WO2022096802A1 - Dispositif photovoltaïque tandem combinant une sous-cellule a base de silicium et une sous-cellule a base de perovskite comportant une couche composite perovskite/materiau de type p ou n - Google Patents
Dispositif photovoltaïque tandem combinant une sous-cellule a base de silicium et une sous-cellule a base de perovskite comportant une couche composite perovskite/materiau de type p ou n Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022096802A1 WO2022096802A1 PCT/FR2021/051876 FR2021051876W WO2022096802A1 WO 2022096802 A1 WO2022096802 A1 WO 2022096802A1 FR 2021051876 W FR2021051876 W FR 2021051876W WO 2022096802 A1 WO2022096802 A1 WO 2022096802A1
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- perovskite
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/80—Constructional details
- H10K30/865—Intermediate layers comprising a mixture of materials of the adjoining active layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of tandem-type photovoltaic devices, in particular tandem-type photovoltaic cells, combining a silicon-based sub-cell and a perovskite-based sub-cell.
- tandem silicon/perovskite photovoltaic devices comprising, at the level of the perovskite-based sub-cell, a composite layer integrating a perovskite-type material and a P-type conductive or semiconductor material in the case of a sub-cell of NIP structure or of type N in the case of a sub-cell of PIN structure, while maintaining the desired performance in terms of photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the tandem device.
- Photovoltaic devices and in particular photovoltaic cells, generally comprise a multilayer stack comprising a photo-active layer, called the “active” layer.
- the active layer consists of a material of the halogenated perovskite type, which can be an organic-inorganic or purely inorganic hybrid. This active layer is in contact on either side with an N-type conductive or semi-conductive layer and a P-type conductive or semi-conductive layer.
- This type of multilayer assembly comprising the superposition of the active layer and of the two P-type and N-type layers described above is conventionally referred to as “NIP” or “PIN” depending on the stacking order of the different layers on the substrate.
- a photovoltaic cell, single junction, of NIP structure typically comprises a multilayer structure comprising, in this order of stacking, a transparent substrate (S), a first transparent electrode also called lower electrode (Ei ), such as a layer of transparent conductive oxide (TCO), an N-type conductive or semi-conductive layer, an active layer, for example of the perovskite (PK) type, a P-type conductive or semi-conductive layer and a second electrode, also called upper electrode (E2) (which can be made of metal, for example silver or gold).
- the active layer is a layer intended to absorb photons. It allows the creation of free charge carriers (holes and electrons).
- tandem photovoltaic devices In order to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic cells, tandem photovoltaic devices have recently been developed. These tandem devices make it possible to broaden the absorption range of the electromagnetic spectrum, by association of two cells absorbing photons of different wavelengths.
- Tandem devices can consist of a perovskite-based cell and a silicon-based cell.
- Different types of structure have been developed, such as two-terminal (2T) structures and four-terminal (4T) structures, as shown schematically in Figure 2.
- 2T structures comprise two electrodes, each forming a anode and a cathode common to the two sub-cells
- 4T structures comprise four electrodes, each sub-cell having its pair of electrodes.
- FIG. 3 represents for example a tandem device in 2T structure comprising a first sub-cell based on silicon, for example silicon homojunction (c-Si), surmounted by a sub-cell based on perovskite in NIP structure and connected to the silicon-based sub-cell through a recombination layer (RC).
- c-Si silicon homojunction
- RC recombination layer
- perovskite devices are typically produced by successive deposition of layers one after the other.
- these deposits are made using a solvent method, for example by centrifugal coating (better known by the Anglo-Saxon terminology “spin-coating"), the problem arises of the choice of the solvents to be used, to prevent the deposited layer from causing degradation of the underlying layer.
- the upper conductive or semi-conductive layer is thus generally formed from a solution or a dispersion of said semi-conductive material(s) in one or more solvent(s) a polar(s), so as not to damage the perovskite, soluble in polar solvents.
- the adhesion between the perovskite and the overlying conductive or semi-conductive layer thus formed is therefore particularly weak, which can pose problems in terms of stability, in particular mechanical stability, of the structure thus formed.
- the present invention aims precisely to propose a new tandem photovoltaic device, the structure of which makes it possible to overcome the aforementioned problems in terms of compatibility of the formulation used to form the upper conductive or semi-conductive layer with an underlying active layer.
- underlying perovskite type underlying perovskite type.
- the present invention relates, according to a first of its aspects, to a tandem photovoltaic device, comprising, in this order of superposition:
- A/ a silicon-based sub-cell A comprising at least:
- crystalline silicon substrate for example monocrystalline or polycrystalline, in particular N-type or P-type doped
- B/ a perovskite-based B sub-cell comprising at least:
- a conductive or semi-conductive layer called lower layer, of type N in the case of an NIP structure (also denoted “ETL” for the English acronym “Electron Transporting Layer”), or of type P in the case of a PIN structure (denoted “HTL” for the English acronym “Hole Transporting Layer”), and
- a composite layer superimposed on said lower conductive or semi-conductive layer, comprising at least one perovskite material and at least one P-type material in the case of a NIP structure or N-type material in the case of a PIN structure , and having a gradient of the perovskite material/P material mass ratio in the case of a NIP structure or perovskite material/N material in the case of a PIN structure, decreasing in the direction of the interface between said composite layer and said lower conductive or semi-conductive layer towards the opposite face of said composite layer, the perovskite-based sub-cell B having a planar structure.
- the composite layer according to the invention does not extend over the entire surface of the underlying conductive or semi-conductive layer.
- the composite layer of the perovskite-based B subcell thus exhibits an inhomogeneous distribution of perovskite and P-type (or N-type) materials.
- the distribution of perovskite and P-type (or N-type) materials is such that the perovskite material/P material mass ratio in the case of a NIP structure or perovskite material/N material in the case of a PIN structure is more high in the vicinity of the interface of said composite layer with the underlying conductive or semi-conductive layer of sub-cell B and lower in the vicinity of the opposite face of said composite layer.
- the perovskite material and the P-type (or N-type) material form, within the composite layer according to the invention, over a thickness of at least 10 nm, in particular over a thickness of 10 to 150 nm, an interpenetrating structure.
- This interpenetrating structure is identifiable by analysis by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS for the English name “Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry”). More particularly, this interpenetrating structure is composed of said P-type (or N-type) material(s) incorporated into a perovskite matrix.
- composite layer perovskite/material P (or material N) as defined above will be designated more simply in the remainder of the text under the name “composite layer”.
- the perovskite-based B sub-cell of a tandem device according to the invention differs from structures with so-called “mesoporous” architecture, as presented for example in the publication Rong et al. [1].
- So-called “mesoporous” architectures implement a mesoporous layer within which the perovskite is partially infiltrated.
- the perovskite is interpenetrated with the lower conductive or semi-conductive layer, of N type in the case of a NIP structure or of P type in the case of a PIN structure.
- the perovskite-based B subcell of a tandem device has more particularly a so-called "planar” architecture.
- “Planar” architecture means that each of the layers of the multilayer stack forming the sub-cell B is compact.
- the sub-cell B based on perovskite of NIP or PIN structure of a tandem device according to the invention does not implement a layer based on a mesoporous material.
- the interface between the composite layer according to the invention and the underlying conductive or semi-conductive layer at the level of the sub-cell B forms a planar junction. In other words, it is of the planar type.
- a composite layer according to the invention leads to performances of a photovoltaic cell, in particular in terms of photovoltaic conversion efficiency, similar to those which can be obtained via the implementation of distinct superimposed layers.
