Marekani

Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika
	United States of America (Kiingereza)
	Bendera Nembo
	Kaulimbiu ya taifa: "In God We Trust"
	Wimbo wa taifa: "The Star-Spangled Banner";
	; Mahali pa Marekani
Mji mkuu	Washington, D.C.; 38°53′N 77°1′W / 38.883°N 77.017°W
Mji mkubwa nchini	New York; 40°43′N 74°0′W / 40.717°N 74.000°W
Lugha za taifa	Kiingereza
Serikali	Jamhuri ya shirikisho
• Rais	Joe Biden
Idadi ya watu	;
• Kadirio la 2023	334 914 895
Pato la taifa	Kadirio la 2023
• Jumla	USD trilioni 26.950
• Kwa kila mtu	USD 80 412
Sarafu	Dola ya Marekani

Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika (kwa Kiingereza: United States of America), hujulikana pia kama Marekani (kwa Kiingereza: United States, US, USA au America), ni nchi inayopakana na Kanada na Meksiko katika Amerika ya Kaskazini, mbali ya kuundwa pia na visiwa vya Hawaii.

Mji mkuu wa Marekani ni Washington DC.

Eneo

Marekani bara

Picha kutoka angani ikionyesha majimbo 48 ya Marekani yanayopakana

Eneo la Marekani lina ukubwa wa kilometa mraba 9,826,675 na liko hasa katika bara la Amerika Kaskazini kati ya Kanada upande wa kaskazini na Meksiko upande wa kusini.

Marekani imeunganisha upana wote wa bara kutoka Bahari ya Atlantiki hadi Pasifiki, ikigawanywa kwa majimbo 48 yanayojitawala.

Eneo hilo lagawiwa katikati na mto mkubwa Mississippi unaoanza mpakani kwa Kanada na kuishia katika Ghuba ya Meksiko.

Alaska

Jimbo la Alaska liko pia kwenye bara la Amerika Kaskazini upande wa kaskazini kutoka Kanada kuelekea Urusi, lakini halipakani na jimbo lolote la Marekani.

Hawaii

Funguvisiwa la Hawaii ni jimbo la visiwani katika bahari ya Pasifiki. Ni jimbo la 50 na la mwisho mpaka sasa.

Visiwa vya ng'ambo vya Marekani

Maeneo ya ng'ambo ya Marekani ni visiwa kadhaa ambavyo ni maeneo ya Kimarekani ingawa si sehemu ya jimbo lolote. Zamani yalikuwa kama makoloni hata kama Marekani ilidai kutokuwa na ukoloni. Siku hizi maeneo haya yamepata viwango mbalimbali vya kujitawala. Kwa kawaida maeneo haya huchagua pia wawakilishi kwa ajili ya bunge la Marekani lakini wawakilishi hao si wabunge wa kawaida, bali wana haki ya kusema na kushauri tu bila haki ya kupiga kura.

Visiwa muhimu kati ya hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo:

Milima

^{angalia: Orodha ya milima ya Marekani}

Safu ya milima ya Rocky Mountains inavuka Marekani yote kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini upande wa magharibi.

Mito

^{angalia: Orodha ya mito ya Marekani}

Mto mkubwa wa Marekani ni Mto Mississippi.

Historia

Historia ya awali inaanza na kilele cha Enzi ya barafu, watu wa Asia walipoweka kuingia Alaska kupitia nchi kavu. Baada ya hapo watu hao na wajukuu wao hawakuwa tena na uhusiano na wale wa "Dunia ya zamani" (Afrika, Asia na Ulaya) mpaka walipofikiwa na Wazungu kutoka Norway (karne ya 10) na Christopher Columbus mwaka 1492.

Hao wakazi wa kwanza walikuwa wawindaji-wakusanyaji; wakifuata mawindo yao walifika taratibu hadi ncha ya kusini ya Amerika (Tierra del Fuego).

Polepole utamaduni wa baadhi ya makabila, ingawa kwa kuchelewa kuliko Dunia ya zamani, ulifikia hadhi ya ustaarabu, kama vile ule wa Mississippi.

Safari za baharia Christopher Columbus kuanzia mwaka 1492, zilivuta hasa Hispania, Ureno na halafu Uingereza, Ufaransa na Uholanzi kujianzishia makoloni ili kunyonya maliasili nyingi za "Dunia mpya".

