WO2021116819A1 - 正極活物質の作製方法、キルン、加熱炉 - Google Patents
正極活物質の作製方法、キルン、加熱炉 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021116819A1 WO2021116819A1 PCT/IB2020/061298 IB2020061298W WO2021116819A1 WO 2021116819 A1 WO2021116819 A1 WO 2021116819A1 IB 2020061298 W IB2020061298 W IB 2020061298W WO 2021116819 A1 WO2021116819 A1 WO 2021116819A1
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- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
- heating
- secondary battery
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Classifications
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- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/66—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkaline earth metals, e.g. SrNiO3 or SrNiO2
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- F27B9/14—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment
- F27B9/20—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment the charge moving in a substantially straight path
- F27B9/24—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment the charge moving in a substantially straight path being carried by a conveyor
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- F27B9/30—Details, accessories or equipment specially adapted for furnaces of these types
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- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
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- F27B7/02—Rotary-drum furnaces, i.e. horizontal or slightly inclined of multiple-chamber or multiple-drum type
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- F27D2005/0081—Details
- F27D2005/0087—Means to prevent the adherence of the charge
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the homogeneity of the present invention relates to a product, a method, or a manufacturing method.
- the present invention relates to a process, machine, manufacture, or composition (composition of matter).
- One aspect of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device, a display device, a light emitting device, a power storage device, a lighting device, an electronic device, or a method for manufacturing the same.
- the electronic device refers to all devices having a power storage device, and the electro-optical device having the power storage device, the information terminal device having the power storage device, and the like are all electronic devices.
- lithium ion secondary batteries lithium ion capacitors
- air batteries air batteries
- all-solid-state batteries all-solid-state batteries
- high-power, high-capacity lithium-ion secondary batteries are rapidly expanding in demand with the development of the semiconductor industry, and have become indispensable to the modern information society as a source of rechargeable energy. ..
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method for producing a positive electrode active material using a rotary kiln capable of continuous treatment.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 to 3 Research on the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material has also been conducted.
- X-ray diffraction is one of the methods used for analyzing the crystal structure of a positive electrode active material.
- XRD data can be analyzed by using ICSD (Inorganic Crystal Structure Database) introduced in Non-Patent Document 4.
- the positive electrode active material is a high-cost material among lithium-ion secondary batteries, and is highly effective in improving productivity. At the same time, there is a high demand for higher performance (for example, higher capacity, improved cycle characteristics, improved reliability or safety).
- one aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a positive electrode active material having high productivity.
- one of the issues is to provide a manufacturing apparatus capable of producing a positive electrode active material with high productivity.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a positive electrode active material whose crystal structure does not easily collapse even after repeated charging and discharging.
- Another issue is to provide a method for producing a positive electrode active material having excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- one of the problems is to provide a method for producing a positive electrode active material having a large charge / discharge capacity.
- one of the issues is to provide a secondary battery having high reliability or safety.
- Another object of one aspect of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode active material, a power storage device, or a method for producing the same.
- One aspect of the present invention is a method for producing a positive electrode active material having lithium, a transition metal, oxygen and fluorine, which has a sticking suppressing step during heating of the object to be treated. ..
- the sticking suppressing step is preferably stirring by rotating the furnace during heating.
- stirring is preferably performed by vibrating the container containing the object to be treated during heating.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a method for producing a positive electrode active material having lithium, a transition metal, oxygen and fluorine, which is a positive electrode active material having a sticking suppressing step between a plurality of heating steps. It is a manufacturing method.
- the sticking suppressing step is preferably at least one of stirring by vibrating the container containing the object to be processed during heating and crushing performed between the plurality of heating steps.
- the rotary kiln includes a kiln body, a mill, a first heating means, and a second heating means. It has a first raw material supply means, a second raw material supply means, and an atmosphere control means, and the kiln body has a substantially cylindrical shape and has a function of stirring an object to be processed by rotating.
- the kiln body has an upstream portion and a downstream portion, and has a function of retaining the object to be processed in the upstream portion for 1 hour or more and 100 hours or less, and a function of retaining the object to be processed in the downstream portion for 1 hour or more and 100 hours or less.
- the mill has a function of suppressing the adhesion of the object to be treated
- the first heating means has a function of heating the upstream portion of the kiln body to 800 ° C. or higher and 1100 ° C. or lower
- the second heating means is the kiln main body.
- the downstream portion of the kiln has a function of heating to 500 ° C. or higher and 1130 ° C. or lower
- the first raw material supply means has a function of supplying an object to be processed to the upstream portion of the kiln body
- the second raw material supply means is a kiln.
- a rotary kiln which has a function of supplying additional raw materials to the downstream part of the main body and is an oxygen-containing gas introduction line for introducing an oxygen-containing gas inside the kiln main body, is an atmosphere control means.
- the kiln that continuously processes the charged object to be treated
- the kiln is a kiln body, a first mill, a second mill, and a first heating. It has means, a second heating means, and a raw material supply means
- the kiln body has a substantially cylindrical shape, has a lifting blade inside, and the raising blade has a function of stirring an object to be processed.
- the kiln body has an upstream portion and a downstream portion, and has a function of retaining the object to be processed in the upstream portion for 1 hour or more and 100 hours or less, and a function of retaining the object to be processed in the downstream portion for 1 hour or more and 100 hours or less.
- the first mill and the second mill are provided between the upstream portion and the downstream portion and have a function of suppressing the sticking of the object to be processed, and the first heating means has 800 the upstream portion of the kiln body.
- the second heating means has a function of heating the downstream part of the kiln body to 500 ° C. or more and 1130 ° C. or less, and the raw material supply means covers the upstream part of the kiln body.
- a kiln that has the function of supplying processed materials.
- roller herskilln that continuously treats an object to be processed in a container
- the roller herskirn is a tunnel-shaped kiln main body, a plurality of rollers, and a first type. It has a heating means, a second heating means, an atmosphere control means, and a sticking suppressing means, the plurality of rollers have a function of transporting a container, and the kiln body has a function of transporting the container, and the kiln body is in the transport direction of the plurality of rollers.
- the first heating means has a function of heating the upstream portion to 800 ° C. or higher and 1100 ° C.
- another aspect of the present invention is a heating furnace for batch-treating an object to be processed in a container
- the heating furnace includes a heating means, a space inside the heating furnace, an atmosphere control means, and a sticking suppressing means.
- the heating means has a function of heating the space inside the heating furnace to 800 ° C. or higher and 1100 ° C. or lower
- the atmosphere control means is an oxygen-containing gas introduction line that introduces the oxygen-containing gas into the space inside the heating furnace.
- the sticking suppressing means is a heating furnace having a function of vibrating the container.
- a method for producing a positive electrode active material having good productivity it is possible to provide a manufacturing apparatus capable of producing a positive electrode active material with high productivity. Alternatively, it is possible to provide a method for producing a positive electrode active material whose crystal structure does not easily collapse even after repeated charging and discharging. Alternatively, it is possible to provide a method for producing a positive electrode active material having excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics. Alternatively, it is possible to provide a method for producing a positive electrode active material having a large charge / discharge capacity. Alternatively, a highly reliable or safe secondary battery can be provided.
- a positive electrode active material it is possible to provide a positive electrode active material, a power storage device, or a method for producing the same.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for producing a positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for producing a positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for producing a positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for producing a positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 5A is a top view of the positive electrode active material
- FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of the positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining the charging depth and the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining the charging depth and the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material of the comparative example.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for producing a positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for producing a positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 3 is
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an XRD pattern calculated from the crystal structure.
- 9A to 9C are lattice constants calculated from XRD.
- 10A to 10C are lattice constants calculated from XRD.
- 11A and 11B are diagrams illustrating an example of a manufacturing apparatus.
- FIG. 11C is a diagram illustrating a cross section of the manufacturing apparatus.
- 12A and 12B are diagrams illustrating an example of a manufacturing apparatus.
- FIG. 13A is a diagram illustrating an example of a manufacturing apparatus.
- FIG. 13B is a diagram illustrating the arrangement of the rollers.
- FIG. 13C is a diagram illustrating an example of a manufacturing apparatus.
- 14A and 14B are diagrams illustrating an example of a manufacturing apparatus.
- 15A and 15B are cross-sectional views of the active material layer when a graphene compound is used as the conductive material.
- 16A and 16B are diagrams illustrating an example of a secondary battery.
- 17A to 17C are diagrams illustrating an example of a secondary battery.
- 18A and 18B are diagrams illustrating an example of a secondary battery.
- 19A to 19C are diagrams illustrating a coin-type secondary battery.
- 20A to 20D are diagrams illustrating a cylindrical secondary battery.
- 21A and 21B are diagrams illustrating an example of a secondary battery.
- 22A to 22D are diagrams illustrating an example of a secondary battery.
- 23A and 23B are diagrams illustrating an example of a secondary battery.
- FIG. 24 is a diagram illustrating an example of a secondary battery.
- 25A to 25C are diagrams illustrating a laminated type secondary battery.
- 26A and 26B are diagrams illustrating a laminated secondary battery.
- FIG. 27 is a diagram showing the appearance of the secondary battery.
- FIG. 28 is a diagram showing the appearance of the secondary battery.
- 29A to 29C are diagrams illustrating a method for manufacturing a secondary battery.
- 30A to 30H are diagrams for explaining an example of an electronic device.
- 31A to 31C are diagrams illustrating an example of an electronic device.
- FIG. 32 is a diagram illustrating an example of an electronic device.
- 33A to 33C are diagrams illustrating an example of an electronic device.
- 34A to 34C are diagrams showing an example of an electronic device.
- 35A to 35C are diagrams illustrating an example of a vehicle.
- 36A to 36C are SEM images of the positive electrode active material produced in Example 1.
- 37A and 37B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of the positive electrode active material produced in Example 1.
- 38A and 38B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of the positive electrode active material produced in Example 1.
- 39A and 39B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of the positive electrode active material produced in Example 1.
- 40A and 40B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of the positive electrode active material produced in Example 1.
- 41A and 41B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of the positive electrode active material produced in Example 1.
- 42A and 42B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of the positive electrode active material produced in Example 1.
- the Miller index is used for the notation of the crystal plane and the direction.
- Individual planes indicating crystal planes are represented by ().
- Crystallographically, the notation of the crystal plane, direction, and space group has a superscript bar attached to the number, but in the present specification and the like, due to the limitation of the application notation, instead of adding a bar above the number, the number is preceded. It may be expressed with a minus sign.
- the layered rock salt type crystal structure of a composite oxide containing lithium and a transition metal has a rock salt type ion arrangement in which cations and anions are alternately arranged, and the transition metal and lithium are present.
- a crystal structure capable of two-dimensional diffusion of lithium because it is regularly arranged to form a two-dimensional plane.
- the layered rock salt crystal structure may have a distorted lattice of rock salt crystals.
- the rock salt type crystal structure means a structure in which cations and anions are alternately arranged. There may be a cation or anion deficiency.
- the theoretical capacity of the positive electrode active material means the amount of electricity when all the lithium that can be inserted and removed from the positive electrode active material is desorbed.
- the theoretical capacity of LiCoO 2 is 274 mAh / g
- the theoretical capacity of LiNiO 2 is 274 mAh / g
- the theoretical capacity of LiMn 2 O 4 is 148 mAh / g.
- the charging depth when all the lithium that can be inserted and removed is inserted is 0, and the charging depth when all the lithium that can be inserted and removed from the positive electrode active material is removed is 1. And.
- a lithium metal is used as a counter electrode
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention is used.
- Other materials such as graphite and lithium titanate may be used for the negative electrode.
- the properties of the positive electrode and the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention such as the crystal structure being less likely to collapse even after repeated charging and discharging, and good cycle characteristics being obtained, are not affected by the material of the negative electrode.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention may be charged / discharged at a relatively high voltage such as a charging voltage of 4.6 V with counter electrode lithium, but may be charged / discharged at a lower voltage.
- a relatively high voltage such as a charging voltage of 4.6 V with counter electrode lithium
- the cycle characteristics will be further improved as compared with those shown in the present specification and the like.
- particles gather and solidify after heating to be fixed. It is presumed that the bonds between the particles are due to ionic bonds or van der Waals forces, but regardless of the heating temperature, crystal state, element distribution state, etc., if the particles are simply gathered and solidified, they are fixed. And.
- the kiln refers to a device for heating an object to be processed.
- a kiln it may be called a furnace, a kiln, a heating device, or the like.
- Step S11 As step S11 of FIG. 1, first, a lithium source and a transition metal M source are prepared as materials for the composite oxide (LiMO 2 ) having lithium, a transition metal M, and oxygen.
- lithium source for example, lithium carbonate, lithium fluoride, lithium hydroxide and the like can be used.
- the transition metal M it is preferable to use a metal capable of forming a layered rock salt type composite oxide belonging to the space group R-3m together with lithium.
- a metal capable of forming a layered rock salt type composite oxide belonging to the space group R-3m together with lithium for example, at least one of manganese, cobalt and nickel can be used. That is, as the transition metal M source, only cobalt may be used, only nickel may be used, two types of cobalt and manganese, or two types of cobalt and nickel may be used, and cobalt, manganese, and nickel may be used. 3 types may be used.
- the mixing ratio of cobalt, manganese, and nickel within a range capable of forming a layered rock salt type crystal structure is preferable. Further, aluminum may be added to these transition metals as long as a layered rock salt type crystal structure can be obtained.
- transition metal M source oxides, hydroxides, etc. of the above metals exemplified as the transition metal M can be used.
- cobalt source for example, cobalt oxide, cobalt hydroxide and the like can be used.
- manganese source manganese oxide, manganese hydroxide and the like can be used.
- nickel source nickel oxide, nickel hydroxide or the like can be used.
- aluminum source aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, or the like can be used.
- step S12 the above lithium source and transition metal M source are crushed and mixed.
- Mixing can be done dry or wet.
- a ball mill, a bead mill or the like can be used for mixing.
- zirconia balls it is preferable to use zirconia balls as a medium, for example.
- step S13 the materials mixed above are heated.
- This step may be referred to as firing or first heating to distinguish it from the subsequent heating step.
- the heating is preferably performed at 800 ° C. or higher and lower than 1100 ° C., more preferably 900 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower, and further preferably about 950 ° C. If the temperature is too low, the decomposition and melting of the lithium source and the transition metal M source may be insufficient. On the other hand, if the temperature is too high, defects may occur due to excessive reduction of the transition metal M responsible for the redox reaction, evaporation of lithium, and the like. For example, when cobalt is used as the transition metal M, a defect may occur in which cobalt becomes divalent.
- the heating time can be, for example, 1 hour or more and 100 hours or less, and preferably 2 hours or more and 20 hours or less. The shorter the heating time, the better the productivity and the more preferable. However, if the heating time is too long, the decomposition and melting of the lithium source and the transition metal M source may be insufficient.
- the firing is preferably performed in an atmosphere such as dry air where there is little water (for example, a dew point of ⁇ 50 ° C. or lower, more preferably ⁇ 100 ° C. or lower).
- the heating is performed at 1000 ° C. for 10 hours, the temperature rise is 200 ° C./h, and the flow rate in a dry atmosphere is 10 L / min.
- the heated material can then be cooled to room temperature.
- the temperature lowering time from the specified temperature to room temperature is 10 hours or more and 50 hours or less.
- cooling to room temperature in step S13 is not essential. If there is no problem in performing the subsequent steps S41 to S44, the cooling may be performed at a temperature higher than room temperature.
- step S14 the material calcined above is recovered to obtain a composite oxide (LiMO 2) having lithium, a transition metal M, and oxygen.
- a composite oxide LiMO 2
- lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganate, lithium nickel oxide, lithium cobalt oxide in which part of cobalt is replaced with manganese, lithium cobalt oxide in which part of cobalt is replaced with nickel, or nickel-manganese- Obtain lithium cobalt oxide and the like.
- step S14 a composite oxide having lithium, a transition metal M and oxygen previously synthesized may be used. In this case, steps S11 to S13 can be omitted.
- lithium cobalt oxide (trade name: CellSeed C-10N) manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd. can be used as the composite oxide synthesized in advance.
- This has a median diameter (D50) of about 12 ⁇ m, and in impurity analysis by glow discharge mass spectrometry (GD-MS), magnesium concentration and fluorine concentration are 50 ppm wt or less, calcium concentration, aluminum concentration and silicon concentration are 100 ppm wt or less.
- Lithium cobaltate having a nickel concentration of 150 ppm wt or less, a sulfur concentration of 500 ppm wt or less, an arsenic concentration of 1100 ppm wt or less, and other element concentrations other than lithium, cobalt and oxygen of 150 ppm wt or less.
- lithium cobalt oxide (trade name: CellSeed C-5H) manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd. can be used. This is lithium cobalt oxide having a median diameter (D50) of about 6.5 ⁇ m and an element concentration other than lithium, cobalt and oxygen in the impurity analysis by GD-MS, which is about the same as or less than C-10N. ..
- cobalt is used as the metal M
- pre-synthesized lithium cobalt oxide CellSeed C-10N manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.
- step S21 a fluorine source and a magnesium source are prepared as materials for the mixture 902. It is also preferable to prepare a lithium source.
- fluorine source examples include lithium fluoride (LiF), magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), aluminum fluoride (AlF 3 ), titanium fluoride (TiF 4 ), cobalt fluoride (CoF 2 , CoF 3 ), and fluorine.
- the fluorine source is not limited to solids, for example, fluorine (F 2 ), carbon fluoride, sulfur fluoride, oxygen fluoride (OF 2 , O 2 F 2 , O 3 F 2 , O 4 F 2 , O 2 F). Or the like may be mixed in the atmosphere in the heating step described later. Further, a plurality of fluorine sources may be mixed and used. Among them, lithium fluoride is preferable because it has a relatively low melting point of 848 ° C. and is easily melted in the annealing step described later.
- chlorine source for example, lithium chloride, magnesium chloride or the like can be used.
- magnesium source for example, magnesium fluoride, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and the like can be used.
- lithium source for example, lithium fluoride, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide and the like can be used. That is, lithium fluoride can be used as both a lithium source and a fluorine source. Magnesium fluoride can be used as both a fluorine source and a magnesium source.
- lithium fluoride LiF is prepared as a fluorine source
- magnesium fluoride MgF 2 is prepared as a fluorine source and a magnesium source.