- the preparation of a perovskite-based sub-cell according to the invention makes it possible to overcome the compatibility problems, encountered during the formation of a conventional perovskite sub-cell with planar architecture, between the formulation implementation for the formation of the upper conductive or semi-conductive layer and the underlying perovskite crystallized active layer, and the risk of deterioration of the latter.
- the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a tandem photovoltaic device according to the invention, comprising at least the following steps:
- step (ii) addition to said wet film of step (i) of at least one P-type material in the case of the formation of an NIP stack, and of N-type in the case of a PIN stack;
- the composite layer of the sub-cell B of a tandem device according to the invention is formed by wet process.
- step (ii) is carried out by depositing, on the surface of said wet film from step (i), a formulation of at least one P-type material in the case of the formation of a stack NIP, also called “P-type ink” (or N-type in the case of the formation of a PIN stack, also called “N-type ink”), in one or more solvents, called “anti-solvents”, in which the perovskite precursors are not soluble.
- steps (i) and (ii) can be carried out by the solvent route, more particularly by spin coating or centrifugal coating, better known under the name Anglo-Saxon "spin-coating”.
- the deposition of the P-type or N-type ink in step (ii) of the process of the invention preferably by spin-coating, simultaneously operates the “quenching” of the perovskite.
- the method known as “solvent quenching” consists more particularly in depositing precursors of the perovskite active layer on the wet film, during spin-coating , an amount of anti-solvent, for example toluene and chlorobenzene, to induce rapid crystallization of the perovskite.
- an anti-solvent for example toluene and chlorobenzene
- the addition of an anti-solvent by rapidly reducing the solubility of the perovskite precursors in the solvent medium, advantageously makes it possible to promote nucleation and rapid growth of the crystals of perovskite. It has been shown that such a “quenching” operation advantageously makes it possible to improve the crystallinity of the perovskite material, at the end of the thermal annealing, and thus the quality of the resulting perovskite active layer.
- the invention proposes a simplified method for producing the perovskite-based sub-cell of a tandem silicon/perovskite photovoltaic device according to the invention, in which the steps of "solvent quenching" of the perovskite and for forming the upper conductive or semi-conductive layer are advantageously combined before proceeding with the crystallization of the perovskite.
- the method of the invention thus makes it possible to reduce the number of steps necessary for the preparation of the perovskite-based sub-cell and therefore of the tandem device.
- a composite layer according to the invention at the level of the perovskite-based sub-cell of a tandem photovoltaic device according to the invention proves to be particularly advantageous from the optical point of view. Indeed, unlike single junction devices for which the illumination is generally through the substrate, in a tandem structure, the illumination is through the upper face, as shown schematically in Figure 3, and must therefore pass through the conductive layer. or interface semiconductor (P-type in a NIP structure as represented in FIG. 3; N-type in a PIN structure), before reaching the perovskite active layer.
- a perovskite composite layer/P layer (PK:P) as represented in FIGS. 4 to 6, the filter effect due to the interface layer higher is advantageously reduced. Also, the possible losses by reflections at the perovskite/interface layer interface are advantageously reduced.
- tandem photovoltaic device may for example have a structure with two terminals (2T).
- FIG. 1 schematically represents, in a vertical sectional plane, a conventional single-junction photovoltaic cell, of NIP structure.
- FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a tandem photovoltaic device having 2 terminals (2T) or 4 terminals (4T).
- FIG. 3 schematically represents, in a vertical sectional plane, a conventional tandem photovoltaic cell, having a sub-cell A based on silicon (“c-Si”) and a sub-cell B based on perovskite d architecture.
- FIG. 4 schematically represents, in a vertical sectional plane, the structure of a tandem HET/perovskite cell in 2T structure according to the invention, comprising a sub-cell A with silicon heterojunction and a sub-cell B based on perovskite integrating a composite layer perovskite/material P (PK:P) according to the invention.
- PK:P composite layer perovskite/material P
- FIG. 5 schematically represents, in a vertical sectional plane, the structure of a TOPCon/perovskite tandem cell according to the invention, comprising a silicon-based sub-cell A according to a first variant of TOPCon structure and a sub-cell B based on perovskite integrating a composite layer perovskite/material P (PK:P) according to the invention.
- PK:P composite layer perovskite/material P
- FIG. 6 schematically represents, in a vertical sectional plane, the structure of a TOPCon/perovskite tandem cell according to the invention, comprising a silicon-based sub-cell A according to a second variant of TOPCon structure and a sub-cell B based on perovskite integrating a composite layer perovskite/material P (PK:P) according to the invention.
- PK:P composite layer perovskite/material P
- FIG. 7 presents the ToF-SIMS analysis curves for the CeHe′′ ions, PTAA markers, and for the Pb _ ions, perovskite markers, obtained for the PTAA and perovskite layers of a conventional multilayer stack.
- FIG. 8 presents the ToF-SIMS analysis curves for the CeHe ′′ and Pb′′ ions obtained for the perovskite/PTAA composite layer according to the invention.
- the invention relates, according to a first of its aspects, to a tandem photovoltaic device, in particular a tandem photovoltaic cell, comprising, in this order of superposition:
- A/ a silicon-based sub-cell A comprising at least:
- crystalline silicon substrate for example monocrystalline or polycrystalline, in particular N-type or P-type doped
- B/ a perovskite-based B sub-cell comprising at least:
- a conductive or semi-conductive layer called lower layer, of N type in the case of an NIP (“ETL”) structure, or of P type in the case of a PIN (“HTL”) structure, and
- a composite layer superimposed on said lower conductive or semi-conductive layer, comprising at least one perovskite material and at least one P-type material in the case of a NIP structure or N-type material in the case of a PIN structure , and having a gradient of the perovskite material/P material mass ratio in the case of a NIP structure or perovskite material/N material in the case of a PIN structure, decreasing in the direction of the interface between said composite layer and said lower conductive or semi-conductive layer towards the opposite face of said composite layer.
- a method for manufacturing a tandem photovoltaic device in particular a tandem photovoltaic cell, comprising at least the following steps:
- crystalline silicon substrate for example monocrystalline or polycrystalline, optionally doped with N-type or P-type;
- N type NIP structure
- HTL P type
- a composite layer superimposed on said lower conductive or semi-conductive layer, comprising at least one perovskite material and at least one P-type material in the case of a NIP ("PK:P”) or N-type structure in the case of a PIN structure, in which said composite layer is formed on the surface of said lower N-type or P-type conductive or semi-conductive layer, via at least the following steps:
- step (ii) addition to said wet film of step (i) of at least one P-type material in the case of the formation of an NIP stack, and of N-type in the case of a PIN stack;
- the illumination of a 2T tandem device according to the invention is produced through the upper electrode of the perovskite-based sub-cell B.
- an N-type (respectively P-type) layer according to the invention may consist of a single doped N-type (respectively P-type) layer or of a multilayer stack of at least two sub-layers. layers, for example of three N-type (respectively P-type) doped sub-layers.
- the perovskite-based sub-cell B is stacked on a silicon-based sub-cell A comprising at least one crystalline silicon substrate, for example monocrystalline or polycrystalline, in particular monocrystalline, possibly doped with N type or P-type; and at least one layer, separate from said crystalline silicon, N- or P-doped amorphous or polycrystalline silicon substrate.
