WO2022181365A1 - 非水系二次電池 - Google Patents
非水系二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022181365A1 WO2022181365A1 PCT/JP2022/005485 JP2022005485W WO2022181365A1 WO 2022181365 A1 WO2022181365 A1 WO 2022181365A1 JP 2022005485 W JP2022005485 W JP 2022005485W WO 2022181365 A1 WO2022181365 A1 WO 2022181365A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- negative electrode
- secondary battery
- compound
- mass
- Prior art date
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- -1 sultone compound Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 107
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000002560 nitrile group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 9
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- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QHIWVLPBUQWDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl prop-2-enoate;methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.COC(=O)C(C)=C.CCCCOC(=O)C=C QHIWVLPBUQWDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940126062 Compound A Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLDMNSXOCDLTTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Heterophylliin A Natural products O1C2COC(=O)C3=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C3C3=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C3C(=O)OC2C(OC(=O)C=2C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=2)C(O)C1OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 NLDMNSXOCDLTTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910010238 LiAlCl 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012513 LiSbF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- SYRDSFGUUQPYOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-].FC(=O)C(F)=O Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-].FC(=O)C(F)=O SYRDSFGUUQPYOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHXFKXOIODIUJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,4-dicarbonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=C(C#N)C=C1 BHXFKXOIODIUJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KVNRLNFWIYMESJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyronitrile Chemical compound CCCC#N KVNRLNFWIYMESJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon carbon Chemical compound C.C CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003086 cellulose ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010280 constant potential charging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- DFJYZCUIKPGCSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N decanedinitrile Chemical compound N#CCCCCCCCCC#N DFJYZCUIKPGCSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- AVQYXBDAZWIFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanedinitrile Chemical compound N#CCCCCCCCCCCC#N AVQYXBDAZWIFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940093499 ethyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCOC=O WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021469 graphitizable carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010220 ion permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- LAQPNDIUHRHNCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC(C#N)=C1 LAQPNDIUHRHNCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium dihydrogen borate oxalic acid Chemical compound B([O-])(O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.[Li+] DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CUONGYYJJVDODC-UHFFFAOYSA-N malononitrile Chemical compound N#CCC#N CUONGYYJJVDODC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010295 mobile communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Propyl acetate Natural products CCCOC(C)=O YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011356 non-aqueous organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021470 non-graphitizable carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QXOYPGTWWXJFDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanedinitrile Chemical compound N#CCCCCCCCC#N QXOYPGTWWXJFDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHYFEEDKONKGEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxathiane 2,2-dioxide Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCCO1 MHYFEEDKONKGEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940090181 propyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004451 qualitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical compound [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZVQXQPNJHRNGID-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylsuccinonitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)(C)C(C)(C)C#N ZVQXQPNJHRNGID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ISIQQQYKUPBYSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecanedinitrile Chemical compound N#CCCCCCCCCCC#N ISIQQQYKUPBYSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0034—Fluorinated solvents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0037—Mixture of solvents
- H01M2300/0042—Four or more solvents
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to non-aqueous secondary batteries.
- Patent Document 1 contains a lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent, a fluoroethylene carbonate, a vinyl-containing carbonate, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 cyclic sulfate, and an additive containing a dinitrile compound
- the vinyl-containing carbonate comprises vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, or a combination thereof
- the cyclic sulfate comprises 1,3-propanesultone, 1,3-propanediol cyclic sulfate, or a combination thereof.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a non-aqueous electrolytic solution containing a lithium salt and a non-aqueous solvent for dissolving the lithium salt, wherein the non-aqueous electrolytic solution contains a predetermined carbonate compound and further comprises a compound having a cyano group and/or or a cyclic sulfonate ester compound.
- Patent No. 5414658 JP 2011-192632
- Patent No. 5664056 JP 2012-64473
- One aspect of the present disclosure is a positive electrode containing a lithium transition metal composite oxide containing at least nickel as a transition metal, a negative electrode containing a silicon-containing material, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution.
- the electrolytic solution contains a sultone compound and a nitrile compound, and in the electrolytic solution, when the concentration of the sultone compound is A% by mass and the concentration of the nitrile compound is B% by mass, 1 ⁇ It relates to a non-aqueous secondary battery that satisfies A/B ⁇ 10.
- FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway perspective view of a non-aqueous secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
- a nonaqueous secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution.
- the positive electrode contains composite oxide N as a positive electrode active material.
- composite oxide N a lithium-transition metal composite oxide containing at least nickel as a transition metal is referred to as composite oxide N.
- the negative electrode contains a silicon-containing material as a negative electrode active material.
- the electrolyte contains a sultone compound (that is, a cyclic sulfonate ester) and a nitrile compound. If the electrolyte does not contain a nitrile compound, the side reaction at the positive electrode is significant, and the increase in DCIR and gas generation are also significant. When the electrolytic solution contains a nitrile compound, side reactions at the positive electrode are suppressed. However, since the side reaction at the negative electrode becomes remarkable, the DCIR increases after all. In contrast, if the electrolytic solution further contains a sultone compound, the sultone compound is also decomposed when the nitrile compound is decomposed.
- a sultone compound that is, a cyclic sulfonate ester
- a high-quality composite film is formed on the surface of the Si-containing material in which decomposition products of the nitrile compound and the sultone compound are composited.
- a composite coating is formed, further decomposition reactions of the nitrile compound and the sultone compound are suppressed.
- the ratio of A to B is 1 ⁇ A/B ⁇ 10. It is important to meet If the A/B ratio is less than 1, the component derived from the sultone compound is insufficient in the composite coating, making it difficult to form a good quality composite coating and increasing the DCIR. In order to form a good composite coating, the content of the nitrile compound in the electrolyte must be greater than or equal to the content of the sultone compound.
- a composite coating formed by properly controlling the A/B ratio has an appropriate thickness and a well-balanced composition. Above all, it is desirable that the A/B ratio satisfies 2 ⁇ A/B ⁇ 5.
- Such a composite film contains an appropriate amount of a component derived from a sultone compound and has excellent Li ion conductivity, so that DCIR is less likely to increase. In particular, when the state of charge (SOC) is low, the suppression of the increase in DCIR is remarkable.
- the A value indicating the concentration (% by mass) of the sultone compound and the B value indicating the concentration (% by mass) of the nitrile compound are , for example, 0.01 ⁇ A ⁇ 1.5 and 0.01 ⁇ B ⁇ 1. If A or B is less than 0.01, it may be difficult to obtain a significant effect. On the other hand, if A or B exceeds the upper limit of the above range, side reactions due to decomposition of the sultone compound or nitrile compound will proceed excessively, resulting in significant gas generation and difficulty in forming a composite coating.