- LiF: MgF 2 65:35 (molar ratio)
- the effect of lowering the melting point is highest.
- the amount of lithium fluoride increases, there is a concern that the amount of lithium becomes excessive and the cycle characteristics deteriorate.
- the term "neighborhood" means a value larger than 0.9 times and smaller than 1.1 times the value.
- a solvent is prepared.
- a ketone such as acetone
- an alcohol such as ethanol and isopropanol
- ether such as ethanol and isopropanol
- dioxane such as ethanol and isopropanol
- acetonitrile such as acetonitrile
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- acetone is used.
- step S22 the material of the above mixture 902 is mixed and pulverized.
- Mixing can be done dry or wet, but wet is preferred as it can be pulverized to a smaller size.
- a ball mill, a bead mill or the like can be used for mixing.
- zirconia balls it is preferable to use zirconia balls as a medium, for example. It is preferable that the mixing and pulverization steps are sufficiently performed to pulverize the mixture 902.
- step S23 the material mixed and pulverized above is recovered to obtain a mixture 902.
- the mixture 902 preferably has a D50 (median diameter) of, for example, 600 nm or more and 20 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the mixture 902 pulverized in this way tends to uniformly adhere the mixture 902 to the surface of the composite oxide when mixed with the composite oxide having lithium, the transition metal M, and oxygen in a later step. It is preferable that the mixture 902 is uniformly adhered to the surface of the composite oxide because fluorine and magnesium are easily distributed in the vicinity of the surface of the composite oxide after heating. If there is a region near the surface that does not contain fluorine and magnesium, it may be difficult to form an O3'type crystal structure, which will be described later, in the charged state.
- step S41 the LiMO 2 obtained in step S14 and the mixture 902 are mixed.
- the mixing in step S41 is preferably made under milder conditions than the mixing in step S12 so as not to destroy the particles of the composite oxide LiMO 2.
- the number of revolutions is smaller or the time is shorter than the mixing in step S12.
- the dry type is generally milder than the wet type.
- a ball mill, a bead mill or the like can be used for mixing.
- zirconia balls it is preferable to use zirconia balls as a medium, for example.
- step S42 the material mixed above is recovered to obtain a mixture 903.
- the present embodiment describes a method of adding a mixture of lithium fluoride and magnesium fluoride to lithium cobalt oxide having few impurities
- one aspect of the present invention is not limited to this.
- a starting material of lithium cobalt oxide to which a magnesium source, a fluorine source, or the like is added and calcined may be used. In this case, since it is not necessary to separate the steps of steps S11 to S14 and the steps of steps S21 to S23, it is simple and highly productive.
- lithium cobalt oxide to which magnesium and fluorine have been added in advance may be used. If lithium cobalt oxide to which magnesium and fluorine are added is used, the steps S11 to S14 can be omitted, which is more convenient.
- a magnesium source and a fluorine source may be further added to lithium cobalt oxide to which magnesium and fluorine have been added in advance.
- step S43 the mixture 903 is heated in an oxygen-containing atmosphere.
- the heating is preferably a heating having an effect of suppressing sticking so that the particles of the mixture 903 do not stick to each other.
- This step may be referred to as annealing, sticking suppression annealing, or second heating in order to distinguish it from the previous heating step.
- the atmosphere in this step may be a mixture of air and oxygen gas. It is preferable to use a mixture of air and oxygen gas because the partial pressure of oxygen can be increased while improving productivity.
- the distribution of additives which are preferably distributed in the vicinity of the surface, which will be described later, may deteriorate.
- the surface of the positive electrode active material which is preferably smooth and has few irregularities, may have more irregularities when the particles are fixed to each other, and defects such as cracks and cracks may increase. It is considered that this is due to the fact that the mixture 903 sticks to each other, the contact area with oxygen in the atmosphere is reduced, and the path of diffusion of the additive is obstructed.
- a positive electrode active material having good characteristics can be produced by heating with a sticking suppressing effect.
- the heating may be performed by either a continuous type or a batch type.
- Examples of the heating having the effect of suppressing sticking include heating while stirring the mixture 903 and heating while vibrating the container containing the mixture 903.
- the heating by the rotary kiln can be heated with stirring in either the continuous type or the batch type, and is preferable as the sticking suppression annealing.
- the continuous type has good productivity and is preferable.
- the batch type is preferable because the atmosphere can be easily controlled.
- roller harskin is a continuous type, so it is highly productive and preferable.
- a stirring ball or the like together with the mixture 903 into a rotary kiln or a container containing the mixture 903.
- a material that does not easily cause a chemical reaction with the mixture 903 or a material that does not adversely affect even if a chemical reaction occurs is preferable, and aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide and the like are preferable.
- the stirring ball is preferably sufficiently larger than the particles of the positive electrode active material 100 so that it can be easily removed in a later step.
- the diameter of the stirring ball is preferably, for example, 10 times or more and 100 times or less the diameter of the median diameter D50 of the positive electrode active material 100.
- the heating temperature in step S43 needs to be equal to or higher than the temperature at which the reaction between LiMO 2 and the mixture 902 proceeds.
- the temperature at which the reaction proceeds here may be any temperature at which mutual diffusion of the elements contained in LiMO 2 and the mixture 902 occurs. Therefore, it may be lower than the melting temperature of these materials. For example, in oxides, solid phase diffusion occurs from 0.757 times the melting temperature T m (Tanman temperature T d). Therefore, for example, it may be 500 ° C. or higher.
- the temperature is higher than the temperature at which at least a part of the mixture 903 is melted because the reaction proceeds more easily. Therefore, the annealing temperature is preferably equal to or higher than the co-melting point of the mixture 902.
- the co-melting point of LiF and MgF 2 is around 742 ° C., so that the temperature in step S43 is preferably 742 ° C. or higher.
- the annealing temperature must be equal to or lower than the decomposition temperature of LiMO 2 (1130 ° C. in the case of LiCoO 2). Further, at a temperature near the decomposition temperature, there is a concern that LiMO 2 may be decomposed, although the amount is small. Therefore, the annealing temperature is preferably 1130 ° C. or lower, more preferably 1000 ° C. or lower, further preferably 950 ° C. or lower, and further preferably 900 ° C. or lower.
- the annealing temperature is preferably 500 ° C. or higher and 1130 ° C. or lower, more preferably 500 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower, further preferably 500 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower, and further preferably 500 ° C. or higher and 900 ° C. or lower.
- 742 ° C. or higher and 1130 ° C. or lower is preferable, 742 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower is more preferable, 742 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower is further preferable, and 742 ° C. or higher and 900 ° C. or lower is further preferable.
- 830 ° C. or higher and 1130 ° C. or lower is preferable, 830 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower is more preferable, 830 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower is further preferable, and 830 ° C. or higher and 900 ° C. or lower is further preferable.
- some materials for example, lithium fluoride, which is a fluorine source, functions as a flux.
- the annealing temperature can be lowered to below the decomposition temperature of LiMO 2 , for example, 742 ° C or higher and 950 ° C or lower, and additives such as magnesium are evenly distributed near the surface to produce a positive electrode active material with good characteristics. It is thought that it can be produced.
- the mixture 903 in an atmosphere containing lithium fluoride, that is, to heat the mixture 903 in a state where the partial pressure of lithium fluoride in the heating furnace is high. By such heating, volatilization of lithium fluoride in the mixture 903 can be suppressed.
- the flow rate of the oxygen-containing atmosphere in the kiln it is preferable to control the flow rate of the oxygen-containing atmosphere in the kiln to heat the mixture 903.
- the flow rate of the atmosphere containing oxygen is reduced, the atmosphere is first purged and the oxygen atmosphere is introduced into the kiln, and then the atmosphere does not flow.
- the mixture 903 can be heated in an atmosphere containing lithium fluoride, for example, by arranging a lid in a container containing the mixture 903.
- Annealing is preferably performed at an appropriate time.
- the appropriate annealing time varies depending on conditions such as the annealing temperature, the size and composition of LiMO 2 in step S14. Smaller particles may be more preferred at lower temperatures or shorter times than larger particles.
- the annealing temperature is preferably, for example, 600 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower.
- the annealing time is, for example, preferably 3 hours or more, more preferably 10 hours or more, and even more preferably 60 hours or more.
- the annealing temperature is preferably, for example, 600 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower.
- the annealing time is, for example, preferably 1 hour or more and 10 hours or less, and more preferably about 2 hours.
- the annealing time is short as long as the battery characteristics are not impaired, because the productivity is high.
- the temperature lowering time after annealing is preferably, for example, 10 hours or more and 50 hours or less.
- step S44 the material that has been annealed to prevent sticking can be recovered to prepare the positive electrode active material 100. At this time, it is preferable to further sift the recovered positive electrode active material 100.
- FIG. 1 a manufacturing method for performing sticking-suppressing annealing as step S43 has been described, but one aspect of the present invention is not limited to this.
- the sticking of the object to be processed can also be suppressed by the method shown in steps S53 to S55 of FIGS. 2 and 4. Since there are many parts in common with FIG. 1, the different parts will be mainly described. For the common parts, the explanation of FIG. 1 can be taken into consideration.
- step S53 of FIGS. 2 and 4 the mixture 903 is heated in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. At this time, it is not necessary to particularly stir. For other conditions, the description in step S43 can be taken into consideration.
- a mixture obtained by heating the mixture 903 once or more is referred to as a composite oxide.
- step S54 a sticking suppression operation is performed on the above composite oxide.
- the operations for suppressing the adhesion of the composite oxide include crushing with a pestle, mixing with a ball mill, mixing with a rotating and rotating mixer, sieving, and vibrating a container containing the composite oxide. Can be given. It may be preferable that this step is also performed in an atmosphere containing water instead of a dry atmosphere. The presence of an appropriate amount of water in the atmosphere may promote the hydrolysis of fluoride, including magnesium fluoride. Therefore, for example, the atmosphere may be used as the atmosphere during this step. It is preferable to use the atmosphere because the productivity is good. Further, the atmosphere in this step may be a mixture of air and oxygen gas. It is preferable to use a mixture of air and oxygen gas because the partial pressure of oxygen can be increased while improving productivity.
- step S55 the composite oxide after the sticking suppression operation is heated in an atmosphere containing oxygen.
- the description in step S53 can be taken into consideration.
- Step S54 and step S55 can be performed n times (n is an integer of 1 or more). If n is too large, the productivity may be lowered and the characteristics of the positive electrode active material may be deteriorated, which is not preferable. Therefore, for example, n is preferably 1 or more and 3 or less, and more preferably 2.
- the sticking of the composite oxide can be suppressed by performing the sticking suppressing operation during the plurality of heating steps. Since this method does not require stirring during heating, sticking can be suppressed even in a batch type non-rotating furnace.
- step S14 a production method of mixing the LiMO 2 obtained in step S14 and the mixture 902 in step S41 has been described, but one aspect of the present invention is not limited to this. Further other additives may be mixed as shown in steps S31, S32 and S41 of FIGS. 3 and 4.
- the additive for example, one or more selected from nickel, aluminum, manganese, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, iron, chromium, niobium, cobalt, arsenic, zinc, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus and boron can be used.
- 3 and 4 show an example in which two types of additives are used, a nickel source as step S31 and an aluminum source as step S32.
- additives are preferably used by pulverizing oxides, hydroxides, fluorides and the like of each element.
- the pulverization can be performed, for example, in a wet manner.
- the concentration of the additive can be increased near the surface as compared with the inside of the positive electrode active material 100.
- the ratio of the number of atoms of the additive element to the reference can be made higher in the vicinity of the surface than in the inside.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments.
- FIG. 5A is a top view of the positive electrode active material 100, which is one aspect of the present invention.
- a cross-sectional view taken along the line AB in FIG. 5A is shown in FIG. 5B.
- the positive electrode active material 100 has lithium, a transition metal M, oxygen, and an additive. It can be said that the positive electrode active material 100 is a composite oxide represented by LiMO 2 with an additive added.
- the transition metal M contained in the positive electrode active material 100 it is preferable to use a metal capable of forming a layered rock salt type composite oxide belonging to the space group R-3m together with lithium.
- a metal capable of forming a layered rock salt type composite oxide belonging to the space group R-3m together with lithium For example, at least one of manganese, cobalt and nickel can be used. That is, as the transition metal of the positive electrode active material 100, only cobalt may be used, only nickel may be used, two types of cobalt and manganese, two types of cobalt and nickel may be used, and cobalt may be used. , Manganese, and nickel may be used.
- the positive electrode active material 100 is lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium cobalt oxide in which a part of cobalt is substituted with manganese, lithium cobalt oxide in which a part of cobalt is substituted with nickel, and nickel-manganese-lithium cobalt oxide.
- Such as, can have a composite oxide containing lithium and a transition metal M. Having nickel in addition to cobalt as the transition metal M is preferable because the crystal structure may become more stable in a state of being charged at a high voltage.
- the additive contained in the positive electrode active material 100 at least one of magnesium, fluorine, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, iron, chromium, niobium, cobalt, arsenic, zinc, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus and boron may be used. preferable. These elements may further stabilize the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material 100 as described later. That is, the positive electrode active material 100 is added with lithium cobalt oxide added with magnesium and fluorine, magnesium, lithium cobalt oxide added with fluorine and titanium, lithium nickel-cobalt oxide added with magnesium and fluorine, magnesium and fluorine.
- It can have cobalt-lithium cobalt oxide, nickel-cobalt-lithium aluminum oxide, nickel-cobalt-lithium aluminum oxide added with magnesium and fluorine, nickel-manganesium-lithium cobalt oxide added with magnesium and fluorine, and the like. ..
- a mixture, a part of a raw material, an impurity and the like may be referred to instead of an additive.
- the positive electrode active material 100 has a surface layer portion 100a and an internal 100b.
- the surface layer portion 100a preferably has a higher concentration of additives than the internal 100b. Further, as shown by gradation in FIG. 5B, it is preferable that the additive has a concentration gradient that increases from the inside toward the surface.
- the surface layer portion 100a means a region of 10 nm or less in the depth direction from the surface of the positive electrode active material 100. The surface created by cracks and cracks can also be called the surface. Further, the region deeper than the surface layer portion 100a of the positive electrode active material 100 is defined as the internal 100b.
- the surface layer portion 100a having a high concentration of additives so that the layered structure composed of the octahedron of cobalt and oxygen is not broken even if lithium is removed from the positive electrode active material 100 by charging. That is, the outer peripheral portion of the particle is reinforced.
- the concentration gradient of the additive is preferably the same gradient in the entire surface layer portion 100a of the positive electrode active material 100. It may be said that it is preferable that the reinforcement derived from the high impurity concentration is uniformly present in the surface layer portion 100a. This is because even if a part of the surface layer portion 100a is reinforced, if there is a portion without reinforcement, stress may be concentrated on the portion without reinforcement, which is not preferable. When stress is concentrated on a part of the particles, defects such as cracks may occur from the stress, which may lead to cracking of the positive electrode active material and a decrease in charge / discharge capacity.
- Magnesium is divalent and is more stable at lithium sites than at transition metal sites in layered rock salt-type crystal structures, so it is more likely to enter lithium sites.
- magnesium is present at an appropriate concentration in the lithium site of the surface layer portion 100a, it is possible to easily maintain the layered rock salt type crystal structure.
- Magnesium is preferable because it does not adversely affect the insertion and removal of lithium during charging and discharging if the concentration is appropriate. However, an excess can adversely affect the insertion and removal of lithium.
- the surface layer portion 100a has a higher concentration of the transition metal M than, for example, magnesium.
- Aluminum is trivalent and has a strong bond with oxygen. Therefore, if aluminum is used as an additive, changes in the crystal structure can be suppressed when it enters the lithium site. Therefore, the positive electrode active material 100 whose crystal structure does not easily collapse even after repeated charging and discharging can be obtained.
- Titanium oxide is known to have superhydrophilicity. Therefore, by using the positive electrode active material 100 having a titanium oxide on the surface layer portion 100a, there is a possibility that the wettability with respect to a highly polar solvent may be improved. When a secondary battery is used, the contact between the positive electrode active material 100 and the highly polar electrolytic solution is good, and there is a possibility that an increase in resistance can be suppressed.
- the cathode active material of one aspect of the present invention has a stable crystal structure even at a high voltage. Since the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material is stable in the charged state, it is possible to suppress a decrease in capacity due to repeated charging and discharging.
- a short circuit of the secondary battery not only causes a problem in the charging operation and the discharging operation of the secondary battery, but also may cause heat generation and ignition.
- the short-circuit current is suppressed even at a high charging voltage.
- a short-circuit current is suppressed even at a high charging voltage. Therefore, a secondary battery having both high capacity and safety can be obtained.
- a secondary battery using the positive electrode active material 100 of one aspect of the present invention preferably simultaneously satisfies high capacity, excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics, and safety.
- the concentration gradient of the additive can be evaluated using, for example, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX: Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy).
- EDX Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
- linear analysis measuring while scanning linearly and evaluating the distribution of the atomic concentration in the positive electrode active material particles.
- linear analysis measuring while scanning linearly and evaluating the distribution of the atomic concentration in the positive electrode active material particles.
- the data extracted from the surface analysis of the EDX in the linear region may be referred to as the line analysis.
- measuring a certain area without scanning is called point analysis.
- the concentration of the additive in the surface layer portion 100a, the inner 100b, the vicinity of the grain boundary, etc. of the positive electrode active material 100 can be quantitatively analyzed.
- the concentration distribution of additives can be analyzed by EDX ray analysis.
- the peak of the magnesium concentration in the surface layer portion 100a preferably exists up to a depth of 3 nm toward the center from the surface of the positive electrode active material 100, and exists up to a depth of 1 nm. It is more preferable to be present, and it is further preferable to exist up to a depth of 0.5 nm.
- the surface of the positive electrode active material 100 in the EDX analysis is the average value of the detected amounts of the internal 100b for the elements present in the entire positive electrode active material 100 such as cobalt and oxygen, and the average value is obtained. It is assumed that the measurement point showing the measurement value closest to the value of 50% of the positive electrode active material 100 is the surface of the positive electrode active material 100. Further, it is preferable to calculate the average value after subtracting the background. Cobalt is suitable for estimating the position of the surface because it is difficult to be contained in the background and the average value of the internal 100b can be easily obtained. Further, since the positive electrode active material 100 is a composite oxide, it is also preferable to use the detected amount of oxygen for surface estimation.