- a sub-cell A implemented in a tandem photovoltaic device thus comprises at least two distinct materials, a crystalline silicon substrate, in particular monocrystalline, in particular N-type or P-type doped, on the one hand, and a separate layer of N- or P-doped amorphous or polycrystalline silicon. It thus differs in particular from a silicon homojunction sub-cell which is based on a single monolithic substrate of crystalline silicon.
- the tandem photovoltaic device according to the invention may comprise a silicon heterojunction sub-cell A (also designated “HET”).
- HET silicon heterojunction sub-cell A
- it may be a sub-cell A in “TOPCon” type architecture (for the designation “Tunnel-Oxide-Passivated Contact” in English terminology).
- Silicon heterojunction sub-cell A is
- the photovoltaic device according to the invention comprises a silicon heterojunction sub-cell A.
- Any type of conventional silicon heterojunction cell may be suitable for the photovoltaic device according to the invention.
- a silicon heterojunction sub-cell A comprises in particular a crystalline silicon substrate, for example monocrystalline or polycrystalline, in particular N-type or P-type doped and comprising, on either side of said substrate, two conductive or semi-conducting layers.
- amorphous silicon conductors doped N and P, or heavily doped N + and P + .
- a so-called passivation intermediate layer generally an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, that is to say undoped, is placed between the silicon substrate and each of the conductive or semi-conductive layers.
- the sub-cell A can more particularly comprise, according to an exemplary embodiment, in this stacking order:
- a layer based on intrinsic amorphous silicon serving as a passivation layer
- a layer based on intrinsic amorphous silicon serving as a passivation layer
- the first electrode E1 A can be formed of a metallized transparent conductive or semi-conductive layer, in particular of transparent conductive oxide(s) (TCO) such as indium oxide doped with tin (ITO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), gallium doped zinc oxide (GZO), indium doped zinc oxide (IZO) and mixtures thereof, or alternatively be formed from a multilayer assembly, for example AZO/Ag/AZO.
- TCO transparent conductive oxide(s)
- ITO indium oxide doped with tin
- AZO aluminum doped zinc oxide
- GZO gallium doped zinc oxide
- IZO indium doped zinc oxide
- It can also be formed by a network of nanowires, in particular silver.
- the first electrode E1 A can for example consist of a metallized transparent conductive oxide layer, in particular a metallized ITO layer.
- It may have a thickness ranging from 40 to 200 nm, in particular from 50 to 100 nm, for example approximately 70 nm.
- Sub-cell A may include a second electrode E2 A when the tandem device has a 4-terminal (4T) structure.
- the second electrode E2 A when it is present, is advantageously formed of a metallized transparent conductive or semi-conductive layer, in particular as described for the first electrode E1 A . Furthermore, it may have the characteristics mentioned for the first electrode E1 A .
- the metallization of the first electrode E1 A and, where applicable, the second electrode E2 A can be carried out by evaporation of a metal (gold or silver). It can also be operated by screen printing or by inkjet. This is usually to form a grid.
- the N-doped amorphous silicon layer is advantageously a hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer (denoted “a-Si:H(n)”). It may have a thickness comprised between 1 and 30 nm, in particular between 1 and 10 nm.
- the P-doped amorphous silicon layer is advantageously a layer of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (denoted “a-Si:H(p)”). It may have a thickness comprised between 1 and 30 nm, in particular between 5 and 15 nm.
- Said passivation layer(s) may more particularly be made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon ((i) a-Si:H). They may have, independently of each other, a thickness of between 1 and 30 nm, in particular between 5 and 15 nm.
- the crystalline silicon (“c-Si”) substrate is advantageously a monocrystalline silicon substrate, in particular of N type. It has in particular a thickness of between 50 and 500 nm, in particular between 100 and 300 nm.
- the crystalline silicon substrate is positioned between the N-doped amorphous silicon layer (“a-Si:H(n)”) and the P-doped amorphous silicon layer (“a-Si:H(p)”), if appropriate between the two passivation layers (“a-Si:H(i)”).
- the silicon heterojunction sub-cell A can be produced by methods known to those skilled in the art.
- a silicon heterojunction sub-cell A can be made according to the following steps:
- CMP chemical-mechanical polishing
- a-Si:H(i) intrinsic amorphous silicon
- a-Si:H(n) N-doped amorphous silicon
- a-Si:H(p) P-doped amorphous silicon
- the step of cleaning the silicon substrate can advantageously be carried out by the so-called “Saw Damage Removal” (SDR) technique. It avoids the expensive and time-consuming lapping and polishing process, using wet etching in an alkaline solution such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide to eliminate saw damage damage”) on the inserts after they have been cut.
- SDR Sew Damage Removal
- Texturing is conventionally carried out, after cleaning the substrate by at least one anisotropic etching step using an alkaline solution, such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
- an alkaline solution such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
- CMP Chemical-mechanical polishing
- the deposition of the various P-doped or N-doped amorphous silicon layers can be carried out by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD for "Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition” in English terminology), during which a doping gas is introduced in order to dope the amorphous silicon layers.
- PECVD plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
- the electronically conductive layer intended to form the first electrode E1 A can be deposited by physical vapor deposition (“PVD” for “Physical Vapor Deposition”), in particular by sputtering.
- PVD physical vapor deposition
- metal contacts are then formed within the framework of the manufacture of the tandem device on the layer intended to form the first electrode E1 A , and possibly, within the framework of a 4T structure, on the layer intended to form the second electrode E1 B .
- the invention is not limited to the HET sub-cell configuration described previously and represented schematically in FIG. 4.
- Other structures can be envisaged, for example integrating a silicon oxide SiO x passivation layer.
- the photovoltaic device according to the invention comprises a sub-cell A in “TOPCon” type architecture (according to the name of the Fraunhofer ISE “Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact”, also called “POLO” for “ POLy silicon on Oxide” according to the name of the Institute for Solar Energy Research in Hameln (ISFH)) [4].
- TOPCon the Fraunhofer ISE “Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact”
- POLO Phase oxide of Oxide
- POLy silicon on Oxide according to the name of the Institute for Solar Energy Research in Hameln (ISFH)
- a sub-cell A in TOPCon type architecture can comprise at least:
- the crystalline silicon substrate is advantageously an N-type silicon (c-Si(n)) crystalline substrate. It may in particular have a thickness of between 50 and 500 nm, in particular between 100 and 300 nm.
- the silicon substrate is covered successively at its face intended to form the rear face of the photovoltaic device, with a passivation layer and with a layer of highly doped polycrystalline silicon.
- the tunnel oxide layer may be a layer of SiO x or else of AlO x , in particular of SiO 2 .
- it has a thickness comprised between 0.5 and 10 nm, in particular between 1 and 5 nm.
- the heavily doped polycrystalline silicon layer can be a layer rich in oxygen or in carbon.
- the heavily doped polysilicon layer is of the N + (poly-Si(n+)) type.
- heavily doped it is meant that the layer has a doping level higher by at least one order of magnitude with respect to the doping level of the substrate. We then speak of N + or P + doping in the event of strong doping instead of N or P in the event of doping of the same order of magnitude as that of the substrate.
- a so-called “heavily doped” layer can have a doping with a concentration of electrically active dopants greater than 10 17 at. cm -3 , in particular between 10 17 and 10 22 at. cm -3 , preferably between 10 19 and 10 21 at. cm -3 .
- the heavily doped polysilicon layer at the FAR of the device may have a thickness of between 5 and 500 nm, in particular between 10 and 250 nm.
