WO2022244362A1 - 二次電池用負極および二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池用負極および二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022244362A1 WO2022244362A1 PCT/JP2022/007290 JP2022007290W WO2022244362A1 WO 2022244362 A1 WO2022244362 A1 WO 2022244362A1 JP 2022007290 W JP2022007290 W JP 2022007290W WO 2022244362 A1 WO2022244362 A1 WO 2022244362A1
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Images
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Definitions
- This technology relates to negative electrodes for secondary batteries and secondary batteries.
- the secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, and various studies have been made on the configuration of the secondary battery.
- a porous conductive substrate carbon
- a conductive material such as carbon nanotubes
- an active material such as silicon
- the porosity (porosity) of the negative electrode is defined (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- a conductive substrate in which carbon fibers derived from a fibrillar polymer are formed on a carbon paper, and silicon carbide derived from polysilane formed on the conductive substrate. are used (see, for example, Patent Document 2).
- Copper current collectors and porous silicon having a three-dimensional network structure coated with a conductive substance such as a carbon material are used as materials for forming negative electrodes for lithium ion secondary batteries, and the porous silicon is defined (see, for example, Patent Document 3).
- JP 2007-335283 A Japanese translation of PCT publication No. 2015-531977 JP 2012-084521 A
- a negative electrode for a secondary battery and a secondary battery capable of obtaining excellent initial capacity characteristics, excellent swelling characteristics, excellent load characteristics and excellent cycle characteristics are desired.
- a secondary battery negative electrode includes a plurality of first fiber portions, a plurality of particle portions, and a plurality of second fiber portions, and has a plurality of voids.
- the plurality of first fiber portions are connected to each other to form a three-dimensional network structure having a plurality of voids, and each of the plurality of first fiber portions contains carbon as a constituent element.
- the plurality of particle portions covers the surface of each of the plurality of first fiber portions, some of the plurality of particle portions are connected to each other, and each of the plurality of particle portions contains silicon as a constituent element.
- At least some of the plurality of second fiber portions are connected to surfaces of the plurality of particle portions, and each of the plurality of second fiber portions contains carbon as a constituent element.
- the average fiber diameter of the plurality of first fiber portions is 50 nm or more and 7000 nm or less
- the average fiber diameter of the plurality of second fiber portions is 1 nm or more and 200 nm or less
- the porosity is 42 volume % or more and 73 volume % or less.
- a secondary battery of an embodiment of the present technology includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution, and the negative electrode has the same configuration as the negative electrode for a secondary battery of the embodiment of the present technology described above. .
- the secondary battery negative electrode includes the plurality of first fiber portions, the plurality of particle portions, and the plurality of second fiber portions described above. It has a plurality of voids and satisfies the above-described conditions regarding the average fiber diameter of the plurality of first fiber portions, the average fiber diameter of the plurality of second fiber portions, and the porosity, so that excellent initial Capacitance characteristics, excellent swelling characteristics, excellent load characteristics and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing an enlarged configuration of each of the large-diameter carbon fiber portion, the small-diameter carbon fiber portion, and the particle portion shown in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged sectional view showing the configuration of the battery element shown in FIG. 3;
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of a negative electrode for a secondary battery of Modification 1.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of a negative electrode for a secondary battery of Modification 2;
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of a negative electrode for a secondary battery according to Modification 3;
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing another configuration of the secondary battery negative electrode of Modification 3;
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing still another configuration of the negative electrode for a secondary battery of Modification 3;
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an application example of a secondary battery;
- Negative electrode for secondary battery 1-1 Configuration 1-2. Manufacturing method 1-3. Action and effect 2 . Secondary Battery 2-1. Configuration 2-2. Operation 2-3. Manufacturing method 2-4. Action and effect 3. Modification 4. Applications of secondary batteries
- Negative Electrode for Secondary Battery First, a negative electrode for a secondary battery (hereinafter simply referred to as “negative electrode”) according to an embodiment of the present technology will be described.
- This negative electrode is used in a secondary battery, which is an electrochemical device.
- the negative electrode may be used in electrochemical devices other than secondary batteries.
- the type of other electrochemical device is not particularly limited, but is specifically a capacitor or the like.
- the negative electrode absorbs and releases an electrode reactant during an electrode reaction in an electrochemical device such as the secondary battery described above.
- the type of electrode reactant is not particularly limited, but specifically light metals such as alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.
- Alkali metals include lithium, sodium and potassium, and alkaline earth metals include beryllium, magnesium and calcium.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the configuration of a negative electrode 10, which is an example of a negative electrode.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional configuration of each of the large-diameter carbon fiber portion 1, the small-diameter carbon fiber portion 2, and the particle portion 3 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 2 shows cross sections of the large-diameter carbon fiber portion 1, the small-diameter carbon fiber portion 2, and the particle portion 3, which intersect the longitudinal directions of the large-diameter carbon fiber portion 1 and the small-diameter carbon fiber portion 2, respectively.
- the negative electrode 10 includes a plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1, a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2, a plurality of particle portions 3, and a plurality of voids. 10G. That is, since the negative electrode 10 does not include a current collector such as a metal foil (hereinafter referred to as a "metal current collector"), it is a so-called metal current collector-less electrode.
- a current collector such as a metal foil (hereinafter referred to as a "metal current collector")
- the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 are, as shown in FIG. Each of the large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 has a fiber diameter D1 as shown in FIG. The plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 are connected to each other to form a three-dimensional mesh structure having the above-described plurality of voids 10G.
- FIG. 1 shows a case where each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 is linear in order to simplify the illustration.
- the state (shape) of each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 is not particularly limited. state can be.
- the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 are connected to each other to form a three-dimensional network structure, and more specifically, are randomly entangled with each other.
- the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 may be bonded to each other via a carbide (not shown) such as a polymer compound, or via one or two or more small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2. They may be connected to each other.
- the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 have a plurality of connection points, and the large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 are electrically connected to each other at the connection points.
- the average fiber diameter AD1 of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 is 50 nm to 7000 nm. This is because the fiber diameter D1 is sufficiently large in the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 that are the main portion of the negative electrode 10 . As a result, a sufficient conductive network (three-dimensional network structure) is formed inside the negative electrode 10, so that the conductivity of the negative electrode 10 is improved.
- the procedure for calculating the average fiber diameter AD1 is as described below. First, after recovering the negative electrode 10, the negative electrode 10 is washed using a washing solvent such as dimethyl carbonate. In addition, when the secondary battery provided with the negative electrode 10 is obtained, the negative electrode 10 is recovered by disassembling the secondary battery. Subsequently, the cross section of the negative electrode 10 is exposed by cutting the negative electrode 10 using an ion milling device or the like.
- a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to observe the cross section of the negative electrode 10 to obtain the observation result (observation image) of the cross section.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the fiber diameter D1 of each of the 20 large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 is measured.
- an average fiber diameter AD1 is obtained by calculating the average value of the 20 fiber diameters D1.
- the average fiber length of each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 is not particularly limited. This is because if a plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 having the average fiber diameter AD1 are connected to each other, a sufficient conductive network (three-dimensional network structure) is formed without depending on the fiber length.
- Each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 contains carbon as a constituent element, and thus contains a so-called carbon-containing material.
- This carbon-containing material is a general term for materials containing carbon as a constituent element.
- the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 contain carbon paper. This is because the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 are sufficiently connected to each other and the average fiber diameter AD1 is sufficiently large, so that a sufficient conductive network (three-dimensional network structure) is formed.
- the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 may be a material in which a plurality of fibrous carbon materials having the average fiber diameter AD1 described above are processed to form a three-dimensional network structure.
- the type of fibrous carbon material is not particularly limited, but specific examples include vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) and carbon nanofiber (CNF).
- the type of fibrous carbon material may be multi-walled carbon nanotubes (multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)) such as double-walled carbon nanotubes (double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNT)).
- the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 are, as shown in FIG.
- Each of the small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 has a fiber diameter D2, as shown in FIG.
- D2 fiber diameter
- each of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 is fixed to the surface of the plurality of particle portions 3 , it is connected to the surface of the plurality of particle portions 3 .
- FIG. 1 shows a case where each of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 is linear in order to simplify the illustration.
- the state (shape) of each of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 is not particularly limited, similarly to the case described above regarding the state of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 .
- the negative electrode 10 includes a plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 and a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 is that the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 form a conductive network and the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions This is because the portion 2 also forms a dense conductive network, so that the conductivity of the negative electrode 10 is significantly improved.
- part or all of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 each include two or more large-diameter carbon fibers through a portion of the plurality of particle portions 3. It is preferably connected to each of the parts 1 . This is because two or more large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 are electrically connected to each other via the small-diameter carbon fiber portion 2R. As a result, a denser conductive network is formed, so that the conductivity of the negative electrode 10 is further improved.
- the average fiber diameter AD2 of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 is smaller than the average fiber diameter AD1 of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1, specifically 1/10000 of the average fiber diameter AD1. to 1/2, preferably 1/300 to 1/5.
- the average fiber diameter AD2 is 1 nm to 200 nm.
- the average fiber diameter AD2 is sufficiently smaller than the average fiber diameter AD1. This is because the small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 are easily dispersed. As a result, a dense conductive network is formed by the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2, so that the conductivity of the negative electrode 10 is further improved.
- the procedure for calculating the average fiber diameter AD2 is to measure the fiber diameter D2 of each of 20 arbitrary small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2, and then take the average value of the 20 fiber diameters D2 as the average fiber diameter AD2. Except for this, the procedure for calculating the average fiber diameter AD1 is the same as described above. However, when the fiber diameter D2 is small, it is preferable to use a TEM rather than a SEM to observe the cross section of the negative electrode 10 .
- the average fiber length of each of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 is not particularly limited. This is because if a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 having the average fiber diameter AD2 are present inside the negative electrode 10, a dense conductive network is formed independently of the fiber length.
- each of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 contains carbon as a constituent element
- each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 contains a carbon-containing material.
- each of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 contains fibrous carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes, vapor grown carbon fibers (VGCF), and carbon nanofibers (CNF). This is because the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 are easily dispersed sufficiently inside the negative electrode 10 and a dense conductive network is easily formed.
- fibrous carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes, vapor grown carbon fibers (VGCF), and carbon nanofibers (CNF).
- the type of carbon nanotube is not particularly limited, it may be a single-walled carbon nanotube (single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)) or a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT).
- SWCNT single-walled carbon nanotube
- MWCNT multi-walled carbon nanotube
- DWCNT double-walled carbon nanotubes
- each of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 is preferably one or both of single-walled carbon nanotubes and vapor-grown carbon fibers. This is because the average fiber diameter AD2 is sufficiently small, so that the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 are sufficiently dispersed inside the negative electrode 10 and a denser conductive network is formed.
- the plurality of particle portions 3 cover the surface of each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 and have an average particle diameter AP1.
- Each of the plurality of particle portions 3 has a particle size P1 as shown in FIG.