- a value may be 0.1 ⁇ A ⁇ 1.5, 0.2 ⁇ A ⁇ 1.5, 0.5 ⁇ A ⁇ 1.5, or 0.5 ⁇ A ⁇ 1.0 good.
- the B value may be 0.01 ⁇ B ⁇ 0.8, 0.05 ⁇ B ⁇ 0.7, 0.1 ⁇ B ⁇ 0.7, or 0.1 ⁇ B ⁇ 0.5 good.
- the concentrations of sultone compounds and nitrile compounds in the electrolyte may change during storage or charging and discharging. Therefore, it is sufficient that the sultone compound and the nitrile compound remain in the electrolyte collected from the non-aqueous secondary battery at a concentration equal to or higher than the detection limit.
- the content of the sultone compound in the electrolytic solution collected from the non-aqueous secondary battery may be, for example, 0.0001% by mass or more.
- the content of the nitrile compound in the electrolytic solution collected from the non-aqueous secondary battery may be, for example, 0.0001% by mass or more.
- the A/B ratio reflects the initial A and B values, so it can satisfy 1 ⁇ A/B ⁇ 10 (furthermore, 2 ⁇ A/B ⁇ 5).
- the contents of the sultone compound and the nitrile compound in the non-aqueous electrolyte can be obtained, for example, using gas chromatography under the following conditions.
- a sultone compound is a cyclic sulfonate ester.
- the sultone compound may be a compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond (C ⁇ C) (hereinafter referred to as an unsaturated sultone compound).
- C ⁇ C carbon-carbon unsaturated bond
- the presence of unsaturated bonds further improves the durability of the composite coating.
- the unsaturated bond may be within the ring.
- Examples of sultone compounds include compounds represented by the following general formula (1).
- R 1 to R 6 in general formula (1) are each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- Substituents include halogen atoms, hydrocarbon groups, hydroxyl groups, amino groups, ester groups, and the like.
- a hydrocarbon group includes an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, and the like.
- Alkyl groups and alkenyl groups may be linear or branched.
- Alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, and the like.
- Alkenyl groups include vinyl groups, 1-propenyl groups, 2-propenyl groups, and the like.
- At least one hydrogen atom of the hydrocarbon group may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- the hydrocarbon group is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- n in the general formula ( 1 ) represents the number of repeating methylene groups having R5 and R6. n is an integer of 1-3. When n is 2 or 3 , R5 and R6 in each methylene group may be the same or different.
- compounds represented by general formula (1) include 1,3-propanesultone (PS), 1,4-butanesultone, 1,5-pentanesultone, and 2-fluoro-1,3-propane. sultone, 2-fluoro-1,4-butanesultone, 2-fluoro-1,5-pentanesultone and the like. Among them, PS is preferable because it has a particularly large interaction with the silicate phase.
- sultone compounds include compounds (unsaturated sultone compounds) represented by the following general formula (2).
- R 1 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 and n in general formula (2) are the same as R 1 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 and n in general formula (1).
- compounds represented by the general formula (2) include 1,3-propenesultone (PRES), 1,4-butenesultone, 1,5-pentenesultone, and 2-fluoro-1,3-propene. sultone, 2-fluoro-1,4-butenesultone, 2-fluoro-1,5-pentenesultone and the like.
- PRES is preferable because it has a particularly large interaction with the silicate phase.
- PRES may account for 50 mass % or more, further 70 mass % or more, or 90 mass % or more of the sultone compound in the electrolytic solution.
- the nitrile compound may be a mononitrile compound having one nitrile group, a dinitrile compound having two nitrile groups, or a nitrile compound having three or more nitrile groups.
- the number of nitrile groups in the nitrile compound may be 5 or less, or 4 or less.
- the nitrile compound may be at least one selected from the group consisting of mononitrile compounds and dinitrile compounds having no hydrogen at the ⁇ -position of the nitrile group.
- a nitrile compound having 3 or more nitrile groups tends to improve the viscosity of the electrolytic solution. Therefore, a dinitrile having two nitrile groups is desirable.
- the properties of the composite film differ depending on the number of nitrile groups in the nitrile compound. Dinitrile compounds produce composite coatings with lower resistance than mononitrile compounds and more homogeneous composite coatings than trinitrile compounds. In addition, the dinitrile compound has a high ability to form a composite film even in a small amount, and is excellent in stability within the battery. The same applies to mononitrile compounds having no hydrogen at the ⁇ -position of the nitrile group.
- nitrile compound examples include but not limited to the following. Moreover, one type of nitrile compound may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in any combination.
- nitrile compounds include pivalonitrile, malononitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimelonitrile, suberonitrile, azelanitrile, sebaconitrile, undecanedinitrile, dodecanedinitrile, methylmalononitrile, ethylmalononitrile, isopropylmalononitrile, tert-butylmalononitrile, methylsuccinonitrile, 2,2-dimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,3-dimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,3,3-trimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,2,3,3-tetramethyl succinonitrile, 2,3-diethyl-2,3-dimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,2-diethyl-3,3-dimethylsuccinonitrile, bicyclohexyl-1,1-dicarbonitrile, bicyclohexyl-2, 2-di
- NC—C m H 2m —CN compounds having one phenyl group, mononitrile compounds having no hydrogen at the ⁇ -position of the nitrile group, etc.
- Such compounds include succinonitrile (NC--C 2 H 4 --CN), glutaronitrile (NC--C 3 H 6 --CN), adiponitrile (NC--C 4 H 8 --CN), pimelonitrile (NC-- C 5 H 10 -CN), suberonitrile (NC-C 6 H 12 -CN), phthalonitrile (NC-C 6 H 5 -CN), pivalonitrile and the like.
- These may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- These compounds may account for 50 mass % or more, further 70 mass % or more, or 90 mass % or more of the nitrile compounds in the electrolytic solution.
- Non-aqueous solvent contains a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt in addition to the sultone compound and the nitrile compound.
- non-aqueous solvents include cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, cyclic carboxylates, and chain carboxylates.
- Cyclic carbonates include propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and the like.
- Chain carbonates include diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and the like.
- Cyclic carboxylic acid esters include ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL) and ⁇ -valerolactone (GVL).
- Chain carboxylic acid esters include methyl formate, ethyl formate, propyl formate, methyl acetate (MA), ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, and propyl propionate.
- the electrolytic solution may contain one type of non-aqueous solvent, or may contain two or more types in combination.
