WO2023224446A1 - 양극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 양극 - Google Patents
양극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 양극 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023224446A1 WO2023224446A1 PCT/KR2023/006942 KR2023006942W WO2023224446A1 WO 2023224446 A1 WO2023224446 A1 WO 2023224446A1 KR 2023006942 W KR2023006942 W KR 2023006942W WO 2023224446 A1 WO2023224446 A1 WO 2023224446A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
- material layer
- lithium
- Prior art date
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- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002733 tin-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ε-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a single particle positive electrode active material and a positive electrode containing the same.
- a lithium secondary battery generally consists of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte, and the positive electrode and the negative electrode contain an active material capable of intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions.
- the positive electrode active material used in lithium secondary batteries generally has the form of spherical secondary particles formed by agglomerating hundreds of fine primary particles of submicron size.
- the positive electrode active material in the form of secondary particles has a problem in that the secondary particles are broken as the aggregated primary particles are separated during repeated charging and discharging, thereby deteriorating battery characteristics.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode active material capable of implementing a battery with improved initial resistance characteristics and lifespan characteristics, and a positive electrode containing the same.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode active material and a positive electrode containing the same.
- the present invention is a positive electrode active material in the form of a single particle, which includes a positive electrode active material layer containing more than 80% by weight of the positive electrode active material relative to the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer. After rolling, the density of the positive electrode active material layer is 2.7 g/ After rolling to a size of cm 3 or more, when the positive active material layer is analyzed by Provides a phosphorus cathode active material.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode active material in the form of single particles, wherein the ratio of the length of the crystal in the a-axis direction to the length in the c-axis direction is greater than 1.
- the present invention provides the positive electrode active material according to any one of (1) to (3) above, wherein the positive electrode active material in the form of single particles consists of 1 to 50 single crystal particles.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode active material in which the single crystal particles have an average particle diameter (D EBSD ) of 0.1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- the single particle positive electrode active material is a lithium composite transition metal oxide containing nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn). Provides a phosphorus cathode active material.
- the present invention provides the positive electrode active material according to (6) above, wherein the lithium composite transition metal oxide contains nickel (Ni) in an amount of 60 mol% or more out of all metals excluding lithium.
- the present invention provides the positive electrode active material according to (6) or (7) above, wherein the lithium composite transition metal oxide has a composition represented by the following formula (1).
- M 1 is one or more selected from Al, Zr, B, W, Mo, Cr, Nb, Mg, Hf, Ta, La, Ti, Sr, Ba, Ce, Sn, Y, Zn, F, P and S ego,
- the present invention relates to a current collector; and a positive electrode active material layer located on the current collector, wherein the positive electrode active material layer includes the positive electrode active material according to any one of (1) to (8) above.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode according to any one of (9) to (12) above, wherein the single particle positive electrode active material has a ratio of the length of the a-axis direction to the length of the c-axis direction of the crystal exceeding 1. do.
- the present invention provides the positive electrode according to any one of (9) to (13) above, wherein the positive electrode active material in the form of single particles consists of 1 to 50 single crystal particles.
- the present invention provides an anode according to (14) above, wherein the single crystal particles have an average particle diameter (D EBSD ) of 0.1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- the single particle positive electrode active material is a lithium composite transition metal oxide containing nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn). Provides a phosphorus anode.
- the present invention provides the positive electrode according to (16) above, wherein the lithium composite transition metal oxide contains nickel (Ni) in an amount of 60 mol% or more out of all metals excluding lithium.
- the present invention provides the positive electrode according to (16) or (17) above, wherein the lithium composite transition metal oxide has a composition represented by the following formula (1).
- M 1 is one or more selected from Al, Zr, B, W, Mo, Cr, Nb, Mg, Hf, Ta, La, Ti, Sr, Ba, Ce, Sn, Y, Zn, F, P and S ego,
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention is a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material layer containing 80% by weight or more of the positive electrode active material relative to the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer, and rolled so that the density of the positive active material layer is 2.7 g/cm 3 or more. Afterwards, when the positive electrode active material layer was analyzed by Since expansion is suppressed, the initial resistance characteristics and life characteristics of a battery containing it can be improved.
- the c-axis direction of the crystal structure which is the direction of contraction/expansion of the positive electrode active material crystals included in the positive active material layer, is aligned in a direction perpendicular to the upper surface of the current collector, so that expansion of the positive active material can be suppressed. , the initial resistance characteristics and lifespan characteristics of a battery containing it can be improved.
- Example 1 is an SEM image of the positive electrode active material of Example 1.
- Figure 2 is an SEM image of the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 1.
- Figure 3 is an SEM image of the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 3.
- Figure 4 shows XRD data of the positive electrode active material layer before and after rolling of the positive electrode containing the positive electrode active material of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4.
- Figure 5 is an EBSD Band Contrast (BC) image of a cross-section of a positive electrode containing the positive electrode active material of Example 1.
- the term “on” means not only the case where a certain component is formed directly on top of another component, but also the case where a third component is interposed between these components.
- positive electrode active material in the form of single particles is a concept in contrast to positive electrode active material in the form of spherical secondary particles formed by agglomerating hundreds of primary particles manufactured by conventional methods, and consists of 50 or less single crystal particles. It refers to a positive electrode active material composed of.
- the positive electrode active material in the form of a single particle may be one single crystal particle, 2 to 50 particles, 2 to 40 particles, 2 to 30 particles, 2 to 20 particles, or 2 to 15 particles. , 2 to 10 or 2 to 5 single crystal particles may be aggregated.