- the plurality of particle portions 3 are so-called primary particles 3A, and some or all of the plurality of particle portions 3 (the plurality of primary particles 3A) are connected to each other. That is, some or all of the plurality of primary particles 3A form a plurality of aggregates (secondary particles 3B) by being densely packed together.
- a plurality of pores 3G are formed inside the secondary particles 3B, and the pores 3G are gaps between the plurality of primary particles 3A. The inner diameter of this pore 3G is smaller than the inner diameter of the gap 10G.
- the number of primary particles 3A forming secondary particles 3B is not particularly limited as long as it is two or more. Also, the number of secondary particles 3B is not particularly limited as long as it is two or more.
- FIG. 2 shows a case where a plurality of secondary particles 3B are formed.
- the average particle size AP1 described above is the average particle size of the secondary particles 3B.
- the plurality of particle portions 3 may cover the entire surface of each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1, or may cover only a portion of the surface of each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1. You may have In the latter case, the plurality of particle portions 3 may cover the surface of the large-diameter carbon fiber portion 1 at a plurality of locations separated from each other. In order to simplify the illustration, FIG. 1 shows a case where a plurality of particle portions 3 partially cover the surface of each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 .
- each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 having a relatively large average fiber diameter AD1 has its surface covered with a plurality of particle portions 3, whereas each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 has a relatively small average fiber diameter AD2.
- the surface of each of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 having is not covered with the plurality of particle portions 3 .
- the reason why the negative electrode 10 includes a plurality of particle portions 3 is that the electrode reactant is easily occluded and released while a high energy density is obtained.
- each of the plurality of particle portions 3 contains a silicon-containing material, which will be described later, a high energy density can be obtained.
- the plurality of particle portions 3 cover the surface of each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1, the initial inner diameters of the plurality of gaps 10G formed by the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 are randomly narrowed.
- a plurality of gaps 10G having different inner diameters are likely to be formed in the completed negative electrode 10, so that the electrode reactant can easily move through the plurality of gaps 10G.
- the electrode reactant can move smoothly. Therefore, during the electrode reaction of the negative electrode 10, the electrode reactant is easily occluded and released.
- secondary particles 3B are formed by a plurality of particle portions 3 (primary particles 3A), and a plurality of pores having an inner diameter smaller than the inner diameter of the voids 10G are formed inside the secondary particles 3B.
- 3G is formed. That is, the negative electrode 10 has two types of spaces with different sizes inside, that is, it has a gap 10G with a relatively large inner diameter and a pore 3G with a relatively small inner diameter.
- the voids 10G but also the pores 3G are utilized to suppress the expansion and contraction of the particle portion 3, and similarly, not only the voids 10G but also the pores 3G are utilized to produce the electrode reactant. Easier to move.
- the average particle size AP1 of the plurality of particle portions 3 is not particularly limited, it is preferably from 30 nm to 2000 nm. Since the surface coverage of each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 by the plurality of particle portions 3 is sufficiently large, sufficient energy density can be obtained in the negative electrode 10 while ensuring the conductivity of the negative electrode 10. is.
- the procedure for calculating the average particle diameter AP1 is as described below. First, an observation result (observation image) of the cross section of the negative electrode 10 is acquired by the same procedure as in the case of calculating the average fiber diameter AD1 described above. Subsequently, after selecting arbitrary ten particle portions 3, the particle size P1 of each of the ten particle portions 3 is measured. In addition, when the particle size P1 differs depending on the location in one particle portion 3, the minimum value of the particle size P1 is selected. Finally, an average particle diameter AP1 is obtained by calculating the average value of the ten particle diameters P1.
- each of the plurality of particle portions 3 contains silicon as a constituent element, and thus contains a so-called silicon-containing material. This is because silicon has an excellent ability to absorb and desorb electrode reactants, so that a high energy density can be obtained.
- the silicon-containing material is a general term for materials containing silicon as a constituent element. Therefore, the silicon-containing material may be a simple substance of silicon, a silicon alloy, a silicon compound, a mixture of two or more of them, or a material containing one or more of these phases. It's okay. However, the simple substance of silicon may contain trace amounts of impurities. That is, the purity of simple silicon may not be 100%. These impurities include impurities that are unintentionally included in the manufacturing process of elemental silicon and oxides that are unintentionally formed due to oxygen in the atmosphere. The content of impurities in simple silicon is preferably as small as possible, more preferably 5% by weight or less.
- the silicon alloy contains, as constituent elements other than silicon, any one of metal elements such as tin, nickel, copper, iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, indium, silver, titanium, germanium, bismuth, antimony and chromium, or Contains two or more.
- the silicon compound contains one or more of nonmetallic elements such as carbon and oxygen as constituent elements other than silicon.
- the silicon compound may further contain, as constituent elements other than silicon, one or more of the series of metal elements described with respect to the silicon alloy.
- silicon alloys are Mg2Si , Ni2Si , TiSi2, MoSi2 , CoSi2, NiSi2 , CaSi2 , CrSi2 , Cu5Si , FeSi2 , MnSi2 , NbSi2 , TaSi2 , VSi 2 , WSi2 , ZnSi2 and SiC.
- the composition of the silicon alloy (mixing ratio of silicon and metal elements) can be changed arbitrarily.
- silicon compounds include SiB 4 , SiB 6 , Si 3 N 4 , Si 2 N 2 O, SiO v (0 ⁇ v ⁇ 2) and LiSiO.
- the range of v may be 0.2 ⁇ v ⁇ 1.4.
- the silicon-containing material is preferably silicon alone. This is because a higher energy density can be obtained.
- the content of silicon in each of the plurality of particle portions 3, that is, the content (purity) of silicon in the silicon-containing material is not particularly limited, but is preferably 80% by weight or more. % to 100% by weight. This is because a significantly high energy density can be obtained.
- Weight ratio M that is the ratio of the weight M3 of the plurality of particle portions 3 to the sum of the weight M1 of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1, the weight M2 of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2, and the weight M3 of the plurality of particle portions 3 (% by weight) is not particularly limited, but is preferably from 40% by weight to 76% by weight.
- the procedure for calculating the weight ratio M is as described below. First, after recovering the negative electrode 10, the negative electrode 10 is washed using a washing solvent such as dimethyl carbonate. Subsequently, the weights M1, M2, and M3 are obtained by analyzing the negative electrode 10 using a thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis method (TG-DTA). Any TG-DTA device can be used to analyze the negative electrode 10 .
- TG-DTA thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis method
- the weight loss when the heating temperature was increased to about 450° C. became the weight of the electrolyte and the binder, and the heating temperature was increased from about 450° C. to about 1350° C.
- the amount of weight reduction at this time becomes the weight (weight M1, M2) of the carbon component (the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 and the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2).
- the weight of the residual component becomes the weight (weight M3) of the silicon component (plurality of particles 3).
- the temperature (approximately 450°C) at which the amount of weight loss caused by the electrolytic solution or the like is detected may vary depending on the type of binder. Specifically, when the binder is polyvinylidene fluoride, the vanishing temperature is approximately 460° C., assuming that the minimum value of the differential curve of DTA is the vanishing temperature.
- the weight ratio M is calculated based on the above formula.
- each of the plurality of particle portions 3 may be further covered with a coating layer.
- the coating layer contains one or more of conductive materials such as carbon-containing materials and metal materials. This is because the conductivity of the negative electrode 10 is further improved. Details regarding the carbon-containing material are provided above.
- the type of metal material is not particularly limited.
- a silane coupling agent When forming this coating layer, a silane coupling agent, a polymer-based material, and the like are used. This is to allow the surface of the particle portion 3 to be sufficiently covered with the coating layer. By sufficiently covering the surface of the particle portion 3 with the coating layer, the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution on the surface of the particle portion 3 containing the silicon-containing material is suppressed.
- the negative electrode 10 since the negative electrode 10 includes a three-dimensional network structure formed by a plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1, it has a plurality of voids 10G.
- the porosity R of the negative electrode 10 determined based on the plurality of voids 10G is 42% by volume to 73% by volume. Since the existence amount of the plurality of voids 10G inside the negative electrode 10 is optimized, even if each of the plurality of particle portions 3 containing the silicon-containing material expands and contracts during the electrode reaction, the expansion and contraction are caused by the expansion and contraction. This is because the internal stress (strain) generated by the gaps 10G is appropriately relaxed. As a result, the expansion and contraction of the particle portion 3 is suppressed even if the electrode reaction is repeated, and thus the deterioration of the negative electrode 10 is suppressed.
- the deterioration of the negative electrode 10 includes chipping and cutting of the large-diameter carbon fiber portion 1, chipping and breakage of the small-diameter carbon fiber portion 2, collapse and falling off of the particle portion 3, and the like.
- the procedure for calculating the porosity R is as described below. After collecting and washing the negative electrode 10 by the same procedure as for calculating the average fiber diameter AD1 described above, a three-dimensional image of the negative electrode 10 is obtained using a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM). Then, the porosity R is calculated based on the three-dimensional image using image analysis processing.
- image analysis processing GeoDict, an innovative material development comprehensive package software manufactured by Math2Market GmbH, can be used.
- the negative electrode 10 may further contain one or more of other materials.
- the type of other material is not particularly limited, but specifically, it is a binder and the like. This is because the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1, the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2, and the plurality of particle portions 3 are strongly connected to each other via the binder, so that a strong conductive network is formed. .
- This binder contains one or more of polymer compounds, specific examples of which are polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylic acid, styrene-butadiene rubber, and carboxymethyl cellulose. and so on.
- polymer compounds specific examples of which are polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylic acid, styrene-butadiene rubber, and carboxymethyl cellulose. and so on.
- some of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 may be free without being linked to the surface of the particle portion 3 .
- This negative electrode 10 is manufactured by the procedure described below. Here, a case of using carbon paper as the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 will be described.
- carbon paper which is a plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1
- a three-dimensional network structure having a plurality of voids 10G is formed.
- the silicon-containing material powder is put into the solvent.
- the silicon-containing material powder is dispersed in the solvent to prepare a first dispersion.
- This solvent may be an aqueous solvent or a non-aqueous solvent (organic solvent).
- a binder may be added to the solvent. Details regarding this binder are as described above.
- a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 are put into another solvent.
- the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 are dispersed in the solvent to prepare a second dispersion.
- a binder may be added to the solvent. Details regarding each of the solvent and binder are provided above.
- This dispersion liquid contains a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 together with the silicon-containing material powder, as described above.
- the dispersion liquid is dried.
- the inside of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 is impregnated with the dispersion liquid, so that the silicon-containing material powder is fixed on the surface of each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1, and the plurality of small-diameter carbon fibers Part 2 adheres to the surface of the powder of silicon-containing material.
- the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 may be immersed in the dispersion.
- the inner diameters of some or all of the plurality of voids 10G are reduced.
- the porosity R) of is reduced.
- the initial porosity R is set to be sufficiently large, even if a plurality of particle portions 3 are formed, some or all of the plurality of voids 10G remain without disappearing.
