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The Short-Term Economic Consequences of COVID-19: Exposure to Disease, Remote Work and Government Response. (2020). Wright, Taylor ; Brodeur, Abel ; Beland, Louis-Philippe.
In: IZA Discussion Papers.
RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13159.

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  1. The Role of Technological Change in the Evolution of the Employment to Output Elasticity. (2024). Micco, Alejandro ; Egana-Delsol, Pablo.
    In: IZA Discussion Papers.
    RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17003.

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  2. Drivers and Constraints of Employee Satisfaction with Remote Work: An Empirical Analysis. (2023). Saeed, Nosratabadi ; Thabit, Atobishi.
    In: Organizacija.
    RePEc:vrs:organi:v:56:y:2023:i:2:p:93-105:n:4.

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  3. Distributional impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic and the CARES Act. (2023). Cortes, Guido Matias ; Forsythe, Eliza.
    In: The Journal of Economic Inequality.
    RePEc:spr:joecin:v:21:y:2023:i:2:d:10.1007_s10888-022-09552-8.

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  4. The ‘welcomed lockdown’ hypothesis? Mental wellbeing and mobility restrictions. (2023). Costa-Font, Joan ; Vilaplana-Prieto, Cristina ; Knapp, Martin.
    In: The European Journal of Health Economics.
    RePEc:spr:eujhec:v:24:y:2023:i:5:d:10.1007_s10198-022-01490-6.

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  5. The economic damage of COVID-19 on regional economies: an application of a spatial computable general equilibrium model to South Korea. (2023). Jiang, Min ; Lee, Hojune ; Jin, Dongyeong ; Kim, Euijune.
    In: The Annals of Regional Science.
    RePEc:spr:anresc:v:71:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1007_s00168-022-01160-8.

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  6. The economic implications of the COVID-19 outbreak on tourism industry: Empirical evidence from Turkey. (2023). koçak, emrah ; Bulut, Umit ; Shehzad, Khurram ; Dogru, Tarik ; Koak, Emrah.
    In: Tourism Economics.
    RePEc:sae:toueco:v:29:y:2023:i:3:p:742-758.

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  7. Higher order risk attitudes in the time of COVID-19: an experimental study. (2023). Kidwai, Abdul H ; Andres, Maximiliano Sosa ; Mussio, Irene.
    In: Oxford Economic Papers.
    RePEc:oup:oxecpp:v:75:y:2023:i:1:p:163-182..

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  8. The Gendered Effects of COVID-19 on Well-being: A Household Perspective. (2023). Kroh, Jacqueline ; Collischon, Matthias ; Patzina, Alex.
    In: SocArXiv.
    RePEc:osf:socarx:h2fa7.

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  9. Life Dissatisfaction and Anxiety in COVID-19 pandemic. (2023). Tijdens, Kea ; Guzi, Martin ; de Pedraza, Pablo.
    In: MUNI ECON Working Papers.
    RePEc:mub:wpaper:2020-03.

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  10. Factors Affecting Accountants’ Adoption of Remote Working: Evidence from Jordanian Governmental Organizations. (2023). al Amosh, Hamzeh ; Ananzeh, Husam ; al Shbail, Mohannad Obeid ; Alshurafat, Hashem ; Odat, Qutaiba Adeeb.
    In: Sustainability.
    RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:17:p:13224-:d:1232185.

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  11. Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior towards Online Shopping in Saudi Arabia Amid COVID-19: Implications for E-Businesses Post Pandemic. (2023). Elnasr, Abu ; al Hamli, Sarah S.
    In: JRFM.
    RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:16:y:2023:i:1:p:36-:d:1026113.

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  12. IT Shields: Technology Adoption and Economic Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic. (2023). Timmer, Yannick ; Pierri, Nicola ; Oikonomou, Myrto.
    In: Finance and Economics Discussion Series.
    RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2023-10.

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  13. IT shields: Technology adoption and economic resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2023). Timmer, Yannick ; Pierri, Nicola ; Oikonomou, Myrto.
    In: Labour Economics.
    RePEc:eee:labeco:v:81:y:2023:i:c:s0927537123000052.

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  14. Productivity dynamics of remote work during the COVID?19 pandemic. (2023). MORIKAWA, MASAYUKI.
    In: Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society.
    RePEc:bla:indres:v:62:y:2023:i:3:p:317-331.

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  15. .

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  16. Remittances and households livelihood in the context of Covid?19: Evidence from Burkina Faso. (2022). Tapsoba, Tebkieta Alexandra.
    In: Journal of International Development.
    RePEc:wly:jintdv:v:34:y:2022:i:4:p:737-753.

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  17. A framework for economic performance recovery in South Africa during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. (2022). Sukdeo, N ; Pradhan, A ; Edoun, E I ; Fotso, Bakam G.
    In: Technium Social Sciences Journal.
    RePEc:tec:journl:v:27:y:2022:i:1:p:401-422.