- Lithium salts include, for example, LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiSCN, LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiAsF 6 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , lithium lower aliphatic carboxylate, LiCl , LiBr, LiI, borates, and imide salts.
- borates include lithium difluorooxalate borate and lithium bisoxalate borate.
- imide salts include lithium bisfluorosulfonylimide (LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 ), lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 ), and the like.
- the electrolytic solution may contain one type of electrolyte salt, or may contain two or more types in combination.
- the concentration of the electrolyte salt in the electrolytic solution is, for example, 0.5 mol/L or more and 2 mol/L or less.
- the electrolyte may contain other additives.
- Other additives include, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and vinylethylene carbonate.
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- the electrolyte contains FEC, a better composite coating is formed on the surface of the Si-containing material.
- the FEC concentration may be, for example, 5% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less.
- the negative electrode contains a negative electrode active material.
- a negative electrode generally includes a negative electrode current collector and a layered negative electrode mixture (hereinafter referred to as a negative electrode mixture layer) held by the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode mixture layer can be formed by coating the surface of the negative electrode current collector with a negative electrode slurry in which the components of the negative electrode mixture are dispersed in a dispersion medium, and drying the slurry. The dried coating film may be rolled if necessary.
- the negative electrode mixture contains a negative electrode active material as an essential component, and may contain a binder, a thickener, a conductive agent, etc. as optional components.
- the negative electrode active material contains at least a Si-containing material.
- the negative electrode active material may further contain another material capable of electrochemically intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions. Examples of such materials include carbonaceous materials.
- the negative electrode may comprise metallic lithium, lithium alloys, and the like.
- the Si-containing material may contain minute lithium alloys in a lithium ion-occluded state.
- carbonaceous materials examples include graphite, graphitizable carbon (soft carbon), and non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon).
- One of the carbonaceous materials may be used alone, or two or more of them may be used in combination.
- graphite is preferable as the carbonaceous material because of its excellent charge-discharge stability and low irreversible capacity.
- Examples of graphite include natural graphite, artificial graphite, and graphitized mesophase carbon particles.
- the ratio of the Si-containing material to the total of the Si-containing material and the carbonaceous material is, for example, 0.5% by mass or more, may be 1% by mass or more, or may be 2% by mass or more.
- the ratio of the Si-containing material to the total of the Si-containing material and the carbonaceous material is, for example, 30% by mass or less, 20% by mass or less, or 15% by mass or less. Well, it may be 10% by mass or less.
- Si-containing materials include simple Si, silicon alloys, silicon compounds, and composite materials containing a lithium ion conductive phase and a silicon phase dispersed in the lithium ion conductive phase.
- the lithium ion conductive phase for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon oxide phase, silicate phase and carbon phase may be used.
- Such a composite material is suitable for giving the negative electrode a high capacity while suppressing direct contact between the silicon phase and the electrolyte.
- the Si-containing material for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of the following first composite material, second composite material and third composite material may be used.
- the first composite material includes a silicon oxide phase (lithium ion conducting phase) and a silicon phase dispersed in the silicon oxide phase.
- the first composite material is superior among Si-containing materials in terms of high stability and small volume change. It is considered that the high stability is due to the fact that the silicon phase dispersed in the silicon oxide phase is small and deep charging is difficult to proceed.
- a silicon oxide phase has a relatively large number of sites that irreversibly trap lithium ions, and tends to have a large irreversible capacity among Si-containing materials.
- the first composite material can have a greater irreversible capacity than the second composite material. It is believed that the trapping of lithium ions by the silicon oxide phase enhances the structural stability of the first composite material and also contributes to the suppression of volume change.
- the first composite material can be obtained, for example, by heating silicon oxide in a non-oxidizing atmosphere containing an inert gas such as argon to cause a disproportionation reaction.
- Si crystallites can be uniformly formed in the silicon oxide phase.
- the size of the Si particles produced by the disproportionation reaction is small, for example, the average particle size can be less than 100 nm, and can range from 5 nm to 50 nm.
- the main component (eg 95-100% by weight) of the silicon oxide phase is silicon dioxide. That is, the first composite material can include a SiO 2 phase and a silicon phase dispersed within the SiO 2 phase.
- the first composite material as a whole can be represented by the general formula SiO x .
- the average particle size of the first composite material may be 1-20 ⁇ m, preferably 5-12 ⁇ m. Within the above particle size range, the stress due to the volume change of the Si-containing material due to charging and discharging is easily alleviated, and good cycle characteristics are easily obtained.
- the second composite material includes a silicate phase (lithium ion conductive phase) and a silicon phase dispersed within the silicate phase.
- the silicate phase may contain, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of Group 1 elements and Group 2 elements of the long period periodic table. Examples of Group 1 elements of the long period periodic table and Group 2 elements of the long period periodic table include lithium (Li), potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca). , strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and the like. Other elements may include aluminum (Al), boron (B), lanthanum (La), phosphorus (P), zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), and the like.
- a silicate phase containing lithium (hereinafter also referred to as a lithium silicate phase) is preferable because of its small irreversible capacity and high initial charge/discharge efficiency. That is, the second composite material may include a lithium silicate phase and a silicon phase dispersed within the lithium silicate phase.
- a second composite material comprising a lithium silicate phase and a silicon phase dispersed within the lithium silicate phase is hereinafter also referred to as LSX.
- the lithium silicate phase may be an oxide phase containing lithium (Li), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O), and may contain other elements.
- the atomic ratio of O to Si: O/Si in the lithium silicate phase is greater than 2 and less than 4, for example. In this case, it is advantageous in terms of stability and lithium ion conductivity.
- O/Si is greater than 2 and less than 3.
- the atomic ratio of Li to Si in the lithium silicate phase: Li/Si is greater than 0 and less than 4, for example.
- Elements other than Li, Si and O that can be contained in the lithium silicate phase include, for example, iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), Examples include zinc (Zn) and aluminum (Al).
- the third composite material includes a carbon phase (lithium ion conductive phase) and a silicon phase dispersed in the carbon phase (hereinafter the third composite material is also referred to as Si—C material).
- the carbon phase can consist of, for example, amorphous carbon.
- Amorphous carbon may be, for example, hard carbon, soft carbon, or others.
- Amorphous carbon can be obtained, for example, by sintering a carbon source in an inert atmosphere and pulverizing the resulting sintered body.
- the Si—C material can be obtained, for example, by mixing a carbon source and Si particles, crushing and stirring the mixture with a stirrer such as a ball mill, and then firing the mixture in an inert atmosphere.