- the porosity R can be calculated even after the particle portion 3 is formed. That is, the porosity R can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of the silicon-containing material in the first dispersion.
- the negative electrode 10 including a plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1, a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2, and a plurality of particle portions 3 is produced.
- the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 When connecting a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 to the surfaces of the plurality of particle portions 3, the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 are indirectly formed on the surfaces of the plurality of particle portions 3 using a dispersion liquid.
- the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 may be directly formed on the surfaces of the plurality of particle portions 3 .
- the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 are grown using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or the like. As a result, each of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 is firmly connected to the surfaces of the plurality of particle portions 3, so that a strong conductive network is formed.
- the negative electrode 10 is pressed using a press or the like, and then the negative electrode 10 is fired.
- the porosity R can be controlled by adjusting the press pressure.
- the firing temperature can be set arbitrarily.
- the negative electrode 10 including a plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1, a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2, a plurality of particle portions 3, and having a plurality of voids 10G.
- the weight ratio M can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of the silicon-containing material in the first dispersion and the concentration of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 in the second dispersion. is.
- a plurality of carbon fiber portions 1 having the plurality of particle portions 3 formed thereon are obtained.
- a paper manufacturing process using a large-diameter carbon fiber portion 1 and a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 may be used.
- a wet process such as papermaking may be used, or a dry process using a web or the like may be used.
- the negative electrode 10 including a plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1, a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 and a plurality of particle portions 3 and having a plurality of voids 10G is produced.
- this negative electrode 10 includes a plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1, a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2, and a plurality of particle portions 3, and has a plurality of voids 10G.
- Each of the fiber portion 1 and the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 contains a carbon-containing material
- each of the plurality of particle portions 3 contains a silicon-containing material
- each of the average fiber diameters AD1 and AD2 and the porosity R are appropriate. , resulting in a series of effects that are described below.
- a plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 containing a conductive carbon-containing material form a conductive network (three-dimensional network structure), and a conductive carbon-containing material is also formed.
- a dense conductive network is also formed by the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 containing material.
- each of the plurality of particle portions 3 contains a silicon-containing material that is excellent in absorbing and releasing the electrode reactant, a high energy density can be obtained.
- each of the plurality of particle portions 3 contains a silicon-containing material
- the internal stress generated inside the negative electrode 10 during the electrode reaction that is, during the expansion and contraction of each of the plurality of particle portions 3, may Since the space 10G is used for relaxation, expansion and contraction of the negative electrode 10 are suppressed. This suppresses deterioration of the negative electrode 10 due to internal stress generated during expansion and contraction of each of the plurality of particle portions 3 .
- the content of silicon in the silicon-containing material is high, the expansion and contraction of the negative electrode 10 is sufficiently suppressed, so deterioration of the negative electrode 10 is effectively suppressed.
- secondary particles 3B are formed by a plurality of particle portions 3 (primary particles 3A), and a plurality of pores 3G are formed inside the secondary particles 3B. Not only the gaps 10G but also the pores 3G are used to suppress the expansion and contraction of the particle part 3, and similarly the electrode reactants are easily moved by using not only the gaps 10G but also the pores 3G.
- the expansion and contraction of the negative electrode 10 is suppressed during the electrode reaction while ensuring the energy density and the absorption and release properties of the electrode reactant, and the discharge capacity is less likely to decrease even if the electrode reaction is repeated. Become. Therefore, in a secondary battery using negative electrode 10, excellent initial capacity characteristics, excellent swelling characteristics, excellent load characteristics, and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the negative electrode 10 described above does not require a metal current collector, it is possible to reduce the weight and increase the weight energy density (Wh/kg) as compared with the case where the metal current collector is used. You can also let
- the weight ratio M is 40% by weight to 76% by weight
- the weight of the carbon component (the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 and the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2) and the silicon component (the plurality of particles) in the negative electrode 10 The relationship with the weight of part 3) is optimized. Therefore, a sufficient energy density can be obtained while the conductivity is ensured, so that a higher effect can be obtained.
- each of the plurality of particle portions 3 is 80% by weight or more, a significantly high energy density can be obtained while ensuring conductivity, so that a higher effect can be obtained. can.
- the two or more large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 are electrically connected to each other via small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 . Therefore, a denser conductive network is formed, and a higher effect can be obtained.
- the conductive network tends to be sparse. Moreover, since the particle portion 3 containing the silicon-containing material expands and contracts during the electrode reaction, the conductive network is likely to be broken. However, as described above, some or all of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 are connected to each of the two or more small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 via a portion of the plurality of particle portions 3. When there is, a dense conductive network is likely to be formed, and the conductive network is less likely to be broken.
- the average particle size AP1 of the plurality of particle portions 3 is 30 nm to 2000 nm, a sufficient energy density can be obtained while ensuring electrical conductivity, so a higher effect can be obtained.
- the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 contain carbon paper, the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 are sufficiently connected to each other, and the average fiber diameter AD1 is sufficiently large. Therefore, since a sufficient conductive network (three-dimensional network structure) is formed, a higher effect can be obtained.
- the average fiber diameter AD2 is sufficiently small. Therefore, the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 can be sufficiently dispersed in the interior of the negative electrode 10, and a denser conductive network can be easily formed, so that a higher effect can be obtained.
- the secondary battery described here is, as described above, a secondary battery in which the battery capacity is obtained by utilizing the absorption and release of the electrode reactant. I have.
- the type of electrode reactant is not particularly limited as described above.
- lithium ion secondary battery A secondary battery whose battery capacity is obtained by utilizing the absorption and release of lithium is a so-called lithium ion secondary battery.
- lithium ion secondary battery lithium is intercalated and deintercalated in an ionic state.
- the charge capacity of the negative electrode is larger than the discharge capacity of the positive electrode. That is, the electrochemical capacity per unit area of the negative electrode is set to be larger than the electrochemical capacity per unit area of the positive electrode. This is to prevent electrode reactants from depositing on the surface of the negative electrode during charging.
- FIG. 3 shows a perspective configuration of a secondary battery.
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged sectional view of the battery element 30 shown in FIG. However, FIG. 3 shows a state in which the exterior film 20 and the battery element 30 are separated from each other, and FIG. 4 shows only part of the battery element 30 . 1 and 2, which have already been described, and the constituent elements of the negative electrode 10, which have already been described.
- this secondary battery includes an exterior film 20, a battery element 30, a positive electrode lead 41, a negative electrode lead 42, and sealing films 51 and 52.
- the secondary battery described here is a laminated film type secondary battery using a flexible (or flexible) exterior film 20 .
- the exterior film 20 is a flexible exterior member that houses the battery element 30, and has a sealed bag-like structure with the battery element 30 housed inside. is doing. Therefore, the exterior film 20 accommodates the electrolytic solution together with the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32, which will be described later.
- the exterior film 20 is a single film-like member and is folded in the folding direction F.
- the exterior film 20 is provided with a recessed portion 20U (so-called deep drawn portion) for housing the battery element 30 .
- the exterior film 20 is a three-layer laminate film in which a fusion layer, a metal layer, and a surface protection layer are laminated in this order from the inside, and when the exterior film 20 is folded, they face each other. Outer peripheral edge portions of the fusion layer are fused together.
- the fusible layer contains a polymer compound such as polypropylene.
- the metal layer contains a metal material such as aluminum.
- the surface protective layer contains a polymer compound such as nylon.
- the configuration (number of layers) of the exterior film 20 is not particularly limited, and may be one layer, two layers, or four layers or more.
- the battery element 30 is a power generating element including a positive electrode 31, a negative electrode 32, a separator 33 and an electrolytic solution (not shown), as shown in FIGS. there is
- the battery element 30 is a so-called laminated electrode body
- the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32 are laminated with the separator 33 interposed therebetween.
- the number of laminations of each of the positive electrode 31, the negative electrode 32 and the separator 33 is not particularly limited.
- a plurality of positive electrodes 31 and a plurality of negative electrodes 32 are alternately stacked with separators 33 interposed therebetween.
- the positive electrode 31 includes a positive electrode current collector 31A and a positive electrode active material layer 31B, as shown in FIG.
- the positive electrode current collector 31A has a pair of surfaces on which the positive electrode active material layer 31B is provided.
- the positive electrode current collector 31A contains a conductive material such as a metal material, and a specific example of the metal material is aluminum.
- the positive electrode current collector 31A includes protruding portions 31AT not provided with the positive electrode active material layer 31B, and the plurality of protruding portions 31AT are formed in the shape of a single lead. are joined together.
- the projecting portion 31AT is integrated with portions other than the projecting portion 31AT.
- the projecting portion 31AT is separate from the portion other than the projecting portion 31AT, it may be joined to the portion other than the projecting portion 31AT.
- the positive electrode active material layer 31B contains one or more of positive electrode active materials capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium. However, the positive electrode active material layer 31B may further contain one or more of other materials such as a positive electrode binder and a positive electrode conductor.
- the positive electrode active material layer 31B is provided on both sides of the positive electrode current collector 31A.
- the positive electrode active material layer 31B may be provided only on one side of the positive electrode current collector 31A on the side where the positive electrode 31 faces the negative electrode 32 .
- a method for forming the positive electrode active material layer 31B is not particularly limited, but specifically, one or more of coating methods and the like are used.
- the type of positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, it is specifically a lithium-containing compound.
- This lithium-containing compound is a compound containing lithium and one or more transition metal elements as constituent elements, and may further contain one or more other elements as constituent elements.
- the type of the other element is not particularly limited as long as it is an element other than lithium and transition metal elements, but specifically, it is an element belonging to Groups 2 to 15 in the long period periodic table.
- the type of lithium-containing compound is not particularly limited, but specific examples include oxides, phosphoric acid compounds, silicic acid compounds and boric acid compounds.
- oxides include LiNiO2 , LiCoO2 , LiCo0.98Al0.01Mg0.01O2 , LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 , LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 , LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33Mn0.33O2 .
- 1.2Mn0.52Co0.175Ni0.1O2 Li1.15 ( Mn0.65Ni0.22Co0.13 ) O2 and LiMn2O4 .
- _ _ Specific examples of phosphoric acid compounds include LiFePO4 , LiMnPO4 , LiFe0.5Mn0.5PO4 and LiFe0.3Mn0.7PO4 .
- the positive electrode binder contains one or more of synthetic rubber and polymer compounds.
- synthetic rubbers include styrene-butadiene rubber, fluororubber, and ethylene propylene diene.
- polymer compounds include polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide and carboxymethylcellulose.
- the positive electrode conductive agent contains one or more of conductive materials such as carbon materials, and specific examples of the carbon materials include graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, and carbon nanotubes. and so on.
- the conductive material may be a metal material, a polymer compound, or the like.
