-00734" class="html-bibr">53</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Chemical structure of simvastatin [<a href="#B54-gels-10-00734" class="html-bibr">54</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Change in the amount of ibuprofen sodium salt in solution during saturation of samples. Curve 1—cryogel sample without filler; curve 2—cryogel sample with additions of porous PHB microspheres; curve 3—cryogel sample with additions of non-porous PHB microspheres. The mass content of PHB particles in cryogels is equal to ~27 mg/cm<sup>3</sup> in all cases.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Ibuprofen sodium salt release. Curve 1—cryogel sample without filler; curve 2—cryogel sample with the addition of porous PHB microspheres; curve 3—cryogel sample with the addition of non-porous PHB microspheres.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Weibull model plot for the release of ibuprofen sodium salt. Curve 1—cryogel sample without filler; curve 2—cryogel sample with the addition of porous PHB microspheres; curve 3—cryogel sample with the addition of non-porous PHB microspheres.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Simvastatin release. Curve 1—cryogel sample without filler; curve 2—cryogel sample with added porous PHB microspheres; curve 3—cryogel sample with added non-porous PHB microspheres.</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 3465 KiB  
Article
Enhancement of Curcumin’s Anti-Psoriatic Efficacy via Formulation into Tea Tree Oil-Based Emulgel
by Km Reena, Saurabh Mittal, Mohammad Faizan, Iram Jahan, Yasir Rahman, Rahmuddin Khan, Lalit Singh, Abdulsalam Alhalmi, Omar M. Noman and Ahmad Alahdab
Gels 2023, 9(12), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9120973 - 13 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2726
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by the hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. It is a debilitating condition that can cause significant physical and emotional distress. Natural anti-psoriatic agents have been investigated as alternatives to conventional allopathic medications, as [...] Read more.
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by the hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. It is a debilitating condition that can cause significant physical and emotional distress. Natural anti-psoriatic agents have been investigated as alternatives to conventional allopathic medications, as they have notable limitations and drawbacks. Curcumin and tea tree oil are cost-efficient and effective anti-inflammatory medicines with less adverse effects compared to synthetic psoriasis medications. Our research endeavors to harness the therapeutic potential of these natural compounds by developing an herbal anti-psoriatic topical drug delivery system. This novel method uses curcumin and tea tree oil to create a bi-phasic emulgel drug delivery system. Formulations F1 (gel) and F2 (emulgel) have high drug content percentages of 84.2% and 96.7%, respectively. The emulgel showed better spreadability for cutaneous applications, with a viscosity of 92,200 ± 943 cp compared to the gel’s 56,200 ± 1725 cp. The emulgel released 94.48% of the drugs, compared to 87.58% for the gel. These formulations conform to the zero-order and Higuchi models, and their stability over a three-month period is crucial. In vivo, the emulgel healed psoriasis symptoms faster than the usual gel. The gathered results confirmed the emulgel’s potential as a drug delivery method, emphasizing the complementary benefits of tea tree oil and curcumin as an effective new therapy for psoriasis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymer Gel-Assisted Synthesis of Particles for Biomedical Applications (2nd Edition))
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Solubility profile of curcumin in different oils (<b>A</b>), surfactants (<b>B</b>), and co-surfactants (<b>C</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Particle size of (<b>A</b>) curcumin-loaded gel and (<b>B</b>) curcumin-loaded emulgel, and zeta potential of (<b>C</b>) curcumin-loaded gel and (<b>D</b>) curcumin-loaded emulgel.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>DSC of (<b>A</b>) curcumin-loaded gel, (<b>B</b>) curcumin-loaded emulgel, and (<b>C</b>) pure curcumin; FTIR spectra of (<b>D</b>) curcumin-loaded gel, (<b>E</b>) curcumin-loaded emulgel, and (<b>F</b>) pure curcumin.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>CDR of gel and emulgel.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>A</b>) Kinetic order of curcumin-loaded gel. (<b>B</b>) Kinetic order of curcumin-loaded emulgel.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>(<b>A</b>) control healthy mouse. (<b>B</b>) Imiquimod-induced psoriasis model (disease).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>In vivo anti-psoriatic activity of curcumin-loaded gel (<b>A</b>) and emulgel (<b>B</b>) on animal.</p> Full article ">
21 pages, 4653 KiB  
Article
Phosphorylated Curdlan Gel/Polyvinyl Alcohol Electrospun Nanofibres Loaded with Clove Oil with Antibacterial Activity
by Dana M. Suflet, Irina Popescu, Irina M. Pelin, Geta David, Diana Serbezeanu, Cristina M. Rîmbu, Oana M. Daraba, Alin A. Enache and Maria Bercea
Gels 2022, 8(7), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8070439 - 13 Jul 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2880
Abstract
Fibrous membranes based on natural polymers obtained by the electrospinning technique are a great choice for wound dressings. In order to promote an efficient wound repair, and to avoid antibiotics, antibacterial plant extracts can be incorporated. In the present work, the new electrospun [...] Read more.