- the carbon source for example, sugars such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose and sucrose, water-soluble resins, and the like may be used.
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- Si particles for example, the carbon source and the Si particles may be dispersed in a dispersion medium such as alcohol.
- the second and third composite materials are superior in that they have a small irreversible capacity. This is because the silicate phase and the carbon phase have few sites that irreversibly trap lithium ions.
- excellent charge/discharge efficiency can be obtained. In particular, the effect is remarkable at the initial stage of charging and discharging.
- the content of the silicon phase contained in the second composite material and the third composite material is independently, for example, 40% by weight or more, may be 45% by weight or more, may be 50% by weight or more, or may be 65% by weight or more. It's okay. Also, the content of the silicon phase is, for example, 80% by weight or less, may be 75% by weight or less, may be 70% by weight or less, or may be 65% by weight or less. Within the range in which the upper limit and the lower limit are arbitrarily selected from the above, it becomes easy to achieve both high battery capacity and improved cycle characteristics. Unlike the first composite material whose production method is limited, the content of the silicon phase can be changed arbitrarily in the second and third composite materials, which facilitates the design of a high-capacity negative electrode.
- each Si-containing material can be measured by Si-NMR. Desirable measurement conditions for Si-NMR are shown below.
- Measurement device Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (INOVA-400) manufactured by Varian Probe: Varian 7mm CPMAS-2 MAS: 4.2kHz MAS speed: 4kHz Pulse: DD (45° pulse + signal acquisition time 1H decouple) Repeat time: 1200sec Observation width: 100 kHz Observation center: Around -100 ppm Signal capture time: 0.05 sec Cumulative count: 560 Sample amount: 207.6 mg
- the silicon phase dispersed within the silicate phase and/or carbon phase is usually composed of multiple crystallites.
- the crystallite size of the silicon phase is preferably 30 nm or less, for example. In this case, the volume change due to the expansion and contraction of the Si particles during charging and discharging can be minimized, so that the cycle characteristics can be further enhanced.
- the lower limit of the crystallite size is not particularly limited, it is, for example, 5 nm or more.
- the crystallite size is calculated by Scherrer's formula from the half width of the diffraction peak attributed to the Si (111) plane in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the silicon phase.
- the average particle size of the second and third composite materials may be independently 1 to 20 ⁇ m, and may be 5 to 12 ⁇ m. Within the above particle size range, the stress due to the volume change of the Si-containing material due to charging and discharging is easily alleviated, and good cycle characteristics are easily obtained.
- the average particle size of each Si-containing material means the particle size (volume average particle size) at which the volume integrated value is 50% in the particle size distribution measured by the laser diffraction scattering method. For example, "LA-750" manufactured by HORIBA, Ltd. can be used as the measuring device.
- the composition of the composite material can be analyzed, for example, by the following method.
- a cross section polisher CP
- FE-SEM field-emission scanning electron microscope
- a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the elements of the observed second composite material may be performed using an Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analyzer (acceleration voltage 10 kV, beam current 10 nA).
- AES Auger electron spectroscopy
- a resin material is used as the binder for the negative electrode.
- binders include fluororesins, polyolefin resins, polyamide resins, polyimide resins, acrylic resins, vinyl resins, and rubber-like materials (eg, styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR)).
- SBR styrene-butadiene copolymer
- the binder may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- thickeners examples include cellulose derivatives such as cellulose ethers. Examples of cellulose derivatives include carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and modified products thereof, methyl cellulose, and the like. A thickener may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- Examples of conductive materials include carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon fibers other than CNT, and conductive particles (eg, carbon black, graphite).
- CNT carbon nanotubes
- carbon fibers other than CNT carbon fibers other than CNT
- conductive particles eg, carbon black, graphite
- the dispersion medium used for the negative electrode slurry is not particularly limited, but examples include water, alcohol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), mixed solvents thereof, and the like.
- a metal foil can be used as the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector may be porous.
- materials for the negative electrode current collector include stainless steel, nickel, nickel alloys, copper, and copper alloys.
- the thickness of the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 1 to 50 ⁇ m, and may be 5 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode contains a positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode generally includes a positive electrode current collector and a layered positive electrode mixture (hereinafter referred to as a “positive electrode mixture layer”) held by the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode mixture layer can be formed by coating the surface of the positive electrode current collector with a positive electrode slurry in which the components of the positive electrode mixture are dispersed in a dispersion medium, and drying the slurry. The dried coating film may be rolled if necessary.
- the positive electrode mixture contains a positive electrode active material as an essential component, and may contain a binder, a thickener, and the like as optional components.
- the positive electrode active material may be a material that can be used as a positive electrode active material for non-aqueous secondary batteries (especially lithium ion secondary batteries), but from the viewpoint of increasing capacity, a lithium transition metal composite containing at least nickel as a transition metal Including oxide (composite oxide N).
- the ratio of the composite oxide N in the positive electrode active material is, for example, 70% by mass or more, may be 90% by mass or more, or may be 95% by mass or more.
- the composite oxide N may be, for example, a lithium transition metal composite oxide having a layered rock salt structure and containing Ni and at least one selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn and Al.
- a lithium transition metal composite oxide having a layered rock salt structure and containing Ni and at least one selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn and Al.
- it has a layered rock salt structure, contains Ni and at least one selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn and Al, and the proportion of Ni in the metal elements other than Li is 80 atomic% or more.
- a lithium transition metal composite oxide is also referred to as a “composite oxide HN”.
- the proportion of the composite oxide HN in the composite oxide N used as the positive electrode active material is, for example, 90% by mass or more, may be 95% by mass or more, or may be 100%.
- Ni ratio the higher the Ni ratio, the more lithium ions can be extracted from the composite oxide HN during charging, and the capacity can be increased.
- Ni in the composite oxide HN with increased capacity tends to have a higher valence.
- the proportion of Ni increases, the proportion of other elements becomes relatively small. In this case, the crystal structure tends to become unstable, and side reactions tend to occur with repeated charging and discharging.
- Ni tends to change into a crystal structure that makes it difficult to reversibly absorb and release lithium ions.
- the composite oxide HN having a high Ni content is used for the positive electrode and the Si-containing material is used for the negative electrode, the electrolytic solution containing the sultone compound and the nitrile compound is used. By using it, an increase in DCIR can be suppressed.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode may be designed so as to satisfy 1.5 ⁇ D/C ⁇ 1.9.
- the electrolyte solution does not contain a nitrile compound, the side reaction accompanied by the reduction of Ni and the oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte solution becomes significant, and there is a large tendency for gas generation and positive electrode resistance (DCIR) to increase.