- the negative electrode 32 faces the positive electrode 31 with the separator 33 interposed therebetween, and is capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium. Since this negative electrode 32 has the same structure as the negative electrode 10 described above, it includes a plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 , a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 and a plurality of particle portions 3 . In this negative electrode 32 , lithium is mainly intercalated and deintercalated in each of the plurality of particle portions 3 . However, lithium may be absorbed and discharged not only in each of the plurality of particle portions 3 but also in one or both of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 and the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 .
- the negative electrode 32 includes projections 31AT made of part of the large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 not provided with the plurality of particle portions 3.
- the projections 31AT are They are joined together so as to form a single lead.
- the separator 33 is an insulating porous film interposed between the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32, as shown in FIG. Allows lithium ions to pass through.
- This separator 33 contains a polymer compound such as polyethylene.
- the electrolyte is impregnated in each of the positive electrode 31, the negative electrode 32 and the separator 33, and contains a solvent and an electrolyte salt.
- the solvent contains one or more of non-aqueous solvents (organic solvents) such as a carbonate-based compound, a carboxylic acid ester-based compound, and a lactone-based compound, and includes the non-aqueous solvent.
- non-aqueous solvents organic solvents
- the electrolytic solution is a so-called non-aqueous electrolytic solution.
- the carbonate compounds include cyclic carbonates and chain carbonates.
- cyclic carbonates include ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate.
- chain carbonates include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate.
- the carboxylic acid ester compound is a chain carboxylic acid ester or the like.
- chain carboxylic acid esters include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, trimethyl methyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate and propyl propionate.
- Lactone-based compounds include lactones. Specific examples of lactones include ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone.
- the electrolyte salt contains one or more of light metal salts such as lithium salts.
- lithium salts include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 ), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl ) imidelithium (LiN( CF3SO2 ) 2 ), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiB ( C2O4 ) 2 ), lithium difluoro ( oxalato)borate (LiB ( C2O4 )F2) , lithium monofluorophosphate (Li 2 PFO 3 ) and lithium difluorophosphate (LiPF 2 O 2 ).
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- LiBF 4 lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide
- LiN(CF3SO2 ) 2 bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl ) imidelithium
- the content of the electrolyte salt is not particularly limited, but specifically, it is 0.3 mol/kg to 3.0 mol/kg with respect to the solvent. This is because high ionic conductivity can be obtained.
- the electrode solution may further contain one or more of additives.
- additives are not particularly limited, but specific examples include unsaturated cyclic carbonates, halogenated carbonates, phosphoric acid esters, acid anhydrides, nitrile compounds and isocyanate compounds.
- unsaturated cyclic carbonates include vinylene carbonate, vinylethylene carbonate and methyleneethylene carbonate.
- halogenated carbonates include halogenated cyclic carbonates and halogenated chain carbonates.
- halogenated cyclic carbonates include ethylene monofluorocarbonate and ethylene difluorocarbonate.
- a specific example of the halogenated chain carbonate is fluoromethyl methyl carbonate and the like.
- Specific examples of phosphate esters include trimethyl phosphate and triethyl phosphate.
- the acid anhydrides include dicarboxylic anhydrides, disulfonic anhydrides and carboxylic sulfonic anhydrides.
- dicarboxylic anhydrides include succinic anhydride.
- disulfonic anhydrides include ethanedisulfonic anhydride.
- carboxylic acid sulfonic anhydrides include sulfobenzoic anhydride.
- Nitrile compounds include mononitrile compounds, dinitrile compounds and trinitrile compounds. Specific examples of mononitrile compounds include acetonitrile. Specific examples of dinitrile compounds include succinonitrile. Specific examples of trinitrile compounds include 1,2,3-propanetricarbonitrile. Specific examples of isocyanate compounds include hexamethylene diisocyanate.
- the positive electrode lead 41 is a positive electrode terminal connected to a joint of the plurality of projecting portions 31AT of the positive electrode 31, and is led out from the inside of the exterior film 20 to the outside.
- the positive electrode lead 41 contains a conductive material such as a metal material, and a specific example of the metal material is aluminum.
- the shape of the positive electrode lead 41 is not particularly limited, but specifically, it is either a thin plate shape, a mesh shape, or the like.
- the negative electrode lead 42 is a negative electrode terminal connected to a joined body of a plurality of projecting portions 32AT of the negative electrode 32, as shown in FIG. Among them, the negative electrode lead 42 is preferably connected to the large-diameter carbon fiber portion 1 of the negative electrode 32 . This is because electrical conductivity between the negative electrode 32 and the negative electrode lead 42 is improved.
- the negative electrode lead 42 contains a conductive material such as a metal material, and a specific example of the metal material is copper.
- the lead-out direction of the negative lead 42 is the same as the lead-out direction of the positive lead 41 .
- the details regarding the shape of the negative electrode lead 42 are the same as the details regarding the shape of the positive electrode lead 41 .
- sealing film 51 is inserted between the packaging film 20 and the positive electrode lead 41
- the sealing film 52 is inserted between the packaging film 20 and the negative electrode lead 42 .
- one or both of the sealing films 51 and 52 may be omitted.
- the sealing film 51 is a sealing member that prevents outside air from entering the exterior film 20 . Further, the sealing film 51 contains a polymer compound such as polyolefin having adhesiveness to the positive electrode lead 41, and a specific example of the polyolefin is polypropylene.
- the configuration of the sealing film 52 is the same as the configuration of the sealing film 51 except that it is a sealing member having adhesion to the negative electrode lead 42 . That is, the sealing film 52 contains a polymer compound such as polyolefin that has adhesiveness to the negative electrode lead 42 .
- a pasty positive electrode mixture slurry is prepared by putting a mixture (positive electrode mixture) in which a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode binder, and a positive electrode conductor are mixed together into a solvent.
- This solvent may be an aqueous solvent or an organic solvent.
- the cathode active material layer 31B is formed by applying the cathode mixture slurry to both surfaces of the cathode current collector 31A including the projections 31AT (excluding the projections 31AT).
- the cathode active material layer 31B is compression-molded using a roll press or the like. In this case, the positive electrode active material layer 31B may be heated, or compression molding may be repeated multiple times. As a result, the cathode active material layers 31B are formed on both surfaces of the cathode current collector 31A, so that the cathode 31 is produced.
- the negative electrode 32 including the projecting portion 32AT is manufactured by the same procedure as the manufacturing procedure of the negative electrode 10 described above.
- the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32 are alternately laminated with the separator 33 interposed to prepare a laminate (not shown).
- This laminate has the same structure as the battery element 30 except that the positive electrode 31, the negative electrode 32, and the separator 33 are not impregnated with the electrolytic solution.
- the plurality of projecting portions 31AT are joined together, and the plurality of projecting portions 32AT are joined together.
- the positive electrode lead 41 is joined to the joined body of the plurality of projecting portions 31AT, and the negative electrode lead 42 is connected to the joined body of the plurality of projecting portions 32AT.
- the exterior films 20 (bonding layer/metal layer/surface protective layer) are folded to face each other. Subsequently, by using a heat-sealing method or the like to join the outer peripheral edges of two sides of the exterior films 20 (fusion layer) that face each other, it is laminated inside the bag-like exterior film 20. accommodate the body.
- the sealing film 51 is inserted between the exterior film 20 and the positive electrode lead 41 and the sealing film 52 is inserted between the exterior film 20 and the negative electrode lead 42 .
- the laminate is impregnated with the electrolytic solution, so that the battery element 30, which is a laminated electrode assembly, is produced. Accordingly, the battery element 30 is enclosed inside the bag-shaped exterior film 20, so that the secondary battery is assembled.
- the secondary battery after assembly is charged and discharged.
- Various conditions such as environmental temperature, number of charge/discharge times (number of cycles), and charge/discharge conditions can be arbitrarily set.
- films are formed on the respective surfaces of the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32, so that the state of the secondary battery is electrochemically stabilized.
- a secondary battery is completed.
- the negative electrode 32 has the same configuration as the negative electrode 10 described above. Therefore, for the same reason as described for the negative electrode 10, excellent initial capacity characteristics, excellent swelling characteristics, excellent load characteristics, and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the secondary battery is a lithium-ion secondary battery
- a sufficient battery capacity can be stably obtained by utilizing the absorption and release of lithium, so a higher effect can be obtained.
- some or all of the plurality of particle portions 3 may include the central portion 3X and the covering portion 3Y.
- the covering portion 3Y has a thickness T.
- FIG. 5 unlike FIG. 2, only the particle portion 3 is shown enlarged.
- the central portion 3X has the same configuration as the particle portion 3 (primary particles 3A) shown in FIG. 2, and therefore contains a silicon-containing material.
- the covering portion 3Y covers the surface of the central portion 3X.
- the covering portion 3Y may cover the entire surface of the central portion 3X, or may cover only a part of the surface of the covering portion 3Y. In the latter case, the covering portion 3Y may cover the surface of the central portion 3X at a plurality of locations separated from each other.
- FIG. 5 shows a case where the covering portion 3Y covers the entire surface of the central portion 3X for the sake of simplification of the illustration.
- the covering portion 3Y may contain one or more of carbon-containing materials.
- carbon-containing materials include amorphous carbon and graphite.
- the average thickness AT of the covering portion 3Y is not particularly limited and can be set arbitrarily.
- a procedure for calculating the average thickness AT of the covering portion 3Y is as described below. First, an observation result (observation image) of the cross section of the negative electrode 10 is acquired by the same procedure as in the case of calculating the average fiber diameter AD1 described above. Subsequently, after selecting arbitrary 20 covering portions 3Y, the thickness T of each of the 20 covering portions 3Y is measured. If the thickness of one covering portion 3Y differs depending on the location, the maximum value of the thickness T is selected. Finally, an average value of 20 thicknesses T is calculated to obtain an average thickness AT.
- a coating portion 3Y is formed by depositing a carbon-containing material on the surface of the portion 3X.
- the type of vapor phase method is not particularly limited, but specifically, one or more of vacuum deposition, CVD, sputtering, and the like.
- the covering portion 3Y may contain one or more of ion conductive materials.
- ionically conductive materials are solid electrolytes such as lithium phosphate nitrate and lithium phosphate.
- the composition of this lithium phosphate oxynitride is not particularly limited, it is specifically Li 3.30 PO 3.90 N 0.17 or the like.
- a specific example of the ion conductive material is a gel electrolyte in which an electrolytic solution is retained by a matrix polymer compound.
- the composition of the electrolytic solution is as described above.
- Specific examples of matrix polymer compounds include polyethylene oxide and polyvinylidene fluoride.
- a procedure for forming a plurality of particle portions 3 including the central portion 3X and the covering portion 3Y (ion conductive material) is as described below.
- the covering portion 3Y is directly formed on each surface of the plurality of central portions 3X using a vapor phase method such as sputtering.
- a gel electrolyte is used as the ion-conductive material, a solution containing a diluent solvent is applied to the surface of each of the plurality of central portions 3X together with the electrolyte and the matrix polymer compound, and then the solution is dried.
