Kieuskara

Kieuskara (au Kibaski) ni lugha hai ya pekee^[1] inayotumiwa na Wabaski hasa mpakani mwa Hispania kaskazini na Ufaransa kusini-magharibi kwenye milima ya Pirenei karibu na bahari ya Atlantiki.^[2]

Ingawa inakubalika ilikuwa inatumika huko kabla ya lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya kuenea Ulaya magharibi, haieleweki ilianzaje, kwa sababu hakuna lugha yoyote inayofanana nayo.

Wanaoitumia ni kama watu 715,000, wengi wao wakiwa Hispania, ambako inalindwa na kustawishwa zaidi.

Tanbihi

↑ Mughal, M. A. Z. 2013. "Spain." In: Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures, and Contemporary Issues, Vol. 3, Steven L. Denver (ed.). London & New York: Routledge, pp. 674–675.
↑ Zuazo, Koldo (2010). El euskera y sus dialectos. Zarautz (Gipuzkoa): Alberdania. uk. 16. ISBN 978-84-9868-202-1.

Marejeo

Sarufi

Allières, Jacques (1979): Manuel pratique de basque, "Connaissance des langues" v. 13, A. & J. Picard (Paris), ISBN 2-7084-0038-X.
de Azkue Aberasturi, Resurrección María (1969): Morfología vasca. La Gran enciclopedia vasca, Bilbao 1969.
Campion, Arturo (1884): Gramática de los cuatro dialectos literarios de la lengua euskara, Tolosa.
Euskara Institutua ([1] Archived 16 Julai 2014 at the Wayback Machine.), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sareko Euskal Gramatika, SEG [2]
Hualde, José Ignacio & Ortiz de Urbina, Jon (eds.): A Grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003. ISBN 3-11-017683-1.
King, Alan R. (1994). The Basque Language: A Practical Introduction. Reno: University of Nevada Press. ISBN 0-87417-155-5.
Lafitte, Pierre (1962): Grammaire basque – navarro-labourdin littéraire. Elkarlanean, Donostia/Bayonne, ISBN 2-913156-10-X. (Dialectal.)
Lafon, R. (1972): "Basque" In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.) Current Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 9. Linguistics in Western Europe, Mouton, The Hague, Mouton, pp. 1744–1792.
de Rijk, Rudolf P. G. (2007): Standard Basque: A Progressive Grammar. (Current Studies in Linguistics) (Vol. 1), The MIT Press, Cambridge MA, ISBN 0-262-04242-8
Tovar, Antonio, (1957): The Basque Language, U. of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
Uhlenbeck, C. (1947): "La langue basque et la linguistique générale" in Lingua I, pp. 59–76
Urquizu Sarasúa, Patricio (2007): Gramática de la lengua vasca. UNED, Madrid, ISBN 978-84-362-3442-8.
van Eys, Willem J. (1879): Grammaire comparée des dialectes basques, Paris.

Utafiti wa lugha

Agirre, Eneko, et al. (1992): XUXEN: A spelling checker/corrector for Basque based on two-level morphology.
Gavel, Henri (1921): Eléments de phonetique basque Archived 18 Julai 2011 at the Wayback Machine. (= Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques 12, París. (Study of the dialects.)
Hualde, José Ignacio (1991): Basque phonology, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-415-05655-7.
Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba A.; Hualde, José Ignacio (eds.) (2006): Studies in Basque and historical linguistics in memory of R. L. Trask – R. L. Trasken oroitzapenetan ikerketak euskalaritzaz eta hizkuntzalaritza historikoaz, (= Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo: International journal of Basque linguistics and philology Vol. 40, No. 1–2), San Sebastián.
Lakarra, J. & Ortiz de Urbina, J.(eds.) (1992): Syntactic Theory and Basque Syntax, Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia, Donostia-San Sebastian, ISBN 978-84-7907-094-6.
Orduña Aznar, Eduardo. 2005. Sobre algunos posibles numerales en textos ibéricos. Palaeohispanica 5:491–506. This fifth volume of the journal Palaeohispanica consists of Acta Palaeohispanica IX, the proceedings of the ninth conference on Paleohispanic studies.
de Rijk, R. (1972): Studies in Basque Syntax: Relative clauses PhD Dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Uhlenbeck, C.C. (1909–1910): "Contribution à une phonétique comparative des dialectes basques", Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques 3 [3] Archived 18 Julai 2011 at the Wayback Machine. pp. 465–503 4 [4] Archived 18 Julai 2011 at the Wayback Machine. pp. 65–120.
Zuazo, Koldo (2008): Euskalkiak: euskararen dialektoak. Elkar. ISBN 978-84-9783-626-5.