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  18. From the lockdown to the new normal: individual mobility and local labor market characteristics following the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. (2022). Fracasso, Andrea ; Scicchitano, Sergio ; Caselli, Mauro.
    In: Journal of Population Economics.
    RePEc:spr:jopoec:v:35:y:2022:i:4:d:10.1007_s00148-022-00891-4.

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  19. Italian Workers at Risk During the COVID-19 Epidemic. (2022). scicchitano, sergio ; Barbieri, Teresa ; Basso, Gaetano.
    In: Italian Economic Journal: A Continuation of Rivista Italiana degli Economisti and Giornale degli Economisti.
    RePEc:spr:italej:v:8:y:2022:i:1:d:10.1007_s40797-021-00164-1.

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  20. Immediate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on household economic activities and food security in Tajikistan. (2022). Murakami, Enerelt.
    In: Economics of Disasters and Climate Change.
    RePEc:spr:ediscc:v:6:y:2022:i:2:d:10.1007_s41885-021-00104-4.

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  21. COVID-19 and assimilation: an analysis of immigration from Venezuelan in Colombia. (2022). Iturralde, Alexander Sarango ; Sepulveda, Carlos ; Mondragon-Mayo, Angie ; Mayorga, Juan D ; Gallego, Juan Miguel ; Garcia-Suaza, Andres.
    In: Working papers.
    RePEc:rie:riecdt:99.

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  22. Impacts of the Covid-19 crisis on unemployment in Slovakia: a statistically created counterfactual approach using the time series analysis. (2022). Gabrikova, Barbora ; Svabova, Lucia ; Kramarova, Katarina.
    In: Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy.
    RePEc:pes:ierequ:v:17:y:2022:i:2:p:343-389.

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  23. Heterogeneous effects of the Covid-19 crisis on Italian workers’ incomes: the role played by jobs routinization and teleworkability. (2022). Raitano, Michele ; Granato, Silvia ; Gallo, Giovanni.
    In: Center for the Analysis of Public Policies (CAPP).
    RePEc:mod:cappmo:0180.

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  24. COVID-19 and Domestic Violence: Economics or Isolation?. (2022). Hsu, Linchi ; Henke, Alexander.
    In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues.
    RePEc:kap:jfamec:v:43:y:2022:i:2:d:10.1007_s10834-022-09829-0.

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  25. Gender disparities in COVID-19 job losses across European post-transition economies. (2022). Broz, Tanja ; Botria, Valerija.
    In: Eastern Journal of European Studies.
    RePEc:jes:journl:y:2022:v:13:p:160-184.

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  26. The COVID-19 Era—Influencers of Uneven Sector Performance: A Canadian Perspective. (2022). Singh, Vik ; Shirazi, Homayoun ; Turetken, Jessica.
    In: Economies.
    RePEc:gam:jecomi:v:10:y:2022:i:2:p:40-:d:740645.

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  27. The ‘welcomed lockdown’ hypothesis? Mental wellbeing and mobility restrictions. (2022). Vilaplana-Prieto, Cristina ; Knapp, Martin ; Costa-Font, Joan.
    In: LSE Research Online Documents on Economics.
    RePEc:ehl:lserod:115323.

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  28. COVID-19 and automation in a developing economy: Evidence from Chile. (2022). Micco, Alejandro ; Cruz, Gabriel ; Egana-Delsol, Pablo.
    In: Technological Forecasting and Social Change.
    RePEc:eee:tefoso:v:176:y:2022:i:c:s0040162521008040.

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  29. Pandemic and employment: Evidence from COVID-19 in South Korea. (2022). Yang, Hee-Seung ; Lee, Jongkwan.
    In: Journal of Asian Economics.
    RePEc:eee:asieco:v:78:y:2022:i:c:s1049007821001603.

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  30. COVID-19 and assimilation: an analysis of immigration from Venezuelan in Colombia. (2022). Sarango, A ; Sepulveda, C ; Mondragon-Mayo, A ; Mayorga, J D ; Gallego, J M ; Garcia-Suaza, A.
    In: Documentos de Trabajo.
    RePEc:col:000092:020417.

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  31. The Welcomed Lockdown Hypothesis: When Do Mobility Restrictions Influence Mental Wellbeing?. (2022). Vilaplana-Prieto, Cristina ; Knapp, Martin ; Costa, Joan.
    In: CESifo Working Paper Series.
    RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9796.

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  32. .

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  33. Labour and technology at the time of Covid-19. Can artificial intelligence mitigate the need for proximity?. (2021). scicchitano, sergio ; Carbonero, Francesco.
    In: GLO Discussion Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:glodps:765.

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  34. The COVID-19 Pandemic and the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election. (2021). Brodeur, Abel ; Weymouth, Stephen ; Baccini, Leonardo.
    In: GLO Discussion Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:glodps:710pre.