- a sub-cell A in TOPCon structure can comprise in this stacking order:
- TOPCon 1 a sub-cell A having the aforementioned structure will be referred to as “TOPCon 1” structure.
- the heavily doped polycrystalline silicon layers, the silicon oxide passivation layer and the crystalline silicon substrate may have the features described above.
- the heavily doped crystalline silicon layer of the opposite electrical type to that of the P + "c-Si(p+)" (or N + ) substrate may have a thickness of between 50 nm and 1 ⁇ m, in particular between 200 and 700 nm.
- a metallization layer can then be formed on the surface of the heavily doped polysilicon layer forming the FAR of the tandem device.
- a sub-cell A in TOPCon structure can comprise in this stacking order:
- passivation layer of silicon oxide, in particular of SiÜ2;
- passivation layer of silicon oxide, in particular of SiÜ2;
- TOPCon 2 a sub-cell A having the aforementioned structure will be referred to as “TOPCon 2” structure.
- the heavily doped polycrystalline silicon layer, the first silicon oxide passivation layer and the crystalline silicon substrate may have the features described above.
- the second silicon oxide passivation layer can have the characteristics described previously for the first passivation layer.
- the layer of polycrystalline silicon heavily doped P + (or N + ) covering the second passivation layer can have the characteristics, in particular in terms of thickness and doping rate, described above for the layer of polycrystalline silicon heavily doped N + (or P + ) located at the level of the FAR of the device.
- the polysilicon layer very heavily doped N ++ (or P ++ ) is characterized by a higher doping level compared to the doping level of an N + (or P + ) doped layer.
- a so-called “very heavily doped” layer can have a doping with a concentration of dopants greater than 10 20 at. cm -3 , in particular between 10 20 and 10 22 at. cm -3 .
- the very heavily N ++ (or P ++ ) doped polycrystalline silicon layer may have a thickness of between 5 nm and 60 nm, in particular between 20 nm and 40 nm.
- the A subcell and the superimposed B subcell based on perovskite can be connected for the preparation of the tandem device at two terminals, without implementing a so-called recombination layer.
- a sub-cell of TOPCon structure as described above, can be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art.
- a sub-cell A of TOPCon 1 structure as described above can for example be produced according to the following steps:
- polishing at least the face of the silicon substrate intended to face the sub-cell B based on perovskite, and cleaning after polishing;
- SiO x silicon oxide
- SiÜ2 serving as a passivation layer at the level of the opposite face of the crystalline silicon substrate
- a sub-cell A of TOPCon 2 structure as described previously can be produced according to the following steps:
- polishing at least the face of the silicon substrate intended to face the sub-cell B based on perovskite, and cleaning after polishing;
- the silicon oxide passivation layer(s) can be formed by thermal or chemical oxidation on the surface of the crystalline silicon substrate.
- the thermal oxidation of the crystalline silicon substrate can be carried out in a furnace in the presence of an atmosphere rich in oxygen at moderate temperatures (600-700°C).
- the chemical oxidation of crystalline silicon can be carried out, for example, in hot nitric acid (HNO3) or in a solution of deionized water and ozone (DI O3).
- Polycrystalline silicon layers heavily doped P + or N + or very heavily doped N ++ or P ++ can be produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD for "Chemical Vapor Deposition” in English terminology), mainly by LPCVD , but also by PECVD. Other methods have also been described, for example by PVD (“Physical Vapor Deposition” in English terminology) or by CVD activated by hot filament.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- a photovoltaic device comprises a sub-cell B based on perovskite successively comprising a lower conductive or semi-conductive layer of N-type or of P-type and a composite layer according to the invention.
- Sub-cell B can more particularly include in this stacking order:
- a composite layer comprising at least one perovskite material and at least one P-type material in the case of an NIP structure or of N-type in the case of a PIN structure, and having a gradient of the perovskite material/material mass ratio P in the case of a NIP structure or perovskite material/N material in the case of a PIN structure, decreasing in the direction of the interface between said composite layer and said lower conductive or semi-conductive layer towards the opposite face of said composite layer;
- a second electrode, called upper electrode, E2 B in particular transparent, and more particularly formed of a layer of transparent conductive oxide, metallized.
- the composite layer of the sub-cell B according to the invention comprises, or is even formed of at least one perovskite material and of at least one P-type material in the case of a sub-cell of NIP structure, or of at least one N-type material in the case of a PIN structure sub-cell.
- the composite layer according to the invention is in direct contact with the underlying conductive or semi-conductive layer of N type in a NIP structure and of P type in a PIN structure.
- the perovskite is a material comprising 1, 2 or 3 cations and anions, for example halides, in particular Cl", Br, I- and their mixtures.
- the perovskite material of a composite layer according to the invention may more particularly be a material of general formula ABX3, with: .
- B representing one or more metallic elements, such as lead (Pb), tin (Sn), bismuth (Bi) and antimony (Sb); and
- X representing one or more anions, in particular one or more halides, and more particularly chosen from chloride, bromide, iodide and mixtures thereof.
- perovskite materials are described in particular in document WO 2015/080990.
- perovskite materials By way of example of perovskite materials, mention may in particular be made of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. These hybrid perovskite materials may more particularly be of the aforementioned ABX3 formula, in which A comprises one or more organic or non-organic cations.
- the organic cation can be chosen from organo-ammonium cations such as:
- the organic cation(s) of the hybrid perovskite material may optionally be combined with one or more metallic cations, for example cesium.
- A representing an organo-ammonium cation, for example of the methylammonium type (MA + ), a formamidinium cation (FA + ) or a mixture of these two cations, optionally combined with cesium (Cs + );
- - B being chosen from lead, tin, bismuth, antimony and mixtures thereof; and - X being chosen from chloride, bromide, iodide and mixtures thereof.
- the perovskite material can be in particular CHsNHsPbh, says again
- MAPI MAPI, with lead being replaceable by tin or germanium and iodine being replaceable by chlorine or bromine.
- the perovskite material can also be a compound of formula Cs x FAi-xPb(li-yBr y )3 with x ⁇ 0.17; 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1 and FA symbolizing the formamidinium cation.
- the composite layer according to the invention comprises at least one P-type material.
- a “P-type” material designates a material allowing the transport of holes (h + ).
- the P-type material may for example be chosen from Na, WO3, MoOs, V2O5 and NiO, n-conjugated conductive or semi-conductive polymers, optionally doped, and mixtures thereof.
- the P-type material is chosen from n-conjugated conductive or semi-conductive polymers, optionally doped.
- n-conjugated semiconductor polymers optionally doped, mention may in particular be made of poly(3-hexylthiophene) or P3HT, poly[N-9'-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5 -(4,7-di-2-thienyl-2',l',3'-benzothiadiazole or PCDTBT, poly[2,l,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl[4,4-bis(2- ethylhexyl)-4H- cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl]] or PCPDTBT, poly(benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene- alt-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione) or PBDTTPD, poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyljoxy
- the n-conjugated semiconductor polymers can advantageously be doped with one or more P-type dopants, such as a lithium salt, for example lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonide (LiTFSI) and/or 4-tert - butylpyridine (t-BP).
- P-type dopants such as a lithium salt, for example lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonide (LiTFSI) and/or 4-tert - butylpyridine (t-BP).
- P-type material is a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) conductive material, preferably in a form combined with a counter anion such as PEDOT:PSS.
- PEDOT poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
- a preferred P-type material is a mixture of PEDOT and PSS, or even PTAA, preferably doped, in particular with a lithium salt, such as lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulphonide (LiTFSI) and/or 4 -tert-butylpyridine.