Fibrous membranes based on natural polymers obtained by the electrospinning technique are a great choice for wound dressings. In order to promote an efficient wound repair, and to avoid antibiotics, antibacterial plant extracts can be incorporated. In the present work, the new electrospun nanofibre membranes based on monobasic phosphate curdlan (PCurd) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were obtained for the first time. To establish the adequate mixing ratio for electrospinning, the behaviour of the PCurd and PVA mixture was studied by viscometry and rheology. In order to confer antimicrobial activity with the nanofibre membrane, clove essential oil (CEO) was incorporated into the electrospun solution. Well-defined and drop-free nanofibres with a diameter between 157 nm and 110 nm were obtained. The presence of CEO in the obtained nanofibres was confirmed by ATR–FTIR spectroscopy, by the phenolic and flavonoid contents, and by the antioxidant activity of the membranes. In physiological conditions, CEO was released from the membrane after 24 h. The in vivo antimicrobial tests showed a good inhibitory activity against E. coli and higher activity against S. aureus. Furthermore, the viability cell test showed the lack of cytotoxicity of the nanofibre membrane with and without CEO, confirming its potential use in wound treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymer Gel-Assisted Synthesis of Particles for Biomedical Applications (2nd Edition))
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>(<b>a</b>) Dependence of reduced viscosity and (<b>b</b>) natural logarithm of the relative viscosity as function of polymer concentration for PCurd, PVA, and PCurd/PVA mixture in pure water at 25 °C; (<b>c</b>) Shear viscosity as a function of shear rate for PVA, PCurd, and PVA/PCurd mixtures at 25 °C; (<b>d</b>) Specific viscosity as a function of <span class="html-italic">c</span> × [<span class="html-italic">η</span>] for PVA, PCurd, and PVA/PCurd mixtures in aqueous solution at 25 °C. Other reported data for PVA were included [<a href="#B46-gels-08-00439" class="html-bibr">46</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The ATR spectra of the nanofibre membranes with and without incorporated CEO (PCurd/PVA, PCurd/PVA/C) together with the polymeric components and the therapeutic oil.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Scanning electron micrographs of the electrospun nanofibre membrane with and without clove essential oil (general view with detail and size distribution): PVA (<b>a</b>), 25PCurd/PVA (<b>b</b>), 50PCurd/PVA (<b>c</b>), 25PCurd/PVA/C<sub>1</sub> (<b>d</b>), 25PCurd/PVA/C<sub>2</sub> (<b>e</b>), and 25PCurd/PVA/C<sub>3</sub> (<b>f</b>) membranes.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Stress–strain tensile curves for PVA and PCurd/PVA nanofibre membranes with and without with CEO.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The release profile of clove essential oil from 25PCurd/PVA/C electrospun membrane at 32 °C and pH 5.5.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>DPPH free-radical scavenging activity at different concentrations of CEO and ascorbic acid as reference (<b>a</b>), the CEO-loaded 25PCurd/PVA electrospun membrane (<b>b</b>), and the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) from CEO-loaded 25PCurd/PVA electrospun membrane (<b>c</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Time-kill assay test of PCurd/PVA samples with and without CEO against <span class="html-italic">S. aureus</span> (<b>a</b>) and <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> (<b>b</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Cells viability of nanofibre 25PCurd/PVA with and without cove oil after 24 and 48 h (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> Full article ">

Review

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30 pages, 2673 KiB  
Review
Advanced Drug Delivery Systems for Renal Disorders
by Batoul Alallam, Hazem Choukaife, Salma Seyam, Vuanghao Lim and Mulham Alfatama
Gels 2023, 9(2), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9020115 - 1 Feb 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5265
Abstract
Kidney disease management and treatment are currently causing a substantial global burden. The kidneys are the most important organs in the human urinary system, selectively filtering blood and metabolic waste into urine via the renal glomerulus. Based on charge and/or molecule size, the [...] Read more.