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  35. The Distributional Consequences of Social Distancing on Poverty and Labour Income Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean. (2021). Peña, Werner ; Delaporte, Isaure ; Pea, Werner ; Escobar, Julia.
    In: GLO Discussion Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:glodps:682pre.

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  36. Covid-19 and Technology. (2021). Fracasso, Andrea ; Caselli, Mauro.
    In: GLO Discussion Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:glodps:1001.

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  37. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the CARES act on earnings and inequality. (2021). Forsythe, Eliza ; Cortes, Guido Matias.
    In: CLEF Working Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:clefwp:41.

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  38. The heterogenous labour market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. (2021). Forsythe, Eliza ; Cortes, Guido Matias.
    In: CLEF Working Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:clefwp:40.

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  39. The role of automatic stabilizers and emergency tax-benefit policies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador. (2021). Tasseva, Iva ; Montesdeoca, Lourdes ; Jara, Xavier H.
    In: WIDER Working Paper Series.
    RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2021-4.

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  40. Crisis diagnosis in cross-border region: lessons from the pandemic. (2021). Bilczak, Micha.
    In: Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues.
    RePEc:ssi:jouesi:v:9:y:2021:i:2:p:223-237.

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  41. The distributional consequences of social distancing on poverty and labour income inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean. (2021). Delaporte, Isaure ; Pea, Werner ; Escobar, Julia.
    In: Journal of Population Economics.
    RePEc:spr:jopoec:v:34:y:2021:i:4:d:10.1007_s00148-021-00854-1.

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  42. The COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020 US presidential election. (2021). Brodeur, Abel ; Weymouth, Stephen ; Baccini, Leonardo.
    In: Journal of Population Economics.
    RePEc:spr:jopoec:v:34:y:2021:i:2:d:10.1007_s00148-020-00820-3.

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  43. Working from home and income inequality: risks of a ‘new normal’ with COVID-19. (2021). scicchitano, sergio ; Gallo, Giovanni ; Bonacini, Luca.
    In: Journal of Population Economics.
    RePEc:spr:jopoec:v:34:y:2021:i:1:d:10.1007_s00148-020-00800-7.

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  44. The fall in income inequality during COVID-19 in four European countries. (2021). Lepinteur, Anthony ; D'Ambrosio, Conchita ; Clark, Andrew ; Dambrosio, Conchita.
    In: The Journal of Economic Inequality.
    RePEc:spr:joecin:v:19:y:2021:i:3:d:10.1007_s10888-021-09499-2.

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  45. BUSINESS REVENUE AND JOB RETENTION DURING COVID-19 CRISIS IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN SERBIA. (2021). Lazarevic, Andjela ; Matovic, Ivana Marinovic.
    In: Business Excellence and Management.
    RePEc:rom:bemann:v:11:y:2021:i:5:p:113-128.

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  46. The New Era of Digital Transformation and COVID-19 Effect on The Employment in Mobile Operators in Egypt. (2021). Elzeftawy, Ahmed ; Elsafty, Ashraf.
    In: Business and Management Studies.
    RePEc:rfa:bmsjnl:v:7:y:2021:i:1:p:74-99.

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  47. Changes in mobility and socioeconomic conditions during the COVID-19 outbreak. (2021). Duenas, Marco ; Campi, Mercedes ; Olmos, Luis E ; Dueas, Marco.
    In: Palgrave Communications.
    RePEc:pal:palcom:v:8:y:2021:i:1:d:10.1057_s41599-021-00775-0.

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  48. Do Disease Epidemics Stimulate or Repress Entrepreneurial Activity?. (2021). Saunoris, James W ; Berdiev, Aziz N.
    In: Eastern Economic Journal.
    RePEc:pal:easeco:v:47:y:2021:i:4:d:10.1057_s41302-021-00203-w.

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  49. Examining the impact of socioeconomic variables on COVID-19 death rates at the state level. (2021). Doti, James L.
    In: Journal of Bioeconomics.
    RePEc:kap:jbioec:v:23:y:2021:i:1:d:10.1007_s10818-021-09309-9.

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  50. Poverty in the COVID-19 Era: Real Time Data Analysis on Five European Countries. (2021). Menta, Giorgia.
    In: Working Papers.
    RePEc:inq:inqwps:ecineq2021-568.

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  51. Initial Output Losses from the Covid-19 Pandemic: Robust Determinants. (2021). Ostry, Jonathan ; Furceri, Davide ; Yang, Naihan ; Ganslmeier, Michael.
    In: IMF Working Papers.
    RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/018.

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  52. Work-from-Home Productivity during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Surveys of Employees and Employers. (2021). MORIKAWA, MASAYUKI.
    In: SSPJ Discussion Paper Series.
    RePEc:hit:sspjdp:dp20-007.