- a lithium salt such as lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulphonide (LiTFSI) and/or 4 -tert-butylpyridine.
- the P-type material can also be chosen from P-type semiconductor molecules such as:
- triphenylamine nucleus TPA
- the composite layer according to the invention comprises at least one type N material.
- N-type material denotes a material which allows the transport of electrons (ej. It may be more particularly chosen from metal oxides.
- the metal oxides may for example be in the form of nanoparticles of metal oxides.
- the N-type metal oxides can be chosen in particular from zinc oxide ZnO, titanium oxides TiO x with x between 1 and 2, tin oxide (SnO2), doped zinc oxides, for example aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), indium doped zinc oxide (IZO), gallium doped zinc oxide (GZO), doped titanium oxides, e.g. titanium oxide doped with nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, tungsten or manganese, tin oxides doped for example with fluorine, and mixtures thereof.
- zinc oxide ZnO titanium oxides TiO x with x between 1 and 2
- tin oxide (SnO2) tin oxide
- doped zinc oxides for example aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), indium doped zinc oxide (IZO), gallium doped zinc oxide (GZO)
- doped titanium oxides e.g. titanium oxide doped with nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, tungsten or manganese
- tin oxides doped for example with fluorine
- the N-type material of the composite layer according to the invention can be chosen from tin oxide (SnO2), doped zinc oxides, in particular aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO ) and mixtures thereof.
- the sub-cell B according to the invention is of the NIP type, and the said composite layer comprises, or even is formed, of at least one perovskite material and of at least one P-type material, in particular as previously defined.
- Such a sub-cell B is for example represented in the tandem devices represented schematically in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6.
- a composite layer according to the invention comprises, or even is formed:
- a P-type material as defined previously, in particular chosen from n-conjugated conductive or semi-conductive polymers, optionally doped, and in particular PTAA, optionally doped with a lithium salt and/or 4-tert -butylpyridine.
- a composite layer according to the invention preferably has a thickness less than or equal to 1 ⁇ m, in particular between 200 and 800 nm and more particularly between 300 and 600 nm.
- a composite layer according to the invention has an inhomogeneous distribution of the perovskite and P-type (or N-type) materials.
- the composite layer has a gradient of the perovskite material/P (or N) material mass ratio, decreasing in the direction of the interface between said composite layer and the underlying conductive or semi-conductive layer, towards the opposite face. of said composite layer.
- decreasing gradient of the perovskite material/P (or N) material mass ratio is meant a perovskite material/P (or N) material mass ratio decreasing in the direction indicated by the gradient, in other words decreasing according to the invention from the interface between said composite layer and the underlying semiconductor conductive layer to the opposite face of said composite layer.
- the perovskite material/P (or N) material mass ratio is higher in the vicinity of the interface between said composite layer and the underlying conductive or semi-conductive layer than in the vicinity of the opposite face.
- the distribution of perovskite and P-type (or N-type) materials is such that near the interface between said composite layer and the underlying conductive or semi-conductive layer, the composite layer according to invention is formed mainly, or even exclusively, of the perovskite material; while in the vicinity of the face of said composite layer, opposite to the interface between the composite layer and the underlying conductive or semi-conductive layer, in other words, in the vicinity of the interface between the composite layer and the upper electrode, the composite layer according to the invention is mainly formed of P-type material in the case of a NIP structure or N-type material in the case of a PIN structure, in other words is locally P-type or N-type .
- a composite layer according to the invention more particularly comprises a zone in which the perovskite material and the P-type (or N-type) material form an interpenetrating structure.
- the composite layer according to the invention comprises a zone in which said perovskite and P-type (or N-type) materials are mixed at the submicron scale.
- this interpenetrated zone extends over a thickness of at least 10 nm, in particular over a thickness of between 10 and 150 nm, of the composite layer according to the invention.
- the said P-type (or N-type) material(s) are incorporated into a crystallized perovskite matrix. That is, the P-type (or N-type) material is coated with perovskite.
- SEM scanning electron microscopy
- EDX energy dispersive X-rays
- the crystallized perovskite domains can have an average size greater than 100 nm, in particular greater than 200 nm and preferentially greater than 300 nm.
- size we mean the largest dimension perovskite domains, for example the diameter for globally spherical grains.
- the average size of crystallized perovskite domains can be measured by scanning electron microscopy.
- a composite layer according to the invention may more particularly present, in the direction of the interface between said composite layer and the underlying conductive or semi-conductive layer towards the face of said composite layer, opposite to the interface between the composite layer and the underlying conductive or semi-conductive layer, in other words, towards the interface between the composite layer and the upper electrode (E2 B ):
- the sub-cell B of a photovoltaic device according to the invention advantageously has a so-called “planar” structure.
- a composite layer according to the invention is a compact, non-porous layer. It thus differs from so-called mesoporous structures, in which a material is incorporated into the pores of another material.
- the lower conductive or semi-conductive layer, underlying the composite layer according to the invention, of N type (“ETL”) in a NIP structure, or of P type (“HTL”) in a PIN structure, can be formed of one or more materials of type N, respectively of type P, as described above for the composition of the composite layer.
- sub-cell B of a tandem photovoltaic device according to the invention has a so-called NIP structure.
- Sub-cell B can then include, as represented schematically in FIGS. 4 to 6, in this order of superposition:
- ETL N-type conductive or semi-conductive layer
- PK:P composite perovskite/material P layer
- a transparent upper electrode, E2 B in particular formed of a metallized transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer.
- TCO transparent conductive oxide
- the sub-cell B can comprise in this order of superposition:
- a transparent upper electrode E2 B in particular formed of a metallized transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer.
- TCO transparent conductive oxide
- the upper electrode E2 B can be made of conductive or semi-conductive material and metallized.
- it is made of a material chosen from the group of transparent conductive oxides (TCO), for example ITO (indium-tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-zinc oxide), IZO (indium-tin oxide), zinc) or IOH (indium hydrogen oxide).
- TCO transparent conductive oxides
- it is an upper electrode made of ITO and metallized.
- the upper electrode E2 B in particular made of ITO, may have a thickness comprised between 50 and 300 nm, in particular between 100 and 250 nm and more particularly around 200 nm.
- the first electrode E1 B when it is present as is the case in particular for tandem devices with a 4T structure, can be made of transparent conductive or semi-conductive material, and metallized. These may be materials mentioned for the upper electrode E2 B . Furthermore, it may have the characteristics, in particular in terms of thickness and metallization, mentioned for the electrode E2 B .
- step (ii) addition to said wet film of step (i) of at least one P-type material in the case of the formation of an NIP stack, and of N-type in the case of a PIN stack;
- the lower N-type (“ETL”) or P-type (“HTL”) conductive or semi-conductive layer can be formed by a wet process, that is to say by a technique implementing the deposition of solutions or liquid dispersions. In particular, it can be formed by spin coating or spin coating (better known as “spin-coating” in English terminology).
- ALD atomic layer Deposition
- a composite layer according to the invention is formed by a wet process.
- the formation of said composite layer according to the invention can thus be carried out more particularly via at least the following steps:
- step (i) deposition, on the surface of the wet film formed in step (i), of a formulation of at least one material of type P in the case of an NIP stack, or of type N in the case of a PIN stack, in one or more solvents, called “antisolvents”, in which the precursors of the perovskite material are not soluble; and
- the term “ink” denotes a solution, dispersion or suspension of material(s) used for producing layers for a multilayer stack useful for forming a photovoltaic device.