Kwa namna hiyo, mazingira ya Amerika yalibadilika kabisa mpaka zikatokea aina mpya za utamaduni na hatimaye mataifa mapya, hasa kutokana na mchanganyiko ya wenyeji (Waindio) na walowezi kutoka Ulaya, halafu pia watumwa kutoka Afrika.

Marekani ilianza kama muunganiko wa makoloni ya Uingereza kwenye pwani ya mashariki ya Amerika ya Kaskazini tangu karne ya 17. Walowezi kutoka Uingereza walijipatia ardhi wakipigana na wenyeji Waindio.

Tangu karne ya 19 wahamiaji walifika pia kutoka Asia, hasa China na Japani.

Katika vita dhidi ya Hispania na Meksiko, Marekani ilipanua eneo lake kwenda kusini.

Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani ilipigwa kuanzia 1861 hadi 1865 kati ya majimbo ya kusini na majimbo ya kaskazini nchini Marekani. Sababu mojawapo muhimu ya vita ilikuwa suala la utumwa. Majimbo ya kaskazini yaliwahi kupiga utumwa marufuku lakini majimbo ya kusini yaliendelea na sheria zilizoruhusu utumwa na matajiri wengi wa kusini walitegemea kazi ya watumwa hao. Mafarakano yalianza kuhusu swali kama madola mapya yaliyoanzishwa katika Amerika Kaskazini na kujiunga na Muungano yangeruhusiwa kukubali utumwa au la. Mwaka 1861 madola ya kusini-mashariki yalitangaza kujiondoa katika Muungano na kuanzisha "Shirikisho la Madola ya Amerika". Vita vilianza na kudumu miaka minne na watu 650.000 walikufa, lakini mwishoni kaskazini ilishinda. Utumwa ulipigwa marufuku na watumwa walipewa haki za kiraia. Lakini watumwa wengi wa awali waliendelea kuwa maskini na baada ya muda, sheria mpya katika majimbo ya kusini zilinyima haki nyingi za kiraia za Wamarekani weusi waliopaswa kuishi chini mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi.

Katika miongo iliyofuata, Marekani ilitwaa maeneo yaliyowahi kubaki chini ya mamlaka ya Waindio na kuyafanya maeneo yake. Katika Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Hispania kwenye mwaka 1898 ilijipatia utawala juu ya Ufilipino na Puerto Rico, makoloni ya awali ya Hispania, na kuwa yenyewe nchi iliyotawala makoloni.

Wahamiaji kwa mamilioni waliendelea kufika hasa kutoka Ulaya. Kabla ya mwaka 1880 idadi kubwa walitoka Ujerumani, Eire, Uingereza na Uskoti, pamoja na Wachina waliotafuta kazi hasa Kalifornia. Baada ya mwaka 1880 hadi Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza vya Dunia (1914-1918) wengi walifika kutoka Ulaya ya Kusini na ya Mashariki, hasa Waitalia, Wayahudi kutoka Milki ya Urusi, Wapolandi na wenyeji wa nchi nyingine za Kislavi. Wahamiaji hao walileta pia tamaduni zao na kukubali mishahara midogo kuliko wenyeji waliowahi kufika mapema; hali hiyo ilileta mara kadhaa sheria zilizolenga kuweka mipaka; sheria ya mwaka 1882 ilikataa kufika kwa Wachina, sheria ya mwaka 1922 ililenga kupunguza idadi ya Waitalia, Wayahudi na watu wa Ulaya ya Mashariki kwa kutaja mipaka kwa kila nchi ya asili^[1].

Katika siasa ya nje, Marekani iliwahi kutangaza tangu mwaka 1823 kwamba ilitazama Amerika yote kama eneo ambalo haikubali kuingiliwa na nchi za Ulaya; wakati ule makoloni mengi ya Amerika ya Kusini yalikuwa yakifaulu kupata uhuru kutoka Hispania, na Marekani ilitaka kusisitiza isingekubali kuingia kwa mataifa mengine ya Ulaya.