- a plurality of central portions 3X may be immersed in the solution.
- the ionic conductivity of the electrode reactant is improved by using the ionic conductive material in each of the plurality of particle portions 3, so that a higher effect can be obtained.
- the negative electrode 10 can be applied to an all-solid-state battery by using a plurality of particle parts 3 in which the coating part 3Y contains an ion-conductive material. This is because the expansion and contraction of the negative electrode 10 is suppressed, thereby suppressing an increase in interfacial resistance between the negative electrode 10 and the solid electrolyte. As a result, in the all-solid-state battery, it is possible to ensure safety and improve energy density at the same time.
- some or all of the plurality of particle portions 3 may include the inner coating portion 3Y1 and the outer coating portion 3Y2 together with the central portion 3X. good.
- the configuration of the central part 3X is as described above.
- One of the inner covering portion 3Y1 and the outer covering portion 3Y2 contains a carbon-containing material, and the other of the inner covering portion 3Y1 and the outer covering portion 3Y2 contains an ion conductive material. That is, the inner covering portion 3Y1 may contain the carbon-containing material, and the outer covering portion 3Y2 may contain the ion conductive material. Alternatively, the inner covering portion 3Y1 may contain the ion conductive material and the outer covering portion 3Y2 may contain the carbon-containing material.
- each of the carbon-containing material and the ion-conducting material Details of each of the carbon-containing material and the ion-conducting material are provided above. Details of the average thickness of the inner covering portion 3Y1 and the average thickness of the outer covering portion 3Y2 are the same as those of the average thickness AT described above. Furthermore, the method of forming each of the inner covering portion 3Y1 and the outer covering portion 3Y2 is the same as the method of forming the covering portion 3Y.
- both the conductivity and the ionic conductivity are improved in each of the plurality of particle portions 3, so that even higher effects can be obtained.
- FIG. 2 [Modification 3] 7 to 9 corresponding to FIG. 2, some or all of the plurality of particle portions 3 (primary particles 3A) are part of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 and a plurality of Composite secondary particles 3BP containing one or both of the ion-conducting materials 4 may be formed.
- the composite secondary particles 3BP have a particle size P2.
- FIGS. 7 to 9 unlike FIG. 2, only the particle portion 3 (composite secondary particles 3BP) is shown enlarged.
- a plurality of particle portions 3 are granulated together with some of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions, the plurality of particle portions In the composite secondary particles 3BP formed by 3, a plurality of primary particles 3A and a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 may be entangled with each other. Thereby, the plurality of primary particles 3A are electrically connected to each other and physically connected to each other through the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 .
- the average particle diameter AP2 of the composite secondary particles 3BP is not particularly limited, it is preferably from 300 nm to 10000 nm. This is because the expansion and contraction of the particle portion 3 is sufficiently suppressed while the conductivity is ensured, and the electrode reactant is sufficiently easily moved.
- the procedure for calculating the average particle diameter AP2 is, after measuring the particle diameter P2 of arbitrary 10 composite secondary particles 3BP, the average value of the 10 particle diameters P2 is the average particle diameter AP2. , is the same as the procedure for calculating the average particle size AP1 described above.
- the composite secondary particles 3BP containing a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 After preparing a dispersion containing a plurality of particle portions 3, a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 and a solvent for dilution, spray Spray the dispersion using the dry method. Details regarding the solvent are given above.
- the dispersion may contain a binder, the details of which are given above.
- composite secondary particles containing multiple ion-conductive materials Composite secondary particles containing multiple ion-conductive materials
- primary particles 3A since a plurality of particle portions 3 (primary particles 3A) are granulated together with a plurality of ion conductive materials 4, the composite two particles formed by the plurality of particle portions 3 In the secondary particles 3BP, two or more primary particles 3A may be electrically connected to each other and physically connected to each other via one or more ion-conductive materials 4 .
- the average particle diameter AP2 of the composite secondary particles 3BP is preferably 300 nm to 10000 nm.
- the ion conductivity of the negative electrode 10 is stably improved.
- the composite secondary particles 3BP formed by the plurality of particle portions 3 may contain both the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 and the plurality of ion-conductive materials 4 . Details regarding the configuration of the composite secondary particles 3BP containing each of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 and the plurality of ion conductive materials 4 are as described above (see FIGS. 7 and 8).
- the average particle diameter AP2 of the composite secondary particles 3BP is preferably 300 nm to 10000 nm.
- the conductivity and ion conductivity of the negative electrode 10 are stabilized. improves.
- the configuration of the particle portion 3 (primary particles 3A) shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 and the configuration of the composite secondary particles 3BP shown in FIGS. may be combined with each other.
- a plurality of particle portions 3 (primary particles 3A) shown in FIG. 5 may form composite secondary particles 3BP shown in FIGS.
- a plurality of particle portions 3 (primary particles 3A) may form the composite secondary particles 3BP shown in FIGS. 7 to 9, or both may be mixed. Similar effects can be obtained in these cases as well.
- a separator 33 which is a porous membrane, was used. However, although not specifically illustrated here, instead of the separator 33, a laminated separator including a polymer compound layer may be used.
- a laminated separator includes a porous membrane having a pair of surfaces and a polymer compound layer provided on one or both sides of the porous membrane. This is because the adhesiveness of the separator to each of the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32 is improved, so that the winding misalignment of the battery element 30 is suppressed. As a result, even if a decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution occurs, the secondary battery is less likely to swell.
- the configuration of the porous membrane is the same as the configuration of the porous membrane described for the separator 33 .
- the polymer compound layer contains a polymer compound such as polyvinylidene fluoride. This is because polyvinylidene fluoride or the like has excellent physical strength and is electrochemically stable.
- One or both of the porous film and the polymer compound layer may contain one or more of a plurality of insulating particles. This is because the safety (heat resistance) of the secondary battery is improved because the plurality of insulating particles promote heat dissipation when the secondary battery generates heat.
- the insulating particles include one or both of inorganic particles and resin particles. Specific examples of inorganic particles are particles such as aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, boehmite, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide and zirconium oxide. Specific examples of resin particles are particles of acrylic resins, styrene resins, and the like.
- the precursor solution is applied to one or both sides of the porous membrane.
- the porous membrane may be immersed in the precursor solution.
- the precursor solution may contain a plurality of insulating particles.
- the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32 are alternately laminated via the separator 33 and the electrolyte layer.
- an electrolyte layer is interposed between the positive electrode 31 and the separator 33 and an electrolyte layer is interposed between the negative electrode 32 and the separator 33 .
- the electrolyte layer may be interposed only between the positive electrode 31 and the separator 33 , or may be interposed only between the negative electrode 32 and the separator 33 .
- the electrolyte layer contains a polymer compound together with an electrolytic solution, and the electrolytic solution is held by the polymer compound. This is because leakage of the electrolytic solution is prevented.
- the composition of the electrolytic solution is as described above.
- Polymer compounds include polyvinylidene fluoride and the like.
- a secondary battery used as a power source may be a main power source for electronic devices and electric vehicles, or may be an auxiliary power source.
- a main power source is a power source that is preferentially used regardless of the presence or absence of other power sources.
- An auxiliary power supply is a power supply that is used in place of the main power supply or that is switched from the main power supply.
- Secondary battery applications are as follows. Electronic devices such as video cameras, digital still cameras, mobile phones, laptop computers, headphone stereos, portable radios and portable information terminals. Backup power and storage devices such as memory cards. Power tools such as power drills and power saws. It is a battery pack mounted on an electronic device. Medical electronic devices such as pacemakers and hearing aids. It is an electric vehicle such as an electric vehicle (including a hybrid vehicle). It is a power storage system such as a home or industrial battery system that stores power in preparation for emergencies. In these uses, one secondary battery may be used, or a plurality of secondary batteries may be used.
- the battery pack may use a single cell or an assembled battery.
- An electric vehicle is a vehicle that operates (runs) using a secondary battery as a drive power source, and may be a hybrid vehicle that also includes a drive source other than the secondary battery.
- electric power stored in a secondary battery which is an electric power storage source, can be used to use electric appliances for home use.
- FIG. 10 shows the block configuration of the battery pack.
- the battery pack described here is a battery pack (a so-called soft pack) using one secondary battery, and is mounted in an electronic device such as a smart phone.
- This battery pack includes a power supply 61 and a circuit board 62, as shown in FIG.
- This circuit board 62 is connected to a power supply 61 and includes a positive terminal 63 , a negative terminal 64 and a temperature detection terminal 65 .
- the power supply 61 includes one secondary battery.
- the positive lead is connected to the positive terminal 63 and the negative lead is connected to the negative terminal 64 .
- This power source 61 is connected to the outside through a positive terminal 63 and a negative terminal 64, and thus can be charged and discharged.
- the circuit board 62 includes a control section 66 , a switch 67 , a thermal resistance (PTC) element 68 and a temperature detection section 69 .
- the PTC element 68 may be omitted.
- the control unit 66 includes a central processing unit (CPU), memory, etc., and controls the operation of the entire battery pack. This control unit 66 detects and controls the use state of the power source 61 as necessary.
- CPU central processing unit
- memory etc.
- the overcharge detection voltage is not particularly limited, but is specifically 4.2 ⁇ 0.05V, and the overdischarge detection voltage is not particularly limited, but is specifically 2.4 ⁇ 0.1V. is.
- the switch 67 includes a charge control switch, a discharge control switch, a charge diode, a discharge diode, and the like, and switches connection/disconnection between the power supply 61 and an external device according to instructions from the control unit 66 .
- the switch 67 includes a field effect transistor (MOSFET) using a metal oxide semiconductor, etc., and the charge/discharge current is detected based on the ON resistance of the switch 67 .
- MOSFET field effect transistor
- the temperature detection unit 69 includes a temperature detection element such as a thermistor, measures the temperature of the power supply 61 using the temperature detection terminal 65 , and outputs the temperature measurement result to the control unit 66 .
- the measurement result of the temperature measured by the temperature detection unit 69 is used when the control unit 66 performs charging/discharging control at the time of abnormal heat generation and when the control unit 66 performs correction processing when calculating the remaining capacity.
- Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2> After manufacturing the secondary battery, the characteristics of the secondary battery were evaluated.
- two types of secondary batteries (a first secondary battery and a second secondary battery) were produced in order to evaluate the characteristics of secondary batteries.
- First secondary batteries (Examples 1 to 7) were produced according to the procedure described below.
- a positive electrode active material LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2
- a positive electrode binder polyvinylidene fluoride
- a positive electrode conductive agent Ketjenblack
- the average fiber diameter AD1 (nm) of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 is as shown in Table 1.
- a dispersion was prepared by mixing together the first dispersion containing the silicon-containing material and the second dispersion containing the carbon-containing material (plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2).
- the second dispersion includes a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 (single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) or vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCF)), a binder (polyvinylidene fluoride), a solvent (organic solvent N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone) were mixed together and then the solvent was stirred using a rotation-revolution mixer.