- the inks generally comprise a solvent, one or more materials constituting the layer, and optionally one or more additives, for example a plasticizer and/or a binder and/or a dispersant.
- perovskite ink may typically comprise the precursors of the perovskite material in one or more solvents.
- a person skilled in the art is able to choose the nature and the proportions of perovskite precursors to be used to obtain the desired perovskite material.
- solvent(s) are chosen with regard to the nature of the perovskite precursor(s), so as to allow their solubilization.
- Solvents are conventionally chosen from polar organic solvents, in particular chosen from dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), and mixtures thereof.
- the said solvent or solvents for the perovskite ink are chosen from DMF, DMSO and their mixtures.
- P-type ink typically comprises said P-type material or materials (respectively of type N) in one or more “anti-solvents”.
- anti-solvents are so-called “orthogonal” solvents with respect to the precursors of the perovskite material.
- orthogonal solvent with respect to the precursors of the perovskite material is meant a solvent not capable of dissolving said precursors of the perovskite material. It is understood that the nature of said anti-solvent(s) is chosen with regard to the nature of the perovskite material precursors.
- anti-solvents are conventionally used during the production of a crystallized layer of perovskite, to operate the so-called “quenching” phase, subsequent to the deposition of the solution of perovskite precursors.
- Such anti-solvents are for example described in the publication Paek et al. [3].
- the anti-solvents are typically selected from diethyl ether; dichloromethane; aromatic compounds with one, two or three rings, substituted, in particular substituted by one or more alkyl groups, in particular methyl, and/or halogen, in particular chlorine, such as toluene, chlorobenzene, xylene, methylnaphthalene; and their mixtures.
- the anti-solvent is toluene.
- the concentration of P-type (or N-type) material(s) in the P-type (or N-type) ink used can be between 2 g/L and 30 g/L, preferably between 4 g/L and 20 g/L.
- concentrations of perovskite precursors and of P-type or N-type material(s) in the deposited inks are adjusted with regard in particular to the final thickness of the desired composite layer.
- the deposition of the inks during the process for preparing a composite layer according to the invention can be carried out by means of a solvent-based deposition technique chosen from spin coating or centrifugal coating (better known under the name "spin-coating” in Anglo-Saxon terminology), scraper deposition, blade coating ("blade-coating” in Anglo-Saxon terminology), deposition by ultrasonic spray, coating by slot die ("slot -die” in Anglo-Saxon terminology), coating by dipping (“dip-coating” in Anglo-Saxon terminology), inkjet printing, rotogravure, flexography and screen printing.
- spin coating or centrifugal coating better known under the name "spin-coating” in Anglo-Saxon terminology
- scraper deposition blade coating
- blade coating in Anglo-Saxon terminology
- deposition by ultrasonic spray coating by slot die
- slot -die in Anglo-Saxon terminology
- dip-coating in Anglo-Saxon terminology
- inkjet printing rotogravure, flexography and screen printing.
- the perovskite ink and/or the P-type (or N-type) ink is (are) deposited by spin-coating.
- the perovskite ink and the P-type (or N-type) ink are deposited by the same deposition technique, advantageously by spin-coating.
- wet film it is meant that the film on which the P-type (or N-type) ink is deposited comprises one or more solvents. In other words, the deposition of the P-type (or N-type) ink is carried out before the total elimination of the said solvent(s) from the previously deposited perovskite ink film.
- steps (i) and (ii) of the method of the invention can be carried out consecutively by spin-coating, step (ii) being carried out without stopping the rotation of the turntable of the spin-coating device.
- the structure having on the surface an N-type (or P-type) conductive or semi-conductive layer is fixed to the sample holder of the spin-coating device.
- the solution of perovskite precursors is then deposited on the surface of said N-type (or P-type) layer, then the substrate is rapidly rotated by the spinner, to form a thin and regular film of perovskite ink.
- the formulation of P-type (or N-type) material(s) in one or more anti-solvent(s) is then drained onto the surface of the wet film of perovskite ink, without stopping the rotation.
- the deposition by spin-coating in step (i) and (ii) can be carried out for example with a rotation speed of between 500 and 8000 rpm.
- the P-type (or N-type) ink can, for example, be deposited on the surface of the wet film of solution of perovskite precursors between 5 and 35 seconds, in particular between 5 and 20 seconds before the end of the program for depositing the solution of perovskite precursors.
- the parameters of the deposition in particular in terms of the time elapsed between the deposition of the solution of perovskite precursors by spin-coating and the deposition of the P-type or N-type ink.
- the P-type or N-type ink is deposited after formation, on the surface of the lower conductive or semi-conductive layer, of a wet film of solution of perovskite precursors (perovskite ink), of thickness homogeneous, and before evaporation of the solvent or solvents of the deposited perovskite ink.
- the elimination of the solvents can be carried out in a conventional manner, for example by thermal drying.
- the assembly is then heated to crystallize the perovskite material. It is up to those skilled in the art to adjust the thermal annealing conditions to obtain the desired perovskite material.
- the thermal annealing can in particular be carried out at a temperature of between 60 and 150°C, in particular between 80 and 120°C.
- the duration of the annealing can be between 5 and 120 minutes, in particular between 15 and 90 minutes and more particularly between 30 and 60 minutes.
- the electronically conductive layer intended to form the upper electrode E2 B can be deposited by physical vapor deposition (“PVD” for “Physical Vapor Deposition”), in particular by sputtering.
- PVD physical vapor deposition
- the formation of the upper electrode E2B is carried out without preheating to limit as much as possible the degradation of the underlying composite layer.
- Tandem photovoltaic device
- a tandem photovoltaic device comprises a sub-cell A as described previously, based on silicon, in particular chosen from silicon heterojunction sub-cells and TOPCon-type architecture sub-cells, on which is stacked a sub-cell B based on perovskite as described above, comprising in particular a composite layer associating at least one perovskite material and at least one N-type or P-type material.
- the invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a tandem photovoltaic device according to the invention, in particular a tandem photovoltaic cell according to the invention, comprising at least the following steps:
- the composite layer of the sub-cell B faces the electromagnetic radiation and therefore the incident photons.
- the process for manufacturing a tandem photovoltaic device according to the invention may more particularly comprise the surface formation of the sub-cell A based on silicon and prior to the production of said sub-cell B based on perovskite, an electronically conductive layer, also called a recombination layer.
- the tandem photovoltaic device according to the invention comprises a silicon heterojunction sub-cell A and a perovskite-based sub-cell B.
- a tandem device is more simply referred to as the “HET/PK tandem device”.
- the tandem photovoltaic device thus comprises a single first electrode, the lower electrode E1 A of the sub-cell A and a single second electrode, the upper electrode of the sub-cell B E2 B .
- the sub-cells A and B are separated by an electronically conductive or semi-conductive layer, also called recombination layer (denoted RC).
- RC electronically conductive or semi-conductive layer
- the upper amorphous silicon-based layer of the P-doped (a-SiH(p)) (or N-doped) (a-SiH(n)) sub-cell A and the conductive or semi-conducting layer -lower conductor of the B sub-cell, N-type (ETL) in the case of a NIP structure or P-type (HTL) in the case of a PIN structure, are separated by a recombination layer (RC) .
- the recombination layer may have a small thickness, typically comprised between 1 and 20 nm, in particular between 1 and 15 nm and more particularly around 12 nm.