- single crystal particle refers to the minimum unit of particle recognized when observing the positive electrode active material through a scanning electron microscope.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) refers to the particle size based on 50% of the volume cumulative particle size distribution of the positive electrode active material precursor, positive electrode active material, or lithium transition metal oxide powder.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) can be measured using a laser diffraction method. For example, after dispersing the positive electrode active material powder in a dispersion medium, it is introduced into a commercially available laser diffraction particle size measuring device (e.g. Microtrac MT 3000), irradiated with ultrasonic waves at about 28 kHz with an output of 60 W, and then a volume cumulative particle size distribution graph is drawn. After obtaining, it can be measured by determining the particle size corresponding to 50% of the volume accumulation.
- a laser diffraction particle size measuring device e.g. Microtrac MT 3000
- the average particle diameter (D EBSD ) of single crystal particles refers to the particle size based on 50% of the volume cumulative particle size distribution of single crystal particles obtained through EBSD analysis using SEM.
- the EBSD analysis may involve obtaining images with SEM-EBSD equipment (ex. FEI's Quanta200 - EDAX's Velocity super OIM 8) and analyzing them with image analysis software (EDAX OIM Analysis).
- the present invention is a single particle positive electrode active material, which includes a positive electrode active material layer containing 80% by weight or more of the positive electrode active material relative to the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer, and the density of the positive electrode active material layer after rolling is 2.7 g/cm 3 or more. After rolling to achieve this, when the positive electrode active material layer is analyzed by provides.
- rolling may be performed using a roll pressing method such that the electrode density of the positive electrode active material layer after rolling is 2.7 g/cm 3 or more, specifically, 2.7 g/cm 3 to 3.0 g/cm 3 . there is.
- the rolling may be roll pressing so that the electrode density of the positive electrode active material layer after rolling is 2.7 g/cm 3 .
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention is a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material layer containing 80% by weight or more of the positive active material based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer, and rolled so that the density of the positive active material layer is 2.7 g/cm 3 or more. Afterwards, when the positive electrode active material layer was analyzed by It may be satisfying 85% or 95% or less.
- the (003) plane is the direction in which lithium moves, and the normal direction of the (003) plane is the c-axis direction of the crystal structure (hereinafter referred to as the c-axis direction), which is the contraction/expansion direction of the positive electrode active material crystal. Therefore, when the above conditions are satisfied, when the positive electrode active material according to the present invention is applied to the positive electrode, the c-axis direction of the positive electrode active material crystal included in the positive active material layer is perpendicular to the upper surface (or electrode surface) of the current collector.
- the positive electrode containing the positive active material according to the present invention is applied to a battery, expansion of the positive active material crystals in the c-axis direction is suppressed by the external case, etc., thereby improving the life performance of the battery. There is an improvement effect. Meanwhile, during XRD measurement, the sample is positioned so that X-rays are incident in the direction of the positive electrode active material layer, not in the direction of the current collector.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention includes a positive electrode active material layer containing more than 80% by weight of the total weight of the positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material layer before and after rolling the positive electrode is analyzed by XRD.
- the difference in area ratio of the (003) peak to the area of all peaks identified in the 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 90 ⁇ range may satisfy 10%, 20%, 30% or more, and 75% or less.
- the difference in the area ratio of the (003) peak to the area of all peaks identified in the 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 90 ⁇ range may be 10%, 20%, 30% or more, and 75% or less.
- the c-axis direction which is the contraction/expansion direction of the positive active material crystal, is aligned perpendicular to the upper surface (or electrode surface) of the current collector, which has the effect of improving battery life performance.
- the single particle positive electrode active material may have an average particle diameter (D 50 ) of 0.1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the single particle positive electrode active material may be 0.1 ⁇ m, 1.0 ⁇ m, 2.0 ⁇ m or more, 5.0 ⁇ m, 6.0 ⁇ m, 7.0 ⁇ m, 8.0 ⁇ m, 9.0 ⁇ m, 10.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the rolling rate of the battery containing the positive electrode active material in the form of single particles can be increased, and the performance of the battery can be further improved.
- the positive electrode active material in the form of single particles may be composed of 1 to 50 single crystal particles to align the lithium movement path with the c-axis direction, which is the contraction/expansion direction of the positive active material crystal.
- the positive electrode active material in the form of single particles may be composed of 1 or more, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 or less single crystal particles.
- the single crystal particles may have an average particle diameter (D EBSD ) of 0.1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, specifically 0.1 ⁇ m, 0.2 ⁇ m or more, 5 ⁇ m, 8 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m or less.
- D EBSD average particle diameter
- the positive electrode active material in the form of a single particle may be a lithium composite transition metal oxide containing nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn).
- the lithium composite transition metal oxide may contain 60 mol%, 65 mol% or more of nickel (Ni) out of all metals excluding lithium.
- the lithium composite transition metal oxide may have a composition represented by the following Chemical Formula 1.
- M 1 is one or more selected from Al, Zr, B, W, Mo, Cr, Nb, Mg, Hf, Ta, La, Ti, Sr, Ba, Ce, Sn, Y, Zn, F, P and S ego,
- the b refers to the atomic fraction of nickel among metal elements other than lithium in the lithium composite transition metal oxide, and may be 0.60, 0.65, 0.8, 0.85 or more, 0.95, or 0.98 or less.