- the average fiber diameter AD2 (nm) of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 is as shown in Table 1.
- the dispersion liquid to the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 (excluding the protrusions 32AT), the dispersion is dispersed inside the three-dimensional network structure formed by the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1. impregnated with liquid.
- the powder of the silicon-containing material was fixed to the surface of each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1, so that a plurality of particle portions 3 were formed, and a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 3 were formed on the surfaces of the plurality of particle portions 3. Since the fiber portion 2 was fixed, the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 were connected to the surfaces of the plurality of particle portions 3 .
- the porosity R (% by volume) was changed as shown in Table 1 by adjusting the press pressure.
- a negative electrode 32 including a plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1, a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 and a plurality of particle portions 3 and having a plurality of voids 10G was completed.
- the concentration of the silicon-containing material in the first dispersion and the concentration of the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 in the second dispersion were each adjusted to obtain the values shown in Table 1.
- the weight ratio M (% by weight) was changed.
- the positive electrode lead 41 (aluminum foil) was joined to the projecting portion 31AT, and the negative electrode lead 42 (copper foil) was joined to the projecting portion 32AT.
- the exterior film 20 (bonding layer/metal layer/surface protective layer) so as to sandwich the laminate accommodated inside the recess 20U, one of the exterior films 20 (bonding layer)
- the laminate was housed inside the bag-shaped exterior film 20 by heat-sealing the outer peripheral edges of the two sides to each other.
- An aluminum laminate film laminated in order was used.
- the laminate was impregnated with the electrolytic solution, and the battery element 30 was produced. Accordingly, since the battery element 30 was sealed inside the exterior film 20, the first secondary battery was assembled.
- the thickness of the material layer 31B was adjusted.
- constant-current charging was performed at a current of 0.1C until the voltage reached 4.2V
- constant-voltage charging was performed at the voltage of 4.2V until the current reached 0.025C.
- constant current discharge was performed at a current of 0.1C until the voltage reached 2.0V.
- 0.1C is a current value that can completely discharge the battery capacity (theoretical capacity) in 10 hours
- 0.025C is a current value that completely discharges the battery capacity in 40 hours.
- the first secondary battery using the positive electrode 31 as a counter electrode for the negative electrode 32 is a so-called full cell
- the second secondary battery using a lithium metal plate as a counter electrode for the negative electrode 32 is a so-called half cell. be.
- This carbon nanotube dispersion contains 0.8 parts by mass of carbon nanotubes (the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 described above) and 4.2 parts by mass of a dispersion medium (polyvinylidene fluoride).
- the negative electrode mixture was added to a solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, which is an organic solvent), and then the organic solvent was stirred using a rotation/revolution mixer to prepare a pasty negative electrode mixture slurry.
- the porosity R of the negative electrode active material layer was changed as shown in Table 1 by adjusting the press pressure.
- the second secondary battery (half cell) was used to evaluate the initial capacity characteristics
- the first secondary battery full cell was used to evaluate swelling characteristics, load characteristics, and cycle characteristics. evaluated each.
- the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32 are brought into close contact with each other with the separator 33 interposed therebetween.
- the secondary battery was charged and discharged while the Note that the total weight of the negative electrode 32 described above includes the weight of the metal current collector when a metal current collector is used, whereas when the metal current collector is not used, It does not include the weight of its metal current collector.
- constant-current charging was performed at a current of 0.1C until the voltage reached 0.005V, and then constant-voltage charging was performed at the voltage of 0.005V until the current reached 0.01C.
- constant current discharge was performed at a current of 0.1C until the voltage reached 1.5V.
- 0.01C is a current value that can discharge the battery capacity in 100 hours.
- the secondary battery was charged, and then the thickness of the secondary battery (thickness after charging) was measured.
- the secondary battery is charged while the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32 are brought into close contact with each other through the separator 33 by applying pressure to the secondary battery, as in the case of evaluating the initial capacity characteristics described above.
- constant-current charging was performed at a current of 0.1C until the voltage reached 4.2V, and then constant-voltage charging was performed at the voltage of 4.2V until the current reached 0.01C.
- swelling rate (%) [(thickness after charging ⁇ thickness before charging)/thickness before charging] ⁇ 100 is used as an index for evaluating swelling characteristics. rate was calculated.
- constant-current charging was performed at a current of 0.2C until the voltage reached 4.2V, and then constant-voltage charging was performed at the voltage of 4.2V until the current reached 0.025C.
- constant current discharge was performed at a current of 0.2C until the voltage reached 2.5V.
- 0.2C is a current value that can discharge the battery capacity in 5 hours.
- the discharge capacity (second cycle discharge capacity) was measured by charging and discharging the secondary battery for one cycle in the same environment.
- the charge/discharge conditions were the same as the charge/discharge conditions for the first cycle, except that the current during charging and the current during discharging were each changed to 5C.
- 5C is a current value that can discharge the battery capacity in 0.2 hours.
- load retention rate (second cycle discharge capacity/first cycle discharge capacity) x 100. .
- capacity retention rate (%) (discharge capacity at 200th cycle/discharge capacity at 1st cycle) x 100. .
- the swelling rate was sufficiently reduced, and the initial capacity, load retention rate, and capacity retention rate were each sufficiently increased.
- the average particle size AP was 30 nm to 2000 nm, the swelling rate was sufficiently reduced, and the initial capacity, load retention rate, and capacity retention rate were each sufficiently increased.
- Examples 8 to 11 As shown in Table 2, a secondary battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a plurality of particle portions 3 including a central portion 3X and a covering portion 3Y were formed in the step of fabricating the negative electrode 32. After that, the characteristics of the secondary battery were evaluated.
- a carbon-containing material or an ion-conducting material was used as the material for forming the covering portion 3Y, and a solid electrolyte or a gel electrolyte was used as the ion-conducting material.
- Amorphous carbon (AC) was used as the carbon-containing material.
- Lithium phosphate nitrate (Li 3.30 PO 3.90 N 0.17 ) or lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ) was used as the ion conductive material (solid electrolyte).
- a mixture of an electrolytic solution and a matrix polymer compound (polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)) was used as the gel electrolyte. In this gel electrolyte, the electrolytic solution is held by a matrix polymer compound.
- Table 2 shows the average thickness AT (nm) of the covering portion 3Y.
- the covering portion 3Y forms a plurality of particle portions 3 containing a carbon-containing material
- the coating portion 3Y forms a plurality of particle portions 3 containing a solid electrolyte (lithium phosphate)
- the covering portion 3Y forms a plurality of particle portions 3 containing a gel electrolyte (electrolyte solution and matrix polymer compound)
- an electrolyte salt lithium hexafluorophosphate
- a solvent ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate
- the solvent was stirred to prepare an electrolytic solution.
- a precursor solution was prepared by mixing the electrolytic solution and the matrix polymer compound (polyvinylidene fluoride) with each other.
- Example 2 when a plurality of particle portions 3 including the central portion 3X and the coating portion 3Y are used (Examples 8 to 11), when the coating portion 3Y is not used (Example 1) Compared to , each of the initial capacity, the load retention rate, and the capacity retention rate increased, or each of the load retention rate and the capacity retention rate increased, while an increase in swelling rate was sufficiently suppressed.
- Examples 12 to 16> As shown in Table 3, the same procedure as in Example 1, except that composite secondary particles 3BP containing a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 were formed as each of the plurality of particle portions 3 in the manufacturing process of the negative electrode 32. After producing a secondary battery, the characteristics of the secondary battery were evaluated.
- a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 SWCNT
- a binder polyacrylic Lithium oxide
- the dispersion liquid was sprayed using a spray dryer, and the sprayed product (granules) was dried.
- Example Compared to 1 when the composite secondary particles 3BP containing a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 were used (Examples 12 to 16), when the composite secondary particles 3BP were not used (Example Compared to 1), any one or more of the initial capacity, swelling rate, load retention rate, and capacity retention rate were improved.
- the composite secondary particles 3BP when the average particle diameter AP2 was 100 nm to 10000 nm, the swelling rate was sufficiently reduced, and the initial capacity, the load retention rate, and the capacity retention rate were sufficiently improved. Increased.
- Examples 17 to 21 As shown in Table 4, the same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that composite secondary particles 3BP containing an ion-conductive material (gel electrolyte) were formed as each of the plurality of particle portions 3 in the step of manufacturing the negative electrode 32. After the secondary battery was produced according to the procedure, the characteristics of the secondary battery were evaluated.
- composite secondary particles 3BP containing an ion-conductive material gel electrolyte
- an electrolyte salt lithium hexafluorophosphate
- a solvent ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate
- an electrolyte solution was prepared.
- a precursor solution was prepared by mixing the electrolytic solution and the matrix polymer compound (polyvinylidene fluoride) with each other.
- the negative electrode 32 (negative electrode 10) contains a plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1, a plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 and a plurality of particle portions 3, and a plurality of voids 10G.
- Each of the plurality of large-diameter carbon fiber portions 1 and the plurality of small-diameter carbon fiber portions 2 contains a carbon-containing material
- each of the plurality of particle portions 3 contains a silicon-containing material
- the battery structure of the secondary battery is a laminate film type.
- the battery structure of the secondary battery is not particularly limited, and other battery structures such as cylindrical, square, coin, and button types may be used.
- the element structure of the battery element is a laminated type.
- the element structure of the battery element is not particularly limited, other element structures such as a wound type and a 90-fold type may be used.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode are wound with a separator interposed therebetween, and in the 90-fold type, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are folded in a zigzag while facing each other with the separator interposed therebetween.
- the electrode reactant is lithium has been described, but the electrode reactant is not particularly limited.
- the electrode reactants may be other alkali metals such as sodium and potassium, or alkaline earth metals such as beryllium, magnesium and calcium, as described above.
- the electrode reactant may be other light metals such as aluminum.