- DCIR gas generation and positive electrode resistance
- the electrolytic solution does not contain a sultone compound, even if the electrolytic solution contains a nitrile compound, the side reaction at the negative electrode becomes significant, resulting in gas generation and an increase in the negative electrode resistance (DCIR). trend increases.
- the A/B ratio is controlled within the above range, the DCIR can be reduced even when 1 ⁇ D/C ⁇ 1.9 is satisfied, and the state of charge is particularly low (SOC is low), the rise in DCIR is remarkably suppressed.
- the content of the silicon phase contained in the silicon-containing material is C% by mass, and the content of cobalt with respect to all metals other than lithium contained in the composite oxide N is Emol%, 0 ⁇ E/C ⁇ 0.1.
- the positive and negative electrodes may be designed to meet. In this case, since the crystal structure of the composite oxide N tends to become unstable, the effect of controlling the A/B ratio within the above range is great, and the effect of reducing the DCIR tends to become apparent.
- Co, Mn and Al contribute to stabilization of the crystal structure of the composite oxide HN with a high Ni content.
- the lower the Co content the better.
- the composite oxide HN with a low Co content (or no Co) may contain Mn and Al.
- the proportion of Co in metal elements other than Li is desirably 10 atomic % or less, more desirably 5 atomic % or less, and does not have to contain Co. From the viewpoint of stabilizing the crystal structure of the composite oxide HN, it is desirable to contain 1 atomic % or more or 1.5 atomic % or more of Co.
- the proportion of Mn in metal elements other than Li may be 10 atomic % or less, or may be 5 atomic % or less.
- the ratio of Mn to the metal elements other than Li may be 1 atomic % or more, 3 atomic % or more, or 5 atomic % or more. When limiting the range, these upper and lower limits can be combined arbitrarily.
- the ratio of Al to the metal elements other than Li may be 10 atomic % or less, or 5 atomic % or less.
- the ratio of Al to the metal elements other than Li may be 1 atomic % or more, 3 atomic % or more, or 5 atomic % or more. When limiting the range, these upper and lower limits can be combined arbitrarily.
- the composite oxide HN is represented, for example, by the formula: Li ⁇ Ni (1-x1-x2-yz) Co x1 Mn x2 Al y M z O 2+ ⁇ .
- Element M is an element other than Li, Ni, Co, Mn, Al and oxygen.
- ⁇ indicating the atomic ratio of lithium is, for example, 0.95 ⁇ 1.05. ⁇ increases and decreases due to charging and discharging. In (2+ ⁇ ) representing the atomic ratio of oxygen, ⁇ satisfies ⁇ 0.05 ⁇ 0.05.
- x1 which indicates the atomic ratio of Co, is, for example, 0.1 or less (0 ⁇ x1 ⁇ 0.1), may be 0.08 or less, may be 0.05 or less, or may be 0.01 or less. When x1 is 0, the case where Co is below the detection limit is included.
- x2 which indicates the atomic ratio of Mn, is, for example, 0.1 or less (0 ⁇ x2 ⁇ 0.1), may be 0.08 or less, may be 0.05 or less, or may be 0.03 or less. x2 may be 0.01 or more, or 0.03 or more. Mn contributes to stabilization of the crystal structure of the composite oxide HN, and the composite oxide HN contains inexpensive Mn, which is advantageous for cost reduction. When limiting the range, these upper and lower limits can be combined arbitrarily.
- y which indicates the atomic ratio of Al, is, for example, 0.1 or less (0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.1), may be 0.08 or less, may be 0.05 or less, or may be 0.03 or less. y may be 0.01 or more, or 0.03 or more. Al contributes to stabilization of the crystal structure of the composite oxide HN. When limiting the range, these upper and lower limits can be combined arbitrarily.
- z which indicates the atomic ratio of the element M, is, for example, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.10, may be 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.05, or may be 0.001 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.01.
- the element M may be at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Fe, Zn, B, Si, Mg, Ca, Sr, Sc and Y. Among them, when at least one selected from the group consisting of Nb, Sr and Ca is contained in the composite oxide HN, the surface structure of the composite oxide HN is stabilized, the resistance is reduced, and the metal is further eluted. considered to be suppressed. It is more effective when the element M is unevenly distributed near the particle surface of the composite oxide HN.
- the content of the elements constituting the composite oxide N can be measured using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), or an energy dispersive type It can be measured by an X-ray analyzer (Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy: EDX) or the like.
- ICP-AES inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
- EPMA electron probe microanalyzer
- EDX X-ray analyzer
- the composite oxide N is, for example, secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated.
- the particle size of the primary particles is, for example, 0.05 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle size of the secondary particles of the composite oxide N is, for example, 3 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, and may be 5 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle size of secondary particles means the particle size (volume average particle size) at which the volume integrated value is 50% in the particle size distribution measured by the laser diffraction scattering method.
- particle size is sometimes referred to as D50.
- LA-750 manufactured by HORIBA, Ltd. can be used as the measuring device.
- a resin material is used as the binder for the positive electrode.
- binders include fluorine resins, polyolefin resins, polyamide resins, polyimide resins, acrylic resins, and vinyl resins.
- the binder may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Examples of conductive materials include carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon fibers other than CNT, and conductive particles (eg, carbon black, graphite).
- CNT carbon nanotubes
- carbon fibers other than CNT carbon fibers other than CNT
- conductive particles eg, carbon black, graphite
- the dispersion medium used for the positive electrode slurry is not particularly limited, but examples include water, alcohol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), mixed solvents thereof, and the like.
- a metal foil can be used as the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode current collector may be porous. Examples of porous current collectors include nets, punched sheets, expanded metals, and the like. Examples of materials for the positive electrode current collector include stainless steel, aluminum, aluminum alloys, and titanium.
- the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 1 to 50 ⁇ m, and may be 5 to 30 ⁇ m.
- Separator It is desirable to interpose a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator has high ion permeability and moderate mechanical strength and insulation.
- a microporous thin film, a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric, or the like can be used as the separator.
- Polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene are preferable as the material of the separator.
- An example of the structure of a non-aqueous secondary battery is a structure in which an electrode group, in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are wound with a separator interposed therebetween, is housed in an outer package together with an electrolytic solution.
- an electrode group in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are wound with a separator interposed therebetween
- an electrolytic solution e.g., aqueous solution
- a laminated electrode group in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated with a separator interposed therebetween may be used.
- the shape of the battery is also not limited, and may be, for example, cylindrical, square, coin, button, laminate, or the like.
