| dbo:abstract
|
- A total of 112 fictional films are known to have been produced in the Dutch East Indies (modern day Indonesia) between 1926 and the colony's dissolution in 1949. The earliest motion pictures, imported from abroad, were shown in late 1900, and by the early 1920s imported serials and fictional films were being shown, often with localised names. Dutch companies were also producing documentary films about the Indies to be shown in the Netherlands. The first reports of fictional film production in the Indies date from 1923, although the work in question was not completed. The first locally produced film, Loetoeng Kasaroeng, was directed by L. Heuveldorp and released on 31 December 1926. Between 1926 and 1933 numerous other local productions were released. Although Dutchmen like Heuveldorp and G. Krugers continued to be active in the industry, the majority of filmmakers and producers were ethnic Chinese. The Tan brothers (Khoen Yauw and Khoen Hian) and The Teng Chun were major producers during this period, while the Wong brothers (Nelson, Othniel, and Joshua) were among the more prominent directors. During the mid-1930s, production dropped as a result of the Great Depression. The release of Albert Balink's commercially and critically successful Terang Boelan (Full Moon) in 1937 led to renewed interest in filmmaking, and 1941 saw thirty locally produced films. This rate of production declined after the Japanese occupation beginning in early 1942, closing all but one film studio; this resulted in several films which had begun production in 1941 being released several years later. The majority of films produced during the occupation were short propaganda pieces. Following the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945 and during the ensuing revolution several films were made, by both pro-Dutch and pro-Indonesian backers; the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty on 27 December 1949, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. Generally films produced in the Indies dealt with traditional stories or were adapted from existing works. The early films were silent, with Karnadi Anemer Bangkong (Karnadi the Frog Contractor; 1930) generally considered the first talkie; later films would be in Dutch, Malay, or an indigenous language. All were black-and-white. According to the Indonesian film scholar Misbach Yusa Biran, the films released during this period could not be classified as truly Indonesian films as there was no sense of nationalism within them. The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider writes that all films from before 1950 are lost. However, JB Kristanto's Katalog Film Indonesia (Indonesian Film Catalogue) records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia's archives, and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service. (en)
- Sebanyak 112 film fiksi diketahui pernah dibuat di Hindia Belanda (sekarang Indonesia) sejak 1926 sampai pembubaran koloni ini tahun 1949. Film pertama yang diimpor dari luar negeri ditayangkan pada akhir 1900, dan pada awal 1920-an, film serial dan fiksi impor ditayangkan di negara ini, biasanya dengan judul yang diterjemahkan. Perusahaan-perusahaan Belanda juga membuat film dokumenter seputar Hindia Belanda dan ditayangkan di Belanda. Laporan pertama mengenai pembuatan film fiksi di Hindia Belanda sudah ada sejak 1923, meski karya tersebut tidak selesai dibuat. Film buatan lokal pertama, Loetoeng Kasaroeng, disutradarai oleh L. Heuveldorp dan dirilis tanggal 31 Desember 1926. Antara 1926 dan 1933, sejumlah film lokal dirilis. Meski orang Belanda seperti Heuveldorp dan G. Kruger terus aktif dalam industri ini, kebanyakan pembuat film dan produsernya merupakan etnis Cina. Tan Bersaudara (Khoen Yauw dan Khoen Hian) dan The Teng Chun adalah produser terbesar waktu itu, sedangkan Wong Bersaudara (Nelson, Othniel, dan Joshua) merupakan sutradara paling terkenal waktu itu. Sepanjang pertengahan 1930-an, produksi film turun seiring Depresi Besar. Peluncuran Terang Boelan karya Albert Balink tahun 1937 menjadi awal kemunculan ketertarikan masyarakat pada industri perfilman, dan pada tahun 1941 ada tiga puluh film yang dibuat di dalam negeri. Tingkat produksi ini menurun setelah pendudukan Jepang dimulai pada awal 1942 yang menutup semua kecuali satu studio. Akibatnya, beberapa film yang sudah mulai dibuat tahun 1941 baru dirilis beberapa tahun kemudian. Mayoritas film yang dibuat selama masa pendudukan adalah rekaman-rekaman pendek. Setelah Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia tahun 1945 dan Revolusi Nasional Indonesia, beberapa film dibuat oleh produser pro-Belanda dan pro-Indonesia. Belanda secara resmi mengakui kedaulatan Indonesia pada 27 Desember 1949 yang otomatis membubarkan Hindia Belanda. Umumnya, film yang dibuat di Hindia Belanda memiliki alur cerita tradisional atau diadaptasi dari karya yang sudah ada. Film-film pertama waktu itu masih bisu, lalu Karnadi Anemer Bangkong (1930) dirilis sebagai film bicara pertama di Hindia Belanda. Film-film selanjutnya memakai bahasa Belanda, Melayu, Tionghoa, atau bahasa pribumi. Semuanya hitam putih. Menurut sejarawan film Indonesia Misbach Yusa Biran, film-film yang dirilis pada masa itu tidak dapat dikelompokkan sebagai film Indonesia sejati, karena tidak ada rasa nasionalisme di dalam ceritanya. Antropolog visual Amerika Serikat Karl G. Heider menulis bahwa semua film sejak sebelum 1950 dianggap hilang dari peredaran. Akan tetapi, Katalog Film Indonesia yang disusun JB Kristanto menyebutkan beberapa film masih disimpan di Sinematek Indonesia dan Biran menulis bahwa sejumlah film propaganda Jepang masih ada di Dinas Informasi Pemerintah Belanda. (in)
|
| rdfs:comment
|
- A total of 112 fictional films are known to have been produced in the Dutch East Indies (modern day Indonesia) between 1926 and the colony's dissolution in 1949. The earliest motion pictures, imported from abroad, were shown in late 1900, and by the early 1920s imported serials and fictional films were being shown, often with localised names. Dutch companies were also producing documentary films about the Indies to be shown in the Netherlands. The first reports of fictional film production in the Indies date from 1923, although the work in question was not completed. The first locally produced film, Loetoeng Kasaroeng, was directed by L. Heuveldorp and released on 31 December 1926. (en)
- Sebanyak 112 film fiksi diketahui pernah dibuat di Hindia Belanda (sekarang Indonesia) sejak 1926 sampai pembubaran koloni ini tahun 1949. Film pertama yang diimpor dari luar negeri ditayangkan pada akhir 1900, dan pada awal 1920-an, film serial dan fiksi impor ditayangkan di negara ini, biasanya dengan judul yang diterjemahkan. Perusahaan-perusahaan Belanda juga membuat film dokumenter seputar Hindia Belanda dan ditayangkan di Belanda. Laporan pertama mengenai pembuatan film fiksi di Hindia Belanda sudah ada sejak 1923, meski karya tersebut tidak selesai dibuat. Film buatan lokal pertama, Loetoeng Kasaroeng, disutradarai oleh L. Heuveldorp dan dirilis tanggal 31 Desember 1926. (in)
|