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  53. The Fall in Income Inequality during COVID-19 in Four European Countries. (2021). D'Ambrosio, Conchita ; Clark, Andrew ; Lepinteur, Anthony.
    In: Working Papers.
    RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03230629.

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  54. Pandemic Policy and Life Satisfaction in Europe. (2021). Clark, Andrew ; Lepinteur, Anthony.
    In: Working Papers.
    RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03202345.

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  55. The Fall in Income Inequality during COVID-19 in Five European Countries. (2021). D'Ambrosio, Conchita ; Clark, Andrew ; Lepinteur, Anthony.
    In: Working Papers.
    RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03185534.

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  56. The Fall in Income Inequality during COVID-19 in Four European Countries. (2021). D'Ambrosio, Conchita ; Clark, Andrew ; Lepinteur, Anthony.
    In: PSE Working Papers.
    RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-03230629.

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  57. Pandemic Policy and Life Satisfaction in Europe. (2021). Clark, Andrew ; Lepinteur, Anthony.
    In: PSE Working Papers.
    RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-03202345.

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  58. The Fall in Income Inequality during COVID-19 in Five European Countries. (2021). D'Ambrosio, Conchita ; Clark, Andrew ; Lepinteur, Anthony.
    In: PSE Working Papers.
    RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-03185534.

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  59. Building on Vietnam’s Recent COVID-19 Success: A Job-Focused Analysis of Individual Assessments on Their Finance and the Economy. (2021). Dang, Hai-Anh ; Giang, Long T.
    In: Sustainability.
    RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:19:p:10664-:d:643150.

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  60. Productivity of Working from Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a Firm Survey. (2021). MORIKAWA, MASAYUKI.
    In: Discussion papers.
    RePEc:eti:dpaper:21002.

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  61. COVID-19 implications on household income and food security in Kenya and Uganda: Findings from a rapid assessment. (2021). Tambo, Justice A ; Kansiime, Monica K ; Owuor, Charles ; Kara, Augustine ; Bundi, Mary ; Mugambi, Idah.
    In: World Development.
    RePEc:eee:wdevel:v:137:y:2021:i:c:s0305750x20303260.

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  62. Robots and risk of COVID-19 workplace contagion: Evidence from Italy. (2021). Fracasso, Andrea ; Caselli, Mauro ; Traverso, Silvio.
    In: Technological Forecasting and Social Change.
    RePEc:eee:tefoso:v:173:y:2021:i:c:s0040162521005308.

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  63. COVID-19, lockdowns and well-being: Evidence from Google Trends. (2021). Powdthavee, Nattavudh ; Flèche, Sarah ; Clark, Andrew ; Brodeur, Abel ; Fleche, Sarah.
    In: Journal of Public Economics.
    RePEc:eee:pubeco:v:193:y:2021:i:c:s0047272720302103.

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  64. The heterogeneous and regressive consequences of COVID-19: Evidence from high quality panel data. (2021). Crossley, Thomas ; Low, Hamish ; Fisher, Paul.
    In: Journal of Public Economics.
    RePEc:eee:pubeco:v:193:y:2021:i:c:s0047272720301985.

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  65. Water in the time of corona(virus): The effect of stay-at-home orders on water demand in the desert. (2021). McDonough, Ian K ; McCoy, Shawn J ; Irwin, Nicholas B.
    In: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management.
    RePEc:eee:jeeman:v:109:y:2021:i:c:s009506962100067x.

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  66. What is the exchange rate volatility response to COVID-19 and government interventions?. (2021). Chang, Chun-Ping ; Gong, Qiang ; Yang, Hao-Chang ; Feng, Gen-Fu.
    In: Economic Analysis and Policy.
    RePEc:eee:ecanpo:v:69:y:2021:i:c:p:705-719.

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  67. Regional economic impact of Covid-19: the role of sectoral structure and trade linkages. (2021). Papagalli, Ottavia ; Serafini, Roberta ; Meinen, Philipp.
    In: Working Paper Series.
    RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20212528.

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  68. Initial Output Losses from the Covid-19 Pandemic: Robust Determinants. (2021). Ostry, Jonathan ; Furceri, Davide ; Yang, Naihan ; Ganslmeier, Michael.
    In: CEPR Discussion Papers.
    RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15892.

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  69. Pandemic Policy and Life Satisfaction in Europe. (2021). Clark, Andrew ; Lepinteur, Anthony.
    In: CEPREMAP Working Papers (Docweb).
    RePEc:cpm:docweb:2108.

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  70. The Unequal Consequences of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a Large Representative German Population Survey. (2021). Peichl, Andreas ; Neumeier, Florian ; Immel, Lea.
    In: CESifo Working Paper Series.
    RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9038.

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  71. A literature review of the economics of COVID?19. (2021). Brodeur, Abel ; Islam, Anik ; Gray, David ; Bhuiyan, Suraiya.
    In: Journal of Economic Surveys.
    RePEc:bla:jecsur:v:35:y:2021:i:4:p:1007-1044.