- non-aqueous secondary battery As an example of the non-aqueous secondary battery according to the present invention, the structure of a prismatic non-aqueous secondary battery will be described below with reference to FIG.
- the battery includes a prismatic battery case 4 with a bottom, and an electrode group 1 and an electrolytic solution (not shown) housed in the battery case 4 .
- the electrode group 1 has a long strip-shaped negative electrode, a long strip-shaped positive electrode, and a separator interposed therebetween.
- the negative electrode current collector of the negative electrode is electrically connected to a negative electrode terminal 6 provided on a sealing plate 5 via a negative electrode lead 3 .
- the negative electrode terminal 6 is insulated from the sealing plate 5 by a resin gasket 7 .
- the positive current collector of the positive electrode is electrically connected to the rear surface of the sealing plate 5 via the positive lead 2 . That is, the positive electrode is electrically connected to the battery case 4 which also serves as a positive electrode terminal.
- the peripheral edge of the sealing plate 5 is fitted into the open end of the battery case 4, and the fitted portion is laser-welded.
- the sealing plate 5 has an injection hole for a non-aqueous electrolyte, which is closed by a sealing plug 8 after the
- a non-aqueous secondary battery was produced and evaluated by the following procedure.
- the positive electrode slurry was applied to both surfaces of the aluminum foil, the coating film was dried, and then rolled to form positive electrode mixture layers on both surfaces of the aluminum foil, thereby obtaining a positive electrode.
- a silicon-containing material (average particle size: 5 ⁇ m) and graphite (average particle size: 20 ⁇ m) were mixed at a mass ratio of 5:95 to obtain a negative electrode active material.
- a composite material (LSX) comprising a lithium silicate phase (Li 2 Si 2 O 5 ) and a silicon phase dispersed within the lithium silicate phase was used as the silicon-containing material.
- Negative electrode slurry was prepared by mixing 98 parts by mass of the negative electrode active material, 1 part by mass of sodium salt of CMC (CMC-Na), 1 part by mass of SBR, and an appropriate amount of water.
- the negative electrode slurry was applied to both sides of a copper foil as a negative electrode current collector, the coating film was dried, and then rolled to form negative electrode mixture layers on both sides of the copper foil, thereby obtaining a negative electrode.
- A1 to A7 are the batteries of Examples 1 to 7
- B1 to B3 are the batteries of Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- ⁇ Charging and discharging cycle> After measuring the initial DCIR, the battery was subjected to 100 charging/discharging cycles under the following conditions. ⁇ charging> In an environment of 25° C., the battery was charged at a constant current of 0.2 It until the voltage reached 4.2 V, and then charged at a constant voltage of 4.2 V until the current reached 0.02 It. After the constant voltage charging, the battery was rested for 20 minutes.
- DCIR increase rate (%) 100 x (DCIR (100) - initial DCIR) / initial DCIR
- the DCIR increase rate of battery B1 that does not use a sultone compound is 30%, the DCIR increase rate of batteries A1 to A7 is improved by 10% or more.
- the difference in DCIR increase rate between the battery B4 using the sultone compound and the battery B5 not using the sultone compound was very small. From this, it can be understood that the increase in negative electrode resistance (DCIR) when using a nitrile compound is a problem peculiar to the case where the negative electrode contains a Si-containing material.
- the non-aqueous secondary battery according to the present disclosure is suitable for main power sources such as mobile communication devices and portable electronic devices, vehicle power sources, and the like, but the applications are not limited to these. While the invention has been described in terms of presently preferred embodiments, such disclosure is not to be construed in a limiting sense. Various alterations and modifications will no doubt become apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains after reading the above disclosure. Therefore, the appended claims are to be interpreted as covering all variations and modifications without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の新規な特徴を添付の請求の範囲に記述するが、本発明は、構成および内容の両方に関し、本発明の他の目的および特徴と併せ、図面を照合した以下の詳細な説明によりさらによく理解されるであろう。