- the distribution of fluorine contained in the positive electrode active material 100 preferably overlaps with the distribution of magnesium. Therefore, when EDX ray analysis is performed, the peak of the fluorine concentration in the surface layer portion 100a preferably exists up to a depth of 3 nm toward the center from the surface of the positive electrode active material 100, and more preferably exists up to a depth of 1 nm. It is preferably present to a depth of 0.5 nm, more preferably.
- the positive electrode active material 100 has aluminum as an additive, it is preferable that the distribution is slightly different from that of magnesium and fluorine.
- the peak of magnesium concentration is closer to the surface than the peak of aluminum concentration of the surface layer portion 100a.
- the peak of the aluminum concentration preferably exists at a depth of 0.5 nm or more and 20 nm or less toward the center from the surface of the positive electrode active material 100, and more preferably at a depth of 1 nm or more and 5 nm or less.
- the ratio (I / M) of the number of atoms of the impurity I and the transition metal M in the surface layer portion 100a is preferably 0.05 or more and 1.00 or less.
- the ratio (Ti / M) of the number of atoms of titanium and the transition metal M is preferably 0.05 or more and 0.4 or less, and more preferably 0.1 or more and 0.3 or less.
- the impurity is magnesium
- the ratio of the number of atoms of magnesium to the transition metal M (Mg / M) is preferably 0.4 or more and 1.5 or less, and more preferably 0.45 or more and 1.00 or less.
- the ratio (F / M) of the number of atoms of fluorine and the transition metal M is preferably 0.05 or more and 1.5 or less, and more preferably 0.3 or more and 1.00 or less.
- the ratio (I / M) of the number of atoms of the additive I and the transition metal M in the vicinity of the grain boundaries is preferably 0.020 or more and 0.50 or less. Further, it is preferably 0.025 or more and 0.30 or less. Further, it is preferably 0.030 or more and 0.20 or less.
- the ratio of the number of atoms of magnesium to cobalt (Mg / Co) is preferably 0.020 or more and 0.50 or less. Further, it is preferably 0.025 or more and 0.30 or less. Further, it is preferably 0.030 or more and 0.20 or less.
- the additive contained in the positive electrode active material 100 is excessive, the insertion and removal of lithium may be adversely affected. In addition, when it is used as a secondary battery, it may cause an increase in resistance and a decrease in capacity. On the other hand, if the impurities are insufficient, they are not distributed over the entire surface layer portion 100a, and the effect of retaining the crystal structure may be insufficient. As described above, the additive needs to have an appropriate concentration in the positive electrode active material 100, but its adjustment is not easy.
- the positive electrode active material 100 may have a region in which additives are unevenly distributed. The presence of such a region removes excess additives from the internal 100b, allowing the internal 100b to have an appropriate additive concentration.
- an appropriate additive concentration in the internal 100b it is possible to suppress an increase in resistance and a decrease in capacity when the secondary battery is used. Being able to suppress an increase in the resistance of the secondary battery is an extremely preferable characteristic especially in charging / discharging at a high rate.
- the positive electrode active material 100 having a region in which the additive is unevenly distributed it is permissible to mix the additive in an excessive amount to some extent in the manufacturing process. Therefore, a wide margin in production is preferable.
- uneven distribution means that the concentration of an element in a certain region is different from that in another region. It may be said that segregation, precipitation, non-uniformity, bias, high concentration or low concentration, and the like.
- a material having a layered rock salt type crystal structure such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) has a high discharge capacity and is known to be excellent as a cathode active material for a secondary battery.
- Examples of the material having a layered rock salt type crystal structure include a composite oxide represented by LiMO 2.
- the positive electrode active material will be described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7.
- 6 and 7 show a case where cobalt is used as the transition metal M contained in the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 7 is lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) to which fluorine and magnesium are not added by the production method described later. As described in Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2, the crystal structure of lithium cobalt oxide shown in FIG. 7 changes depending on the charging depth.
- lithium cobalt oxide having a charging depth of 0 has a region having a crystal structure of a space group R-3 m, lithium occupies an octahedral site, and CoO is contained in a unit cell. There are two layers and three layers. Therefore, this crystal structure may be referred to as an O3 type crystal structure.
- the CoO 2 layer is a structure in which an octahedral structure in which oxygen is coordinated to cobalt is continuous with a plane in a state of sharing a ridge.
- the space group P-3m1 has a crystal structure, and one CoO 2 layer exists in the unit cell. Therefore, this crystal structure may be referred to as an O1 type crystal structure.
- lithium cobalt oxide when the charging depth is 0.73 or more, typically about 0.88 has a crystal structure of the space group R-3 m.
- This structure can be said to be a structure in which a structure of CoO 2 such as P-3m1 (O1) and a structure of LiCoO 2 such as R-3m (O3) are alternately laminated. Therefore, this crystal structure may be referred to as an H1-3 type crystal structure.
- the number of cobalt atoms per unit cell is twice that of other structures.
- the c-axis of the H1-3 type crystal structure is shown as a half of the unit cell.
- the coordinates of cobalt and oxygen in the unit cell are set to Co (0, 0 , 0.42150 ⁇ 0.00016), O 1 (0). , 0, 0.27671 ⁇ 0.00045), O 2 (0, 0, 0.11535 ⁇ 0.00045).
- O 1 and O 2 are oxygen atoms, respectively.
- the H1-3 type crystal structure is represented by a unit cell using one cobalt and two oxygens.
- the O3'type crystal structure of one aspect of the present invention is preferably represented by a unit cell using one cobalt and one oxygen.
- the O3'structure is from the O3 structure compared to the H1-3 type structure. Indicates that the change is small. It is more preferable to use which unit cell to represent the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material. For example, in the Rietveld analysis of XRD, the GOF (goodness of fit) value should be selected to be smaller. Just do it.
- the difference in volume is also large.
- the difference in volume between the H1-3 type crystal structure and the discharged O3 type crystal structure is 3.0% or more.
- the structure of the H1-3 type crystal structure in which two CoO layers are continuous such as P-3m1 (O1), is likely to be unstable.
- the crystal structure of lithium cobalt oxide collapses when high voltage charging and discharging are repeated.
- the collapse of the crystal structure causes deterioration of the cycle characteristics. It is considered that this is because the crystal structure collapses, the number of sites where lithium can exist stably decreases, and it becomes difficult to insert and remove lithium.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one aspect of the present invention can reduce the deviation of the CoO 2 layer in repeated charging and discharging of a high voltage. Furthermore, the change in volume can be reduced. Therefore, the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention can realize excellent cycle characteristics. Further, the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention can have a stable crystal structure in a high voltage charging state. Therefore, the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention may not easily cause a short circuit when the high voltage charged state is maintained. In such a case, safety is further improved, which is preferable.
- the difference in volume between the fully discharged state and the charged state with a high voltage is small when compared with the change in crystal structure and the same number of transition metal atoms.
- the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material 100 before and after charging and discharging is shown in FIG.
- the positive electrode active material 100 is a composite oxide having lithium, cobalt as a transition metal M, and oxygen.
- a halogen such as fluorine or chlorine as an additive.
- the crystal structure at a charge depth of 0 (discharged state) in FIG. 6 is R-3 m (O3), which is the same as in FIG.
- the positive electrode active material 100 has a crystal having a structure different from that of the H1-3 type crystal structure when the charging depth is sufficiently charged.
- this structure is a space group R-3m and is not a spinel-type crystal structure, ions such as cobalt and magnesium occupy the oxygen 6-coordination position, and the cation arrangement has symmetry similar to that of the spinel-type.
- the symmetry of CoO 2 layers of this structure is the same as type O3. Therefore, this structure is referred to as an O3'type crystal structure or a pseudo-spinel type crystal structure in the present specification and the like.
- the O3'type crystal structure may be paraphrased as a pseudo-spinel type crystal structure.
- the display of lithium is omitted in order to explain the symmetry of the cobalt atom and the symmetry of the oxygen atom, but in reality, the CoO 2 layer In between, for example, lithium of 20 atomic% or less is present with respect to cobalt.
- the CoO 2 layer In between, for example, lithium of 20 atomic% or less is present with respect to cobalt.
- magnesium is dilutely present between the CoO 2 layers, that is, in the lithium site.
- halogen such as fluorine is randomly and dilutely present at the oxygen site.
- a light element such as lithium may occupy the oxygen 4-coordination position, and in this case as well, the ion arrangement has symmetry similar to that of the spinel type.
- the O3'type crystal structure is a crystal structure similar to the CdCl 2 type crystal structure, although Li is randomly provided between the layers.
- This crystal structure similar to CdCl type 2 is similar to the crystal structure when lithium nickel oxide is charged to a charging depth of 0.94 (Li 0.06 NiO 2 ), but contains a large amount of pure lithium cobalt oxide or cobalt. It is known that the layered rock salt type positive electrode active material usually does not have this crystal structure.
- the change in the crystal structure when a large amount of lithium is released by charging at a high voltage is suppressed as compared with the conventional positive electrode active material. For example, as shown by a dotted line in FIG. 6, there is little deviation of CoO 2 layers in these crystal structures.
- the positive electrode active material 100 has high structural stability even when the charging voltage is high.
- an H1-3 type crystal structure is formed at a charging voltage of about 4.6 V based on the potential of the lithium metal, but the positive electrode active material 100 of one aspect of the present invention has the above 4.
- the crystal structure of R-3m (O3) can be maintained even at a charging voltage of about 6V.
- Even at a higher charging voltage, for example, a voltage of about 4.65 V to 4.7 V with reference to the potential of the lithium metal, the positive electrode active material 100 of one aspect of the present invention can have an O3'type crystal structure.
- the positive electrode active material 100 When the charging voltage is further increased to 4.7 V or higher, H1-3 type crystals may finally be observed in the positive electrode active material 100 according to one aspect of the present invention. Further, when the charging voltage is lower (for example, even if the charging voltage is 4.5 V or more and less than 4.6 V with respect to the potential of the lithium metal, the positive electrode active material 100 of one aspect of the present invention can have an O3'type crystal structure. There is.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one aspect of the present invention can maintain the crystal structure of R-3m (O3).
- the O3'type crystal structure can be obtained even in a region where the charging voltage is further increased, for example, when the voltage of the secondary battery exceeds 4.5 V and is 4.6 V or less.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one aspect of the present invention may have an O3'type crystal structure.
- the crystal structure is unlikely to collapse even if charging and discharging are repeated at a high voltage.
- the coordinates of cobalt and oxygen in the unit cell are in the range of Co (0,0,0.5), O (0,0,x), 0.20 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25. Can be shown within.
- a halogen compound such as fluoride
- fluoride causes the melting point of lithium cobalt oxide to drop. By lowering the melting point, it becomes easy to distribute magnesium throughout the particles at a temperature at which cationic mixing is unlikely to occur. Further, if a fluorine compound is present, it can be expected that the corrosion resistance to hydrofluoric acid generated by the decomposition of the electrolytic solution is improved.
- the magnesium concentration is higher than a desired value, the effect on stabilizing the crystal structure may be reduced. It is thought that magnesium enters cobalt sites in addition to lithium sites.
- the number of atoms of magnesium contained in the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is preferably 0.001 times or more and 0.1 times or less the number of atoms of the transition metal M, more preferably greater than 0.01 and less than 0.04. About 0.02 is more preferable.
- the magnesium concentration shown here may be, for example, a value obtained by elemental analysis of the entire particles of the positive electrode active material using ICP-MS or the like, or a value of the blending of raw materials in the process of producing the positive electrode active material. It may be based.
- One or more metals selected from, for example, nickel, aluminum, manganese, titanium, vanadium and chromium may be added to lithium cobaltate as a metal other than cobalt (hereinafter referred to as metal Z), particularly one or more of nickel and aluminum. It is preferable to add it.
- metal Z a metal other than cobalt
- Manganese, titanium, vanadium and chromium may be stable and easily tetravalent, and may have a high contribution to structural stability.
- the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention may become more stable, for example, in a state of being charged at a high voltage.
- the metal Z is added at a concentration that does not significantly change the crystallinity of lithium cobalt oxide.
- the amount is preferably such that the above-mentioned Jahn-Teller effect and the like are not exhibited.
- transition metals such as nickel and manganese and aluminum are preferably present at cobalt sites, but some may be present at lithium sites.
- Magnesium is preferably present at lithium sites.
- Oxygen may be partially replaced with fluorine.
- the capacity of the positive electrode active material may decrease.
- the amount of lithium contributing to charge / discharge may decrease due to the inclusion of magnesium in the lithium site.
- excess magnesium may produce magnesium compounds that do not contribute to charging and discharging.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention may be able to increase the capacity per weight and per volume.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has aluminum as the metal Z in addition to magnesium, the capacity per weight and per volume may be increased.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has nickel and aluminum in addition to magnesium, it may be possible to increase the capacity per weight and per volume.
- the concentration of elements such as magnesium, metal Z, etc. contained in the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is represented by using the number of atoms.
- the number of nickel atoms contained in the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is preferably 7.5% or less, preferably 0.05% or more and 4% or less, and 0.1% or more and 2% or less of the atomic number of cobalt. More preferred.
- the nickel concentration shown here may be, for example, a value obtained by elemental analysis of the entire particles of the positive electrode active material using ICP-MS or the like, or a value of the blending of raw materials in the process of producing the positive electrode active material. It may be based.
- the number of aluminum atoms contained in the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is preferably 0.05% or more and 4% or less, and more preferably 0.1% or more and 2% or less of the atomic number of cobalt.
- the concentration of aluminum shown here may be, for example, a value obtained by elemental analysis of the entire particles of the positive electrode active material using ICP-MS or the like, or a value of the blending of raw materials in the process of producing the positive electrode active material. It may be based.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention preferably has an element X, and it is preferable to use phosphorus as the element X. Moreover, it is more preferable that the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has a compound containing phosphorus and oxygen.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has a compound containing the element X, it may be difficult for a short circuit to occur when a high voltage charging state is maintained.
- hydrogen fluoride generated by decomposition of the electrolytic solution may react with phosphorus to reduce the hydrogen fluoride concentration in the electrolytic solution. is there.
- hydrogen fluoride When the electrolytic solution has LiPF 6 , hydrogen fluoride may be generated by hydrolysis. Further, hydrogen fluoride may be generated by the reaction between PVDF used as a component of the positive electrode and an alkali. By reducing the hydrogen fluoride concentration in the charged liquid, corrosion of the current collector and peeling of the coating film may be suppressed. In addition, it may be possible to suppress a decrease in adhesiveness due to gelation or insolubilization of PVDF.
- the stability in a high voltage charging state is extremely high.
- the element X is phosphorus
- the atomic number of phosphorus is preferably 1% or more and 20% or less, more preferably 2% or more and 10% or less, still more preferably 3% or more and 8% or less, and in addition.
- the atomic number of magnesium is preferably 0.1% or more and 10% or less, more preferably 0.5% or more and 5% or less, and more preferably 0.7% or more and 4% or less of the atomic number of cobalt.
- concentrations of phosphorus and magnesium shown here may be values obtained by elemental analysis of the entire particles of the positive electrode active material using, for example, ICP-MS or the like, or the blending of the raw materials in the process of producing the positive electrode active material. It may be based on a value.
- the progress of the cracks may be suppressed by the presence of phosphorus, more specifically, for example, a compound containing phosphorus and oxygen inside the cracks.
- Magnesium is preferably distributed over the entire particles of the positive electrode active material 100 according to one aspect of the present invention, but in addition, the magnesium concentration in the surface layer portion 100a is preferably higher than the average of the entire particles. For example, it is preferable that the magnesium concentration of the surface layer portion 100a measured by XPS or the like is higher than the average magnesium concentration of the entire particles measured by ICP-MS or the like.
- the concentration of the metal in the surface layer portion is determined by the particles. It is preferably higher than the overall average. For example, it is preferable that the concentration of an element other than cobalt in the surface layer portion 100a measured by XPS or the like is higher than the concentration of the element in the average of all the particles measured by ICP-MS or the like.
- the surface of the particles is, so to speak, a crystal defect, and lithium is released from the surface during charging, so that the lithium concentration tends to be lower than that of the inside. Therefore, it is a part where the crystal structure is liable to collapse because it tends to be unstable. If the magnesium concentration of the surface layer portion 100a is high, the change in the crystal structure can be suppressed more effectively. Further, when the magnesium concentration of the surface layer portion 100a is high, it can be expected that the corrosion resistance to hydrofluoric acid generated by the decomposition of the electrolytic solution is improved.
- the concentration of the surface layer portion 100a of the positive electrode active material 100 according to one aspect of the present invention is higher than the average of all the particles.
- the presence of fluorine in the surface layer portion 100a, which is a region in contact with the electrolytic solution, can effectively improve the corrosion resistance to hydrofluoric acid.
- the surface layer portion 100a of the positive electrode active material 100 preferably has a composition different from that of the inside, in which the concentration of additives such as magnesium and fluorine is higher than that of the inside 100b. Further, it is preferable that the composition has a stable crystal structure at room temperature. Therefore, the surface layer portion 100a may have a crystal structure different from that of the internal 100b. For example, at least a part of the surface layer portion 100a of the positive electrode active material 100 according to one aspect of the present invention may have a rock salt type crystal structure. When the surface layer portion 100a and the inner 100b have different crystal structures, it is preferable that the crystal orientations of the surface layer portion 100a and the inner 100b are substantially the same.
- the surface layer portion 100a has only MgO or a structure in which MgO and CoO (II) are solid-solved, it becomes difficult to insert and remove lithium. Therefore, the surface layer portion 100a needs to have at least cobalt, also lithium in the discharged state, and have a path for inserting and removing lithium. Further, it is preferable that the concentration of cobalt is higher than that of magnesium.
- the element X is preferably located on the surface layer portion 100a of the particles of the positive electrode active material 100 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one aspect of the present invention may be covered with a film having an element X.
- the additive contained in the positive electrode active material 100 of one aspect of the present invention may be randomly and dilutely present inside, but it is more preferable that a part of the additive is segregated at the grain boundaries.
- the concentration of additives in and near the grain boundaries of the positive electrode active material 100 of one aspect of the present invention is also higher than in other regions inside.