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  72. The impact of Covid-19 restrictions on workers: Who is most exposed?. (2020). Doran, Justin ; Crowley, Frank ; Ryan, Geraldine.
    In: SRERC Working Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:srercw:srercwp20203.

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  73. The COVID-19 Pandemic and the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election. (2020). Brodeur, Abel ; Baccini, Leonardo ; Weymouth, Stephen.
    In: GLO Discussion Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:glodps:710.

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  74. From the lockdown to the new normal: An analysis of the limitations to individual mobility in Italy following the Covid-19 crisis. (2020). Fracasso, Andrea ; Scicchitano, Sergio ; Caselli, Mauro.
    In: GLO Discussion Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:glodps:683.

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  75. Reacting quickly and protecting jobs: The short-term impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on the Greek labor market. (2020). Tzimas, Giannis ; Testaverde, Mauro ; Pantelaiou, Ioanna ; Laliotis, Ioannis ; Giannakopoulos, Nicholas ; Betcherman, Gordon.
    In: GLO Discussion Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:glodps:613.

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  76. Turning Vietnam’s COVID-19 Success into Economic Recovery: A Job-Focused Analysis of Individual Assessments on Their Finance and the Economy. (2020). Dang, Hai-Anh ; Giang, Long T.
    In: GLO Discussion Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:glodps:566.

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  77. COVID-19, Stay-at-Home Orders and Employment: Evidence from CPS Data. (2020). Brodeur, Abel ; Beland, Louis-Philippe ; Wright, Taylor.
    In: GLO Discussion Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:glodps:559.

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  78. COVID-19, Lockdowns and Well-Being: Evidence from Google Trends. (2020). Powdthavee, Nattavudh ; Flèche, Sarah ; Clark, Andrew ; Brodeur, Abel ; Fleche, Sarah.
    In: GLO Discussion Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:glodps:552.

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  79. Life Dissatisfaction and Anxiety in COVID-19 pandemic. (2020). Tijdens, Kea ; Guzi, Martin ; de Pedraza, Pablo.
    In: GLO Discussion Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:glodps:544.

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  80. The short-term Economic Consequences of COVID-19: Occupation Tasks and Mental Health in Canada. (2020). Brodeur, Abel ; Beland, Louis-Philippe ; Wright, Taylor ; Mikola, Derek.
    In: GLO Discussion Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:glodps:542.

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  81. All that glitters is not gold. Effects of working from home on income inequality at the time of COVID-19. (2020). scicchitano, sergio ; Gallo, Giovanni ; Bonacini, Luca.
    In: GLO Discussion Paper Series.
    RePEc:zbw:glodps:541.

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  82. Reacting Quickly and Protecting Jobs : The Short-Term Impacts of the COVID-19 Lockdown on the Greek Labor Market. (2020). Giannakopoulos, Nicholas ; Tzimas, Giannis ; Testaverde, Mauro ; Pantelaiou, Ioanna ; Laliotis, Ioannis ; Betcherman, Gordon.
    In: Policy Research Working Paper Series.
    RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9356.