Kamusi

Aulestia, Gorka (1989): Basque–English dictionary University of Nevada Press, Reno, ISBN 0-87417-126-1.
Aulestia, Gorka & White, Linda (1990): English–Basque dictionary, University of Nevada Press, Reno, ISBN 0-87417-156-3.
Azkue Aberasturi, Resurrección María de (1905): Diccionario vasco–español–francés, Geuthner, Bilbao/Paris (reprinted many times).
Luis Mitxelena: Diccionario General Vasco/ Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia. 16 vols. Real academia de la lengua vasca, Bilbao 1987ff. ISBN 84-271-1493-1.
Morris, Mikel (1998): "Morris Student Euskara–Ingelesa Basque–English Dictionary", Klaudio Harluxet Fundazioa, Donostia
Sarasola, Ibon (2010–), "Egungo Euskararen Hiztegia EEH" [5], Bilbo: Euskara Institutua [6] Archived 16 Julai 2014 at the Wayback Machine., The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
Sarasola, Ibon (2010): "Zehazki" [7], Bilbo: Euskara Institutua [8] Archived 16 Julai 2014 at the Wayback Machine., The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
Sota, M. de la, et al., 1976: Diccionario Retana de autoridades de la lengua vasca: con cientos de miles de nuevas voces y acepciones, Antiguas y modernas, Bilbao: La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca. ISBN 84-248-0248-9.
Van Eys, W. J. 1873. Dictionnaire basque–français. Paris/London: Maisonneuve/Williams & Norgate.

Basque Corpora

Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2011): "ETC: Egungo Testuen Corpusa" [9], Bilbo: Euskara Institutua [10] Archived 16 Julai 2014 at the Wayback Machine., The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU [11]
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2009): "Ereduzko Prosa Gaur, EPG" [12], Bilbo: Euskara Institutua [13] Archived 16 Julai 2014 at the Wayback Machine., The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU [14]
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2009–): "Ereduzko Prosa Dinamikoa, EPD" [15], Bilbo: Euskara Institutua [16] Archived 16 Julai 2014 at the Wayback Machine., The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU [17]
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2013): "Euskal Klasikoen Corpusa, EKC" [18], Bilbo: Euskara Institutua [19] Archived 16 Julai 2014 at the Wayback Machine., The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU [20]
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2014): "Goenkale Corpusa" [21], Bilbo: Euskara Institutua [22] Archived 16 Julai 2014 at the Wayback Machine., The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU [23]
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2010): "Pentsamenduaren Klasikoak Corpusa" [24], Bilbo: Euskara Institutua [25] Archived 16 Julai 2014 at the Wayback Machine., The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU [26]

Mengineyo

Agirre Sorondo, Antxon. 1988. Tratado de Molinología: Los molinos en Guipúzcoa. San Sebastián: Eusko Ikaskunza-Sociedad de Estudios Vascos. Fundación Miguel de Barandiarán.
Bakker, Peter. 1987. A Basque Nautical Pidgin: A Missing Link in the History of Fu. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 2(1):1–30.
Bakker, Peter, et al. 1991. Basque pidgins in Iceland and Canada. Anejos del Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo", XXIII.
Deen, Nicolaas Gerard Hendrik. 1937. Glossaria duo vasco-islandica. Amsterdam. Reprinted 1991 in Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo, 25(2):321–426.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 1984. Icelandic Basque pidgin. Journal of Basque Studies in America 5:41–59.
Morvan, Michel. 2004. Noms de lieux du Pays basque. Paris.