- the recombination layer serves to electrically contact the P-doped or N-doped amorphous silicon layer of the lower A sub-cell and the N-type or P-type conductive or semiconductor layer of the upper B sub-cell, without the charges have to cross a PN junction opposing their transport.
- the recombination layer of a tandem device in 2T structure according to the invention is advantageously transparent to electromagnetic radiation. It can in particular be made of a material chosen from the group of TCOs (oxides transparent conductors) including ITO (Indium Tin Oxide), AZO (Aluminium Zinc Oxide, IZO (Indium Zinc Oxide), IOH (Indium Hydrogen Oxide), AZO/Ag/IZO, IZO/ Ag/IZO, ITOH, IWO, IWOH (indium tungsten oxide with or without hydrogen), ICO, ICOH (indium cesium oxide with or without hydrogen), and silver nanowires. act of GZO (zinc oxide doped gallium).
- ITO Indium Tin Oxide
- AZO Alluminium Zinc Oxide
- IZO Indium Zinc Oxide
- IOH Indium Hydrogen Oxide
- AZO/Ag/IZO IZO/ Ag/IZO
- ITOH IWO
- IWOH indium tungsten
- the intermediate layer is made of ITO.
- the recombination layer of a tandem HET/PK device according to the invention may have a thickness of between 1 and 20 nm, in particular between 1 and 15 nm, for example of about 12 nm.
- the recombination layer comprises as little oxygen as possible to maximize the concentration of carriers to promote recombinations.
- tandem photovoltaic device in 2T structure according to the invention can thus more particularly comprise, in this order of superposition, at least:
- a first electrode denoted E1 A in particular formed of a metallized transparent conductive layer
- a layer of N-doped (or P-doped) amorphous silicon preferably N-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon “a-SiH (n)” (or P-doped “a-SiH (p)”);
- a layer based on intrinsic amorphous silicon preferably hydrogenated “a-SiH(i)” serving as a passivation layer;
- a crystalline silicon substrate in particular monocrystalline (“c-Si”), and in particular N-doped;
- a layer based on intrinsic amorphous silicon preferably hydrogenated “a-SiH(i)” serving as a passivation layer; .
- a layer of P-doped (or N-doped) amorphous silicon preferably of P-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon “a-SiH (p)” (or N-doped “a-SiH (n)”);
- N-type “ETL” or P-type “HTL”) conductive or semi-conductive layer
- a second electrode in particular formed of a metallized transparent conductive oxide layer.
- a tandem photovoltaic device in 2T structure comprises the stack E1 A /a-SiH (n)/a-SiH (i)/c-Si/a -SiH(i)/a-SiH(p)/RC/ETL/PK:P/ E2B .
- the first electrode E1 A and the second electrode E2 B can be associated with a metal grid in order to promote external electrical contacts.
- This grid can in particular be made of silver or copper.
- the invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a tandem HET/perovskite photovoltaic device with two terminals, in particular as described above, comprising at least the following steps:
- a first electrode denoted E1 A in particular metallized
- a layer of N-doped (or P-doped) amorphous silicon preferably N-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon “a-SiH (n)” (or P-doped “a-SiH (p)”);
- a layer based on intrinsic amorphous silicon preferably hydrogenated “a-SiH(i)” serving as a passivation layer; .
- a crystalline silicon substrate in particular monocrystalline (“c-Si”), and in particular N-doped;
- a layer based on intrinsic amorphous silicon preferably hydrogenated “a-SiH(i)” serving as a passivation layer;
- a layer of P-doped (or N-doped) amorphous silicon preferably of P-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon “a-SiH (p)” (or N-doped “a-SiH (n)”);
- E2 B Formation, on said composite layer, of a second electrode, called upper electrode, E2 B , in particular metallized.
- a person skilled in the art is able to adapt the order of the various manufacturing steps of a two-terminal tandem cell.
- the silicon heterojunction sub-cell A can more particularly be prepared according to the steps described above.
- the recombination layer in particular of indium-tin oxide (ITO) can be formed by deposition by PVD (cathode sputtering).
- the deposition by PVD of the thin recombination layer, in particular in ITO is carried out before that of the electrically conductive layer, which is thicker, in particular in ITO.
- the recombination layer is subjected at the level of its face intended to support the conductive or semi-conductive layer of type N or of type P of the upper sub-cell B based on perovskite, to a preliminary treatment by UV-Ozone, in particular for a duration ranging from 1 to 60 minutes, in particular approximately 30 minutes.
- the perovskite-based B subcell can be formed following the steps previously described.
- the face of the PK:P or PK:N composite layer formed according to the invention is covered, prior to the formation of the upper electrode E2 B , with a thin metallic layer (gold or silver) in particular of 0.1 to 1 nm thick, so as to improve the transport at the interface of the composite layer and the upper electrode.
- a thin metallic layer gold or silver
- the metallization of the electrode E1 A (intended to form the rear face "FAR" of the tandem device) and of the upper electrode E2 B (intended to form the front face "FAV" of the tandem device), can be carried out by evaporation of a metal (gold or silver). It can also be operated by screen printing or by inkjet. This is usually to form a grid.
- this step is carried out only at the end of the manufacture of the tandem device, simultaneously for the metallization of the front face and the rear face of the device.
- the metallizations on the front face and on the back face are deposited and annealed together.
- the tandem photovoltaic device according to the invention comprises a sub-cell A with structure of the TOPCon type and a sub-cell B based on perovskite.
- a tandem device is more simply referred to as a “TOPCon/PK tandem device”.
- Sub-cell A can for example have one of the two architectures “TOPCon 1” and “TOPCon 2” detailed previously.
- a TOPCon/PK tandem photovoltaic device in 2T structure according to the invention may for example comprise, in this order of superposition, at least: - a sub-cell A as described previously, comprising in this order of superposition:
- a so-called passivation layer for example made of silicon oxide, in particular of SiO2;
- N-type “ETL” or P-type “HTL” conductive or semi-conductive layer
- a second electrode called upper electrode E2 B , in particular metallized.
- a TOPCon/PK tandem photovoltaic device in 2T structure comprises the poly-Si(n+)/SiO2/c-Si(n)/c-Si ( p+)/RC/ETL/PK:P/E2 B , the metallizations not being represented.
- the recombination layer is advantageously made of transparent conductive oxide(s) (TCO), in particular as described above for the recombination layer of a tandem HET/PK device in 2T structure.
- TCO transparent conductive oxide
- It can for example be made of indium-tin oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO) and mixtures thereof, or alternatively be formed from a multilayer assembly, for example AZO/Ag/AZO.
- the upper electrode E2B can be associated with a metal grid as described in the context of HET/perovskite devices.
- a TOPCon/PK photovoltaic device in 2T structure can comprise a sub-cell A in TOPCon 2 type architecture as described previously and a sub-cell B based on perovksite as described previously.
- a TOPCon/PK photovoltaic device in 2T structure according to the invention may for example comprise, in this order of superposition, at least:
- a so-called passivation layer for example made of silicon oxide, in particular of SiÜ2;
- a so-called passivation layer for example made of silicon oxide, in particular of SiO2;
- N-type “ETL” or P-type “HTL” conductive or semi-conductive layer
- a second electrode called upper electrode E2 B , in particular metallized.
- a TOPCon/PK tandem photovoltaic device in 2T structure comprises the poly-Si(n+)/SiO2/c-Si(n)/SiO2/poly- Si (p+)/poly-Si (n++)/ETL/PK:P/E2 B , the metallizations not being represented.