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  83. The Heterogeneous Labor Market Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic. (2020). Forsythe, Eliza C ; Cortes, Guido Matias.
    In: Upjohn Working Papers and Journal Articles.
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  34. Figure 5: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages. .035 .04 .045 .05 .055 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (a) Unemployment Rate. .69 .695 .7 .705 .71 .715 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (b) Labor Force Participation. 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (c) Hours of Work. 17 17.5 18 18.5 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (d) Hourly Wages.
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  35. Figure 9: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages by State COVID-19 Case Rate. .03 .035 .04 .045 .05 .055 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 states with cases > median states with cases < median (a) Unemployment Rate. .68 .69 .7 .71 .72 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 states with cases > median states with cases < median (b) Labor Force Participation. 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 states with cases > median states with cases < median (c) Hours of Work. 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 states with cases > median states with cases < median (d) Hourly Wages.
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  36. Figure A17: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Management Occupations. .01 .015 .02 .025 .03 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Management Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .992 .994 .996 .998 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Management Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 37 38 39 40 41 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Management Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 22 23 24 25 26 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Management Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  37. Figure A18: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Business and Financial Operations Occupations”. .015 .02 .025 .03 .035 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Business and Financial Operations Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .988 .99 .992 .994 .996 .998 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Business and Financial Operations Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 37 38 39 40 41 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Business and Financial Operations Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 21 22 23 24 25 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Business and Financial Operations Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  38. Figure A24: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages Education, Training, and Library Occupations. 0 .02 .04 .06 .08 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Education, Training, and Library Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .98 .985 .99 .995 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Education, Training, and Library Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 29 30 31 32 33 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Education, Training, and Library Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 17 18 19 20 21 22 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Education, Training, and Library Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  39. Figure A25: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations. .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .975 .98 .985 .99 .995 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 28 30 32 34 36 38 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 18 20 22 24 26 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  40. Figure A26: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations. .01 .012 .014 .016 .018 .02 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .99 .992 .994 .996 .998 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 26 27 28 29 30 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  41. Figure A28: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Protective Service Occupations. .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Protective Service Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .975 .98 .985 .99 .995 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Protective Service Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 38 39 40 41 42 43 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Protective Service Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 16 18 20 22 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Protective Service Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  42. Figure A29: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations. .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .975 .98 .985 .99 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 29 30 31 32 33 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 10 10.5 11 11.5 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  43. Figure A30: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations. .04 .06 .08 .1 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .975 .98 .985 .99 .995 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 33 34 35 36 37 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  44. Figure A31: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Personal Care and Service Occupations. .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Personal Care and Service Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .975 .98 .985 .99 .995 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Personal Care and Service Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 29 30 31 32 33 34 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Personal Care and Service Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Personal Care and Service Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  45. Figure A32: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Sales and Related Occupations. .03 .035 .04 .045 .05 .055 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Sales and Related Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .984 .986 .988 .99 .992 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Sales and Related Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 31 32 33 34 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Sales and Related Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 12.5 13 13.5 14 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Sales and Related Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  46. Figure A33: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages Office and Administrative Support Occupations. .03 .035 .04 .045 .05 .055 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Office and Administrative Support Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .986 .988 .99 .992 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Office and Administrative Support Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Office and Administrative Support Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 16 16.5 17 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Office and Administrative Support Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  47. Figure A38: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Transportation and Material Moving Occupations. .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .984 .986 .988 .99 .992 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 37 38 39 40 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  48. Figure A9: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages by Age Groups. 16−34 35−54 55+ .02 .04 .06 .08 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (a) Unemployment Rate. 16−34 35−54 55+ .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (b) Labor Force Participation. 16−34 35−54 55+ 34 36 38 40 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (c) Hours of Work. 16−34 35−54 55+ 14 16 18 20 22 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (d) Hourly Wages.
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  49. Fortson, J. G.: 2011, Mortality Risk and Human Capital Investment: The Impact of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, Review of Economics and Statistics 93(1), 1– 15.

  50. Full−time Part−time 14 16 18 20 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (d) Hourly Wages.
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  51. Garen, J.: 1988, Compensating Wage Differentials and the Endogeneity of Job Riskiness, Review of Economics and Statistics pp. 9–16.

  52. Goenka, A. and Liu, L.: 2012, Infectious Diseases and Endogenous Fluctuations, Economic Theory 50(1), 125–149.

  53. Goldberg, P. J. P.: 1992, Women, work, and life cycle in a Medieval economy: Women in York and Yorkshire c. 1300-1520, Vol. 153, Clarendon Press Oxford.
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  54. Gollier, C. and Straub, S.: 2020, The Economics of Coronavirus: Some Insights. Toulouse School of Economics: Public Policy.
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  55. Hamermesh, D. S.: 2020, Lockdowns, Loneliness and Life Satisfaction. IZA Discussion Paper 13140.

  56. Hassan, T. A., Hollander, S., van Lent, L. and Tahoun, A.: 2020, Firm-Level Exposure to Epidemic Diseases: COVID-19, SARS, and H1N1. NBER Working Paper 26971.

  57. Holshue, M. L., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S., Lofy, K. H., Wiesman, J., Bruce, H., Spitters, C., Ericson, K., Wilkerson, S., Tural, A. et al.: 2020, First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States, New England Journal of Medicine 382, 929–36.
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  58. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars.
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  59. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars.
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  60. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars.
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  61. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars.
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  62. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars.
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  63. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars.
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  64. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars.
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  65. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars.
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  66. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars.
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  67. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars.
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  68. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars.
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  69. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars.
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  70. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars. Figure 6: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages by Exposure to Disease. Above median exposure to infection/disease Below median exposure to infection/disease .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (a) Unemployment Rate. Above median exposure to infection/disease Below median exposure to infection/disease .986 .988 .99 .992 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (b) Labor Force Participation. Above median exposure to infection/disease Below median exposure to infection/disease 34 35 36 37 38 39 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (c) Hours of Work.
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  71. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars. Figure A19: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Computer and Mathemetical Occupations. .015 .02 .025 .03 .035 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Computer and Mathemetical Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .99 .995 1
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  72. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars. Figure A20: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Architecture and Engineering Occupations. .01 .015 .02 .025 .03 .035 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Architecture and Engineering Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .985 .99 .995 1
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  73. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars. Figure A21: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations. 0 .01 .02 .03 .04 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .98 .985 .99 .995 1
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  74. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars. Figure A22: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Community and Social Service Occupations. 0 .01 .02 .03 .04 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Community and Social Service Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .98 .985 .99 .995 1
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  75. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars. Figure A23: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages Legal Occupations. 0 .01 .02 .03 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Legal Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .985 .99 .995 1
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  76. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars. Figure A27: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages Healthcare Support Occupations. .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Healthcare Support Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .98 .985 .99 .995 1
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  77. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars. Figure A34: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations. .05 .1 .15 .2 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .96 .97 .98 .99 1
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  78. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars. Figure A35: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Construction and Extraction Occupations. .04 .06 .08 .1 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Construction and Extraction Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .985 .99 .995 1
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  79. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars. Figure A36: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations. .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .985 .99 .995 1
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  80. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars. Figure A37: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages for Production Occupations. .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Production Occupations Unemployment (a) Unemployment Rate. .985 .99 .995 1
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  81. Immigrant Native born 16 17 18 19 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (d) Hourly Wages.
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  82. Jones, C. J., Philippon, T. and Venkateswaran, V.: 2020, Optimal Mitigation Policies in a Pandemix: Social Distancing and Working from Home. NBER Working Paper 26984.