- the grain boundaries are also surface defects. Therefore, it tends to be unstable and the crystal structure tends to change. Therefore, if the concentration of additives at and near the grain boundaries is high, changes in the crystal structure can be suppressed more effectively.
- the concentration of additives in and near the grain boundaries is high, even if cracks occur along the grain boundaries of the particles of the positive electrode active material 100 according to the present invention, in the vicinity of the surface generated by the cracks.
- the additive concentration becomes high. Therefore, the corrosion resistance to hydrofluoric acid can be enhanced even in the positive electrode active material after cracks have occurred.
- the vicinity of the crystal grain boundary means a region from the grain boundary to about 10 nm.
- the average particle size (D50: also referred to as median diameter) is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less.
- a certain positive electrode active material is the positive electrode active material 100 of one aspect of the present invention showing an O3'type crystal structure when charged at a high voltage. It can be determined by analysis using line diffraction, neutron beam diffraction, electron spin resonance (ESR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), or the like.
- XRD can analyze the symmetry of transition metals such as cobalt contained in the positive electrode active material with high resolution, compare the height of crystallinity and the orientation of crystals, and analyze the periodic strain and crystallite size of the lattice. It is preferable in that it is possible to obtain sufficient accuracy even if the positive electrode obtained by disassembling the secondary battery is measured as it is.
- the positive electrode active material 100 is characterized in that the crystal structure does not change much between the state of being charged with a high voltage and the state of being discharged.
- a material in which a crystal structure having a large change from the discharged state accounts for 50 wt% or more in a state of being charged at a high voltage is not preferable because it cannot withstand the charging / discharging of a high voltage.
- the desired crystal structure may not be obtained simply by adding an additive element. For example, even if lithium cobalt oxide having magnesium and fluorine is common, the O3'type crystal structure becomes 60 wt% or more when charged at a high voltage, and the H1-3 type crystal structure becomes 50 wt%.
- the O3'type crystal structure becomes approximately 100 wt%, and when the predetermined voltage is further increased, an H1-3 type crystal structure may occur. Therefore, in order to determine whether or not the cathode active material 100 is one aspect of the present invention, it is necessary to analyze the crystal structure including XRD.
- the positive electrode active material charged or discharged at a high voltage may change its crystal structure when exposed to the atmosphere.
- the O3'type crystal structure may change to the H1-3 type crystal structure. Therefore, it is preferable to handle all the samples in an inert atmosphere such as an argon atmosphere.
- a coin cell (CR2032 type, diameter 20 mm, height 3.2 mm) is made of counter-polar lithium. Can be charged.
- a slurry in which a positive electrode active material, a conductive auxiliary agent, and a binder are mixed and coated on a positive electrode current collector of aluminum foil can be used.
- Lithium metal can be used as the counter electrode.
- the potential of the secondary battery and the potential of the positive electrode are different. Unless otherwise specified, the voltage and potential in the present specification and the like are the potential of the positive electrode.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- VC vinylene carbonate
- polypropylene having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m can be used as the separator.
- the positive electrode can and the negative electrode can, those made of stainless steel (SUS) can be used.
- SUS stainless steel
- the coin cell produced under the above conditions is constantly charged at 4.6 V and 0.5 C, and then charged at a constant voltage until the current value becomes 0.01 C.
- 1C is 137 mA / g.
- the temperature is 25 ° C.
- XRD device D8 ADVANCE manufactured by Bruker AXS X-ray source: CuK ⁇ ray output: 40KV, 40mA Slit system: Div. Slit, 0.5 ° Detector: LynxEye Scan method: 2 ⁇ / ⁇ Continuous scan Measurement range (2 ⁇ ): 15 ° or more and 90 ° or less Step width (2 ⁇ ): 0.01 ° Set counting time: 1 second / Step sample table rotation: 15 rpm
- the measurement sample is powder, it can be set by putting it in a glass sample folder or sprinkling the sample on a greased silicon non-reflective plate.
- the measurement sample is a positive electrode
- the positive electrode can be attached to the substrate with double-sided tape, and the positive electrode active material layer can be set according to the measurement surface required by the apparatus.
- the ideal powder XRD pattern by CuK ⁇ 1 line calculated from the model of the O3'type crystal structure and the H1-3 type crystal structure is shown in FIG.
- an ideal XRD pattern calculated from the crystal structures of LiCoO 2 (O3) having a charging depth of 0 and CoO 2 (O1) having a charging depth of 1 is also shown.
- the pattern of LiCoO 2 (O3) and CoO 2 (O1) is one of the modules of Material Studio (BIOVIA) from the crystal structure information obtained from ICSD (Inorganic Crystal Structure Database) (see Non-Patent Document 4). It was created using Reflex Power Division.
- the pattern of the H1-3 type crystal structure was similarly prepared from the crystal structure information described in Non-Patent Document 3.
- the crystal structure was estimated from the XRD pattern of the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention, and TOPAS ver. 3 (Crystal structure analysis software manufactured by Bruker) was used for fitting, and an XRD pattern was created in the same manner as the others.
- the positive electrode active material 100 has an O3'type crystal structure when charged at a high voltage, but all the particles do not have to have an O3'type crystal structure. It may contain other crystal structures or may be partially amorphous. However, when Rietveld analysis is performed on the XRD pattern, the O3'type crystal structure is preferably 50 wt% or more, more preferably 60 wt% or more, and further preferably 66 wt% or more. When the O3'type crystal structure is 50 wt% or more, more preferably 60 wt% or more, still more preferably 66 wt% or more, the positive electrode active material having sufficiently excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the O3'type crystal structure is preferably 35 wt% or more, more preferably 40 wt% or more, and 43 wt% when Rietveld analysis is performed. The above is more preferable.
- the crystallite size of the O3'type crystal structure contained in the particles of the positive electrode active material is reduced to only about 1/10 of that of LiCoO 2 (O3) in the discharged state. Therefore, even under the same XRD measurement conditions as the positive electrode before charging / discharging, a clear peak of the O3'-type crystal structure can be confirmed after high-voltage charging.
- the crystallite size becomes small and the peak becomes broad and small. The crystallite size can be obtained from the half width of the XRD peak.
- the influence of the Jahn-Teller effect is small.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention preferably has a layered rock salt type crystal structure and mainly contains cobalt as a transition metal. Further, in the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention, the metal Z described above may be contained in addition to cobalt as long as the influence of the Jahn-Teller effect is small.
- XRD analysis is used to consider the range of lattice constants in which the influence of the Jahn-Teller effect is presumed to be small.
- FIG. 9 shows the results of estimating the a-axis and c-axis lattice constants using XRD when the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has a layered rock salt type crystal structure and has cobalt and nickel.
- .. 9A is the result of the a-axis
- FIG. 9B is the result of the c-axis.
- FIG. 9 shows the XRD pattern of the powder after the synthesis of the positive electrode active material, and is before incorporating it into the positive electrode.
- the nickel concentration on the horizontal axis indicates the nickel concentration when the sum of the atomic numbers of cobalt and nickel is 100%.
- the positive electrode active material was prepared by using steps S21 to S25 described later, and a cobalt source and a nickel source were used in step S21.
- the nickel concentration indicates the nickel concentration when the sum of the atomic numbers of cobalt and nickel is 100% in step S21.
- FIG. 10 shows the results of estimating the a-axis and c-axis lattice constants using XRD when the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has a layered rock salt type crystal structure and has cobalt and manganese. Shown. FIG. 10A is the result of the a-axis and FIG. 10B is the result of the c-axis. Note that FIG. 10 shows the XRD pattern of the powder after the synthesis of the positive electrode active material, and is before incorporating it into the positive electrode. The manganese concentration on the horizontal axis indicates the concentration of manganese when the sum of the atomic numbers of cobalt and manganese is 100%.
- the positive electrode active material was prepared by using steps S21 to S25 described later, and a cobalt source and a manganese source were used in step S21.
- the manganese concentration indicates the manganese concentration when the sum of the atomic numbers of cobalt and manganese is 100% in step S21.
- FIG. 9C shows a value (a-axis / c-axis) obtained by dividing the a-axis lattice constant by the c-axis lattice constant for the positive electrode active material whose lattice constant results are shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B.
- FIG. 10C shows a value (a-axis / c-axis) obtained by dividing the a-axis lattice constant by the c-axis lattice constant for the positive electrode active material whose lattice constant results are shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B.
- the a-axis / c-axis tends to change remarkably when the nickel concentration is 5% and 7.5%, and the distortion of the a-axis is large.
- This distortion can be a Jahn-Teller distortion. It is suggested that when the nickel concentration is less than 7.5%, an excellent positive electrode active material with low Jahn-Teller strain can be obtained.
- the concentration of manganese is preferably 4% or less, for example.
- the above range of nickel concentration and manganese concentration does not necessarily apply to the surface layer portion 100a of the particles. That is, in the surface layer portion 100a of the particles, the concentration may be higher than the above concentration.
- the particles of the positive electrode active material in the non-charged state or the discharged state which can be estimated from the XRD pattern, have. in a layered rock-salt crystal structure, the lattice constant of a-axis is smaller than 2.814 ⁇ 10 -10 larger than m 2.817 ⁇ 10 -10 m, and a lattice constant of c-axis 14.05 ⁇ 10 -10 m it was found that preferably larger less than 14.07 ⁇ 10 -10 m.
- the state in which charging / discharging is not performed may be, for example, the state of powder before producing the positive electrode of the secondary battery.
- the value obtained by dividing the a-axis lattice constant by the c-axis lattice constant Is preferably greater than 0.20000 and less than 0.20049.
- 2 ⁇ is 18.50 ° or more and 19.30 ° or less as the first.
- a peak may be observed, and a second peak may be observed when 2 ⁇ is 38.00 ° or more and 38.80 ° or less.
- the peak appearing in the powder XRD pattern reflects the crystal structure of the inside 100b of the positive electrode active material 100, which occupies most of the volume of the positive electrode active material 100.
- the crystal structure of the surface layer portion 100a and the like can be analyzed by electron diffraction or the like of the cross section of the positive electrode active material 100.
- ⁇ XPS ⁇ In X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), it is possible to analyze a region from the surface to a depth of about 2 to 8 nm (usually about 5 nm). The concentration can be analyzed quantitatively. In addition, narrow scan analysis can be used to analyze the bonding state of elements. The quantification accuracy of XPS is often about ⁇ 1 atomic%, and the lower limit of detection is about 1 atomic% depending on the element.
- the number of atoms of the additive is preferably 1.6 times or more and 6.0 times or less of the number of atoms of the transition metal M, and 1.8 times or more and 4. Less than 0 times is more preferable.
- the additive is magnesium and the transition metal M is cobalt
- the atomic number of magnesium is preferably 1.6 times or more and 6.0 times or less of the atomic number of cobalt, and more preferably 1.8 times or more and less than 4.0 times.
- the number of atoms of fluorine is preferably 0.2 times or more and 6.0 times or less, and more preferably 1.2 times or more and 4.0 times or less of the number of atoms of the transition metal M.
- monochromatic aluminum can be used as the X-ray source.
- the take-out angle may be, for example, 45 °.
- the peak showing the binding energy between fluorine and other elements is preferably 682 eV or more and less than 685 eV, and more preferably about 684.3 eV. .. This is a value different from both the binding energy of lithium fluoride, 685 eV, and the binding energy of magnesium fluoride, 686 eV. That is, when the positive electrode active material 100 of one aspect of the present invention has fluorine, it is preferably a bond other than lithium fluoride and magnesium fluoride.
- the peak showing the binding energy of magnesium and other elements is preferably 1302 eV or more and less than 1304 eV, and more preferably about 1303 eV. This is a value different from the binding energy of magnesium fluoride of 1305 eV, which is close to the binding energy of magnesium oxide. That is, when the positive electrode active material 100 of one aspect of the present invention has magnesium, it is preferably a bond other than magnesium fluoride.
- Additives that are preferably present in large amounts on the surface layer 100a have concentrations measured by XPS or the like such as ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) or GD-MS (glow discharge mass spectrometry). It is preferable that the concentration is higher than the concentration measured by the above.
- the concentration of the surface layer portion 100a is higher than the concentration of the internal 100b.
- the processing can be performed by, for example, FIB (Focused Ion Beam).
- the number of magnesium atoms is preferably 0.4 times or more and 1.5 times or less the number of cobalt atoms.
- the ratio Mg / Co of the atomic number of magnesium as analyzed by ICP-MS is preferably 0.001 or more and 0.06 or less.
- the nickel contained in the transition metal M is not unevenly distributed in the surface layer portion 100a but is distributed in the entire positive electrode active material 100. However, this does not apply when there is a region where the above-mentioned excess additive is unevenly distributed.
- the positive electrode active material 100 preferably has a smooth surface and few irregularities.
- the smooth surface and few irregularities is one factor indicating that the distribution of additives in the surface layer portion 100a is good.
- the smooth surface and less unevenness can be determined from, for example, a cross-sectional SEM image or a cross-sectional TEM image of the positive electrode active material 100, a specific surface area of the positive electrode active material 100, and the like.
- the smoothness of the surface can be quantified from the cross-sectional SEM image of the positive electrode active material 100 as follows.
- the positive electrode active material 100 is processed by FIB or the like to expose the cross section. At this time, it is preferable to cover the positive electrode active material 100 with a protective film, a protective agent, or the like.
- a protective film, a protective agent, or the like is photographed.
- interface extraction is performed with image processing software. Further, the interface line between the protective film or the like and the positive electrode active material 100 is selected by an automatic selection tool or the like, and the data is extracted by spreadsheet software or the like.
- this surface roughness is the surface roughness of the positive electrode active material at least at 400 nm on the outer circumference of the particles.
- the roughness (RMS: root mean square surface roughness), which is an index of roughness, is less than 3 nm, preferably less than 1 nm, and more preferably less than 0.5 nm squared.
- the mean square root surface roughness (RMS) is preferred.
- the image processing software that performs noise processing, interface extraction, and the like is not particularly limited, but for example, "ImageJ" can be used.
- the spreadsheet software and the like are not particularly limited, but for example, Microsoft Office Excel can be used.
- the actual specific surface area A R measured by gas adsorption method by constant volume method, also from the ratio of the ideal specific surface area A i, that quantify the smoothness of the surface of the positive electrode active material 100 it can.
- the ideal specific surface area A i is the same diameter of all particles with D50, the weight is the same, the shape obtained by calculation as an ideal sphere.
- the median diameter D50 can be measured by a particle size distribution meter or the like using a laser diffraction / scattering method.
- the specific surface area can be measured by, for example, a specific surface area measuring device using a gas adsorption method based on a constant volume method.
- the positive electrode active material 100 it is preferable and the ideal specific surface area A i determined from the median diameter D50, the ratio A R / A i of the actual specific surface area A R of 2 or less.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments.
- FIG. 11A shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the batch rotary kiln 110.
- the rotary kiln 110 includes a kiln main body 111, a heating means 112, a raw material supply means 113, and an atmosphere control means 116. Further, the rotary kiln 110 preferably has a control panel 115 and a measuring device 120.
- the kiln body 111 has a substantially cylindrical shape, the raw material supply means 113 is connected to one end, and the discharge portion 114 is provided at the other end. By rotating the kiln body, the object to be processed charged inside the kiln is agitated.
- the heating means 112 has a function of heating the kiln body 111 to 700 ° C. or higher and 1200 ° C. or lower.
- the heating means for example, a silicon carbide heater, a carbon heater, a metal heater, a molybdenum disilicate heater, or the like can be used.
- the raw material supply means 113 has a function of charging the object to be processed into the kiln main body 111.
- the atmosphere control means 116 has a function of controlling the atmosphere inside the kiln main body 111.
- Examples of the atmosphere control means 116 include a gas introduction line.
- the gas to be introduced preferably contains oxygen.
- the control panel 115 can control the heating temperature, atmosphere, etc. of the kiln body 111.
- the measuring device 120 can measure the atmosphere inside the kiln main body 111, for example.
- GC gas chromatography
- MS mass spectrometer
- GC-MS IR (infrared spectroscopy)
- FT-IR Freourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- the measuring device 120 may be a measuring device other than the atmosphere, as long as it can be confirmed that the heating conditions are favorable.
- a crystal vibration type film thickness meter or the like may be provided at or around the exhaust port. The discharged lithium fluoride is cooled and accumulated in or around the exhaust port. Therefore, lithium fluoride can be quantitatively measured by measuring the film thickness with a crystal vibration type film thickness meter.
- the step of rotating the kiln body 111 is the sticking suppressing step.
- the batch type as shown in FIG. 11A is preferable because the atmosphere can be easily controlled.
- FIGS. 11B and 11C a rotary kiln 110a having a kiln main body 111a provided with blades 117 for stirring inside may be used.
- FIG. 11B is a schematic cross-sectional view of the batch rotary kiln 110a
- FIG. 11C is a cross-sectional view of the kiln main body 111a in AA'of FIG. 11B.
- FIGS. 11B and 11C show an example of a kiln main body 111a provided with one linear blade 117, one aspect of the present invention is not limited to this.
- a plurality of blades 117 may be provided. Further, the blade 117 may have another shape such as a spiral shape.
- the rotary kiln is not limited to the batch type and may be a continuous type. Further, it may have a plurality of raw material supply means and have a function of supplying a new raw material during heating. Further, a mill may be provided inside the main body of the kiln, and the mill may suppress the sticking of the object to be processed.
- FIG. 12A shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a rotary kiln 110b which is a continuous type, has a plurality of raw material supply means, and has a mill.
- the rotary kiln 110b includes a kiln main body 111, a heating means 112a and a heating means 112b, a raw material supply means 113a and a raw material supply means 113b, and an atmosphere control means 116. Further, the rotary kiln 110b preferably has a control panel 115 and a measuring device 120.
- the kiln main body 111 has a substantially cylindrical shape, and has a raw material supply means 113a connected to one end and a discharge portion 114 at the other end, and the raw material supply means 113b is connected between them.
- the area from the raw material supply means 113a to immediately before the raw material supply means 113b is referred to as an upstream portion.
- the area from the raw material supply means 113b to the discharge portion 114 is referred to as a downstream portion.
- the mill 130 is provided inside the kiln main body 111.
- the kiln body 111 preferably has a function of retaining the object to be processed in the upstream portion for 1 hour or more and 100 hours or less. Further, it is preferable to have a function of retaining the object to be treated in the downstream portion for 1 hour or more and 100 hours or less.