- the c refers to the atomic fraction of cobalt among metal elements other than lithium in the lithium composite transition metal oxide, and may be 0.01 or more, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, or 0.40 or less.
- the d refers to the atomic fraction of manganese among metal elements other than lithium in the lithium composite transition metal oxide, and may be 0.01 or more, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, or 0.40 or less.
- the e refers to the elemental fraction of the M 1 element among metal elements other than lithium in the lithium composite transition metal oxide, and may be 0 or more and 0.02, 0.05, or 0.10 or less.
- the positive electrode active material may be included in an amount of 80% to 99% by weight, more specifically, 85% to 98% by weight, based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- excellent capacity characteristics can be exhibited.
- the present invention relates to a current collector; and a positive electrode active material layer located on the current collector, wherein the positive electrode active material layer includes the positive electrode active material according to the present invention described above. That is, the present invention is a current collector; and a positive electrode active material layer located on the current collector, wherein the positive electrode active material layer includes a positive electrode active material in the form of single particles in an amount of 80% by weight or more based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer, and after rolling the positive electrode, When the positive electrode active material layer is analyzed by
- rolling may be performed using a roll pressing method such that the electrode density of the positive electrode active material layer after rolling is 2.7 g/cm 3 or more, specifically, 2.7 g/cm 3 to 3.0 g/cm 3 . there is.
- the rolling may be roll pressing so that the electrode density of the positive electrode active material layer after rolling is 2.7 g/cm 3 .
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector, and a positive electrode active material layer located on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector and including a positive electrode active material in the form of single particles. And, after rolling the positive electrode, when the positive electrode active material layer was analyzed by Specifically, after rolling the positive electrode, when the positive electrode active material layer was analyzed by , may be 85% or 95% or less.
- the (003) plane is the direction in which lithium moves, and the normal direction of the (003) plane is the c-axis direction of the crystal structure (hereinafter referred to as the c-axis direction), which is the contraction/expansion direction of the positive electrode active material crystal. Therefore, when the above conditions are satisfied, the c-axis direction of the positive electrode active material crystal included in the positive active material layer is aligned in a direction perpendicular to the upper surface (or electrode surface) of the current collector, and as a result, according to the present invention
- the sample is positioned so that X-rays are incident in the direction of the positive electrode active material layer, not in the direction of the current collector.
- the positive electrode active material layer before and after rolling the positive electrode was analyzed by %, 20%, 30% or more, and may be 75% or less.
- the difference in the area ratio of the (003) peak to the area of all peaks identified in the 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 90 ⁇ range may be 10%, 20%, 30% or more, and 75% or less.
- the c-axis direction which is the contraction/expansion direction of the positive active material crystal, is aligned perpendicular to the upper surface (or electrode surface) of the current collector, which has the effect of improving battery life performance.
- the (cos ⁇ ) 2 value is 0.6 or more.
- the (cos ⁇ ) 2 value may be 0.6 or more, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 or less. In this case, the life performance of the battery can be further improved.
- the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it is conductive without causing chemical changes in the battery, for example, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, or carbon, nickel, titanium on the surface of aluminum or stainless steel. , surface treated with silver, etc. may be used.
- the positive electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, and fine irregularities may be formed on the surface of the current collector to increase the adhesion of the positive electrode active material.
- it can be used in various forms such as films, sheets, foils, nets, porous materials, foams, and non-woven materials.
- the positive electrode active material layer may include a single particle positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and a binder.
- the single particle positive electrode active material may have the c-axis direction of the crystals aligned perpendicular to the upper surface of the current collector.
- the c-axis direction which is the contraction/expansion direction of the positive electrode active material crystal, is aligned in a direction perpendicular to the upper surface (or electrode surface) of the current collector, and when the positive electrode is applied to the battery, the positive electrode is Since expansion of the active material crystals in the c-axis direction is suppressed, life performance can be further improved.
- the single particle form of the positive electrode active material is formed so that the c-axis direction, which is the contraction/expansion direction of the positive active material crystal, is aligned in a direction perpendicular to the upper surface (or electrode surface) of the current collector.
- the ratio of the length in the a-axis direction to the length in the c-axis direction may be greater than 1. That is, the single particle positive electrode active material may have a short particle length in one direction, specifically the c-axis direction.
- the positive electrode active material in the form of single particles may be composed of 1 to 50 single crystal particles to align the lithium movement path with the c-axis direction, which is the contraction/expansion direction of the positive active material crystal.
- the positive electrode active material in the form of single particles may be composed of 1 or more, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 or less single crystal particles.
- the single crystal particles may have an average particle diameter (D EBSD ) of 0.1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, specifically 0.1 ⁇ m, 0.2 ⁇ m or more, 5 ⁇ m, 8 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m or less.
- D EBSD average particle diameter
- the positive electrode active material in the form of a single particle may be a lithium composite transition metal oxide containing nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn).
- the lithium composite transition metal oxide may contain 60 mol%, 65 mol% or more of nickel (Ni) out of all metals excluding lithium.
- the lithium composite transition metal oxide may have a composition represented by the following Chemical Formula 1.
- M 1 is one or more selected from Al, Zr, B, W, Mo, Cr, Nb, Mg, Hf, Ta, La, Ti, Sr, Ba, Ce, Sn, Y, Zn, F, P and S ego,
- the b refers to the atomic fraction of nickel among metal elements other than lithium in the lithium composite transition metal oxide, and may be 0.60, 0.65, 0.8, 0.85 or more, 0.95, or 0.98 or less.