  83. Jordá, Ã., Singh, S. R. and Taylor, A. M.: 2020, Longer-Run Economic Consequences of Pandemics. NBER Working Paper 26934.

  84. Katz, L. F. and Krueger, A. B.: 2019, The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015, ILR Review 72(2), 382–416.

  85. Koh, D.: 2020, Occupational Risks for COVID-19 Infection, Occupational Medicine 70(1), 3–5.
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  86. Kuchler, T., Russel, D. and Stroebel, J.: 2020, The Geographic Spread of COVID19 Correlates with Structure of Social Networks as Measured by Facebook. NBER Working Paper 26990.

  87. Less than highschool Highschool Associate/Bachelors/Graduate Degree 12 14 16 18 20 22 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (d) Hourly Wages.
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  88. Levine, R. and Rubinstein, Y.: 2017, Smart and Illicit: Who Becomes an Entrepreneur and Do they Earn More?, Quarterly Journal of Economics 132(2), 963–1018.

  89. Lorentzen, P., McMillan, J. and Wacziarg, R.: 2008, Death and Development, Journal of Economic Growth 13(2), 81–124.

  90. Married Not Married 16 18 20 22 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (d) Hourly Wages.
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  91. Mas, A. and Pallais, A.: 2017, Valuing Alternative Work Arrangements, American Economic Review 107(12), 3722–59.

  92. Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Architecture and Engineering Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 39 40 41 42 43 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Architecture and Engineering Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 26 28 30 32 34 36 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Architecture and Engineering Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  93. Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Community and Social Service Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 32 34 36 38 40 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Community and Social Service Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 19 20 21 22 23 24 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Community and Social Service Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  94. Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Computer and Mathemetical Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 36 37 38 39 40 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Computer and Mathemetical Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 24 26 28 30 32 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Computer and Mathemetical Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  95. Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Construction and Extraction Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 39 40 41 42 43 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Construction and Extraction Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 21 21.5 22 22.5 23 23.5 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Construction and Extraction Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  96. Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 34 36 38 40 42 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 11 12 13 14 15 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  97. Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Healthcare Support Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 34 35 36 37 38 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Healthcare Support Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Healthcare Support Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  98. Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 40 41 42 43 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 21 22 23 24 25 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  99. Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Legal Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 34 36 38 40 42 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Legal Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 20 22 24 26 28 30 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Legal Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  100. Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 34 36 38 40 42 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 20 25 30 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  101. Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Production Occupations Labor Force Participation (b) Labor Force Participation. 39.5 40 40.5 41 41.5 42 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Production Occupations Hours Worked (c) Hours of Work. 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Production Occupations Hourly Wage (d) Hourly Wages.
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  102. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate by age groups. Panel B plots the labor force participation by age groups. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period.
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  103. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate by gender. Panel B plots the labor force participation by gender. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work by gender. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages by gender. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars.
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  104. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate by race. Panel B plots the labor force participation by race. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work by race. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile.
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  105. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate for self-employed individuals, incorporated and self-employed individuals, unicorporated. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile.
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  106. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate in states above and below the March 2020 median for cumulative number of known COVID-19 cases per 10,000 inhabitants. Panel B plots the labor force participationin states above and below the March 2020 median for cumulative number of known COVID-19 cases per 10,000 inhabitants. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work in states above and below the March 2020 median for cumulative number of known COVID-19 cases per 10,000 inhabitants. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile.
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  107. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  108. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  109. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  110. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  111. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  112. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  113. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  114. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  115. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  116. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  117. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  118. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  119. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  120. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  121. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  122. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  123. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  124. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  125. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  126. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  127. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  128. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
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  129. Notes: Authors’ calculations. Data from the Current Population Survey. The time period is January 2016 to March 2020. Panel A plots the unemployment rate. Panel B plots the labor force participation. Individuals in the labor force were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job during the reference period. Panel C plots hours work. Hours work: civilians aged 16–70 who are employed and either at work or absent from work during the survey week, all jobs. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Panel D plots hourly wages.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now

  130. Oswald, A. J. and Powdthavee, N.: 2020, The Case for Releasing the Young from Lockdown: A Briefing Paper for Policymakers. IZA Discussion Paper 13113.