- the sub-cell A and the superimposed sub-cell B based on perovskite can thus be connected for the preparation of the tandem device with two terminals, without implementation of a so-called recombination layer.
- the upper electrode E2B can be associated with a metal grid as described in the context of HET/perovskite devices.
- the invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a TOPCon/perovskite tandem photovoltaic device with two terminals, in particular as described above, comprising at least the following steps:
- the TOPCon-structured subcell A can be prepared following the steps described above.
- the metallization layer (intended to form the FAR of the tandem device) can be formed by deposition by screen printing of an aluminum paste, on the surface of the layer of polycrystalline silicon heavily doped N + "poly-Si(n+)" ( or P + ), followed by rapid high temperature annealing.
- the recombination layer when it is present, in particular in ITO, can be formed by deposition by PVD (cathode sputtering).
- the recombination layer is subjected, at its face intended to support the N-type or P-type conductive or semi-conductive layer of the upper sub-cell B, to a prior treatment by UV-Ozone, in particular a duration ranging from 1 to 60, in particular approximately 30 minutes.
- the perovskite-based B subcell can be formed following the steps previously described.
- the metallization of the upper electrode E2B (intended to form the front face of the tandem device) can be carried out as described above for the HET/perovskite tandem device.
- tandem photovoltaic devices according to the invention may further comprise electrical connection means, which make it possible to connect the electrodes to supply current to an electrical circuit.
- the tandem photovoltaic device may also comprise an anti-reflection coating on the surface, for example of MgF2.
- the anti-reflection coating may for example have a thickness of between 50 and 200 nm, in particular between 90 and 110 nm, for example approximately 100 nm.
- the P-type material is poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyljamine].
- a formulation of PTAA is prepared at a concentration of 12 g/L in anhydrous toluene.
- This formulation of PTAA is completed by the addition, for 1.5 mL of the solution of PTAA in toluene, of 15.75 ⁇ L of a solution of Li-TFSI at 170 g/L in acetonitrile and of 8 .4 ⁇ L of 4-tert-butylpyridine (t-BP).
- the N layer is formed by centrifugal coating (“spin-coating”).
- a perovskite ink formed from the precursors PbU, PbBr2, Csl and FAI in a mixture of DMF and DMSO, is deposited on the surface of the SnO2 layer by spin-coating. Without stopping the rotation of the structure, the PTAA solution, prepared above (250-350 ⁇ l) is deposited on the surface of the structure.
- the PTAA solution thus serves as a “quenching” formulation of the perovskite.
- the film thus “quenched” is then annealed for one hour at 100° C. to form the perovskite composite layer Cso.osFAo.gsPbOo.ssBro.iyh/PTAA.
- the perovskite+PTAA composite layer has a thickness of approximately 400 nm.
- the analysis of the composite layer by ToF-SIMS analysis makes it possible to identify an increasing concentration of the perovskite material and a decreasing concentration of the P-type material, from the free surface of the composite layer formed to the interface between the layer composite and the underlying N layer.
- three zones can be distinguished, from the interface between the composite layer formed and the underlying N layer to the free surface of the layer composite: a first zone formed mainly from perovskite material, a zone comprising a mixture of perovskite material and P-type material and a zone mainly formed from P-type material.
- An upper electrode (gold layer, 100 nm thick) is then evaporated on the surface of the perovskite+PTAA composite layer.
- the entire device is produced in a glove box under an internal atmosphere.
- the active surface of the NIP type device thus formed of Glass/ITO/N layer/composite perovskite+PTAA/Au structure, is 0.33 cm 2 .
- the photovoltaic performances of the device were measured at 25° C. under standard lighting conditions (1000 W.nr 2 , AM 1.5 G).
- a tandem HET/perovskite cell as represented in FIG. 4 and whose perovskite-based sub-cell incorporates a composite layer according to the invention can be prepared according to the following manufacturing process: - Cleaning by SDR (saw damage removal) and texturing (with KOH) of a silicon wafer;
- CMP Chemical-mechanical polishing
- ITO indium-doped tin oxide
- the formed N layer can be 40 nm.
- the perovskite can be a compound of formula Cs x FAi-xPb(li-yBr y )3 with x ⁇ 0.17; 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1 and FA symbolizing the formamidinium cation; - Au evaporation, 0.2 nm. This layer serves to improve transport at the composite layer/ITO interface;
- a conventional stack comprising layers of PTAA and perovskite and, on the other hand, a composite PTAA/perovskite layer according to the invention are prepared and then analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry ( ToF-SIMS) in depth.
- ToF-SIMS time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
- Depth profiles are obtained by alternating analysis and abrasion sequences.
- the ToF-SIMS analysis curves for the CeF " and Pb _ ions of the PTAA and perovskite layers of the conventional stack are represented schematically in Figure 7.
- the ToF-SIMS analysis makes it possible to clearly identify an upper layer of PTAA ( CeF " ions detected), followed by a layer of perovskite (Pb _ ions detected).
- the ToF-SIMS analysis allows to identify an increasing concentration of the perovskite material (Pb _ ions detected) and a decreasing concentration of the P-type material (CeHe ions, from the free surface of the composite layer formed to the interface between the composite layer and the underlying layer N.
- three zones can be distinguished, from the interface between the composite layer formed and the underlying layer N to the free surface of the composite layer: a first zone formed mainly from perovskite material, a zone comprising a mixture of the perovskite material and the P-type material and a zone mainly formed from the P-type material.
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US18/251,844 US20240008296A1 (en) | 2020-11-05 | 2021-10-25 | Tandem photovoltaic device combining a silicon-based sub-cell and a perovskite-based sub-cell comprising a p- or n-type material/perovskite composite layer |
AU2021375370A AU2021375370A1 (en) | 2020-11-05 | 2021-10-25 | Tandem photovoltaic device combining a silicon-based sub-cell and a perovskite-based sub-cell comprising a p- or n-type material/perovskite composite layer |
EP21810412.3A EP4241305A1 (fr) | 2020-11-05 | 2021-10-25 | Dispositif photovoltaïque tandem combinant une sous-cellule a base de silicium et une sous-cellule a base de perovskite comportant une couche composite perovskite/materiau de type p ou n |
CA3197677A CA3197677A1 (fr) | 2020-11-05 | 2021-10-25 | Dispositif photovoltaique tandem combinant une sous-cellule a base de silicium et une sous-cellule a base de perovskite comportant une couche composite perovskite/materiau de type p ou |
CN202180083704.8A CN117321780A (zh) | 2020-11-05 | 2021-10-25 | 硅基子电池与包括有p型或n型材料/钙钛矿复合层的钙钛矿基子电池组合的串联光伏器件 |
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WO2015080990A1 (fr) | 2013-11-26 | 2015-06-04 | Hunt Energy Enterprises, L.L.C. | Pérovskite et autres matériaux de cellule solaire |
US20180174761A1 (en) * | 2015-06-12 | 2018-06-21 | Oxford Photovoltaics Limited | Method of depositing a perovskite material |
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US20180174761A1 (en) * | 2015-06-12 | 2018-06-21 | Oxford Photovoltaics Limited | Method of depositing a perovskite material |
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CA3197677A1 (fr) | 2022-05-12 |
US20240008296A1 (en) | 2024-01-04 |
FR3115929B1 (fr) | 2023-09-01 |
CN117321780A (zh) | 2023-12-29 |
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