- the c refers to the atomic fraction of cobalt among metal elements other than lithium in the lithium composite transition metal oxide, and may be 0.01 or more, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, or 0.40 or less.
- the d refers to the atomic fraction of manganese among metal elements other than lithium in the lithium composite transition metal oxide, and may be 0.01 or more, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, or 0.40 or less.
- the e refers to the elemental fraction of the M 1 element among metal elements other than lithium in the lithium composite transition metal oxide, and may be 0 or more and 0.02, 0.05, or 0.10 or less.
- the positive electrode active material may be included in an amount of 80% to 99% by weight, more specifically, 85% to 98% by weight, based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- excellent capacity characteristics can be exhibited.
- the conductive material is used to provide conductivity to the electrode, and can be used without particular limitation as long as it does not cause chemical change and has electronic conductivity in the battery being constructed.
- Specific examples include graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite; Carbon-based materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, summer black, and carbon fiber; Metal powders or metal fibers such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; Conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; Or conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives, etc., of which one type alone or a mixture of two or more types may be used.
- the conductive material may be included in an amount of 1% to 30% by weight based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the binder serves to improve adhesion between positive electrode active material particles and adhesion between the positive active material and the current collector.
- Specific examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). ), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene polymer (EPDM), sulfonated-EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVDF-co-HFP vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene polymer
- SBR sulfur-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styren
- the positive electrode can be manufactured according to a conventional positive electrode manufacturing method except for using the positive electrode active material described above.
- the composition (slurry) for forming a positive electrode active material layer prepared by dissolving or dispersing the above-mentioned positive electrode active material and, optionally, a binder and a conductive material in a solvent may be applied on a positive electrode current collector, followed by drying and rolling. there is. At this time, the types and contents of the positive electrode active material, binder, and conductive material are the same as described above.
- the positive electrode may be manufactured by casting the composition for forming the positive electrode active material layer on a separate support and then laminating the film obtained by peeling from the support on a positive electrode current collector.
- the solvent may be a solvent commonly used in the art, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropyl alcohol, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), acetone, or Water, etc. may be used, and one type of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more types may be used.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- acetone or Water, etc.
- the amount of solvent used is sufficient to dissolve or disperse the positive electrode active material, conductive material, and binder in consideration of the application thickness and manufacturing yield of the slurry, and to have a viscosity that can exhibit excellent thickness uniformity when applied for subsequent positive electrode production. do.
- the present invention can manufacture an electrochemical device including the anode.
- the electrochemical device may specifically be a battery, a capacitor, etc., and more specifically may be a lithium secondary battery.
- the lithium secondary battery specifically includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode positioned opposite the positive electrode, and a separator and electrolyte interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Since the positive electrode is the same as described above, detailed description is omitted, Hereinafter, only the remaining components will be described in detail.
- the lithium secondary battery may optionally further include a battery container that accommodates the electrode assembly of the positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator, and a sealing member that seals the battery container.
- the negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer located on the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity without causing chemical changes in the battery.
- it can be used on the surface of copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, fired carbon, copper or stainless steel. Surface treatment with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc., aluminum-cadmium alloy, etc. can be used.
- the negative electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, and like the positive electrode current collector, fine irregularities may be formed on the surface of the current collector to strengthen the bonding force of the negative electrode active material.
- it can be used in various forms such as films, sheets, foils, nets, porous materials, foams, and non-woven materials.
- the negative electrode active material layer optionally includes a binder and a conductive material along with the negative electrode active material.
- a compound capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium may be used as the negative electrode active material.
- Specific examples include carbonaceous materials such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, and amorphous carbon;
- Metallic compounds that can be alloyed with lithium such as Si, Al, Sn, Pb, Zn, Bi, In, Mg, Ga, Cd, Si alloy, Sn alloy, or Al alloy;
- a composite containing the above-described metallic compound and a carbonaceous material such as a Si-C composite or Sn-C composite, may be used, and any one or a mixture of two or more of these may be used.
- low-crystalline carbon include soft carbon and hard carbon
- high-crystalline carbon includes amorphous, plate-shaped, flaky, spherical, or fibrous natural graphite, artificial graphite, and Kish graphite.
- High-temperature calcined carbon such as derived cokes is a representative example.
- the negative electrode active material may be included in an amount of 80% to 99% by weight based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the binder is a component that assists in bonding between the conductive material, the active material, and the current collector, and can typically be added in an amount of 0.1% to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- binders include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and tetrafluoride.
- Roethylene polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene polymer (EPDM), sulfonated-EPDM, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber, fluorine rubber, and various copolymers thereof.
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene polymer
- sulfonated-EPDM styrene-butadiene rubber
- nitrile-butadiene rubber fluorine rubber
- the conductive material is a component to further improve the conductivity of the negative electrode active material, and may be added in an amount of 10% by weight or less, preferably 5% by weight or less, based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- These conductive materials are not particularly limited as long as they have conductivity without causing chemical changes in the battery, and examples include graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite; Carbon black such as acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black; Conductive fibers such as carbon fiber and metal fiber; Metal powders such as carbon fluoride, aluminum, and nickel powder; Conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; Conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives may be used.