Historia ya lugha na misamiati

Agirrezabal, Lore. 2003. Erromintxela, euskal ijitoen hizkera. San Sebastián: Argia.
Azurmendi, Joxe: "Die Bedeutung der Sprache in Renaissance und Reformation und die Entstehung der baskischen Literatur im religiösen und politischen Konfliktgebiet zwischen Spanien und Frankreich" In: Wolfgang W. Moelleken (Herausgeber), Peter J. Weber (Herausgeber): Neue Forschungsarbeiten zur Kontaktlinguistik, Bonn: Dümmler, 1997. ISBN 978-3537864192
Hualde, José Ignacio; Lakarra, Joseba A. & R.L. Trask (eds) (1996): Towards a History of the Basque Language, "Current Issues in Linguistic Theory" 131, John Benjamin Publishing Company, Amsterdam, ISBN 978-1-55619-585-3.
Michelena, Luis, 1990. Fonética histórica vasca. Bilbao. ISBN 84-7907-016-1
Lafon, René (1944): Le système du verbe basque au XVIe siècle, Delmas, Bordeaux.
Löpelmann, Martin (1968): Etymologisches Wörterbuch der baskischen Sprache. Dialekte von Labourd, Nieder-Navarra und La Soule. 2 Bde. de Gruyter, Berlin (non-standard etymologies; idiosyncratic).
Orpustan, J. B. (1999): La langue basque au Moyen-Age. Baïgorri, ISBN 2-909262-22-7.
Pagola, Rosa Miren. 1984. Euskalkiz Euskalki. Vitoria-Gasteiz: Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpe.
Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1980. Le Gascon: études de philologie pyrénéenne. Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 85.
Trask, R.L.: History of Basque. New York/London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-13116-2.
Trask, R.L. † (edited by Max W. Wheeler) (2008): Etymological Dictionary of Basque Archived 20 Agosti 2014 at the Wayback Machine., University of Sussex (unfinished). Also "Some Important Basque Words (And a Bit of Culture)" [27]
Zuazo, Koldo (2010). El euskera y sus dialectos. Alberdania. ISBN 978-84-9868-202-1.

Uhusiano na lugha nyingine

Mandhari ya nadharia

Jacobsen, William H. Jr. (1999): "Basque Language Origin Theories" In Basque Cultural Studies, edited by William A. Douglass, Carmelo Urza, Linda White, and Joseba Zulaika, 27–43. Basque Studies Program Occasional Papers Series, No. 5. Reno: Basque Studies Program, University of Nevada, Reno.
Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba (1998): "Hizkuntzalaritza konparatua eta aitzineuskararen erroa Archived 17 Julai 2011 at the Wayback Machine." (in Basque), Uztaro 25, pp. 47–110, (includes review of older theories).
Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba (1999): "Ná-De-Ná Archived 17 Julai 2011 at the Wayback Machine." (in Basque), Uztaro 31, pp. 15–84.
Morvan, Michel, 1996. The linguistic origins of basque (in French). Bordeaux: Presses universitaires. pp. 25–95.
Trask, R.L. (1995): "Origin and Relatives of the Basque Language : Review of the Evidence" in Towards a History of the Basque Language, ed. J. Hualde, J. Lakarra, R.L. Trask, John Benjamins, Amsterdam / Philadelphia.
Trask, R.L.: History of Basque. New York/London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-13116-2; pp. 358–414.

Dhana ya Kiafro-asia

Schuchardt, Hugo (1913): "Baskisch-Hamitische wortvergleichungen Archived 18 Julai 2011 at the Wayback Machine." Revista Internacional de Estudios Vascos = "Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques" 7:289–340.
Mukarovsky, Hans Guenter (1964/66): "Les rapports du basque et du berbère", Comptes rendus du GLECS (Groupe Linguistique d’Etudes Chamito-Sémitiques) 10:177–184.
Mukarovsky, Hans Guenter (1972): "El vascuense y el bereber" Euskera 17:5–48.
Trombetti, Alfredo (1925): Le origini della lingua basca, Bologna, (new edit ISBN 978-88-271-0062-2).

Dhana ya Kidené–Caucasian

Bengtson, John D. (1999): The Comparison of Basque and North Caucasian. in: Mother Tongue. Journal of the Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory. Gloucester, Mass.
Bengtson, John D. (2003): "Notes on Basque Comparative Phonology", Mother Tongue VIII 23–39.
Bengtson, John D. (2004): "Some features of Dene–Caucasian phonology (with special reference to Basque)." Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain (CILL) 30.4, pp. 33–54.
Bengtson, John D.. (2006): "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages." (there is also a preliminary draft Archived 18 Februari 2012 at the Wayback Machine.)
Bengtson, John D. (1997): Review of "The History of Basque". London: Routledge, 1997. Pp.xxii,458" by R.L. Trask.
Bengtson, John D., (1996): "A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1."
Trask, R.L. (1995): Basque and Dene–Caucasian: A Critique from the Basque Side in: Mother Tongue 1, pp. 3–82.