電解液は、スルトン化合物(すなわち、環状スルホン酸エステル)とニトリル化合物とを含む。電解液が仮にニトリル化合物を含まない場合、正極での副反応が顕著であり、DCIRの増大とガス発生も顕著になる。電解液にニトリル化合物を含ませると、正極での副反応は抑制される。しかし、負極での副反応が顕著になるため、結局DCIRが増大する。これに対し、電解液に更にスルトン化合物を含ませると、ニトリル化合物が分解される際にスルトン化合物も一緒に分解される。その結果、Si含有材料の表面にニトリル化合物およびスルトン化合物のそれぞれの分解生成物が複合化した良質な複合被膜が形成される。このような複合被膜が形成されると、ニトリル化合物およびスルトン化合物の更なる分解反応が抑制される。
使用機器:(株)島津製作所製、GC-2010 Plus
カラム:J&W社製、HP-1(膜厚1μm、内径0.32mm、長さ60m)
カラム温度:50℃から昇温速度5℃/minで90℃に昇温し、90℃で15分維持し、次いで、90℃から250℃に昇温速度10℃/minで昇温し、250℃で15分維持
スプリット比:1/50
線速度:30.0cm/sec
注入口温度:270℃
注入量:1μL
検出器:FID 290℃(sens.101)
スルトン化合物は、環状スルホン酸エステルである。スルトン化合物は、炭素-炭素不飽和結合(C=C)を有する化合物(以下、不飽和スルトン化合物と称する。)でもよい。不飽和結合の存在により複合被膜の耐久性等が更に向上する。不飽和結合は環内にあってもよい。
ニトリル合物は、ニトリル基を1つ有するモノニトリル化合物でもよく、ニトリル基を2つ有するジニトリル化合物でもよく、ニトリル基を3つ以上有するニトリル化合物でもよい。ニトリル化合物が有するニトリル基は5つ以下であってもよく、4つ以下であってもよい。ニトリル化合物は、ニトリル基のα位に水素を有さないモノニトリル化合物およびジニトリル化合物からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であってもよい。ただし、ニトリル基を3つ以上有するニトリル化合物は、電解液の粘性を向上させる傾向がある。よって、ニトリル基を2つ有するジニトリルが望ましい。
電解液は、スルトン化合物およびニトリル化合物の他に、非水溶媒および電解質塩を含む。非水溶媒としては、例えば、環状炭酸エステル、鎖状炭酸エステル、環状カルボン酸エステル、鎖状カルボン酸エステルが挙げられる。環状炭酸エステルとしては、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、エチレンカーボネート(EC)等が挙げられる。鎖状炭酸エステルとしては、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)等が挙げられる。環状カルボン酸エステルとしては、γ-ブチロラクトン(GBL)、γ-バレロラクトン(GVL)等が挙げられる。鎖状カルボン酸エステルとしては、ギ酸メチル、ギ酸エチル、ギ酸プロピル、酢酸メチル(MA)、酢酸エチル、酢酸プロピル、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル、プロピオン酸プロピル等が挙げられる。電解液は、非水溶媒を1種含んでもよく、2種以上組み合わせて含んでもよい。
電解質塩としてはリチウム塩が好適である。リチウム塩としては、例えば、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiPF6、LiAlCl4、LiSbF6、LiSCN、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiB10Cl10、低級脂肪族カルボン酸リチウム、LiCl、LiBr、LiI、ホウ酸塩、イミド塩が挙げられる。ホウ酸塩としては、リチウムジフルオロオキサレートボレート、リチウムビスオキサレートボレート等が挙げられる。イミド塩としては、ビスフルオロスルホニルイミドリチウム(LiN(FSO2)2)、ビストリフルオロメタンスルホン酸イミドリチウム(LiN(CF3SO2)2)等が挙げられる。電解液は、電解質塩を、1種含んでもよく、2種以上組み合わせて含んでもよい。電解液中の電解質塩の濃度は、例えば、0.5mol/L以上、2mol/L以下である。
負極は、負極活物質を含む。負極は、通常、負極集電体と、負極集電体に保持された層状の負極合剤(以下、負極合剤層と称する)を備えている。負極合剤層は、負極合剤の構成成分を分散媒に分散させた負極スラリを、負極集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることにより形成できる。乾燥後の塗膜を、必要により圧延してもよい。
負極活物質は、少なくともSi含有材料を含む。負極活物質は、更に、電気化学的にリチウムイオンを吸蔵および放出可能な別の材料を含んでもよい。このような材料の一例として、炭素質材料が挙げられる。負極は、金属リチウム、リチウム合金などを含んでもよい。Si含有材料は、リチウムイオンを吸蔵した状態では微小なリチウム合金を含み得る。
第1複合材料は、ケイ素酸化物相(リチウムイオン導電相)と、ケイ素酸化物相に分散しているシリコン相とを含む。第1複合材料は、Si含有材料の中では安定性が高く、体積変化も小さい点で優れている。高い安定性は、ケイ素酸化物相に分散したシリコン相が小さく、深い充電が進行しにくいためと考えられる。ケイ素酸化物相は、リチウムイオンを不可逆的にトラップするサイトが比較的多く、Si含有材料の中では不可逆容量が大きくなる傾向がある。第1複合材料は、第2複合材料よりも大きな不可逆容量を有し得る。ケイ素酸化物相によるリチウムイオンのトラップは、第1複合材料の構造の安定性を高めるとともに、体積変化の抑制にも寄与していると考えられる。
第2複合材料は、シリケート相(リチウムイオン導電相)と、シリケート相内に分散しているシリコン相とを含む。シリケート相は、例えば、長周期型周期表の第1族元素および第2族元素からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含めばよい。長周期型周期表の第1族元素および長周期型周期表の第2族元素としては、例えば、リチウム(Li)、カリウム(K)、ナトリウム(Na)、マグネシウム(Mg)、カルシウム(Ca)、ストロンチウム(Sr)、バリウム(Ba)等を用い得る。その他の元素としてアルミニウム(Al)、ホウ素(B)、ランタン(La)、リン(P)、ジルコニウム(Zr)、チタン(Ti)などを含んでも良い。中でも、不可逆容量が小さく、初期の充放電効率が高いことから、リチウムを含むシリケート相(以下、リチウムシリケート相とも称する。)が好ましい。すなわち、第2複合材料は、リチウムシリケート相と、リチウムシリケート相内に分散しているシリコン相とを含んでもよい。リチウムシリケート相と、リチウムシリケート相内に分散しているシリコン相とを含む第2複合材料を、以下、LSXとも称する。
第3複合材料は、炭素相(リチウムイオン導電相)と、炭素相内に分散しているシリコン相とを含む(以下、第3複合材料をSi-C材料とも称する。)。炭素相は、例えば、非晶質炭素で構成され得る。非晶質炭素は、例えばハードカーボンでもよく、ソフトカーボンでもよく、それ以外でもよい。非晶質炭素は、例えば、炭素源を不活性雰囲気下で焼結し、得られた焼結体を粉砕すれば得ることができる。Si-C材料は、例えば、炭素源とSi粒子とを混合し、ボールミル等の攪拌機で混合物を破砕しながら攪拌し、その後、混合物を不活性雰囲気中で焼成すれば得ることができる。炭素源としては、例えば、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、ポリビニルピロリドン、セルロース、スクロースなどの糖類や水溶性樹脂等を用いてもよい。炭素源とSi粒子とを混合する際には、例えば、炭素源とSi粒子をアルコールなどの分散媒中に分散させてもよい。
プローブ:Varian 7mm CPMAS-2
MAS:4.2kHz
MAS速度:4kHz
パルス:DD(45°パルス+シグナル取込時間1Hデカップル)
繰り返し時間:1200sec
観測幅:100kHz
観測中心:-100ppm付近
シグナル取込時間:0.05sec
積算回数:560
試料量:207.6mg
正極は、正極活物質を含む。正極は、通常、正極集電体と、正極集電体に保持された層状の正極合剤(以下「正極合剤層」と称する。)を備えている。正極合剤層は、正極合剤の構成成分を分散媒に分散させた正極スラリを、正極集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることにより形成できる。乾燥後の塗膜を必要により圧延してもよい。正極合剤は、必須成分として、正極活物質を含み、任意成分として、結着剤、増粘剤等を含み得る。