- the raw material supply means 113a has a function of supplying an object to be processed to the upstream portion of the kiln main body 111. Further, the raw material supply means 113b has a function of supplying additional raw materials to the downstream portion of the kiln main body 111.
- the mill 130 has a function of suppressing sticking of the object to be treated. Specifically, the object to be processed passes between the inner wall of the mill 130 and the kiln main body 111 as shown by the dotted arrow in the drawing, so that the fixation is suppressed.
- one mill 130 is provided in the upstream portion, but one aspect of the present invention is not limited to this.
- a plurality of mills 130 may be provided. Further, it may be provided in the downstream portion, or may be provided in both the upstream portion and the downstream portion.
- the heating means 112a and the heating means 112b can be set to different heating temperatures.
- the heating means 112a for heating the upstream portion preferably has a function of heating to 800 ° C. or higher and 1200 ° C. or lower.
- the heating means 112b for heating the downstream portion preferably has a function of heating to 700 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower.
- the temperature of the portion where the mill 130 is provided may be lower than the above-mentioned temperature.
- FIG. 11A The description in FIG. 11A can be referred to for the atmosphere control means 116, the control panel 115, the measuring device 120, and the like.
- a continuous rotary kiln is preferable because it tends to improve productivity.
- the rotary kiln 110b having the above-described configuration, it is possible to produce a positive electrode active material having good productivity and higher performance.
- an additive is added, and the mixture is heated again, the stability of the crystal structure after charging becomes good. Therefore, for example, after synthesizing LiMO 2 at a relatively high temperature of 800 ° C. or higher and 1200 ° C. or lower in the upstream portion, new materials such as magnesium, fluorine, nickel, and aluminum are added by the raw material supply means 113b, and then 700 ° C. in the downstream portion. By annealing at a relatively low temperature of 1000 ° C. or lower, a positive electrode active material having good characteristics can be produced.
- FIG. 12B is a schematic cross-sectional view of the kiln 110c.
- the kiln 110c has a kiln body 111b, a heating means 112a and a heating means 112b, a first mill 131a and a second mill 131b, and a raw material supply means 113.
- the kiln body 111b has a substantially cylindrical shape, and the raw material supply means 113 is connected to one end.
- the kiln body 111b has a lifting blade inside.
- a first mill 131a and a second mill 131b are provided inside the kiln body 111b.
- the portion from the raw material supply means 113 to immediately before the first mill 131a is referred to as an upstream portion.
- the portion after the second mill 131b is referred to as a downstream portion. That is, the first mill 131a and the second mill 131b are provided between the upstream portion and the downstream portion.
- the scraping blade or the kiln body 111b has a function of stirring the object to be processed by rotating. Further, it has a function of retaining the object to be processed in the upstream portion for 1 hour or more and 100 hours or less. Further, it has a function of retaining the object to be processed in the downstream portion for 1 hour or more and 100 hours or less.
- the first mill 131a and the second mill 131b function as a pair of mills. By grinding the object to be processed between the first mill 131a and the second mill 131b, sticking of the object to be processed is suppressed. It is preferable that at least one of the first mill 131a and the second mill 131b has a groove on the surface.
- the heating means 112a and the heating means 112b can be set to different heating temperatures.
- the heating means 112a for heating the upstream portion preferably has a function of heating to 800 ° C. or higher and 1200 ° C. or lower.
- the heating means 112b for heating the downstream portion preferably has a function of heating to 700 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower.
- the raw material supply means 113 has a function of supplying an object to be processed to the upstream portion of the kiln main body 111b.
- the manufacturing apparatus may be a roller herring kiln that continuously processes an object to be processed in a container.
- FIG. 13A is a schematic cross-sectional view of the roller hers Kiln 150.
- FIG. 13B is a diagram illustrating a plurality of rollers 152 included in the roller harsher kiln.
- the roller herskilln 150 includes a kiln main body 151, a plurality of rollers 152, a heating means 153a and a heating means 153b, an atmosphere control means 154, a sticking suppressing means 155a, a sticking suppressing means 155b, and a sticking suppressing means 155c. Further, it is preferable that the roller herring machine 150 has a blocking plate 157a, a blocking plate 157b and a blocking plate 157c, and a measuring device 120a and a measuring device 120b.
- the kiln body 151 has a tunnel shape.
- the plurality of rollers 152 have a function of transporting the container 160 containing the object to be processed 161.
- the container 160 is conveyed to the outside through the tunnel-shaped kiln main body 151 by a plurality of rollers 152.
- the kiln body 151 has an upstream portion and a downstream portion along the transport direction of the plurality of rollers 152.
- the kiln body 151 has a heating means 153a in the upstream portion and a heating means 153b in the downstream portion.
- a blocking plate 157b may be provided between the upstream portion and the downstream portion. By providing the blocking plate 157b, the atmosphere of the upstream portion and the downstream portion can be controlled individually. Further, a blocking plate 157b may be provided near the entrance of the kiln main body 151, and a blocking plate 157c may be provided near the exit. By providing these, it becomes easy to control the atmosphere inside the kiln main body 151.
- the sticking suppressing means included in the roller hers Kiln 150 is, for example, a means for vibrating the container 160.
- a rod-shaped or plate-shaped device provided between a plurality of rollers 152 may be used, such as the sticking suppressing means 155a, the sticking suppressing means 155b, and the sticking suppressing means 155c shown in FIG. 13A.
- the sticking suppressing means 155a, the sticking suppressing means 155b, and the sticking suppressing means 155c may be fixed, but may move to vibrate the container 160.
- three sticking suppressing means 155 are provided, but one aspect of the present invention is not limited to this.
- One or two sticking suppressing means 155 may be provided, or four or more sticking suppressing means 155 may be provided.
- the sticking suppressing means included in the roller hers Kiln 150 may be a plurality of rollers 152 having different inclinations as shown in FIG. 13B.
- FIG. 11A The description of FIG. 11A can be referred to for the heating means 153a and the heating means 153b, the atmosphere control means 154, the measuring device 120a, the measuring device 120b, and the like.
- the roller herring kiln 150 is preferable because it has high productivity because it continuously treats the object to be treated.
- the manufacturing apparatus may be a roller herring kiln having a function of supplying a new raw material during heating.
- FIG. 13C is a schematic cross-sectional view of the roller hers Kiln 150a having the raw material supply means 158.
- the roller herskilln 150a has a raw material supply means 158 between the upstream portion and the downstream portion of the kiln body 151.
- a raw material supply means 158 By having the raw material supply means 158, similarly to the rotary kiln 110b shown in FIG. 12A, LiMO 2 having less impurities can be synthesized, and then the additive can be added by the raw material supply means 158 and heated again.
- the container 160a without a lid is preferable as the container for containing the object to be processed 161.
- the manufacturing apparatus may be a mesh belt kiln that uses a mesh belt as a conveying means and continuously processes an object to be processed in a container.
- FIG. 14A is a schematic cross-sectional view of the mesh belt kiln 170.
- the mesh belt kiln 170 has a kiln main body 171, a mesh belt 174, a heating means 173, and a sticking suppressing means 172. Further, the mesh belt kiln 170 preferably has a measuring device 120.
- the kiln body 171 has a tunnel shape.
- the mesh belt 174 has a function of transporting the container 160 containing the object to be processed 161.
- the container 160 is conveyed to the outside through the tunnel-shaped kiln body 171 by the mesh belt 174.
- the sticking suppressing means included in the mesh belt kiln 170 is, for example, a means for vibrating the container 160.
- a device having irregularities that vibrates the container 160 provided under the mesh belt 174 may be used as the sticking suppressing means 172 shown in FIG. 14A.
- the sticking suppressing means 172 may be fixed, but may move to vibrate the container 160.
- one sticking suppressing means 172 is provided, but one aspect of the present invention is not limited to this.
- a plurality of sticking suppressing means 172 may be provided.
- the length of the sticking suppressing means 172 may be about the same as the length of the kiln main body 171.
- the mesh belt kiln 170 is preferable because it has high productivity because it continuously treats the object to be treated.
- the description in FIG. 13A can be taken into consideration.
- FIG. 14B is a schematic cross-sectional view of the muffle furnace 180.
- the muffle furnace 180 includes a hot plate 181, a heating means 182, a heat insulating material 183, an atmosphere control means 184, and a sticking suppressing means 185. Further, the muffle furnace 180 preferably has a measuring device 120.
- the sticking suppressing means 185 included in the muffle furnace 180 is a means for vibrating the container 190 containing the object to be processed 191.
- the sticking suppressing means 185 shown in FIG. 14B is a table on which the container 190 is placed and has a function of vibrating the container 190.
- the muffle furnace 180 is preferable because it is easy to control the atmosphere and the temperature. For other components, the description in FIG. 13A can be taken into consideration.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- the positive electrode has a positive electrode active material layer and a positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode active material layer has a positive electrode active material, and may have a conductive material and a binder.
- As the positive electrode active material a positive electrode active material prepared by using the manufacturing method described in the previous embodiment is used.
- the positive electrode active material described in the previous embodiment may be mixed with another positive electrode active material.
- positive electrode active materials include, for example, an olivine type crystal structure, a layered rock salt type crystal structure, a composite oxide having a spinel type crystal structure, and the like.
- examples thereof include compounds such as LiFePO 4 , LiFeO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , V 2 O 5 , Cr 2 O 5 , and MnO 2.
- lithium nickelate LiNiO 2 or LiNi 1-x M x O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) is added to a lithium-containing material having a spinel-type crystal structure containing manganese such as LiMn 2 O 4 as another positive electrode active material.
- LiMn 2 O 4 LiMn 2 O 4
- M Co, Al, etc.
- a lithium manganese composite oxide represented by the composition formula Lia Mn b Mc Od can be used as another positive electrode active material.
- the element M a metal element selected from other than lithium and manganese, or silicon and phosphorus are preferably used, and nickel is more preferable.
- the composition of the metal, silicon, phosphorus, etc. of the entire lithium manganese composite oxide particle can be measured using, for example, ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer).
- the oxygen composition of the entire particles of the lithium manganese composite oxide can be measured by using, for example, EDX (energy dispersive X-ray analysis method). Further, it can be obtained by using the valence evaluation of the molten gas analysis and the XAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure) analysis in combination with the ICPMS analysis.
- the lithium manganese composite oxide refers to an oxide containing at least lithium and manganese, and includes chromium, cobalt, aluminum, nickel, iron, magnesium, molybdenum, zinc, indium, gallium, copper, titanium, niobium, and silicon. It may contain at least one element selected from the group consisting of and phosphorus and the like.
- FIG. 15A shows a vertical cross-sectional view of the active material layer 200.
- the active material layer 200 includes a granular positive electrode active material 100, graphene or graphene compound 201 as a conductive material, and a binder (not shown).
- the graphene compound 201 refers to multi-layer graphene, multi-graphene, graphene oxide, multi-layer graphene, multi-graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, reduced multi-layer graphene oxide, reduced multi-graphene oxide, graphene quantum. Including dots and the like.
- the graphene compound has carbon, has a flat plate shape, a sheet shape, or the like, and has a two-dimensional structure formed by a carbon 6-membered ring. The two-dimensional structure formed by the carbon 6-membered ring may be called a carbon sheet.
- the graphene compound may have a functional group. Further, the graphene compound preferably has a bent shape. The graphene compound may also be curled up into carbon nanofibers.
- graphene oxide refers to a graphene oxide having carbon and oxygen, having a sheet-like shape, and having a functional group, particularly an epoxy group, a carboxy group or a hydroxy group.
- reduced graphene oxide refers to graphene oxide having carbon and oxygen, having a sheet-like shape, and having a two-dimensional structure formed by a carbon 6-membered ring. It may be called a carbon sheet. Although one reduced graphene oxide functions, a plurality of reduced graphene oxides may be laminated.
- the reduced graphene oxide preferably has a portion having a carbon concentration of more than 80 atomic% and an oxygen concentration of 2 atomic% or more and 15 atomic% or less. By setting such carbon concentration and oxygen concentration, it is possible to function as a highly conductive conductive material even in a small amount.
- the reduced graphene oxide preferably has an intensity ratio G / D of G band and D band of 1 or more in the Raman spectrum.
- the reduced graphene oxide having such a strength ratio can function as a highly conductive conductive material even in a small amount.
- the sheet-shaped graphene or graphene compound 201 is dispersed substantially uniformly inside the active material layer 200.
- graphene or graphene compound 201 is schematically represented by a thick line, but it is actually a thin film having a thickness of a single layer or multiple layers of carbon molecules. Since the plurality of graphenes or graphene compounds 201 are formed so as to partially cover the plurality of granular positive electrode active materials 100 or to stick to the surface of the plurality of granular positive electrode active materials 100, they come into surface contact with each other. ing.
- a network-like graphene compound sheet (hereinafter referred to as graphene compound net or graphene net) can be formed by binding a plurality of graphene or graphene compounds to each other.
- the graphene net can also function as a binder that binds the active materials to each other. Therefore, since the amount of the binder can be reduced or not used, the ratio of the active material to the electrode volume and the electrode weight can be improved. That is, the capacity of the secondary battery can be increased.
- graphene oxide as graphene or graphene compound 201, mix it with an active material to form a layer to be an active material layer 200, and then reduce it. That is, it is preferable that the active material layer after completion has reduced graphene oxide.
- graphene oxide having extremely high dispersibility in a polar solvent for forming graphene or graphene compound 201 graphene or graphene compound 201 can be dispersed substantially uniformly inside the active material layer 200.
- the graphene or graphene compound 201 remaining in the active material layer 200 partially overlaps and is dispersed to such an extent that they come into surface contact with each other. By doing so, a three-dimensional conductive path can be formed.
- the graphene oxide may be reduced, for example, by heat treatment or by using a reducing agent.
- graphene or graphene compound 201 enables surface contact with low contact resistance, and thus is granular in a smaller amount than a normal conductive material.
- the electrical conductivity between the positive electrode active material 100 and graphene or graphene compound 201 can be improved. Therefore, the ratio of the positive electrode active material 100 in the active material layer 200 can be increased. As a result, the discharge capacity of the secondary battery can be increased.
- a spray-drying device in advance, it is possible to cover the entire surface of the active material to form a graphene compound as a conductive material as a film, and further to form a conductive path between the active materials with the graphene compound.
- the negative electrode has a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode current collector. Further, the negative electrode active material layer may have a conductive material and a binder.
- Negative electrode active material for example, an alloy-based material, a carbon-based material, or the like can be used.
- an element capable of performing a charge / discharge reaction by an alloying / dealloying reaction with lithium can be used.
- a material containing at least one of silicon, tin, gallium, aluminum, germanium, lead, antimony, bismuth, silver, zinc, cadmium, indium and the like can be used.
- Such elements have a larger capacity than carbon, and silicon in particular has a high theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh / g. Therefore, it is preferable to use silicon as the negative electrode active material. Moreover, you may use the compound which has these elements.
- an element capable of performing a charge / discharge reaction by an alloying / dealloying reaction with lithium, a compound having the element, and the like may be referred to as an alloy-based material.
- SiO refers to, for example, silicon monoxide.
- SiO can also be expressed as SiO x.
- x preferably has a value in the vicinity of 1.
- x is preferably 0.2 or more and 1.5 or less, and more preferably 0.3 or more and 1.2 or less.
- carbon-based material graphite, easily graphitizable carbon (soft carbon), non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon), carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon black and the like may be used.
- Examples of graphite include artificial graphite and natural graphite.
- Examples of the artificial graphite include mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), coke-based artificial graphite, pitch-based artificial graphite and the like.
- MCMB mesocarbon microbeads
- the artificial graphite spheroidal graphite having a spherical shape can be used.
- MCMB may have a spherical shape, which is preferable.
- MCMB is relatively easy to reduce its surface area and may be preferable.
- Examples of natural graphite include scaly graphite and spheroidized natural graphite.
- Graphite exhibits a potential as low as lithium metal when lithium ions are inserted into graphite (during the formation of a lithium-graphite intercalation compound) (0.05 V or more and 0.3 V or less vs. Li / Li +). As a result, the lithium ion secondary battery can exhibit a high operating voltage. Further, graphite is preferable because it has advantages such as relatively high capacity per unit volume, relatively small volume expansion, low cost, and high safety as compared with lithium metal.
- titanium dioxide TiO 2
- lithium titanium oxide Li 4 Ti 5 O 12
- lithium-graphite interlayer compound Li x C 6
- niobium pentoxide Nb 2 O 5
- Oxides such as tungsten (WO 2 ) and molybdenum oxide (MoO 2 ) can be used.
- Li 2.6 Co 0.4 N 3 shows a large charge / discharge capacity (900 mAh / g, 1890 mAh / cm 3 ) and is preferable.
- lithium ions are contained in the negative electrode active material, so that it can be combined with materials such as V 2 O 5 and Cr 3 O 8 which do not contain lithium ions as the positive electrode active material, which is preferable. .. Even when a material containing lithium ions is used as the positive electrode active material, a double nitride of lithium and a transition metal can be used as the negative electrode active material by desorbing the lithium ions contained in the positive electrode active material in advance.
- a material that causes a conversion reaction can also be used as the negative electrode active material.
- a transition metal oxide that does not form an alloy with lithium such as cobalt oxide (CoO), nickel oxide (NiO), and iron oxide (FeO)
- Materials that cause a conversion reaction include oxides such as Fe 2 O 3 , CuO, Cu 2 O, RuO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , sulfides such as CoS 0.89 , NiS, and CuS, and Zn 3 N 2. , Cu 3 N, Ge 3 N 4 and other nitrides, NiP 2 , FeP 2 and CoP 3 and other phosphates, and FeF 3 and BiF 3 and other fluorides.
- the same material as the conductive material and the binder that the positive electrode active material layer can have can be used.
- the same material as the positive electrode current collector can be used for the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector preferably uses a material that does not alloy with carrier ions such as lithium.
- the electrolytic solution has a solvent and an electrolyte.
- the solvent of the electrolytic solution is preferably an aproton organic solvent, for example, ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate, chloroethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, ⁇ -butylolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, dimethyl carbonate.
- DMC diethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- methyl formate methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4 -Use one of dioxane, dimethoxyethane (DME), dimethyl sulfoxide, diethyl ether, methyl diglime, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, sulfolane, sulton, etc., or two or more of them in any combination and ratio. be able to.