Kidney disease management and treatment are currently causing a substantial global burden. The kidneys are the most important organs in the human urinary system, selectively filtering blood and metabolic waste into urine via the renal glomerulus. Based on charge and/or molecule size, the glomerular filtration apparatus acts as a barrier to therapeutic substances. Therefore, drug distribution to the kidneys is challenging, resulting in therapy failure in a variety of renal illnesses. Hence, different approaches to improve drug delivery across the glomerulus filtration barrier are being investigated. Nanotechnology in medicine has the potential to have a significant impact on human health, from illness prevention to diagnosis and treatment. Nanomaterials with various physicochemical properties, including size, charge, surface and shape, with unique biological attributes, such as low cytotoxicity, high cellular internalization and controllable biodistribution and pharmacokinetics, have demonstrated promising potential in renal therapy. Different types of nanosystems have been employed to deliver drugs to the kidneys. This review highlights the features of the nanomaterials, including the nanoparticles and corresponding hydrogels, in overcoming various barriers of drug delivery to the kidneys. The most common delivery sites and strategies of kidney-targeted drug delivery systems are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymer Gel-Assisted Synthesis of Particles for Biomedical Applications (2nd Edition))
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>Schematic presentation of the renal system. (<b>A</b>) human kidney, (<b>B</b>) nephron, and (<b>C</b>) nephron with blood capillaries.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Schematic presentation of podocytes and proximal convoluted tubule. (<b>A</b>) healthy podocytes and glomerular basement membrane (GBM), (<b>B</b>) swollen proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in injury condition explicit by the gaps in GBM, (<b>C</b>) healthy proximal convoluted tubule with good brush border epithelium, and (<b>D</b>) injured proximal convoluted tubule with lack of brush border.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Kidney-targeted drug delivery. The nanoparticles filtration process in the glomerulus as function of their size, charge, and shape. HD indicates hydrodynamic size of the nanoparticles.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Schematic presentation of the glomerular filtration barriers.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Different strategies of renal drug delivery system.</p> Full article ">

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

8 pages, 573 KiB  
Brief Report
Analysis of Stability, Rheological and Structural Properties of Oleogels Obtained from Peanut Oil Structured with Yellow Beeswax
by Anna Zbikowska, Sylwia Onacik-Gür, Małgorzata Kowalska, Michał Sowiński, Iwona Szymańska, Katarzyna Żbikowska, Katarzyna Marciniak-Łukasiak and Wojciech Werpachowski
Gels 2022, 8(7), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8070448 - 18 Jul 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3032
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the macro- and microscopic properties of oleogels with yellow beeswax using different methods, especially modern optical techniques. Microrheological properties, physical stability and morphology of oleogel crystals obtained by structuring of peanut oil with yellow beeswax [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the macro- and microscopic properties of oleogels with yellow beeswax using different methods, especially modern optical techniques. Microrheological properties, physical stability and morphology of oleogel crystals obtained by structuring of peanut oil with yellow beeswax was analyzed. It was observed that oleogels, even with the smallest concentration of beeswax (2%), were resistant to centrifugal force. Increase in yellow beeswax concentration (from 2, 4, 6 to 8 %) resulted in significant differences in the characteristics of oleogels: increased elasticity (EI), macroscopic viscosity (MVI) and the firmness values of oleogels. It was concluded that non-invasive optical techniques (multi-speckle diffusing wave spectroscopy—Rheolaser Master) are useful in obtaining a quick evaluation of physical properties of oleogels at the microstructural level, and the received information allows for quality assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymer Gel-Assisted Synthesis of Particles for Biomedical Applications (2nd Edition))
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>The structure of peanut oil oleogels with yellow beeswax at concentrations: 2, 4, 6 and 8% in the microscopic image at 600× magnification.</p> Full article ">
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