- the negative electrode active material layer is manufactured by applying and drying a composition for forming a negative electrode active material prepared by dissolving or dispersing a negative electrode active material and optionally a binder and a conductive material in a solvent on a negative electrode current collector and drying the negative electrode active material layer. It can be manufactured by casting the composition on a separate support and then peeling from this support and laminating the obtained film onto the negative electrode current collector.
- the separator separates the negative electrode and the positive electrode and provides a passage for lithium ions to move. It can be used without particular restrictions as long as it is normally used as a separator in a lithium secondary battery, especially for the movement of ions in the electrolyte. It is desirable to have low resistance and excellent electrolyte moisturizing ability.
- porous polymer films for example, porous polymer films made of polyolefin polymers such as ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene/butene copolymer, ethylene/hexene copolymer, and ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, or these. A laminated structure of two or more layers may be used.
- porous non-woven fabrics for example, non-woven fabrics made of high melting point glass fibers, polyethylene terephthalate fibers, etc.
- a coated separator containing ceramic components or polymer materials may be used to ensure heat resistance or mechanical strength, and may optionally be used in a single-layer or multi-layer structure.
- electrolytes used in the present invention include organic liquid electrolytes, inorganic liquid electrolytes, solid polymer electrolytes, gel-type polymer electrolytes, solid inorganic electrolytes, and molten inorganic electrolytes that can be used in the production of lithium secondary batteries, and are limited to these. It doesn't work.
- the electrolyte may include an organic solvent and a lithium salt.
- the organic solvent may be used without particular limitation as long as it can serve as a medium through which ions involved in the electrochemical reaction of the battery can move.
- the organic solvent includes ester solvents such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and ⁇ -caprolactone; Ether-based solvents such as dibutyl ether or tetrahydrofuran; Ketone-based solvents such as cyclohexanone; Aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene and fluorobenzene; Carbonate-based solvents such as dimethylcarbonate (DMC), diethylcarbonate (DEC), ethylmethylcarbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and propylene carbonate (PC); Alcohol-based solvents such as ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol; nitriles such as R-CN (R is a straight-chain, branched or ring-structured hydrocarbon group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms
- carbonate-based solvents are preferable, and cyclic carbonates (e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.) with high ionic conductivity and high dielectric constant that can improve the charge/discharge performance of the battery, and low-viscosity linear carbonate-based compounds ( For example, ethylmethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, etc.) are more preferable.
- cyclic carbonates e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.
- low-viscosity linear carbonate-based compounds For example, ethylmethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, etc.
- excellent electrolyte performance can be obtained by mixing cyclic carbonate and chain carbonate in a volume ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:9.
- the lithium salt can be used without particular restrictions as long as it is a compound that can provide lithium ions used in lithium secondary batteries.
- the lithium salt is LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAl0 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 3 ) 2 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 .
- LiCl, LiI, or LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 may be used.
- the concentration of the lithium salt is preferably used within the range of 0.1M to 2.0M. When the concentration of lithium salt is within the above range, the electrolyte has appropriate conductivity and viscosity, so excellent electrolyte performance can be achieved and lithium ions can move effectively.
- the electrolyte includes, for example, haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, and trifluoroethylene for the purpose of improving battery life characteristics, suppressing battery capacity reduction, and improving battery discharge capacity.
- haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, and trifluoroethylene
- One or more additives such as zolidine, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether, ammonium salt, pyrrole, 2-methoxy ethanol, or aluminum trichloride may be further included. At this time, the additive may be included in an amount of 0.1% to 5% by weight based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
- the lithium secondary battery containing the positive electrode active material according to the present invention stably exhibits excellent discharge capacity, output characteristics, and lifespan characteristics, and is therefore widely used in portable devices such as mobile phones, laptop computers, digital cameras, and hybrid electric vehicles ( It is useful in electric vehicle fields such as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).
- portable devices such as mobile phones, laptop computers, digital cameras, and hybrid electric vehicles ( It is useful in electric vehicle fields such as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).
- HEV hybrid electric vehicle
- a battery module including the lithium secondary battery as a unit cell and a battery pack including the same are provided.
- the battery module or battery pack is a power tool; Electric vehicles, including electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV); Alternatively, it can be used as a power source for any one or more mid- to large-sized devices among power storage systems.
- Electric vehicles including electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV);
- PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
- the external shape of the lithium secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited, but may be a cylindrical shape using a can, a square shape, a pouch shape, or a coin shape.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention can not only be used in battery cells used as a power source for small devices, but can also be preferably used as a unit cell in medium to large-sized battery modules containing a plurality of battery cells.
- a positive electrode active material precursor having a composition expressed as Ni 0.95 Co 0.03 Mn 0.02 (OH) 2 and an average particle diameter (D 50 ) of 3.5 ⁇ m and LiOH was mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1.05, and incubated at 870°C under an oxygen atmosphere for 9 hours.
- a calcined product was prepared by primary firing for a period of time, the calcined product was pulverized, and secondary firing was performed for 9 hours at a temperature of 750° C. in an oxygen atmosphere to produce single particles having a composition expressed as LiNi 0.95 Co 0.03 Mn 0.02 O 2
- a lithium complex transition metal oxide was prepared.