Katika miongo iliyofuata uchumi wa Marekani uliimarika pamoja na kukua kwa sekta ya viwanda na wafanyabiashara wa Marekani walipanua biashara yao kimataifa; mnamo 1854 manowari za Marekani ziliilazimisha Japani kukubali kufunguliwa kwa ubalozi na kupokea wafanyabiashara. Meli za wafanyabiashara wa Marekani zilifika kote duniani, tangu miaka ya 1830 hadi Zanzibar ambako ubalozi mdogo ulifunguliwa mwaka 1837^[2]. Wakati wa vita dhidi ya Hispania Marekani ilihakikisha pia nafasi yake katika biashara ya China dhidi ya mipango ya mataifa ya Ulaya ya kuigawa nchi hiyo.

Mwaka 1917 Marekani iliingia katika Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza upande wa Uingereza na Ufaransa; baada ya vita rais Woodrow Wilson alishawishi mataifa mengine kuanzisha Shirikisho la Mataifa lakini bunge lilizuia kuingia kwa Marekani katika umoja huo.

Mdororo Mkuu wa mwaka 1929 ulileta matatizo makubwa kwa uchumi na hata njaa kwa raia wengi lakini ulileta pia siasa mpya ya "New Deal" chini ya rais Franklin D. Roosevelt ambako kwa mara ya kwanza programu za kisiasa zilitumia mapato ya serikali kwa shabaha ya kusaidia idadi kubwa ya wananchi waliokuwa bila kazi, bila nyumba na bila kipato; vijana kwa mamilioni waliajiriwa na serikali kwa kazi ya kujenga miundombinu (barabara, mifereji) na kuboresha hifadhi za taifa.

Mwaka 1941 Marekani iliingia katika Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia baada ya kushambuliwa na Japani na kupokea tangazo la vita kutoka Ujerumani. Uwezo wa kiuchumi wa Marekani ulileta ushindi wa mataifa ya ushirikiano. Uwezo wake wa kisayansi ulipanuliwa na wanasayansi kama Albert Einstein waliopaswa kukimbia udikteta wa Adolf Hitler katika Ujerumani na kuiwezesha kutengeneza mabomu ya kwanza ya nyuklia yaliyotumika mnamo Agosti 1945 kuteketeza Hiroshima na Nagasaki.

Katika miongo ya vita baridi iliyofuata, Marekani ilikuwa taifa la kuongoza nchi zenye demokrasia na pia zile ambazo zilisimama upande wa ubepari tu bila demokrasia dhidi ya nchi za kikomunisti zilizoongozwa na Umoja wa Kisovyeti.

Mwanzo wa miaka ya 1960 ilishindana na Umoja wa Kisovyeti katika mbio wa kuingia katika anga-nje ikafaulu kupeleka watu wa kwanza hadi Mwezi mnamo Agosti 1969. Kutokana na ushindani na nchi za ukomunisti Marekani iliingia katika Vita ya Vietnam hadi kushindwa mwaka 1975.

Vilevile miaka ya 1960 ilikuwa kipindi cha mapambano kwa ajili ya haki za Wamarekani weusi, wajukuu wa watumwa wa awali hasa kusini mwa Marekani. Sheria zilizotenganisha watu pamoja na matumizi ya shule, vyuo, majengo na taasisi za burudani kulingana na rangi ya ngozi, zilizozuia ndoa kati ya watu wa rangi tofauti na kuzuia watu maskini wasitumie haki za kiraia zilipigwa marufuku bila kuondoa tofauti katika uwezo wa kiuchumi kati ya makundi katika jamii.

Mapinduzi ya kiteknolojia ya kompyuta na intaneti yalienea Marekani haraka kushinda sehemu nyingine za Dunia.

Watu

Nchi ina wakazi zaidi ya milioni 333, na ina mchanganyiko mkubwa wa asili kuliko nyingine yoyote duniani. Waliojitambulisha kama Wazungu ni 61.6%, Waafrika 12.6%, Waasia 6%, Waindio 1.1%, machotara 10.2% n.k.

Lugha

Ingawa Muungano hauna lugha rasmi, majimbo yake 32 yanaipa hadhi hiyo lugha ya Kiingereza, iliyo lugha ya kwanza kwa wakazi 229,000,000 kati ya 308,000,000.

Wakazi wengine wanatumia lugha nyingine nyingi, hasa kulingana na nchi ya asili ya ukoo wao. Kati ya lugha hizo, inaongoza kwa mbali ile ya Kihispania (milioni 37). Nyingine ni Kichina, Kitagalog, Kivietnam, Kifaransa, Kikorea na Kijerumani.