  131. Pamuk, Ş.: 2007, The Black Death and the Origins of the ‘Great Divergence’ Across Europe, 1300–1600, European Review of Economic History 11(3), 289–317.
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  132. Panel D plots hourly wages by race. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars. Figure A12: Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation, Hours of Work and Hourly Wages by Education Status. Less than highschool Highschool Associate/Bachelors/Graduate Degree .02 .04 .06 .08 .1 .12 Monthly Unemployment Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (a) Unemployment Rate. Less than highschool Highschool or some college Associate/Bachelors/Graduate Degree .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 Monthly Labor Force Participation Rate 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (b) Labor Force Participation. Less than highschool Highschool or some college Associate/Bachelors/Graduate Degree 32 34 36 38 Monthly Average Hours Worked 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (c) Hours of Work.
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  133. Panel D plots hourly wages in states above and below the March 2020 median for cumulative number of known COVID-19 cases per 10,000 inhabitants. Hourly wages: civilians aged 16–70 currently employed as wage/salary workers, paid hourly, and were in outgoing rotation groups. Excludes self-employed persons. Trimmed to exclude values below 1st percentile and above 99th percentile. Reported in 2018 constant dollars. Table 1: Descriptive Statistics Mean Std. Dev. Max Min Obs.
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  134. Pew Research Center: 2020, Election News Pathways project.
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  135. Poos, L. R. and Poos, L. R.: 2004, A rural society after the Black Death: Essex 1350-1525, Vol. 18, Cambridge University Press.
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  136. Ramelli, S., Wagner, A. F. et al.: 2020, Feverish Stock Price Reactions to COVID19. Swiss Finance Institute No 20-12.
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  137. Schild, L., Ling, C., Blackburn, J., Stringhini, G., Zhang, Y. and Zannettou, S.: 2020, “Go Eat a Bat, Chang!”: An Early Look on the Emergence of Sinophobic Behavior on Web Communities in the Face of COVID-19. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.04046.
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  138. Smith, R. S.: 1979, Compensating Wage Differentials and Public Policy: A Review, ILR Review 32(3), 339–352.
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  139. Stephany, F., Stoehr, N., Darius, P., Neuhäuser, L., Teutloff, O. and Braesemann, F.: 2020, The CoRisk-Index: A Data-Mining Approach to Identify IndustrySpecific Risk Assessments Related to COVID-19 in Real-Time. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.12432.

  140. Stock, J. H.: 2020, Data Gaps and the Policy Response to the Novel Coronavirus. NBER Working Paper 26902.

  141. The time period is January 2016–March 2020.
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  142. The time period is January 2016–March 2020.
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  143. Thirumurthy, H., Zivin, J. G. and Goldstein, M.: 2008, The Economic Impact of AIDS Treatment Labor Supply in Western Kenya, Journal of Human Resources 43(3), 511–552.

  144. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: 2020, Frequently asked questions: The impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on The Employment Situation for March 2020. April 3, 2020.
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  145. Unionized Non−unionized Non−unionized but covered 16 18 20 22 24 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (d) Hourly Wages.
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  146. Voigtländer, N. and Voth, H.-J.: 2013, The Three Horsemen of Riches: Plague, War, and Urbanization in Early Modern Europe, Review of Economic Studies 80(2), 774–811.

  147. Well, D. N.: 2007, Accounting for the Effect of Health on Economic Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics 122(3), 1265–1306.

  148. Whalen, J.: 2020, 3M will import masks from China for U.S. to resolve dispute with Trump administration. Washington Post.
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  149. White Asian Hispanic Black 14 16 18 20 22 Monthly Average Hourly Wage (2018 dollars) 2016m1 2017m1 2018m1 2019m1 2020m1 Date (d) Hourly Wages.
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  150. Wolfe, B. L. and Hill, S. C.: 1995, The Effect of Health on the Work Effort of Single Mothers, Journal of Human Resources pp. 42–62.

  151. World Health Organization: 2020, WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 3 March 2020. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/ who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---3-mar Young, A.: 2005, The Gift of the Dying: The Tragedy of AIDS and the Welfare of Future African Generations, Quarterly Journal of Economics 120(2), 423–466. Figure 1: COVID-19 Confirmed Cases in the United States Notes: The primary vertical axis illustrates daily new (confirmed) COVID-19 cases in the United States. The second vertical axis shows the cumulative number of (confirmed) COVID-19 cases in the United States. The data does not include cases among persons repatriated to the U.S. from Wuhan, China and Japan.

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  48. Lowering Child Mortality in Poor Countries: The Power of Knowledgeable Parents. (2006). Boone, P ; Zhan, Zhaoguo .
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