- a mixture was prepared by mixing powder-type Co(OH) 2 (Hwayu Cobalt Co., Ltd.) with the prepared single-particle lithium composite transition metal oxide at a molar ratio of 1:0.02. The mixture was heat-treated at 700°C for 5 hours under an oxygen atmosphere to prepare a single particle positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode active material precursor having a composition expressed as Ni 0.88 Co 0.03 Mn 0.09 (OH) 2 and an average particle diameter (D 50 ) of 3.5 ⁇ m and LiOH was mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1.05, and 90°C at a temperature of 900°C under an oxygen atmosphere.
- a calcined product was prepared by primary sintering for a period of time, the calcined product was pulverized, and then secondary sintering was performed for 9 hours at a temperature of 780° C. in an oxygen atmosphere to produce single particles having a composition expressed as LiNi 0.88 Co 0.03 Mn 0.09 O 2
- a lithium complex transition metal oxide was prepared.
- a mixture was prepared by mixing powder-type Co(OH) 2 (Hwayu Cobalt Co., Ltd.) with the prepared single-particle lithium composite transition metal oxide at a molar ratio of 1:0.02. The mixture was heat-treated at 700°C for 5 hours under an oxygen atmosphere to prepare a single particle positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode active material precursor having a composition expressed as Ni 0.95 Co 0.03 Mn 0.02 (OH) 2 and an average particle diameter (D 50 ) of 3.5 ⁇ m and LiOH were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1.05, and incubated at 800°C under an oxygen atmosphere for 9 hours.
- a calcined product was prepared by primary firing for a period of time, the calcined product was pulverized, and secondary firing was performed for 9 hours at a temperature of 750° C. in an oxygen atmosphere to produce single particles having a composition expressed as LiNi 0.95 Co 0.03 Mn 0.02 O 2
- a lithium composite transition metal oxide in an intermediate form between the form and secondary particle form was prepared.
- a mixture was prepared by mixing powder-type Co(OH) 2 (Hwayu Cobalt Co., Ltd.) with the prepared single-particle lithium composite transition metal oxide at a molar ratio of 1:0.02.
- the mixture was heat-treated at a temperature of 700°C for 5 hours under an oxygen atmosphere to prepare a positive electrode active material in an intermediate form between single particle and secondary particle form.
- a positive electrode active material precursor having a composition expressed as Ni 0.88 Co 0.03 Mn 0.09 (OH) 2 and an average particle diameter (D 50 ) of 3.5 ⁇ m and LiOH was mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1.05, and 9 times heated at a temperature of 820°C under an oxygen atmosphere.
- a calcined product was prepared by primary sintering for a period of time, the calcined product was pulverized, and then secondary sintering was performed for 9 hours at a temperature of 780° C. in an oxygen atmosphere to produce single particles having a composition expressed as LiNi 0.88 Co 0.03 Mn 0.09 O 2
- a lithium composite transition metal oxide in an intermediate form between the form and secondary particle form was prepared.
- a mixture was prepared by mixing powder-type Co(OH) 2 (Hwayu Cobalt Co., Ltd.) with the prepared single-particle lithium composite transition metal oxide at a molar ratio of 1:0.02.
- the mixture was heat-treated at a temperature of 700°C for 5 hours under an oxygen atmosphere to prepare a positive electrode active material in an intermediate form between single particle and secondary particle form.
- a positive electrode active material precursor having a composition expressed as Ni 0.95 Co 0.03 Mn 0.02 (OH) 2 and an average particle diameter (D 50 ) of 3.5 ⁇ m and LiOH was mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1.05, and incubated at 750°C under an oxygen atmosphere for 9 hours.
- a lithium composite transition metal oxide having a composition expressed as LiNi 0.95 Co 0.03 Mn 0.02 O 2 was prepared.
- a mixture was prepared by mixing powder-type Co(OH) 2 (Hwayu Cobalt Co., Ltd.) with the prepared single-particle lithium composite transition metal oxide at a molar ratio of 1:0.02.
- the mixture was heat-treated at 700°C for 5 hours under an oxygen atmosphere to prepare a positive electrode active material in the form of secondary particles.
- a positive electrode active material precursor having a composition expressed as Ni 0.88 Co 0.03 Mn 0.09 (OH) 2 and an average particle diameter (D 50 ) of 3.5 ⁇ m and LiOH were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1.05, and 9 times heated at a temperature of 800°C under an oxygen atmosphere.
- a lithium composite transition metal oxide having a composition expressed as LiNi 0.88 Co 0.03 Mn 0.09 O 2 was prepared.
- a mixture was prepared by mixing powder-type Co(OH) 2 (Hwayu Cobalt Co., Ltd.) with the prepared single-particle lithium composite transition metal oxide at a molar ratio of 1:0.02.
- the mixture was heat-treated at 700°C for 5 hours under an oxygen atmosphere to prepare a positive electrode active material in the form of secondary particles.
- a positive electrode active material precursor having a composition expressed as Ni 0.88 Co 0.03 Mn 0.09 (OH) 2 and an average particle diameter (D 50 ) of 3.5 ⁇ m and LiOH was mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1.05, and 9 times heated at a temperature of 840°C under an oxygen atmosphere.
- a lithium composite transition metal oxide having a composition expressed as LiNi 0.88 Co 0.03 Mn 0.09 O 2 was prepared.
- a mixture was prepared by mixing powdered Co(OH) 2 (Hwayu Cobalt Co., Ltd.) with the prepared lithium composite transition metal oxide at a molar ratio of 1:0.02. The mixture was heat-treated at 700°C for 5 hours under an oxygen atmosphere to prepare a positive electrode active material in the form of secondary particles.
