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Gels
Volume 11
Issue 1
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Gels, Volume 11, Issue 1 (January 2025) – 2 articles

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21 pages, 1916 KiB  
Review
The Clinical Application of Gel-Based Composite Scaffolds in Rotator Cuff Repair
by Shebin Tharakan, Michael Hadjiargyrou and Azhar Ilyas
Gels 2025, 11(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11010002 - 24 Dec 2024
Abstract
Rotator cuff tears are a common injury that can be treated with or without surgical intervention. Gel-based scaffolds have gained significant attention in the field of tissue engineering, particularly for applications like rotator cuff repair. Scaffolds can be biological, synthetic, or a mixture [...] Read more.
Rotator cuff tears are a common injury that can be treated with or without surgical intervention. Gel-based scaffolds have gained significant attention in the field of tissue engineering, particularly for applications like rotator cuff repair. Scaffolds can be biological, synthetic, or a mixture of both materials. Collagen, a primary constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in musculoskeletal tissues, is one of the most widely used materials for gel-based scaffolds in rotator cuff repair, but other ECM-based and synthetic-based composite scaffolds have also been utilized. These composite scaffolds can be engineered to mimic the biomechanical and biological properties of natural tissues, supporting the healing process and promoting regeneration. Various clinical studies examined the effectiveness of these composite scaffolds with collagen, ECM and synthetic polymers and provided outstanding results with remarkable improvements in range of motion (ROM), strength, and pain. This review explores the material composition, manufacturing process and material properties of gel-based composite scaffolds as well as their clinical outcomes for the treatment of rotator cuff injuries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gel-Based Materials for Biomedical Engineering)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Right shoulder observed from the lateral portal. (<b>A</b>) Demonstrates a large tear at the level of the glenoid. (<b>B</b>) Rotator cuff repair prior to the addition of the synthetic PLLA scaffold. (<b>C</b>) Placement of the scaffold with medial sutures and anchors. Reprinted with permissions from [<a href="#B66-gels-11-00002" class="html-bibr">66</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>An example of some biological and synthetic materials that can constitute composite scaffold for shoulder augmentation.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Ultrasound image of the rotator cuff tears and repairs from representative patients. (<b>A</b>) Rotator cuff tear. a. humeral head; b. defect; c. retracted cuff. (<b>B</b>) Ruptured repair. a. humeral head; b. defect; c. retracted cuff and graft. (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) Intact GraftJacket<sup>®</sup> and cuff repair. a. humeral head; b. intact graft; c. suture. Adapted with permission from [<a href="#B91-gels-11-00002" class="html-bibr">91</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Histology specimens extracted from sheep infraspinatus tenocytes at the tendon-bone junction were stained with Safranin O, demonstrating healing with a PLGA anchored scaffold. Black brackets indicate interfaces where tissue and bone are not properly integrated. Magnification of 40×. Reprinted with permissions from [<a href="#B73-gels-11-00002" class="html-bibr">73</a>].</p> Full article ">
16 pages, 7979 KiB  
Article
Hydrate-Based Methane Storage in Biodegradable Hydrogels Absorbing Dilute Sodium P-Styrenesulfonate Solution
by Fangzheng Hua, Kang Tan, Jingyu Lv, Fei Wang and Mengting Sun
Gels 2025, 11(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11010001 - 24 Dec 2024
Abstract
Developing an exceptional reaction medium with high promotion efficiency, desirable biodegradability and good recyclability is necessary for hydrate-based methane storage. In this work, a kind of eco-friendly hydrogel, polyvinyl alcohol-co-acrylic acid (PVA-co-PAA), was utilized to absorb dilute sodium p-styrenesulfonate (SS) solution, for constructing [...] Read more.
Developing an exceptional reaction medium with high promotion efficiency, desirable biodegradability and good recyclability is necessary for hydrate-based methane storage. In this work, a kind of eco-friendly hydrogel, polyvinyl alcohol-co-acrylic acid (PVA-co-PAA), was utilized to absorb dilute sodium p-styrenesulfonate (SS) solution, for constructing a hybrid reaction medium for methane hydrate formation. Hydrogels or dilute SS solutions (1–4 mmol L−1) had weak or even no promoting effects on hydrate formation kinetics, while the combination of them could synergistically promote methane hydrate formation. In hydrogel-SS hybrid media containing 1, 2, 3 and 4 mmol L−1 of SS solutions, the storage capacity reached 121.2 ± 1.6, 121.5 ± 3.1, 122.6 ± 1.9 and 120.6 ± 1.6 v/v, respectively. In this binary reaction system, the large surface area of hydrogels provided hydrate formation with sufficient nucleation sites and an enlarged gas–liquid interface, and in the meantime, the dilute SS solution produced an adequate capillary effect, which together enhanced mass transfer and accelerated hydrate formation kinetics. Additionally, the hybrid medium could relieve wall-climbing hydrate growth and improve poor hydrate compactness resulting from the bulk SS promoter. Moreover, the hybrid medium exhibited a preferable recyclability and could be reused at least 10 times. Therefore, the hydrogel-SS hybrid medium can serve as an effective and eco-friendly packing medium for methane hydrate storage tanks, which holds great application potential in hydrate-based methane storage technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Polymer-Based Smart Hydrogels: Design, Properties and Applications)
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Figure 1
<p>Storage capacities, induction times (<b>A</b>) and curves of methane uptake over time (<b>B</b>) in the presence of bulk distilled water or SS solutions; storage capacities, induction times (<b>C</b>) and curves of methane uptake over time (<b>D</b>) when using hydrogel-SS hybrid media for hydrate formations.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Appearances of hydrates formed in stainless steel reactor in SS-5 (<b>A</b>) and (<b>B</b>) or HSS-2 (<b>C</b>) and (<b>D</b>) group.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Morphological evolution of methane hydrate formation and dissociation in the presence of 2 mmol L<sup>−1</sup> SS solution (<b>A</b>), 5 mmol L<sup>−1</sup> SS solution (<b>B</b>) and the mixed medium of hydrogel and 2 mmol L<sup>−1</sup> SS solution (<b>C</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Morphological evolutions of methane hydrate formation (<b>A</b>) and dissociation (<b>B</b>) from a single-grained hydrogel or SS droplets.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Cryo-EM images: (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>): methane hydrates formed in hydrogels absorbing 2 mmol L<sup>−1</sup> of SS solution (the region inside of yellow line is a whole hydrogel particle); (<b>D</b>,<b>E</b>): frozen hydrogels absorbing 2 mmol L<sup>−1</sup> of SS solution pretreated at 253.15 K for 24 h.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Methane uptakes (indicated by scatter curves) and induction times (represented by a red triangle) of 10 repeated hydrate formation–dissociation cycles promoted by HSS-2.</p> Full article ">
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