正極活物質は、非水系二次電池(特にリチウムイオン二次電池)の正極活物質として用い得る材料であればよいが、高容量化の観点から、少なくとも遷移金属としてニッケルを含むリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物(複合酸化物N)を含む。正極活物質に占める複合酸化物Nの割合は、例えば、70質量%以上であり、90質量%以上でもよく、95質量%以上でもよい。
正極と負極との間には、セパレータを介在させることが望ましい。セパレータは、イオン透過度が高く、適度な機械的強度および絶縁性を備えている。セパレータとしては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布等を用いることができる。セパレータの材質としては、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等のポリオレフィンが好ましい。
下記の手順で、非水系二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。
(1)正極の作製
正極活物質として複合酸化物HNであるLiNi0.91Co0.04Al0.05O2を用いた(D=91、E=4)。複合酸化物HN(平均粒径12μm)を100質量部と、カーボンナノチューブ1質量部と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン1質量部と、適量のNMPとを混合し、正極スラリを得た。次に、アルミニウム箔の両面に正極スラリを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延して、アルミニウム箔の両面に正極合剤層を形成し、正極を得た。
シリコン含有材料(平均粒径5μm)と黒鉛(平均粒径20μm)とを5:95の質量比で混合し、負極活物質を得た。シリコン含有材料には、リチウムシリケート相(Li2Si2O5)と、リチウムシリケート相内に分散しているシリコン相とを備える複合材料(LSX)を用いた。LSX中のシリコン含有率は55質量%(C=55、D/C=1.65、E/C=0.07)とした。負極活物質98質量部と、CMCのナトリウム塩(CMC-Na)1質量部と、SBRを1質量部と、適量の水とを混合し、負極スラリを調製した。次に、負極集電体である銅箔の両面に負極スラリを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延して、銅箔の両面に負極合剤層を形成し、負極を得た。
FEC、EC、EMCおよびDMCの混合溶媒(FEC:EC:EMC:DMC=10:5:5:80(体積比))に、LiPF6を溶解させ、更に、以下に示すスルトン化合物とニトリル化合物を表1に示す含有率で溶解させることにより電解液を調製した。電解液におけるLiPF6の濃度は1.3mol/Lとした。電解液中のスルトン化合物およびニトリル化合物の含有率は、調製直後の電解液における初期濃度である。
<スルトン化合物(化合物A)>
PRES:1,3-プロペンスルトン
t-BCN:ピバロニトリル(tert-C4H9-CN)
ScCN:スクシノニトリル(NC-C2H4-CN)
AdCN:アジポニトリル(NC-C4H8-CN)
正極にアルミニウム製の正極リードの一端部を取り付けた。負極にニッケル製の負極リードの一端部を取り付けた。ポリエチレン製のセパレータを介して正極および負極を巻回して電極群を作製した。電極群を105℃で2時間真空乾燥した後、負極端子を兼ねる有底円筒形状の電池ケースに収容した。電池ケースには、鉄製ケースを用いた。次いで、電池ケース内に電解液を注入した後、正極端子を兼ねる金属製の封口体を用いて電池ケースの開口部を閉じた。このとき、封口体と電池ケースの開口端部との間に樹脂製のガスケットを介在させた。正極リードの他端部を封口体に接続し、負極リードの他端部を電池ケースの内底面に接続した。このようにして、18650型の円筒形リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。表1において、A1~A7は実施例1~7の電池、B1~B3は比較例1~3の電池である。
<初期DCIR>
25℃の温度環境において、電池を0.2Itの電流で電圧が4.2Vになるまで定電流充電し、その後、4.2Vの定電圧で電流が0.02Itになるまで定電圧充電した。その後、20分間休止した。このようにして、SOC100%の電池を得た。得られたSOC100%の電池を、0.3Itの定電流で、充電状態(SOC)が10%になるまで放電した。SOC10%の電池に対して、0A、0.1A、0.5Aおよび1.0Aのそれぞれの電流値で10秒間放電したときの電圧値を測定した。放電の電流値と10秒後の電圧値との関係を最小二乗法で直線に近似したときの傾きの絶対値から初期DCIRを算出した。
初期DCIRを測定した後の電池の充放電サイクルを下記条件で100サイクル行った。
〈充電〉
25℃の環境下で、0.2Itの定電流で電圧が4.2Vになるまで充電し、その後、4.2Vの定電圧で電流が0.02Itになるまで充電した。定電圧充電後の電池を20分間休止させた。
休止後、25℃の環境下で、0.3Itの定電流で電圧が2.5Vに達するまで放電した。
100サイクル後の電池について、初期DCIRと同様の手順でDCIR(100)を求め、下記式よりDCIR上昇率を求めた。
DCIR上昇率(%)=100×(DCIR(100)-初期DCIR)/初期DCIR
負極活物質として、シリコン含有材料を用いず(C=0)、黒鉛(平均粒径20μm)のみを用いたこと以外、実施例1と同様に電池B4を作製した。
負極活物質として、シリコン含有材料を用いず(C=0)、黒鉛(平均粒径20μm)のみを用いたこと以外、比較例1と同様に電池B5を作製した。
本発明を現時点での好ましい実施態様に関して説明したが、そのような開示を限定的に解釈してはならない。種々の変形および改変は、上記開示を読むことによって本発明に属する技術分野における当業者には間違いなく明らかになるであろう。したがって、添付の請求の範囲は、本発明の真の精神および範囲から逸脱することなく、すべての変形および改変を包含する、と解釈されるべきものである。
Claims (9)
- 遷移金属として少なくともニッケルを含むリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を含む正極と、
シリコン含有材料を含む負極と、
前記正極と前記負極との間に介在するセパレータと、
電解液と、を備え、
前記電解液が、スルトン化合物と、ニトリル化合物と、を含み、
前記電解液において、前記スルトン化合物の濃度をA質量%、前記ニトリル化合物の濃度をB質量%とするとき、
1≦A/B≦10
を満たす、非水系二次電池。 - 2≦A/B≦5
を満たす、請求項1に記載の非水系二次電池。 - 0.01≦A≦1.5
0.01≦B≦1
を満たす、請求項1または2に記載の非水系二次電池。 - 前記スルトン化合物が、不飽和結合を有する、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の非水系二次電池。
- 前記ニトリル化合物が、モノニトリル化合物およびジニトリル化合物からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、前記モノニトリル化合物は、ニトリル基のα位に水素を有さない、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の非水系二次電池。
- 前記電解液が、更に、フルオロエチレンカーボネートを含み、
前記電解液において、前記フルオロエチレンカーボネートの濃度が、5質量%以上、20質量%以下である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の非水系二次電池。 - 前記シリコン含有材料が、リチウムイオン導電相と、前記リチウムイオン導電相に分散しているシリコン相と、を含み、
前記シリコン含有材料に含まれる前記シリコン相の含有率をC質量%、前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物に含まれるリチウム以外の全金属に対するニッケルの含有率をDmol%とするとき、
1≦D/C≦1.9
を満たす、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の非水系二次電池。 - 1.5≦D/C≦1.9
を満たす、請求項7に記載の非水系二次電池。 - 前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物が、更に、Co、MnおよびAlからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含み、
前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物に含まれるリチウム以外の全金属に対するコバルトの含有率をEmol%とするとき、
0≦E/C≦0.1
を満たす、請求項7または8に記載の非水系二次電池。
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