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Abstract
Description
1.二次電池用負極
1-1.構成
1-2.製造方法
1-3.作用および効果
2.二次電池
2-1.構成
2-2.動作
2-3.製造方法
2-4.作用および効果
3.変形例
4.二次電池の用途
まず、本技術の一実施形態の二次電池用負極(以下、単に「負極」と呼称する。)に関して説明する。
図1は、負極の一例である負極10の構成を模式的に表している。図2は、図1に示した大径炭素繊維部1、小径炭素繊維部2および粒子部3のそれぞれの断面構成を拡大している。
複数の大径炭素繊維部1は、図1に示したように、複数の小径炭素繊維部2の平均繊維径AD2よりも大きい平均繊維径AD1を有する複数の第1繊維部であり、その複数の大径炭素繊維部1のそれぞれは、図2に示したように、繊維径D1を有している。この複数の大径炭素繊維部1は、互いに連結されることにより、上記した複数の空隙10Gを有する3次元網目構造を形成している。
複数の小径炭素繊維部2は、図1に示したように、複数の大径炭素繊維部1の平均繊維径AD1よりも小さい平均繊維径AD2を有する複数の第2繊維部であり、その複数の小径炭素繊維部2のそれぞれは、図2に示したように、繊維径D2を有している。ここでは、複数の小径炭素繊維部2のそれぞれは、複数の粒子部3の表面に定着しているため、その複数の粒子部3の表面に連結されている。
複数の粒子部3は、図1に示したように、複数の大径炭素繊維部1のそれぞれの表面を被覆しており、平均粒径AP1を有している。この複数の粒子部3のそれぞれは、図2に示したように、粒径P1を有している。
上記したように、負極10は、複数の大径炭素繊維部1により形成された3次元網目構造を含んでいるため、複数の空隙10Gを有している。
なお、負極10は、さらに、他の材料のうちのいずれか1種類または2種類以上を含んでいてもよい。
この負極10は、以下で説明する手順により製造される。ここでは、複数の大径炭素繊維部1としてカーボンペーパーを用いる場合に関して説明する。
この負極10によれば、複数の大径炭素繊維部1、複数の小径炭素繊維部2および複数の粒子部3を含んでいると共に複数の空隙10Gを有しており、その複数の大径炭素繊維部1および複数の小径炭素繊維部2のそれぞれが炭素含有材料を含んでおり、その複数の粒子部3のそれぞれがケイ素含有材料を含んでおり、平均繊維径AD1,AD2および空隙率Rに関して上記した条件(AD1=50nm~7000nm、AD2=1nm~200nmおよびR=42体積%~73体積%)が満たされている。
次に、本技術の一実施形態の二次電池、より具体的には上記した負極10を用いた二次電池の一例に関して説明する。
図3は、二次電池の斜視構成を表している。図4は、図3に示した電池素子30の断面構成を拡大している。ただし、図3では、外装フィルム20と電池素子30とが互いに分離された状態を示していると共に、図4では、電池素子30の一部だけを示している。以下では、随時、既に説明した図1および図2を参照すると共に、既に説明した負極10の構成要素を引用する。
外装フィルム20は、図3に示したように、電池素子30を収納する可撓性の外装部材であり、その電池素子30が内部に収納された状態において封止された袋状の構造を有している。このため、外装フィルム20は、後述する正極31および負極32と共に電解液を収納している。
電池素子30は、図3および図4に示したように、正極31、負極32、セパレータ33および電解液(図示せず)を含んでいる発電素子であり、外装フィルム20の内部に収納されている。
正極31は、図4に示したように、正極集電体31Aおよび正極活物質層31Bを含んでいる。
負極32は、図4に示したように、セパレータ33を介して正極31に対向しており、リチウムを吸蔵放出可能である。この負極32は、上記した負極10の構成と同様の構成を有しているため、複数の大径炭素繊維部1、複数の小径炭素繊維部2および複数の粒子部3を含んでいる。この負極32では、主に、複数の粒子部3のそれぞれにおいてリチウムが吸蔵放出される。ただし、複数の粒子部3のそれぞれだけでなく、複数の大径炭素繊維部1および複数の小径炭素繊維部2のうちの一方または双方においてもリチウムが吸蔵放出されてもよい。
セパレータ33は、図4に示したように、正極31と負極32との間に介在している絶縁性の多孔質膜であり、その正極31と負極32との接触(短絡)を防止しながらリチウムイオンを通過させる。このセパレータ33は、ポリエチレンなどの高分子化合物を含んでいる。
電解液は、正極31、負極32およびセパレータ33のそれぞれに含浸されており、溶媒および電解質塩を含んでいる。
正極リード41は、図3に示したように、正極31のうちの複数の突出部31ATの接合体に接続されている正極端子であり、外装フィルム20の内部から外部に導出されている。この正極リード41は、金属材料などの導電性材料を含んでおり、その金属材料の具体例は、アルミニウムなどである。正極リード41の形状は、特に限定されないが、具体的には、薄板状および網目状などのうちのいずれかである。
負極リード42は、図3に示したように、負極32のうちの複数の突出部32ATの接合体に接続されている負極端子であり、外装フィルム20の内部から外部に導出されている。中でも、負極リード42は、負極32のうちの大径炭素繊維部1に接続されていることが好ましい。負極32と負極リード42との電気的導通性が向上するからである。この負極リード42は、金属材料などの導電性材料を含んでおり、その金属材料の具体例は、銅などである。ここでは、負極リード42の導出方向は、正極リード41の導出方向と同様である。負極リード42の形状に関する詳細は、正極リード41の形状に関する詳細と同様である。
封止フィルム51は、外装フィルム20と正極リード41との間に挿入されていると共に、封止フィルム52は、外装フィルム20と負極リード42との間に挿入されている。ただし、封止フィルム51,52のうちの一方または双方は、省略されてもよい。
二次電池の充電時には、電池素子30において、正極31からリチウムが放出されると共に、そのリチウムが電解液を介して負極32に吸蔵される。一方、二次電池の放電時には、電池素子30において、負極32からリチウムが放出されると共に、そのリチウムが電解液を介して正極31に吸蔵される。これらの充電時および放電時には、リチウムがイオン状態で吸蔵および放出される。
二次電池を製造する場合には、以下で説明する一例の手順により、正極31および負極32のそれぞれを作製すると共に電解液を調製したのち、二次電池を組み立てると共に、その組み立て後の二次電池の安定化処理を行う。
最初に、正極活物質、正極結着剤および正極導電剤が互いに混合された混合物(正極合剤)を溶媒に投入することにより、ペースト状の正極合剤スラリーを調製する。この溶媒は、水性溶媒でもよいし、有機溶剤でもよい。続いて、突出部31ATを含む正極集電体31Aの両面(突出部31ATを除く。)に正極合剤スラリーを塗布することにより、正極活物質層31Bを形成する。最後に、ロールプレス機などを用いて正極活物質層31Bを圧縮成型する。この場合には、正極活物質層31Bを加熱してもよいし、圧縮成型を複数回繰り返してもよい。これにより、正極集電体31Aの両面に正極活物質層31Bが形成されるため、正極31が作製される。
上記した負極10の作製手順と同様の手順により、突出部32ATを含む負極32を作製する。
溶媒に電解質塩を投入する。これにより、溶媒中において電解質塩が分散または溶解されるため、電解液が調製される。
最初に、セパレータ33を介して正極31および負極32を交互に積層させることにより、積層体(図示せず)を作製する。この積層体は、正極31、負極32およびセパレータ33のそれぞれに電解液が含浸されていないことを除いて、電池素子30の構成と同様の構成を有している。
組み立て後の二次電池を充放電させる。環境温度、充放電回数(サイクル数)および充放電条件などの各種条件は、任意に設定可能である。これにより、正極31および負極32のそれぞれの表面に被膜が形成されるため、二次電池の状態が電気化学的に安定化する。よって、二次電池が完成する。
この二次電池によれば、負極32が上記した負極10の構成と同様の構成を有している。よって、負極10に関して説明した場合と同様の理由により、優れた初回容量特性、優れた膨れ特性、優れた負荷特性および優れたサイクル特性を得ることができる。
次に、変形例に関して説明する。
図2に対応する図5に示したように、複数の粒子部3(一次粒子3A)のうちの一部または全部は、中心部3Xおよび被覆部3Yを含んでいてもよい。この被覆部3Yは、厚さTを有している。図5では、図2とは異なり、粒子部3だけを拡大して示している。
ここで、被覆部3Yは、炭素含有材料のうちのいずれか1種類または2種類以上を含んでいてもよい。炭素含有材料の具体例は、アモルファスカーボンおよび黒鉛などである。
または、被覆部3Yは、イオン伝導性材料のうちのいずれか1種類または2種類以上を含んでいてもよい。イオン伝導性材料の具体例は、窒化リン酸リチウムおよびリン酸リチウムなどの固体電解質である。この窒化リン酸リチウムの組成は、特に限定されないが、具体的には、Li3.30PO3.90N0.17などである。
図5に対応する図6に示したように、複数の粒子部3(一次粒子3A)のうちの一部または全部は、中心部3Xと共に内側被覆部3Y1および外側被覆部3Y2を含んでいてもよい。
図2に対応する図7~図9に示したように、複数の粒子部3(一次粒子3A)のうちの一部または全部は、複数の小径炭素繊維部2のうちの一部および複数のイオン伝導性材料4のうちの一方または双方を含む複合二次粒子3BPを形成していてもよい。この複合二次粒子3BPは、粒径P2を有している。図7~図9のそれぞれでは、図2とは異なり、粒子部3(複合二次粒子3BP)だけを拡大して示している。
具体的には、図7に示したように、複数の粒子部3(一次粒子3A)が複数の小径炭素繊維部のうちの一部と一緒に造粒されているため、その複数の粒子部3により形成される複合二次粒子3BPでは、複数の一次粒子3Aと複数の小径炭素繊維部2とが互いに絡み合っていてもよい。これにより、複数の一次粒子3Aは、複数の小径炭素繊維部2を介して互いに電気的に接続されていると共に互いに物理的に連結されている。
また、図8に示したように、複数の粒子部3(一次粒子3A)が複数のイオン伝導性材料4と一緒に造粒されているため、その複数の粒子部3により形成される複合二次粒子3BPでは、2つ以上の一次粒子3Aが1つまたは2つ以上のイオン伝導性材料4を介して互いに電気的に接続されていると共に互いに物理的に連結されていてもよい。
さらに、図9に示したように、複数の粒子部3(一次粒子3A)が複数の小径炭素繊維部2のうちの一部および複数のイオン伝導性材料4と一緒に造粒されているため、その複数の粒子部3により形成される複合二次粒子3BPは、複数の小径炭素繊維部2および複数のイオン伝導性材料4の双方を含んでいてもよい。この複数の小径炭素繊維部2および複数のイオン伝導性材料4のそれぞれを含んでいる複合二次粒子3BPの構成に関する詳細は、上記した通りである(図7および図8参照)。
ここでは具体的に図示しないが、図5および図6のそれぞれに示した粒子部3(一次粒子3A)の構成と、図7~図9のそれぞれに示した複合二次粒子3BPの構成とが互いに組み合わされてもよい。具体的には、図5に示した複数の粒子部3(一次粒子3A)が図7~図9のそれぞれに示した複合二次粒子3BPを形成していてもよいし、図6に示した複数の粒子部3(一次粒子3A)が図7~図9のそれぞれに示した複合二次粒子3BPを形成していてもよいし、両者が混在していてもよい。これらの場合においても、同様の効果を得ることができる。
多孔質膜であるセパレータ33を用いた。しかしながら、ここでは具体的に図示しないが、セパレータ33の代わりに、高分子化合物層を含む積層型のセパレータを用いてもよい。