- Ionic liquids consist of cations and anions, including organic cations and anions.
- organic cation used in the electrolytic solution include aliphatic onium cations such as quaternary ammonium cations, tertiary sulfonium cations, and quaternary phosphonium cations, and aromatic cations such as imidazolium cations and pyridinium cations.
- monovalent amide anion monovalent methide anion, fluorosulfonic anion, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid anion, tetrafluoroborate anion, perfluoroalkyl borate anion, hexafluorophosphate anion. , Or perfluoroalkyl phosphate anion and the like.
- the electrolytic solution used for the secondary battery it is preferable to use a highly purified electrolytic solution having a small content of elements other than granular dust and constituent elements of the electrolytic solution (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “impurities”).
- the weight ratio of impurities to the electrolytic solution is preferably 1% or less, preferably 0.1% or less, and more preferably 0.01% or less.
- Additives may be added.
- concentration of the material to be added may be, for example, 0.1 wt% or more and 5 wt% or less with respect to the entire solvent.
- a polymer gel electrolyte obtained by swelling the polymer with an electrolytic solution may be used.
- the secondary battery can be made thinner and lighter.
- silicone gel acrylic gel, acrylonitrile gel, polyethylene oxide gel, polypropylene oxide gel, fluoropolymer gel and the like can be used.
- polymer for example, a polymer having a polyalkylene oxide structure such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), PVDF, polyacrylonitrile, etc., and a copolymer containing them can be used.
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- PVDF-HFP which is a copolymer of PVDF and hexafluoropropylene (HFP)
- the polymer to be formed may have a porous shape.
- a solid electrolyte having an inorganic material such as a sulfide type or an oxide type, or a solid electrolyte having a polymer material such as PEO (polyethylene oxide) type can be used.
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- the secondary battery preferably has a separator.
- a separator for example, paper, non-woven fabric, glass fiber, ceramics, or one formed of nylon (polyamide), vinylon (polyvinyl alcohol-based fiber), polyester, acrylic, polyolefin, synthetic fiber using polyurethane, etc. shall be used. Can be done. It is preferable that the separator is processed into an envelope shape and arranged so as to wrap either the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- the separator may have a multi-layer structure.
- an organic material film such as polypropylene or polyethylene can be coated with a ceramic material, a fluorine material, a polyamide material, or a mixture thereof.
- the ceramic material for example, aluminum oxide particles, silicon oxide particles and the like can be used.
- the fluorine-based material for example, PVDF, polytetrafluoroethylene and the like can be used.
- the polyamide-based material for example, nylon, aramid (meth-based aramid, para-based aramid) and the like can be used.
- the oxidation resistance is improved by coating with a ceramic material, deterioration of the separator during high voltage charging / discharging can be suppressed, and the reliability of the secondary battery can be improved. Further, when a fluorine-based material is coated, the separator and the electrode are easily brought into close contact with each other, and the output characteristics can be improved. Coating a polyamide-based material, particularly aramid, improves heat resistance and thus can improve the safety of the secondary battery.
- a mixed material of aluminum oxide and aramid may be coated on both sides of a polypropylene film.
- the surface of the polypropylene film in contact with the positive electrode may be coated with a mixed material of aluminum oxide and aramid, and the surface in contact with the negative electrode may be coated with a fluorine-based material.
- the safety of the secondary battery can be maintained even if the thickness of the entire separator is thin, so that the capacity per volume of the secondary battery can be increased.
- the exterior body of the secondary battery for example, a metal material such as aluminum or a resin material can be used. Moreover, a film-like exterior body can also be used. As the film, for example, a metal thin film having excellent flexibility such as aluminum, stainless steel, copper, and nickel is provided on a film made of a material such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, ionomer, and polyamide, and an exterior is further formed on the metal thin film. A film having a three-layer structure provided with an insulating synthetic resin film such as a polyamide resin or a polyester resin can be used as the outer surface of the body.
- the secondary battery 400 of one aspect of the present invention has a positive electrode 410, a solid electrolyte layer 420, and a negative electrode 430.
- the positive electrode 410 has a positive electrode current collector 413 and a positive electrode active material layer 414.
- the positive electrode active material layer 414 has a positive electrode active material 411 and a solid electrolyte 421.
- As the positive electrode active material 411 a positive electrode active material prepared by using the manufacturing method described in the previous embodiment is used. Further, the positive electrode active material layer 414 may have a conductive auxiliary agent and a binder.
- the solid electrolyte layer 420 has a solid electrolyte 421.
- the solid electrolyte layer 420 is located between the positive electrode 410 and the negative electrode 430, and is a region having neither the positive electrode active material 411 nor the negative electrode active material 431.
- the negative electrode 430 has a negative electrode current collector 433 and a negative electrode active material layer 434.
- the negative electrode active material layer 434 has a negative electrode active material 431 and a solid electrolyte 421. Further, the negative electrode active material layer 434 may have a conductive auxiliary agent and a binder.
- metallic lithium is used for the negative electrode 430, the negative electrode 430 does not have the solid electrolyte 421 as shown in FIG. 16B. It is preferable to use metallic lithium for the negative electrode 430 because the energy density of the secondary battery 400 can be improved.
- solid electrolyte 421 of the solid electrolyte layer 420 for example, a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, an oxide-based solid electrolyte, a halide-based solid electrolyte, or the like can be used.
- Sulfide-based solid electrolytes include thiosilicon- based (Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 , Li 3.25 Ge 0.25 P 0.75 S 4, etc.) and sulfide glass (70Li 2 S / 30P 2 S 5 , 30 Li). 2 S ⁇ 26B 2 S 3 ⁇ 44LiI, 63Li 2 S ⁇ 38SiS 2 ⁇ 1Li 3 PO 4, 57Li 2 S ⁇ 38SiS 2 ⁇ 5Li 4 SiO 4, 50Li 2 S ⁇ 50GeS 2 , etc.), sulfide crystallized glass (Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Li 3.25 P 0.95 S 4 etc.) are included. Sulfide-based solid electrolytes have advantages such as having a material having high conductivity, being able to be synthesized at a low temperature, and being relatively soft so that the conductive path can be easily maintained even after charging and discharging.
- Oxide-based solid electrolytes include materials having a perovskite-type crystal structure (La 2 / 3-x Li 3x TIO 3, etc.) and materials having a NASICON-type crystal structure (Li 1-X Al X Ti 2-X (PO 4).
- Oxide-based solid electrolytes have the advantage of being stable in the atmosphere.
- the halide-based solid electrolyte includes LiAlCl 4 , Li 3 InBr 6 , LiF, LiCl, LiBr, LiI and the like. Further, a composite material in which the pores of porous aluminum oxide or porous silica are filled with these halide-based solid electrolytes can also be used as the solid electrolyte.
- Li 1 + x Al x Ti 2-x (PO 4 ) 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) (hereinafter referred to as LATP) having a NASICON type crystal structure is a secondary battery 400 of one aspect of the present invention, which is aluminum and titanium. Since the positive electrode active material used in the above contains an element that may be contained, a synergistic effect can be expected for improving the cycle characteristics, which is preferable. In addition, productivity can be expected to improve by reducing the number of processes.
- the NASICON type crystal structure is a compound represented by M 2 (XO 4 ) 3 (M: transition metal, X: S, P, As, Mo, W, etc.), and is MO 6
- M transition metal
- X S, P, As, Mo, W, etc.
- MO 6 An octahedron and an XO- 4 tetrahedron share a vertex and have a three-dimensionally arranged structure.
- the exterior body of the secondary battery 400 of one aspect of the present invention various materials and shapes can be used, but it is preferable that the exterior body has a function of pressurizing the positive electrode, the solid electrolyte layer and the negative electrode.
- FIG. 17 is an example of a cell for evaluating the material of an all-solid-state battery.
- FIG. 17A is a schematic cross-sectional view of the evaluation cell.
- the evaluation cell has a lower member 761 and an upper member 762, and a fixing screw and a wing nut 764 for fixing them.
- the evaluation material is fixed by pressing the plate 753.
- An insulator 766 is provided between the lower member 761 made of a stainless steel material and the upper member 762. Further, an O-ring 765 for sealing is provided between the upper member 762 and the pressing screw 763.
- FIG. 17B is an enlarged perspective view of the periphery of the evaluation material.
- FIG. 17C As an evaluation material, an example of laminating a positive electrode 750a, a solid electrolyte layer 750b, and a negative electrode 750c is shown, and a cross-sectional view is shown in FIG. 17C.
- FIG. 17A, FIG. 17B, and FIG. 17C the same reference numerals are used for the same parts.
- the electrode plate 751 and the lower member 761 electrically connected to the positive electrode 750a correspond to the positive electrode terminals. It can be said that the electrode plate 753 and the upper member 762 that are electrically connected to the negative electrode 750c correspond to the negative electrode terminals.
- the electrical resistance and the like can be measured while pressing the evaluation material through the electrode plate 751 and the electrode plate 753.
- a package having excellent airtightness for the exterior body of the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention For example, a ceramic package or a resin package can be used. Further, when sealing the exterior body, it is preferable to shut off the outside air and perform it in a closed atmosphere, for example, in a glove box.
- FIG. 18A shows a perspective view of a secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention having an exterior body and a shape different from that of FIG.
- the secondary battery of FIG. 18A has external electrodes 771 and 772, and is sealed with an exterior body having a plurality of package members.
- FIG. 18B An example of the cross section cut by the alternate long and short dash line in FIG. 18A is shown in FIG. 18B.
- the laminate having a positive electrode 750a, a solid electrolyte layer 750b, and a negative electrode 750c is a package member 770a having an electrode layer 773a provided on a flat plate, a frame-shaped package member 770b, and a package member 770c provided with an electrode layer 773b on a flat plate. It has a sealed structure surrounded by. Insulating materials such as resin materials and ceramics can be used for the package members 770a, 770b, and 770c.
- the external electrode 771 is electrically connected to the positive electrode 750a via the electrode layer 773a and functions as a positive electrode terminal. Further, the external electrode 772 is electrically connected to the negative electrode 750c via the electrode layer 773b and functions as a negative electrode terminal.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- FIG. 19A is an external view of a coin-type (single-layer flat type) secondary battery
- FIG. 19B is a cross-sectional view thereof.
- a positive electrode can 301 that also serves as a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode can 302 that also serves as a negative electrode terminal are insulated and sealed with a gasket 303 that is made of polypropylene or the like.
- the positive electrode 304 is formed by a positive electrode current collector 305 and a positive electrode active material layer 306 provided in contact with the positive electrode current collector 305.
- the negative electrode 307 is formed by a negative electrode current collector 308 and a negative electrode active material layer 309 provided in contact with the negative electrode current collector 308.
- the positive electrode 304 and the negative electrode 307 used in the coin-type secondary battery 300 may have an active material layer formed on only one side thereof.
- the positive electrode can 301 and the negative electrode can 302 metals such as nickel, aluminum, and titanium that are corrosion resistant to the electrolytic solution, or alloys thereof or alloys of these and other metals (for example, stainless steel) may be used. it can. Further, in order to prevent corrosion by the electrolytic solution, it is preferable to coat with nickel, aluminum or the like.
- the positive electrode can 301 is electrically connected to the positive electrode 304
- the negative electrode can 302 is electrically connected to the negative electrode 307.
- the electrolyte is impregnated with the negative electrode 307, the positive electrode 304, and the separator 310, and as shown in FIG. 19B, the positive electrode 304, the separator 310, the negative electrode 307, and the negative electrode can 302 are laminated in this order with the positive electrode can 301 facing down, and the positive electrode can The 301 and the negative electrode can 302 are crimped via the gasket 303 to manufacture a coin-shaped secondary battery 300.
- the flow of current during charging of the secondary battery will be described with reference to FIG. 19C.
- a secondary battery using lithium is regarded as one closed circuit, the movement of lithium ions and the flow of current are in the same direction.
- the anode (anode) and the cathode (cathode) are exchanged by charging and discharging, and the oxidation reaction and the reduction reaction are exchanged. Therefore, an electrode having a high reaction potential is called a positive electrode.
- An electrode having a low reaction potential is called a negative electrode. Therefore, in the present specification, the positive electrode is the "positive electrode” or “positive electrode” regardless of whether the battery is being charged, discharged, a reverse pulse current is applied, or a charging current is applied.
- the negative electrode is referred to as the "positive electrode” and the negative electrode is referred to as the "negative electrode” or the "-pole (negative electrode)".
- anode (anode) and cathode (cathode) related to the oxidation reaction and the reduction reaction are used, the charging and discharging are reversed, which may cause confusion. Therefore, the terms anode (anode) and cathode (cathode) are not used herein. If the terms anode (anode) and cathode (cathode) are used, specify whether they are charging or discharging, and also indicate whether they correspond to the positive electrode (positive electrode) or the negative electrode (negative electrode). To do.
- a charger is connected to the two terminals shown in FIG. 19C, and the secondary battery 300 is charged. As the charging of the secondary battery 300 progresses, the potential difference between the electrodes increases.
- FIG. 20B is a diagram schematically showing a cross section of the cylindrical secondary battery 600.
- the cylindrical secondary battery 600 has a positive electrode cap (battery lid) 601 on the upper surface and a battery can (outer can) 602 on the side surface and the bottom surface.
- the positive electrode cap and the battery can (outer can) 602 are insulated by a gasket (insulating packing) 610.
- a battery element in which a strip-shaped positive electrode 604 and a negative electrode 606 are wound with a separator 605 sandwiched between them is provided inside the hollow cylindrical battery can 602.
- the battery element is wound around the center pin.
- One end of the battery can 602 is closed and the other end is open.
- a metal such as nickel, aluminum, or titanium having corrosion resistance to an electrolytic solution, or an alloy thereof or an alloy between these and another metal (for example, stainless steel or the like) can be used. .. Further, in order to prevent corrosion by the electrolytic solution, it is preferable to coat the battery can 602 with nickel, aluminum or the like.
- the battery element in which the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator are wound is sandwiched between a pair of insulating plates 608 and 609 facing each other. Further, a non-aqueous electrolytic solution (not shown) is injected into the inside of the battery can 602 provided with the battery element.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution the same one as that of a coin-type secondary battery can be used.
- a positive electrode terminal (positive electrode current collecting lead) 603 is connected to the positive electrode 604, and a negative electrode terminal (negative electrode current collecting lead) 607 is connected to the negative electrode 606.
- a metal material such as aluminum can be used for both the positive electrode terminal 603 and the negative electrode terminal 607.
- the positive electrode terminal 603 is resistance welded to the safety valve mechanism 612, and the negative electrode terminal 607 is resistance welded to the bottom of the battery can 602.
- the safety valve mechanism 612 is electrically connected to the positive electrode cap 601 via a PTC element (Positive Temperature Coafficient) 611.
- the safety valve mechanism 612 disconnects the electrical connection between the positive electrode cap 601 and the positive electrode 604 when the increase in the internal pressure of the battery exceeds a predetermined threshold value.
- the PTC element 611 is a heat-sensitive resistance element whose resistance increases when the temperature rises, and the amount of current is limited by the increase in resistance to prevent abnormal heat generation.
- Barium titanate (BaTIO 3 ) -based semiconductor ceramics or the like can be used as the PTC element.
- a plurality of secondary batteries 600 may be sandwiched between the conductive plate 613 and the conductive plate 614 to form the module 615.
- the plurality of secondary batteries 600 may be connected in parallel, may be connected in series, or may be connected in parallel and then further connected in series.
- FIG. 20D is a top view of the module 615.
- the conductive plate 613 is shown by a dotted line for clarity.
- the module 615 may have conductors 616 that electrically connect a plurality of secondary batteries 600.
- a conductive plate can be superposed on the conducting wire 616.
- the temperature control device 617 may be provided between the plurality of secondary batteries 600. When the secondary battery 600 is overheated, it can be cooled by the temperature control device 617, and when the secondary battery 600 is too cold, it can be heated by the temperature control device 617. Therefore, the performance of the module 615 is less affected by the outside air temperature.
- the heat medium included in the temperature control device 617 preferably has insulating properties and nonflammability.
- the battery pack includes a secondary battery 913 and a circuit board 900.
- the secondary battery 913 is connected to the antenna 914 via the circuit board 900.
- a label 910 is affixed to the secondary battery 913.
- the secondary battery 913 is connected to the terminal 951 and the terminal 952.
- the circuit board 900 is fixed by a seal 915.
- the circuit board 900 has a terminal 911 and a circuit 912.
- Terminal 911 is connected to terminal 951, terminal 952, antenna 914, and circuit 912.
- a plurality of terminals 911 may be provided, and each of the plurality of terminals 911 may be used as a control signal input terminal, a power supply terminal, or the like.
- the circuit 912 may be provided on the back surface of the circuit board 900.
- the antenna 914 is not limited to a coil shape, and may be, for example, a linear shape or a plate shape. Further, antennas such as a flat antenna, an open surface antenna, a traveling wave antenna, an EH antenna, a magnetic field antenna, and a dielectric antenna may be used. Alternatively, the antenna 914 may be a flat conductor. This flat conductor can function as one of the conductors for electric field coupling. That is, the antenna 914 may function as one of the two conductors of the capacitor. As a result, electric power can be exchanged not only by an electromagnetic field and a magnetic field but also by an electric field.
- the battery pack has a layer 916 between the antenna 914 and the secondary battery 913.
- the layer 916 has a function capable of shielding the electromagnetic field generated by the secondary battery 913, for example.
- a magnetic material can be used as the layer 916.
- the structure of the battery pack is not limited to FIG.
- antennas may be provided on each of the pair of facing surfaces of the secondary battery 913 shown in FIGS. 21A and 21B.
- FIG. 22A is an external view showing one of the pair of surfaces
- FIG. 22B is an external view showing the other of the pair of surfaces.
- the description of the secondary battery shown in FIGS. 21A and 21B can be appropriately incorporated.
- the antenna 914 is provided on one side of the pair of surfaces of the secondary battery 913 with the layer 916 interposed therebetween, and as shown in FIG. 22B, the layer 917 is provided on the other side of the pair of surfaces of the secondary battery 913.
- An antenna 918 is provided sandwiching the antenna 918.
- the layer 917 has a function capable of shielding the electromagnetic field generated by the secondary battery 913, for example.
- a magnetic material can be used as the layer 917.