- Example 1 The positive electrode active materials of Example 1, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 3 were measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (JEOL JSM-7900F; acceleration voltage 20kV) to obtain respective SEM images, which are shown in Figures 1 and 3, respectively. 2 and Figure 3.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- Figure 1 is an SEM image of the positive electrode active material of Example 1
- Figure 2 is an SEM image of the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 1
- Figure 3 is an SEM image of the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 3.
- the positive electrode active material of Example 1 is composed of one to a few particles in the form of single particles (average particle diameter (D EBSD ) is 1.5 ⁇ m), while the positive active material of Comparative Example 3 is It can be confirmed that the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 1 is in the form of secondary particles and is in an intermediate form between the single particle form and the secondary particle form defined in the present invention.
- Each of the positive electrode active materials prepared in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4, carbon black (Denka Black) conductive material, and PVdF (Kureha Company, KF1300) binder were mixed with N-methyl at a weight ratio of 95:3:2.
- a composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer was prepared by adding pyrrolidone (NMP) (Daejeong Chemical Company) to a solvent.
- the composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer was applied to one side of an aluminum foil current collector with a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, and dried at a temperature of 135° C. for 3 hours to form a positive active material layer.
- the positive electrode was manufactured by rolling using a roll pressing method so that the electrode density of the positive electrode active material layer was 2.7 g/cm 3 after rolling.
- electrode density is the mass of the positive electrode active material per unit area of the electrode (excluding the weight of the conductive agent, binder, and current collector) divided by the unit volume of the electrode (thickness excluding the current collector ⁇ unit area).
- Figure 5 is an EBSD Band Contrast (BC) image of a cross-section of a positive electrode containing the positive electrode active material of Example 1.
- the long axis of the particle is indicated by a red arrow
- the long axis of the particle is indicated by a red arrow
- the grain model was displayed in the form of a hexagonal column (the long direction of the crystal structure model refers to the c-axis).
- the vertical direction (Y1) is perpendicular to the electrode
- the horizontal direction (X1) is parallel to the electrode.
- the image in FIG. 5 is a cross-section, and in actual three-dimensional particles, the particle length in any one axis direction is longer than the other two axes.
- the angle between the c-axis direction vector (Euler angle) of all grains (about 50 to 100) in the image obtained through EBSD analysis and the direction vector perpendicular to the electrode ( lithium movement path (Li path) and parallel to the electrode
- the angle between direction vectors) is called ⁇
- the (cos ⁇ ) 2 value of each crystal grain is calculated
- the average of the (cos ⁇ ) 2 values of all crystal grains is shown in Table 2 below, and the lithium movement path of the positive electrode active material and the electrode are aligned. The degree was confirmed.
- Each of the positive electrode active materials prepared in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4, carbon black (Denka Black) conductive material, and PVdF (Kureha Company, KF1300) binder were mixed with N-methyl at a weight ratio of 95:3:2.
- a composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer was prepared by adding pyrrolidone (NMP) (Daejeong Chemical Company) to a solvent.
- the composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer was applied to one side of an aluminum foil current collector with a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, and dried at a temperature of 135° C. for 3 hours to form a positive active material layer.
- the positive electrode was manufactured by rolling using a roll pressing method so that the positive electrode active material layer had a porosity of 20% by volume after rolling.
- a half-cell was manufactured using lithium metal as a cathode along with the anode.
- the half cells manufactured above were each charged at 25°C with a constant current (CC) of 0.2C until 4.25V, and then charged with a constant voltage (CV) of 4.25V so that the charging current was 0.05mAh (cut-off current). After charging until shown in
- the half cells manufactured above were each charged at 25°C with a constant current (CC) of 0.2C until 4.25V, and then charged with a constant voltage (CV) of 4.25V so that the charging current was 0.05mAh (cut-off current). After charging until , it was left for 20 minutes and then discharged at a constant current of 0.2C until it reached 2.5V.
- CC constant current
- CV constant voltage
- the cell is moved to a chamber at 45°C and charged at a constant current of 0.33C until it reaches 4.25V, and then charged at a constant voltage (CV) of 4.25V until the charging current becomes 0.05mAh (cut-off current).
- CV constant voltage
- the percentage of the discharge capacity of the 30th cycle to the discharge capacity of the first cycle was taken as the capacity maintenance rate, and is shown in Table 3 below.
- the percentage of the DCIR value of the 30th cycle relative to the DCIR value of the first cycle was taken as the resistance increase rate and is shown in Table 3 below.
- the DCIR value of the nth cycle is calculated by dividing the voltage difference between the fully charged state and 10 seconds after the start of discharge, obtained by discharging until 2.5V at a constant current of 0.33C in the nth cycle, by the current. It is one value.