Dhana ya Kikaukazi

Bouda, Karl (1950): "L'Euskaro-Caucasique", Boletín de la Real Sociedad Vasca de Amigos del País. Homenaje a D. Julio de Urquijo e Ybarra vol. III, San Sebastián, pp. 207–232.
Klimov, Georgij A. (1994): Einführung in die kaukasische Sprachwissenschaft, Buske, Hamburg, ISBN 3-87548-060-0; pp. 208–215.
Lafon, René (1951): "Concordances morphologiques entre le basque et les langues caucasiques" Word 7, pp. 227–224.
Lafon, René (1952): "Études basques et caucasiques" Word 8, pp. 80–94.
Trombetti, Alfredo (1925): Le origini della lingua basca, Bologna, (new edit ISBN 978-88-271-0062-2).
Míchelena, Luis (1968): "L'euskaro-caucasien" in Martinet, A. (ed.) Le langage, Paris, pp. 1414–1437 (criticism).
Uhlenbeck, Christian Cornelius (1924): "De la possibilité d' une parenté entre le basque et les langues caucasiques Archived 18 Julai 2011 at the Wayback Machine.", Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques 15, pp. 565–588.
Zelikov, Mixail (2005): "L’hypothèse basco-caucasienne dans les travaux de N. Marr Archived 14 Desemba 2007 at the Wayback Machine." Cahiers de l’ILSL, N° 20, pp. 363–381.

Dhana ya Kiiberia

Bähr, Gerhard (1948): "Baskisch und Iberisch" Eusko Jakintza II, pp. 3–20, 167–194, 381–455.
Gorrochategui, Joaquín (1993): La onomástica aquitana y su relación con la ibérica, Lengua y cultura en Hispania prerromana : actas del V Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas de la Península Ibérica: (Colonia 25–28 de Noviembre de 1989) (Francisco Villar and Jürgen Untermann, eds.), ISBN 84-7481-736-6, pp. 609–634.
Rodríguez Ramos, Jesús (2002): La hipótesis del vascoiberismo desde el punto de vista de la epigrafía íbera, Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta, 90, pp. 197–218, ISSN 0046-435X.
Schuchardt, Hugo Ernst Mario (1907): Die Iberische Deklination, Wien.

Dhana ya Kiurali au Kialtai

Bonaparte, Louis Lucien (1862): Langue basque et langues finnoises, London.
Morvan, Michel (1996): The linguistic origins of basque (in French). Bordeaux: Presses universitaires. ISBN 2-86781-182-1.

Dhana ya Kizungu cha zamani

Vennemann, Theo (2003): Europa Vasconica – Europa Semitica, Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 138, De Gruyter, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-11-017054-2.
Vennemann, Theo (2007): "Basken wie wir: Linguistisches und Genetisches zum europäischen Stammbaum", BiologenHeute 5/6, 6–11.

Dhana nyingine

Thornton, R.W. (2002): Basque Parallels to Greenberg’s Eurasiatic. in: Mother Tongue. Gloucester, Mass., 2002.

Viungo vya nje

http://www.euskaltzaindia.net [Euskaltzaindia (The Royal Academy of the Basque Language) official web]
Euskara Institutua [28] Archived 16 Julai 2014 at the Wayback Machine., The University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU

Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya lugha bado ni mbegu.
Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Kieuskara kama historia yake, uenezi au maendeleo yake?
Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa?
Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.

[1] Mughal, M. A. Z. 2013. "Spain." In: Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures, and Contemporary Issues, Vol. 3, Steven L. Denver (ed.). London & New York: Routledge, pp. 674–675.

[2] Zuazo, Koldo (2010). El euskera y sus dialectos. Zarautz (Gipuzkoa): Alberdania. uk. 16. ISBN 978-84-9868-202-1.

[1]

[2]