- the antenna 918 has, for example, a function capable of performing data communication with an external device.
- an antenna having a shape applicable to the antenna 914 can be applied.
- a communication method between the secondary battery and other devices via the antenna 918 a response method that can be used between the secondary battery and other devices such as NFC (Near Field Communication) shall be applied. Can be done.
- the display device 920 may be provided in the secondary battery 913 shown in FIGS. 21A and 21B.
- the display device 920 is electrically connected to the terminal 911. It is not necessary to provide the label 910 on the portion where the display device 920 is provided.
- the description of the secondary battery shown in FIGS. 21A and 21B can be appropriately incorporated.
- the display device 920 may display, for example, an image showing whether or not charging is in progress, an image showing the amount of stored electricity, and the like.
- an electronic paper for example, a liquid crystal display device, an electroluminescence (also referred to as EL) display device, or the like can be used.
- the power consumption of the display device 920 can be reduced by using electronic paper.
- the sensor 921 may be provided in the secondary battery 913 shown in FIGS. 21A and 21B.
- the sensor 921 is electrically connected to the terminal 911 via the terminal 922.
- the description of the secondary battery shown in FIGS. 21A and 21B can be appropriately incorporated.
- Examples of the sensor 921 include displacement, position, speed, acceleration, angular velocity, rotation speed, distance, light, liquid, magnetism, temperature, chemical substance, voice, time, hardness, electric field, current, voltage, power, radiation, and flow rate. , Humidity, inclination, vibration, odor, or infrared rays may be measured.
- data indicating the environment in which the secondary battery is placed can be detected and stored in the memory in the circuit 912.
- the secondary battery 913 shown in FIG. 23A has a winding body 950 in which terminals 951 and 952 are provided inside the housing 930.
- the wound body 950 is impregnated with the electrolytic solution inside the housing 930.
- the terminal 952 is in contact with the housing 930, and the terminal 951 is not in contact with the housing 930 by using an insulating material or the like.
- the housing 930 is shown separately for convenience, but in reality, the winding body 950 is covered with the housing 930, and the terminals 951 and 952 extend outside the housing 930.
- a metal material for example, aluminum
- a resin material can be used as the housing 930.
- the housing 930 shown in FIG. 23A may be formed of a plurality of materials.
- the housing 930a and the housing 930b are bonded to each other, and the winding body 950 is provided in the region surrounded by the housing 930a and the housing 930b.
- an insulating material such as an organic resin can be used.
- an antenna such as an antenna 914 may be provided inside the housing 930a.
- a metal material can be used as the housing 930b.
- the wound body 950 has a negative electrode 931, a positive electrode 932, and a separator 933.
- the wound body 950 is a wound body in which the negative electrode 931 and the positive electrode 932 are overlapped and laminated with the separator 933 interposed therebetween, and the laminated sheet is wound.
- a plurality of layers of the negative electrode 931, the positive electrode 932, and the separator 933 may be further laminated.
- the negative electrode 931 is connected to the terminal 911 shown in FIG. 21 via one of the terminal 951 and the terminal 952.
- the positive electrode 932 is connected to the terminal 911 shown in FIG. 21 via the other of the terminal 951 and the terminal 952.
- the laminated type secondary battery has a flexible structure
- the secondary battery can be bent according to the deformation of the electronic device if it is mounted on an electronic device having at least a part of the flexible portion. it can.
- the laminated type secondary battery 980 will be described with reference to FIG. 25.
- the laminated secondary battery 980 has a wound body 993 shown in FIG. 25A.
- the wound body 993 has a negative electrode 994, a positive electrode 995, and a separator 996.
- the negative electrode 994 and the positive electrode 995 are overlapped and laminated with the separator 996 interposed therebetween, and the laminated sheet is wound.
- the number of layers of the negative electrode 994, the positive electrode 995, and the separator 996 may be appropriately designed according to the required capacity and the element volume.
- the negative electrode 994 is connected to the negative electrode current collector (not shown) via one of the lead electrode 997 and the lead electrode 998
- the positive electrode 995 is connected to the positive electrode current collector (not shown) via the other of the lead electrode 997 and the lead electrode 998. Is connected to.
- the above-mentioned winding body 993 is housed in a space formed by bonding a film 981 as an exterior body and a film 982 having a recess by thermocompression bonding or the like, and is shown in FIG. 25C.
- the secondary battery 980 can be manufactured as described above.
- the wound body 993 has a lead electrode 997 and a lead electrode 998, and is impregnated with an electrolytic solution inside the film 981 and the film 982 having a recess.
- a metal material such as aluminum or a resin material can be used. If a resin material is used as the material of the film 981 and the film 982 having the recesses, the film 981 and the film 982 having the recesses can be deformed when an external force is applied to produce a flexible storage battery. be able to.
- FIGS. 25B and 25C show an example in which two films are used, a space may be formed by bending one film, and the above-mentioned winding body 993 may be stored in the space.
- a secondary battery 980 having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the secondary battery 980 having a wound body in the space formed by the film serving as the exterior body has been described.
- the space formed by the film serving as the exterior body may be formed. It may be a secondary battery having a plurality of strip-shaped positive electrodes, separators and negative electrodes.
- the laminated type secondary battery 500 shown in FIG. 26A includes a positive electrode 503 having a positive electrode current collector 501 and a positive electrode active material layer 502, a negative electrode 506 having a negative electrode current collector 504 and a negative electrode active material layer 505, and a separator 507. , The electrolytic solution 508, and the exterior body 509. A separator 507 is installed between the positive electrode 503 and the negative electrode 506 provided in the exterior body 509. Further, the inside of the exterior body 509 is filled with the electrolytic solution 508. As the electrolytic solution 508, the electrolytic solution shown in the third embodiment can be used.
- the positive electrode current collector 501 and the negative electrode current collector 504 also serve as terminals for obtaining electrical contact with the outside. Therefore, a part of the positive electrode current collector 501 and the negative electrode current collector 504 may be arranged so as to be exposed to the outside from the exterior body 509. Further, the positive electrode current collector 501 and the negative electrode current collector 504 are not exposed to the outside from the exterior body 509, and the lead electrode is ultrasonically bonded to the positive electrode current collector 501 or the negative electrode current collector 504 using a lead electrode. The lead electrode may be exposed to the outside.
- the exterior body 509 has a highly flexible metal such as aluminum, stainless steel, copper, and nickel on a film made of a material such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, ionomer, and polyamide.
- a three-layer structure laminate film in which a thin film is provided and an insulating synthetic resin film such as a polyamide resin or a polyester resin is provided on the metal thin film as the outer surface of the exterior body can be used.
- FIG. 26B an example of the cross-sectional structure of the laminated secondary battery 500 is shown in FIG. 26B.
- FIG. 26A shows an example of being composed of two current collectors for simplicity, it is actually composed of a plurality of electrode layers as shown in FIG. 26B.
- the number of electrode layers is 16 as an example. Even if the number of electrode layers is 16, the secondary battery 500 has flexibility.
- FIG. 26B shows a structure in which the negative electrode current collector 504 has eight layers and the positive electrode current collector 501 has eight layers, for a total of 16 layers. Note that FIG. 26B shows a cross section of the negative electrode extraction portion, in which eight layers of negative electrode current collectors 504 are ultrasonically bonded.
- the number of electrode layers is not limited to 16, and may be large or small. When the number of electrode layers is large, a secondary battery having a larger capacity can be used. Further, when the number of electrode layers is small, the thickness can be reduced and a secondary battery having excellent flexibility can be obtained.
- FIGS. 27 and 28 have a positive electrode 503, a negative electrode 506, a separator 507, an exterior body 509, a positive electrode lead electrode 510, and a negative electrode lead electrode 511.
- FIG. 29A shows an external view of the positive electrode 503 and the negative electrode 506.
- the positive electrode 503 has a positive electrode current collector 501, and the positive electrode active material layer 502 is formed on the surface of the positive electrode current collector 501. Further, the positive electrode 503 has a region (hereinafter, referred to as a tab region) in which the positive electrode current collector 501 is partially exposed.
- the negative electrode 506 has a negative electrode current collector 504, and the negative electrode active material layer 505 is formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 504. Further, the negative electrode 506 has a region where the negative electrode current collector 504 is partially exposed, that is, a tab region.
- the area and shape of the tab region of the positive electrode and the negative electrode are not limited to the example shown in FIG. 29A.
- FIG. 29B shows the negative electrode 506, the separator 507, and the positive electrode 503 laminated.
- an example in which 5 sets of negative electrodes and 4 sets of positive electrodes are used is shown.
- the tab regions of the positive electrode 503 are joined to each other, and the positive electrode lead electrode 510 is joined to the tab region of the positive electrode on the outermost surface.
- bonding for example, ultrasonic welding or the like may be used.
- the tab regions of the negative electrode 506 are bonded to each other, and the negative electrode lead electrode 511 is bonded to the tab region of the negative electrode on the outermost surface.
- the negative electrode 506, the separator 507, and the positive electrode 503 are arranged on the exterior body 509.
- the exterior body 509 is bent at the portion shown by the broken line. After that, the outer peripheral portion of the exterior body 509 is joined. For example, thermocompression bonding may be used for joining. At this time, a region (hereinafter, referred to as an introduction port) that is not joined to a part (or one side) of the exterior body 509 is provided so that the electrolytic solution 508 can be put in later.
- an introduction port a region that is not joined to a part (or one side) of the exterior body 509 is provided so that the electrolytic solution 508 can be put in later.
- the electrolytic solution 508 (not shown) is introduced into the exterior body 509 from the introduction port provided in the exterior body 509.
- the electrolytic solution 508 is preferably introduced in a reduced pressure atmosphere or an inert atmosphere.
- the inlet is joined. In this way, the laminated type secondary battery 500 can be manufactured.
- an all-solid-state battery by applying a predetermined pressure in the stacking direction of the laminated positive electrodes and negative electrodes, it is possible to maintain a good contact state of the interface inside.
- a predetermined pressure in the stacking direction of the positive electrode and the negative electrode expansion in the stacking direction due to charging / discharging of the all-solid-state battery can be suppressed, and the reliability of the all-solid-state battery can be improved.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- FIGS. 30A to 30G show examples of mounting a bendable secondary battery in an electronic device described in the previous embodiment.
- Electronic devices to which a bendable secondary battery is applied include, for example, television devices (also called televisions or television receivers), monitors for computers, digital cameras, digital video cameras, digital photo frames, mobile phones. (Also referred to as a mobile phone or a mobile phone device), a portable game machine, a mobile information terminal, a sound reproduction device, a large game machine such as a pachinko machine, and the like can be mentioned.
- a rechargeable battery having a flexible shape along the inner or outer wall of a house or building, or along the curved surface of the interior or exterior of an automobile.
- FIG. 30A shows an example of a mobile phone.
- the mobile phone 7400 includes an operation button 7403, an external connection port 7404, a speaker 7405, a microphone 7406, and the like, in addition to the display unit 7402 incorporated in the housing 7401.
- the mobile phone 7400 has a secondary battery 7407.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention it is possible to provide a lightweight and long-life mobile phone.
- FIG. 30B shows a curved state of the mobile phone 7400.
- the secondary battery 7407 provided inside the mobile phone 7400 is also bent.
- the state of the bent secondary battery 7407 is shown in FIG. 30C.
- the secondary battery 7407 is a thin storage battery.
- the secondary battery 7407 is fixed in a bent state.
- the secondary battery 7407 has a lead electrode electrically connected to the current collector.
- the current collector is a copper foil, which is partially alloyed with gallium to improve the adhesion to the active material layer in contact with the current collector, and the reliability of the secondary battery 7407 in a bent state is improved. It has a high composition.
- FIG. 30D shows an example of a bangle type display device.
- the portable display device 7100 includes a housing 7101, a display unit 7102, an operation button 7103, and a secondary battery 7104.
- FIG. 30E shows the state of the bent secondary battery 7104.
- the housing is deformed and the curvature of a part or all of the secondary battery 7104 changes.
- the degree of bending at an arbitrary point of the curve is represented by the value of the radius of the corresponding circle, which is called the radius of curvature, and the reciprocal of the radius of curvature is called the curvature.
- a part or all of the main surface of the housing or the secondary battery 7104 changes within the range of the radius of curvature of 40 mm or more and 150 mm or less. High reliability can be maintained as long as the radius of curvature on the main surface of the secondary battery 7104 is in the range of 40 mm or more and 150 mm or less.
- a lightweight and long-life portable display device can be provided.
- FIG. 30F shows an example of a wristwatch-type portable information terminal.
- the mobile information terminal 7200 includes a housing 7201, a display unit 7202, a band 7203, a buckle 7204, an operation button 7205, an input / output terminal 7206, and the like.
- the personal digital assistant 7200 can execute various applications such as mobile phone, e-mail, text viewing and creation, music playback, Internet communication, and computer games.
- the display unit 7202 is provided with a curved display surface, and can display along the curved display surface. Further, the display unit 7202 is provided with a touch sensor and can be operated by touching the screen with a finger or a stylus. For example, the application can be started by touching the icon 7207 displayed on the display unit 7202.
- the operation button 7205 can have various functions such as power on / off operation, wireless communication on / off operation, manner mode execution / cancellation, and power saving mode execution / cancellation. ..
- the function of the operation button 7205 can be freely set by the operating system incorporated in the mobile information terminal 7200.
- the personal digital assistant 7200 can execute short-range wireless communication standardized for communication. For example, by communicating with a headset capable of wireless communication, it is possible to make a hands-free call.
- the mobile information terminal 7200 is provided with an input / output terminal 7206, and data can be directly exchanged with another information terminal via a connector. It is also possible to charge via the input / output terminal 7206. The charging operation may be performed by wireless power supply without going through the input / output terminal 7206.
- the display unit 7202 of the portable information terminal 7200 has a secondary battery according to an aspect of the present invention.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention it is possible to provide a lightweight and long-life portable information terminal.
- the secondary battery 7104 shown in FIG. 30E can be incorporated in a curved state inside the housing 7201 or in a bendable state inside the band 7203.
- the portable information terminal 7200 preferably has a sensor.
- a human body sensor such as a fingerprint sensor, a pulse sensor, or a body temperature sensor, a touch sensor, a pressure sensor, an acceleration sensor, or the like is preferably mounted.
- FIG. 30G shows an example of an armband-shaped display device.
- the display device 7300 has a display unit 7304 and has a secondary battery according to an aspect of the present invention. Further, the display device 7300 can be provided with a touch sensor on the display unit 7304, and can also function as a portable information terminal.
- the display surface of the display unit 7304 is curved, and display can be performed along the curved display surface. Further, the display device 7300 can change the display status by the communication standard short-range wireless communication or the like.
- the display device 7300 is provided with an input / output terminal, and data can be directly exchanged with another information terminal via a connector. It can also be charged via the input / output terminals.
- the charging operation may be performed by wireless power supply without going through the input / output terminals.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention as the secondary battery of the display device 7300, a lightweight and long-life display device can be provided.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention as the secondary battery in the daily electronic device, a lightweight and long-life product can be provided.
- daily electronic devices include electric toothbrushes, electric shavers, electric beauty devices, etc.
- the secondary batteries of these products are compact and lightweight with a stick-shaped shape in consideration of user-friendliness.
- a large-capacity secondary battery is desired.
- FIG. 30H is a perspective view of a device also called a cigarette-containing smoking device (electronic cigarette).
- the electronic cigarette 7500 is composed of an atomizer 7501 including a heating element, a secondary battery 7504 for supplying electric power to the atomizer, and a cartridge 7502 including a liquid supply bottle and a sensor.
- a protection circuit for preventing overcharging or overdischarging of the secondary battery 7504 may be electrically connected to the secondary battery 7504.
- the secondary battery 7504 shown in FIG. 30H has an external terminal so that it can be connected to a charging device. Since the secondary battery 7504 becomes the tip portion when it is held, it is desirable that the total length is short and the weight is light. Since the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention has a high capacity and good cycle characteristics, it is possible to provide a compact and lightweight electronic cigarette 7500 that can be used for a long period of time.
- FIGS. 31A and 31B show an example of a tablet terminal that can be folded in half.
- the tablet terminal 9600 shown in FIGS. 31A and 31B has a housing 9630a, a housing 9630b, a movable portion 9640 connecting the housing 9630a and the housing 9630b, a display unit 9631 having a display unit 9631a and a display unit 9631b, and a switch 9625. It has a switch 9627, a fastener 9629, and an operation switch 9628.
- FIG. 31A shows a state in which the tablet terminal 9600 is opened
- FIG. 31B shows a state in which the tablet terminal 9600 is closed.
- the tablet terminal 9600 has a power storage body 9635 inside the housing 9630a and the housing 9630b.
- the power storage body 9635 passes through the movable portion 9640 and is provided over the housing 9630a and the housing 9630b.
- the display unit 9631 can use all or a part of the area as the touch panel area, and can input data by touching an image, characters, an input form, or the like including an icon displayed in the area.
- a keyboard button may be displayed on the entire surface of the display unit 9631a on the housing 9630a side, and information such as characters and images may be displayed on the display unit 9631b on the housing 9630b side.
- the keyboard may be displayed on the display unit 9631b on the housing 9630b side, and information such as characters and images may be displayed on the display unit 9631a on the housing 9630a side.
- the keyboard display switching button on the touch panel may be displayed on the display unit 9631, and the keyboard may be displayed on the display unit 9631 by touching the button with a finger or a stylus.
- touch input can be simultaneously performed on the touch panel area of the display unit 9631a on the housing 9630a side and the touch panel area of the display unit 9631b on the housing 9630b side.
- the switch 9625 to the switch 9627 may be not only an interface for operating the tablet terminal 9600 but also an interface capable of switching various functions.
- at least one of the switch 9625 to the switch 9627 may function as a switch for switching the power on / off of the tablet terminal 9600.
- at least one of the switch 9625 to the switch 9627 may have a function of switching the display direction such as vertical display or horizontal display, or a function of switching between black and white display and color display.
- at least one of the switch 9625 to the switch 9627 may have a function of adjusting the brightness of the display unit 9631.
- the brightness of the display unit 9631 can be optimized according to the amount of external light during use detected by the optical sensor built in the tablet terminal 9600.
- the tablet terminal may incorporate not only an optical sensor but also other detection devices such as a gyro, an acceleration sensor, and other sensors that detect the inclination.