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Abstract
Description
2θ 10~90˚ 구간에서 확인된 모든 피크의 면적에 대한 (003) 피크의 면적 비율 (%) | ||
압연 전 | 압연 후 | |
실시예 1 | 38.27 | 72.86 |
실시예 2 | 33.07 | 69.29 |
비교예 1 | 28.92 | 34.05 |
비교예 2 | 29.02 | 33.41 |
비교예 3 | 26.93 | 26.92 |
비교예 4 | 27.84 | 27.88 |
비교예 5 | 28.08 | 31.22 |
(cosθ)2 값 | |
실시예 1 | 0.71 |
실시예 2 | 0.68 |
비교예 1 | 0.54 |
비교예 2 | 0.51 |
비교예 3 | 0.43 |
비교예 4 | 0.48 |
비교예 5 | 0.55 |
초기 저항(Ω) | 용량 유지율(%) | 저항 증가율(%) | |
실시예 1 | 17.9 | 96.6 | 141.3 |
실시예 2 | 19.2 | 96.8 | 143.2 |
비교예 1 | 20.7 | 95.1 | 155.4 |
비교예 2 | 21.2 | 95.3 | 151.8 |
비교예 3 | 21.3 | 95.2 | 155.6 |
비교예 4 | 21.3 | 95.4 | 144.2 |
비교예 5 | 19.8 | 88.7 | 163.2 |
Claims (18)
- 단입자 형태의 양극 활물질로서,상기 양극 활물질을 양극 활물질층 총 중량 대비 80중량% 이상 포함하는 양극 활물질층을 포함하는 양극을, 압연 후 양극 활물질층의 밀도가 2.7g/cm3 이상이 되도록 압연한 후, 양극 활물질층을 XRD로 분석하였을 때, 2θ 10˚~90˚ 구간에서 확인된 모든 피크의 면적에 대한 (003) 피크의 면적 비율이 30% 이상을 만족하는 것인 양극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 양극을 압연하기 전과 압연한 후의 양극 활물질층을 XRD로 분석하였을 때, 2θ 10˚~90˚ 구간에서 확인된 모든 피크의 면적에 대한 (003) 피크의 면적 비율 차이가 10% 이상을 만족하는 것인 양극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 단입자 형태의 양극 활물질은 결정의 c-축 방향의 길이 대한 a-축 방향의 길이비가 1 초과인 양극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 단입자 형태의 양극 활물질은 1개 내지 50개의 단결정 입자로 이루어진 것인 양극 활물질.
- 청구항 4에 있어서,상기 단결정 입자는 평균 입경(DEBSD)이 0.1㎛ 내지 10㎛인 양극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 단입자 형태의 양극 활물질은 니켈(Ni), 코발트(Co) 및 망간(Mn)을 포함하는 리튬 복합 전이금속 산화물인 양극 활물질.
- 청구항 6에 있어서,상기 리튬 복합 전이금속 산화물은 리튬을 제외한 전체 금속 중 니켈(Ni)을 60몰% 이상으로 함유하는 것인 양극 활물질.
- 청구항 6에 있어서,상기 리튬 복합 전이금속 산화물은 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 조성을 가지는 것인 양극 활물질:[화학식 1]LiaNibCocMndM1 eO2상기 화학식 1에서,M1은 Al, Zr, B, W, Mo, Cr, Nb, Mg, Hf, Ta, La, Ti, Sr, Ba, Ce, Sn, Y, Zn, F, P 및 S 중에서 선택되는 1종 이상이고,0.90≤a≤1.1, 0.60≤b<1.0, 0<c<0.40, 0<d<0.40, 0≤e≤0.10, b+c+d+e=1이다.
- 집전체; 및상기 집전체 상에 위치하는 양극 활물질층;을 포함하는 양극으로서,상기 양극 활물질층은 청구항 1에 따른 양극 활물질을 포함하는 양극.
- 청구항 9에 있어서,상기 양극을 압연하기 전과 압연한 후의 양극 활물질층을 XRD로 분석하였을 때, 2θ 10˚~90˚ 구간에서 확인된 모든 피크의 면적에 대한 (003) 피크의 면적 비율 차이가 10% 이상인 양극.
- 청구항 9에 있어서,상기 단입자 형태의 양극 활물질의 리튬 이동 경로와 상기 집전체의 상부면에 대한 평행축이 이루는 각도를 θ라고 할 때, (cosθ)2 값이 0.6 이상인 양극.
- 청구항 9에 있어서,상기 단입자 형태의 양극 활물질은 결정의 c-축 방향이 집전체의 상부면에 대해 수직한 방향으로 정렬된 것인 양극.
- 청구항 9에 있어서,상기 단입자 형태의 양극 활물질은 결정의 c-축 방향의 길이 대한 a-축 방향의 길이비가 1 초과인 양극.
- 청구항 9에 있어서,상기 단입자 형태의 양극 활물질은 1개 내지 50개의 단결정 입자로 이루어진 것인 양극.
- 청구항 14에 있어서,상기 단결정 입자는 평균 입경(DEBSD)이 0.1㎛ 내지 10㎛인 양극.
- 청구항 9에 있어서,상기 단입자 형태의 양극 활물질은 니켈(Ni), 코발트(Co) 및 망간(Mn)을 포함하는 리튬 복합 전이금속 산화물인 양극.
- 청구항 16에 있어서,상기 리튬 복합 전이금속 산화물은 리튬을 제외한 전체 금속 중 니켈(Ni)을 60몰% 이상으로 함유하는 것인 양극.
- 청구항 16에 있어서,상기 리튬 복합 전이금속 산화물은 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 조성을 가지는 것인 양극:[화학식 1]LiaNibCocMndM1 eO2상기 화학식 1에서,M1은 Al, Zr, B, W, Mo, Cr, Nb, Mg, Hf, Ta, La, Ti, Sr, Ba, Ce, Sn, Y, Zn, F, P 및 S 중에서 선택되는 1종 이상이고,0.90≤a≤1.1, 0.60≤b<1.0, 0<c<0.40, 0<d<0.40, 0≤e≤0.10, b+c+d+e=1이다.
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