Dini

Nchini dini zote zina uhuru mkubwa, tena kwa asilimia 59 ya wakazi dini ina umuhimu wa hali ya juu, tofauti na nchi tajiri nyingine duniani.

Asilimia 70 ya wakazi wanafuata Ukristo katika mojawapo ya madhehebu yake, hasa ya Uprotestanti (34%), ingawa ile kubwa zaidi ni Kanisa Katoliki (23%); Wakristo wengine ni 11% na Wamormoni 2%.

Dini nyingine zina asilimia 6, na kati yake inaongoza ile ya Uyahudi (1.9%), ikifuatwa na Uislamu (0.9%).

Watu maarufu

Tazama pia

Marejeo

Tanbihi

↑ Closing the door on immigration, tovuti ya national Park service, Marekani, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2020
↑ Gilbert, Wesley. Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845), tasnifu 2011 kwenye Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut online hapa

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Gold, Susan Dudley (2006). United States V. Amistad: Slave Ship Mutiny. Marshall Cavendish. uk. 144. ISBN 978-0-7614-2143-6., Book
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Fraser, Steve; Gerstle, Gary (1989). The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980. American History: Political science. Princeton University Press. uk. 311. ISBN 978-0-691-00607-9.
Gordon, John Steele (2004). An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power. HarperCollins., Book
Graebner, Norman A.; Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2008). Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War. Praeger Security International Series. Greenwood Publishing Group. uk. 180. ISBN 978-0-313-35241-6.
Hughes, David (2007). The British Chronicles. Juz. la 1. Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books. uk. 347.
Jacobs, Lawrence R. (2010). Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-978142-3.
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Viungo vya nje

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:

Marekani

United States entry at The World Factbook
United States, from the BBC News
Key Development Forecasts for the United States from International Futures

Serikali

Official U.S. Government Web Portal Gateway to government sites
House Official site of the United States House of Representatives
Senate Official site of the United States Senate
White House Official site of the President of the United States

Historia

Historical Documents Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research
U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality Archived 2006-12-12 at Archive-It Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
USA Collected links to historical data

Ramani

National Atlas of the United States Archived 20 Julai 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior
Wikimedia Atlas of the United States
Measure of America A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.

Vingine

"Country Profile: United States of America", BBC News, April 22, 2008. Retrieved on May 18, 2008.
Cohen, Eliot A. (Julai–Agosti 2004). "History and the Hyperpower". Foreign Affairs. Washington D.C. Iliwekwa mnamo Julai 14, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
"Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island".
"History of "In God We Trust"". U.S. Department of the Treasury. Machi 8, 2011. Iliwekwa mnamo Februari 23, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
"Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County". Mercer County Historical Society. 427. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-06-25. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-02-09., Book
Nick Hayes. "Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War?", November 6, 2009. Retrieved on March 11, 2013.
"59e. The End of the Cold War". U.S. History.org. Independence Hall Association. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 10, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Levy, Peter B. (1996). Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years. ABC-CLIO. uk. 442. ISBN 978-0-313-29018-3.
Wallander, Celeste A. (2003). "Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union". Journal of Cold War Studies. 5 (4). President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 137–177.

Majimbo na maeneo ya Marekani
Majimbo ya Marekani
Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming
Mkoa wa Mji Mkuu
Mkoa wa Columbia (Washington D.C.)
Visiwa vya ng'ambo
Katika Pasifiki: Samoa ya Marekani • Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini • Guam • Katika Karibi: Puerto Rico • Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani • Visiwa vidogo sana vya Pasifiki: • Kisiwa cha Howland • Kisiwa cha Jarvis • Atolli ya Johnston • Kingman Reef • Atolli ya Midway • Kisiwa cha Baker • Atolli ya Palmyra • Kisiwa cha Wake • Kisiwa kidogo cha Karibi: Kisiwa cha Navassa

Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Marekani bado ni mbegu.
Je unajua kitu kuhusu Marekani kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni?
Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa?
Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.

[1] Closing the door on immigration, tovuti ya national Park service, Marekani, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2020

[2] Gilbert, Wesley. Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845), tasnifu 2011 kwenye Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut online hapa

[1]

[2]