液状の電解質である電解液を用いた。しかしながら、ここでは具体的に図示しないが、電解液の代わりに、ゲル状の電解質である電解質層を用いてもよい。
最後に、二次電池の用途(適用例)に関して説明する。
二次電池を作製したのち、その二次電池の特性を評価した。ここでは、二次電池の特性を評価するために、2種類の二次電池(第1二次電池および第2二次電池)を作製した。
以下で説明する手順により、第1二次電池(実施例1~7)を作製した。この第1二次電池は、図3および図4に示したラミネートフィルム型のリチウムイオン二次電池(電池容量=7mAh~12mAh)である。
最初に、正極活物質(LiNi0.8 Co0.15Al0.05O2 )97質量部と、正極結着剤(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)2.2質量部と、正極導電剤(ケッチェンブラック)0.8質量部とを互いに混合させることにより、正極合剤とした。続いて、溶媒(有機溶剤であるN-メチル-2-ピロリドン)に正極合剤を投入したのち、自転公転ミキサを用いて溶媒を撹拌することにより、ペースト状の正極合剤スラリーを調製した。続いて、コーティング装置を用いて突出部31ATを含む正極集電体31A(アルミニウム箔,厚さ=15μm)の両面(突出部31ATを除く。)に正極合剤スラリーを塗布したのち、その正極合剤スラリーを乾燥(乾燥温度=120℃)させることにより、正極活物質層31Bを形成した。最後に、ハンドプレス機を用いて正極活物質層31Bを圧縮成型した(正極活物質層31Bの体積密度=3.5g/cm3 )。これにより、突出部31ATを含む正極31が作製された。
最初に、突出部32ATを含む複数の大径炭素繊維部1であるカーボンペーパー(CP,厚さ=50μm)を準備した。このカーボンペーパーは、複数の大径炭素繊維部1により形成された3次元網目構造を有しているため、複数の空隙10Gを有している。複数の空隙10Gのそれぞれの内径は、負極32の完成後における内径よりも大きくなっている。なお、複数の大径炭素繊維部1の平均繊維径AD1(nm)は、表1に示した通りである。
溶媒に電解質塩(六フッ化リン酸リチウム)を添加したのち、その溶媒を撹拌した。この溶媒としては、環状炭酸エステルである炭酸エチレンと、鎖状炭酸エステルである炭酸ジメチルと、添加剤(ハロゲン化環状炭酸エステル)であるモノフルオロ炭酸エチレンとを用いた。溶媒の混合比(重量比)は、炭酸エチレン:炭酸ジメチル:モノフルオロ炭酸エチレン=30:60:10とした。電解質塩の含有量は、溶媒に対して1mol/kgとした。これにより、電解液が調製された。
最初に、セパレータ33(微多孔性ポリエチレンフィルム,厚さ=20μm)を介して、突出部31ATを含む正極31と突出部32ATを含む負極32とを互いに積層させることにより、積層体(正極31/セパレータ33/負極32)を作製した。
常温環境中(温度=23℃)において第1二次電池を1サイクル充放電させた。充電時には、0.1Cの電流で電圧が4.2Vに到達するまで定電流充電したのち、その4.2Vの電圧で電流が0.025Cに到達するまで定電圧充電した。放電時には、0.1Cの電流で電圧が2.0Vに到達するまで定電流放電した。0.1Cとは、電池容量(理論容量)を10時間で放電しきる電流値であると共に、0.025Cとは、電池容量を40時間で放電しきる電流値である。
正極31の代わりにリチウム金属板(厚さ=100μm)を用いたことを除いて、上記した第1二次電池の作製手順と同様の手順により、第2二次電池(電池容量=10mAh~15mAh)を作製した。
比較のために、金属集電体を用いて比較用の負極を作製したことを除いて同様の手順により、比較用の2種類の二次電池(比較例1,2)を作製した。
二次電池の特性(初回容量特性、膨れ特性、負荷特性およびサイクル特性)を評価したところ、表1に示した結果が得られた。
常温環境中(温度=23℃)において、二次電池に圧力を付与しながら、その二次電池を1サイクル充放電させることにより、放電容量を測定した。これにより、初回容量(mAh/g)=放電容量(mAh)/負極32の総重量(g)という計算式に基づいて、初回容量特性を評価するための指標である初回容量を算出した。
最初に、常温環境中(温度=23℃)において、二次電池の厚さ(充電前の厚さ)を測定した。
最初に、常温環境中(温度=23)において二次電池を1サイクル充放電させることにより、放電容量(1サイクル目の放電容量)を測定した。
最初に、常温環境中(温度=23)において二次電池を1サイクル充放電させることにより、放電容量(1サイクル目の放電容量)を測定した。続いて、同環境中において二次電池を199サイクル充放電させることにより、放電容量(200サイクル目の放電容量)を測定した。充放電条件は、上記した負荷特性を評価した場合における1サイクル目の充放電条件と同様にした。
なお、表1に示している初回容量の値は、金属集電体(厚さ=10μmである銅箔)を用いた比較例1の二次電池に関する初回容量の値を100として規格化された値である。このように比較例1の二次電池を基準として規格化された値であることは、膨れ率、負荷維持率および容量維持率のそれぞれの値に関しても同様である。
表1に示したように、初回容量、膨れ率、負荷維持率および容量維持率のそれぞれは、負極の構成に応じて大きく変動した。以下では、比較例1における初回容量、膨れ率、負荷維持率および容量維持率のそれぞれの値を比較基準とする。
表2に示したように、負極32の作製工程において中心部3Xおよび被覆部3Yを含む複数の粒子部3を形成したことを除いて実施例1と同様の手順により、二次電池を作製したのち、その二次電池の特性を評価した。
表3に示したように、負極32の作製工程において複数の粒子部3のそれぞれとして複数の小径炭素繊維部2を含む複合二次粒子3BPを形成したことを除いて実施例1と同様の手順により、二次電池を作製したのち、その二次電池の特性を評価した。
表4に示したように、負極32の作製工程において複数の粒子部3のそれぞれとしてイオン伝導性材料(ゲル電解質)を含む複合二次粒子3BPを形成したことを除いて実施例1と同様の手順により、二次電池を作製したのち、その二次電池の特性を評価した。
表1~表4に示した結果から、負極32(負極10)が複数の大径炭素繊維部1、複数の小径炭素繊維部2および複数の粒子部3を含んでいると共に複数の空隙10Gを有しており、その複数の大径炭素繊維部1および複数の小径炭素繊維部2のそれぞれが炭素含有材料を含んでおり、その複数の粒子部3のそれぞれがケイ素含有材料を含んでおり、平均繊維径AD1,AD2および空隙率Rに関して上記した適正な条件が満たされていると、初回容量、負荷維持率および容量維持率のそれぞれが増加した共に膨れ率が減少した。よって、二次電池において優れた初回容量特性、優れた膨れ特性、優れた負荷維持率および優れたサイクル特性を得ることができた。
Claims (13)
- 正極と、
複数の第1繊維部、複数の粒子部および複数の第2繊維部を含むと共に、複数の空隙を有する負極と、
電解液と
を備え、
前記複数の第1繊維部は、互いに連結されることにより前記複数の空隙を有する3次元網目構造を形成し、前記複数の第1繊維部のそれぞれは、炭素を構成元素として含み、
前記複数の粒子部は、前記複数の第1繊維部のそれぞれの表面を被覆し、前記複数の粒子部のうちの少なくとも一部は、互いに連結され、前記複数の粒子部のそれぞれは、ケイ素を構成元素として含み、
前記複数の第2繊維部のうちの少なくとも一部は、前記複数の粒子部の表面に連結され、前記複数の第2繊維部のそれぞれは、炭素を構成元素として含み、
前記複数の第1繊維部の平均繊維径は、50nm以上7000nm以下であり、
前記複数の第2繊維部の平均繊維径は、1nm以上200nm以下であり、
前記負極の空隙率は、42体積%以上73体積%以下である、
二次電池。 - 前記複数の第1繊維部の重量と前記複数の粒子部の重量と前記複数の第2繊維部の重量との和に対する前記複数の粒子部の重量の割合は、40重量%以上76重量%以下である、
請求項1記載の二次電池。 - 前記複数の粒子部のそれぞれにおけるケイ素の含有量は、80重量%以上である、
請求項1または請求項2に記載の二次電池。 - 前記複数の第2繊維部のうちの少なくとも一部は、前記複数の粒子部のうちの一部を介して2本以上の前記第1繊維部のそれぞれに連結されている、
請求項1ないし請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記複数の粒子部のそれぞれは、一次粒子であり、
前記複数の粒子部のうちの少なくとも一部は、互いに連結されることにより複数の二次粒子を形成しており、
前記複数の二次粒子の平均粒径は、30nm以上2000nm以下である、
請求項1ないし請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記複数の粒子部のうちの少なくとも一部は、
ケイ素を構成元素として含む中心部と、
前記中心部の表面を被覆すると共に、炭素を構成元素として含む被覆部と
を含む、請求項1ないし請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記複数の粒子部のうちの少なくとも一部は、
ケイ素を構成元素として含む中心部と、
前記中心部の表面を被覆すると共に、イオン伝導性材料を含む被覆部と
を含む、請求項1ないし請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記イオン伝導性材料は、窒化リン酸リチウムおよびリン酸リチウムのうちの少なくとも一方を含む、
請求項7記載の二次電池。 - 前記複数の粒子部のそれぞれは、一次粒子であり、
前記複数の粒子部のうちの少なくとも一部は、前記複数の第2繊維部のうちの一部を含む複数の二次粒子を形成しており、
前記複数の二次粒子の平均粒径は、300nm以上10000nm以下である、
請求項1ないし請求項8のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記複数の粒子部のそれぞれは、一次粒子であり、
前記複数の粒子部のうちの少なくとも一部は、複数のイオン伝導性材料を含む複数の二次粒子を形成しており、
前記複数の二次粒子の平均粒径は、300nm以上10000nm以下である、
請求項1ないし請求項8のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記複数の第1繊維部は、カーボンペーパーを含み、
前記複数の第2繊維部のそれぞれは、単層カーボンナノチューブおよび気相成長炭素繊維のうちの少なくとも一方を含む、
請求項1ないし請求項10のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - リチウムイオン二次電池である、
請求項1ないし請求項11のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 複数の第1繊維部、複数の粒子部および複数の第2繊維部を含むと共に、複数の空隙を有し、
前記複数の第1繊維部は、互いに連結されることにより前記複数の空隙を有する3次元網目構造を形成し、前記複数の第1繊維部のそれぞれは、炭素を構成元素として含み、
前記複数の粒子部は、前記複数の第1繊維部のそれぞれの表面を被覆し、前記複数の粒子部のうちの少なくとも一部は、互いに連結され、前記複数の粒子部のそれぞれは、ケイ素を構成元素として含み、
前記複数の第2繊維部のうちの少なくとも一部は、前記複数の粒子部の表面に連結され、前記複数の第2繊維部のそれぞれは、炭素を構成元素として含み、
前記複数の第1繊維部の平均繊維径は、50nm以上7000nm以下であり、
前記複数の第2繊維部の平均繊維径は、1nm以上200nm以下であり、
空隙率は、42体積%以上73体積%以下である、
二次電池用負極。
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