- FIG. 31A shows an example in which the display areas of the display unit 9631a on the housing 9630a side and the display unit 9631b on the housing 9630b side are almost the same, but the display areas of the display unit 9631a and the display unit 9631b are particularly different. It is not limited, and one size and the other size may be different, and the display quality may be different. For example, one may be a display panel capable of displaying a higher definition than the other.
- FIG. 31B shows a tablet-type terminal 9600 closed in half.
- the tablet-type terminal 9600 has a charge / discharge control circuit 9634 including a housing 9630, a solar cell 9633, and a DCDC converter 9636. Further, as the power storage body 9635, the power storage body according to one aspect of the present invention is used.
- the tablet terminal 9600 can be folded in half, the housing 9630a and the housing 9630b can be folded so as to overlap each other when not in use. Since the display unit 9631 can be protected by folding, the durability of the tablet terminal 9600 can be improved. Further, since the power storage body 9635 using the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention has a high capacity and good cycle characteristics, it is possible to provide a tablet terminal 9600 that can be used for a long time over a long period of time.
- the tablet terminal 9600 shown in FIGS. 31A and 31B displays various information (still images, moving images, text images, etc.), a calendar, a date, a time, and the like on the display unit. It can have a function, a touch input function for touch input operation or editing of information displayed on a display unit, a function for controlling processing by various software (programs), and the like.
- Electric power can be supplied to a touch panel, a display unit, a video signal processing unit, or the like by a solar cell 9633 mounted on the surface of the tablet terminal 9600.
- the solar cell 9633 can be provided on one side or both sides of the housing 9630, and can be configured to efficiently charge the power storage body 9635.
- As the storage body 9635 if a lithium ion battery is used, there is an advantage that the size can be reduced.
- FIG. 31C shows the solar cell 9633, the storage body 9635, the DCDC converter 9636, the converter 9637, the switches SW1 to SW3, and the display unit 9631. This is the location corresponding to the charge / discharge control circuit 9634 shown in FIG. 31B.
- the electric power generated by the solar cell is stepped up or down by the DCDC converter 9636 so as to be a voltage for charging the storage body 9635. Then, when the electric power from the solar cell 9633 is used for the operation of the display unit 9631, the switch SW1 is turned on, and the converter 9637 boosts or lowers the voltage required for the display unit 9631. Further, when the display is not performed on the display unit 9631, the SW1 may be turned off and the SW2 may be turned on to charge the power storage body 9635.
- the solar cell 9633 is shown as an example of the power generation means, but is not particularly limited, and the storage body 9635 is charged by another power generation means such as a piezoelectric element (piezo element) or a thermoelectric conversion element (Peltier element). It may be.
- a non-contact power transmission module that wirelessly (non-contactly) transmits and receives power for charging, or a configuration in which other charging means are combined may be used.
- FIG. 32 shows an example of another electronic device.
- the display device 8000 is an example of an electronic device using the secondary battery 8004 according to one aspect of the present invention.
- the display device 8000 corresponds to a display device for receiving TV broadcasts, and includes a housing 8001, a display unit 8002, a speaker unit 8003, a secondary battery 8004, and the like.
- the secondary battery 8004 according to one aspect of the present invention is provided inside the housing 8001.
- the display device 8000 can be supplied with electric power from a commercial power source, or can use the electric power stored in the secondary battery 8004. Therefore, even when the power cannot be supplied from the commercial power supply due to a power failure or the like, the display device 8000 can be used by using the secondary battery 8004 according to one aspect of the present invention as an uninterruptible power supply.
- the display unit 8002 includes a light emitting device equipped with a light emitting element such as a liquid crystal display device and an organic EL element in each pixel, an electrophoresis display device, a DMD (Digital Micromirror Device), a PDP (Plasma Display Panel), and a FED (Field Emission Display). ), Etc., a semiconductor display device can be used.
- a light emitting element such as a liquid crystal display device and an organic EL element in each pixel
- an electrophoresis display device such as a liquid crystal display device and an organic EL element in each pixel
- a DMD Digital Micromirror Device
- PDP Plasma Display Panel
- FED Field Emission Display
- the display device includes all information display devices such as those for receiving TV broadcasts, those for personal computers, and those for displaying advertisements.
- the stationary lighting device 8100 is an example of an electronic device using the secondary battery 8103 according to one aspect of the present invention.
- the lighting device 8100 includes a housing 8101, a light source 8102, a secondary battery 8103, and the like.
- FIG. 32 illustrates a case where the secondary battery 8103 is provided inside the ceiling 8104 in which the housing 8101 and the light source 8102 are installed, but the secondary battery 8103 is provided inside the housing 8101. It may have been done.
- the lighting device 8100 can be supplied with electric power from a commercial power source, or can use the electric power stored in the secondary battery 8103. Therefore, even when the power cannot be supplied from the commercial power supply due to a power failure or the like, the lighting device 8100 can be used by using the secondary battery 8103 according to one aspect of the present invention as an uninterruptible power supply.
- FIG. 32 illustrates the stationary lighting device 8100 provided on the ceiling 8104
- the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention includes, for example, a side wall 8105, a floor 8106, a window 8107, etc. other than the ceiling 8104. It can be used for a stationary lighting device provided in the above, or it can be used for a desktop lighting device or the like.
- the light source 8102 an artificial light source that artificially obtains light by using electric power can be used.
- incandescent lamps, discharge lamps such as fluorescent lamps, and light emitting elements such as LEDs and organic EL elements are examples of the artificial light sources.
- the air conditioner having the indoor unit 8200 and the outdoor unit 8204 is an example of an electronic device using the secondary battery 8203 according to one aspect of the present invention.
- the indoor unit 8200 has a housing 8201, an air outlet 8202, a secondary battery 8203, and the like.
- FIG. 32 illustrates the case where the secondary battery 8203 is provided in the indoor unit 8200, the secondary battery 8203 may be provided in the outdoor unit 8204. Alternatively, the secondary battery 8203 may be provided in both the indoor unit 8200 and the outdoor unit 8204.
- the air conditioner can be supplied with electric power from a commercial power source, or can use the electric power stored in the secondary battery 8203.
- the secondary battery 8203 when the secondary battery 8203 is provided in both the indoor unit 8200 and the outdoor unit 8204, the secondary battery 8203 according to one aspect of the present invention is provided even when power cannot be supplied from a commercial power source due to a power failure or the like.
- the air conditioner can be used by using the power supply as an uninterruptible power supply.
- FIG. 32 illustrates a separate type air conditioner composed of an indoor unit and an outdoor unit
- the integrated air conditioner having the functions of the indoor unit and the outdoor unit in one housing may be used.
- a secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention can also be used.
- the electric refrigerator / freezer 8300 is an example of an electronic device using the secondary battery 8304 according to one aspect of the present invention.
- the electric freezer / refrigerator 8300 has a housing 8301, a refrigerator door 8302, a freezer door 8303, a secondary battery 8304, and the like.
- the secondary battery 8304 is provided inside the housing 8301.
- the electric refrigerator-freezer 8300 can be supplied with electric power from a commercial power source, or can use the electric power stored in the secondary battery 8304. Therefore, even when the power cannot be supplied from the commercial power source due to a power failure or the like, the electric refrigerator-freezer 8300 can be used by using the secondary battery 8304 according to one aspect of the present invention as an uninterruptible power supply.
- high-frequency heating devices such as microwave ovens and electronic devices such as electric rice cookers require high electric power in a short time. Therefore, by using the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention as an auxiliary power source for assisting the electric power that cannot be covered by the commercial power source, it is possible to prevent the breaker of the commercial power source from being tripped when the electronic device is used. ..
- the power usage rate the ratio of the amount of power actually used (called the power usage rate) to the total amount of power that can be supplied by the supply source of commercial power is low.
- the power usage rate the ratio of the amount of power actually used (called the power usage rate) to the total amount of power that can be supplied by the supply source of commercial power.
- the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery can be improved and the reliability can be improved. Further, according to one aspect of the present invention, it is possible to obtain a high-capacity secondary battery, thereby improving the characteristics of the secondary battery, and thus reducing the size and weight of the secondary battery itself. it can. Therefore, by mounting the secondary battery, which is one aspect of the present invention, in the electronic device described in the present embodiment, it is possible to obtain an electronic device having a longer life and a lighter weight.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- FIG. 33A shows an example of a wearable device.
- Wearable devices use a secondary battery as a power source.
- a wearable device that can perform wireless charging as well as wired charging with the connector part to be connected is exposed. It is desired.
- the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention can be mounted on the spectacle-type device 4000 as shown in FIG. 33A.
- the spectacle-type device 4000 has a frame 4000a and a display unit 4000b.
- By mounting the secondary battery on the temple portion of the curved frame 4000a it is possible to obtain a spectacle-type device 4000 that is lightweight, has a good weight balance, and has a long continuous use time.
- By providing the secondary battery, which is one aspect of the present invention it is possible to realize a configuration capable of saving space due to the miniaturization of the housing.
- the headset type device 4001 can be equipped with a secondary battery, which is one aspect of the present invention.
- the headset-type device 4001 has at least a microphone unit 4001a, a flexible pipe 4001b, and an earphone unit 4001c.
- a secondary battery can be provided in the flexible pipe 4001b or in the earphone portion 4001c.
- the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention can be mounted on the device 4002 that can be directly attached to the body.
- the secondary battery 4002b can be provided in the thin housing 4002a of the device 4002.
- the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention can be mounted on the device 4003 that can be attached to clothes.
- the secondary battery 4003b can be provided in the thin housing 4003a of the device 4003.
- the belt type device 4006 can be equipped with a secondary battery which is one aspect of the present invention.
- the belt-type device 4006 has a belt portion 4006a and a wireless power supply receiving portion 4006b, and a secondary battery can be mounted inside the belt portion 4006a.
- the wristwatch type device 4005 can be equipped with a secondary battery, which is one aspect of the present invention.
- the wristwatch-type device 4005 has a display unit 4005a and a belt unit 4005b, and a secondary battery can be provided on the display unit 4005a or the belt unit 4005b.
- a secondary battery which is one aspect of the present invention, it is possible to realize a configuration capable of saving space due to the miniaturization of the housing.
- the wristwatch type device 4005 is a wearable device of a type that is directly wrapped around the wrist, a sensor for measuring the pulse, blood pressure, etc. of the user may be mounted. It is possible to manage the health by accumulating data on the amount of exercise and health of the user.
- FIG. 33B shows a perspective view of the wristwatch-type device 4005 removed from the arm.
- FIG. 33C shows a state in which the secondary battery 913 is built in.
- the secondary battery 913 is the secondary battery shown in the fifth embodiment.
- the secondary battery 913 is provided at a position overlapping the display unit 4005a, and is compact and lightweight.
- FIG. 34A shows an example of a cleaning robot.
- the cleaning robot 6300 has a display unit 6302 arranged on the upper surface of the housing 6301, a plurality of cameras 6303 arranged on the side surface, a brush 6304, an operation button 6305, a secondary battery 6306, various sensors, and the like.
- the cleaning robot 6300 is provided with tires, suction ports, and the like.
- the cleaning robot 6300 is self-propelled, can detect dust 6310, and can suck dust from a suction port provided on the lower surface.
- the cleaning robot 6300 can analyze the image taken by the camera 6303 and determine the presence or absence of obstacles such as walls, furniture, and steps. Further, when an object that is likely to be entangled with the brush 6304 such as wiring is detected by image analysis, the rotation of the brush 6304 can be stopped.
- the cleaning robot 6300 includes a secondary battery 6306 according to an aspect of the present invention, and a semiconductor device or an electronic component inside the cleaning robot 6300. By using the secondary battery 6306 according to one aspect of the present invention for the cleaning robot 6300, the cleaning robot 6300 can be made into a highly reliable electronic device with a long operating time.
- FIG. 34B shows an example of a robot.
- the robot 6400 shown in FIG. 34B includes a secondary battery 6409, an illuminance sensor 6401, a microphone 6402, an upper camera 6403, a speaker 6404, a display unit 6405, a lower camera 6406 and an obstacle sensor 6407, a moving mechanism 6408, an arithmetic unit, and the like.
- the microphone 6402 has a function of detecting a user's voice, environmental sound, and the like. Further, the speaker 6404 has a function of emitting sound. The robot 6400 can communicate with the user by using the microphone 6402 and the speaker 6404.
- the display unit 6405 has a function of displaying various information.
- the robot 6400 can display the information desired by the user on the display unit 6405.
- the display unit 6405 may be equipped with a touch panel. Further, the display unit 6405 may be a removable information terminal, and by installing the display unit 6405 at a fixed position of the robot 6400, charging and data transfer are possible.
- the upper camera 6403 and the lower camera 6406 have a function of photographing the surroundings of the robot 6400. Further, the obstacle sensor 6407 can detect the presence or absence of an obstacle in the traveling direction when the robot 6400 moves forward by using the moving mechanism 6408. The robot 6400 can recognize the surrounding environment and move safely by using the upper camera 6403, the lower camera 6406, and the obstacle sensor 6407.
- the robot 6400 includes a secondary battery 6409 according to an aspect of the present invention, and a semiconductor device or an electronic component inside the robot 6400.
- the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention for the robot 6400, the robot 6400 can be made into a highly reliable electronic device having a long operating time.
- FIG. 34C shows an example of an air vehicle.
- the flying object 6500 shown in FIG. 34C has a propeller 6501, a camera 6502, a secondary battery 6503, and the like, and has a function of autonomously flying.
- the image data taken by the camera 6502 is stored in the electronic component 6504.
- the electronic component 6504 can analyze the image data and detect the presence or absence of an obstacle when moving.
- the remaining battery level can be estimated from the change in the storage capacity of the secondary battery 6503 by the electronic component 6504.
- the flying object 6500 includes a secondary battery 6503 according to one aspect of the present invention inside the flying object 6500. By using the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention for the flying object 6500, the flying object 6500 can be made into a highly reliable electronic device having a long operating time.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- a next-generation clean energy vehicle such as a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), an electric vehicle (EV), or a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) can be realized.
- HEV hybrid electric vehicle
- EV electric vehicle
- PHEV plug-in hybrid vehicle
- FIG. 35 illustrates a vehicle using a secondary battery, which is one aspect of the present invention.
- the automobile 8400 shown in FIG. 35A is an electric vehicle that uses an electric motor as a power source for traveling. Alternatively, it is a hybrid vehicle in which an electric motor and an engine can be appropriately selected and used as a power source for driving. By using one aspect of the present invention, a vehicle having a long cruising range can be realized.
- the automobile 8400 has a secondary battery.
- the modules of the secondary battery shown in FIGS. 20C and 20D may be used side by side with respect to the floor portion in the vehicle.
- a battery pack in which a plurality of secondary batteries shown in FIG. 23 are combined may be installed on the floor portion in the vehicle.
- the secondary battery can not only drive the electric motor 8406, but also supply electric power to a light emitting device such as a headlight 8401 and a room light (not shown).
- the secondary battery can supply electric power to display devices such as a speedometer and a tachometer included in the automobile 8400.
- the secondary battery can supply electric power to a semiconductor device such as a navigation system included in the automobile 8400.
- the automobile 8500 shown in FIG. 35B can charge the secondary battery of the automobile 8500 by receiving electric power from an external charging facility by a plug-in method, a non-contact power supply method, or the like.
- FIG. 35B shows a state in which the secondary battery 8024 mounted on the automobile 8500 is being charged from the ground-mounted charging device 8021 via the cable 8022.
- the charging method, connector specifications, and the like may be appropriately performed by a predetermined method such as CHAdeMO (registered trademark) or combo.
- the charging device 8021 may be a charging station provided in a commercial facility or a household power source.
- the plug-in technology can charge the secondary battery 8024 mounted on the automobile 8500 by supplying electric power from the outside. Charging can be performed by converting AC power into DC power via a conversion device such as an ACDC converter.
- the power receiving device on the vehicle and supply electric power from the ground power transmission device in a non-contact manner to charge the vehicle.
- this non-contact power supply system by incorporating a power transmission device on the road or the outer wall, it is possible to charge the battery not only while the vehicle is stopped but also while the vehicle is running.
- the non-contact power feeding method may be used to transmit and receive electric power between vehicles.
- a solar cell may be provided on the exterior of the vehicle to charge the secondary battery when the vehicle is stopped or running.
- An electromagnetic induction method or a magnetic field resonance method can be used for such non-contact power supply.
- FIG. 35C is an example of a two-wheeled vehicle using the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention.
- the scooter 8600 shown in FIG. 35C includes a secondary battery 8602, a side mirror 8601, and a turn signal 8603.
- the secondary battery 8602 can supply electricity to the turn signal 8603.
- the scooter 8600 shown in FIG. 35C can store the secondary battery 8602 in the storage under the seat 8604.
- the secondary battery 8602 can be stored in the under-seat storage 8604 even if the under-seat storage 8604 is small.
- the secondary battery 8602 is removable, and when charging, the secondary battery 8602 may be carried indoors, charged, and stored before traveling.
- the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery are improved, and the capacity of the secondary battery can be increased. Therefore, the secondary battery itself can be made smaller and lighter. If the secondary battery itself can be made smaller and lighter, it will contribute to the weight reduction of the vehicle, and thus the cruising range can be improved. Further, the secondary battery mounted on the vehicle can also be used as a power supply source other than the vehicle. In this case, for example, it is possible to avoid using a commercial power source during peak power demand. Avoiding the use of commercial power during peak power demand can contribute to energy savings and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Further, if the cycle characteristics are good, the secondary battery can be used for a long period of time, so that the amount of rare metals such as cobalt used can be reduced.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared by the production method shown in FIG. 4, its characteristics were analyzed, and its characteristics were evaluated.
- LiMO 2 in step S14 a commercially available lithium cobalt oxide (CellSeed C-10N manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.) having cobalt as the transition metal M and having no particular additive was prepared.
- Lithium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, nickel hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide were added and mixed thereto by the solid phase method in the same manner as in steps S21 to S23, step S31, step S32, and step S41.
- the number of atomic atoms of cobalt was 100, lithium fluoride was added so that the molecular weight was 0.33, magnesium fluoride had a molecular weight of 1, nickel had an atomic weight of 0.5, and aluminum had an atomic weight of 0.5. This was designated as a mixture 903.
- annealing was performed in the same manner as in step S53. About 20 g or more and 60 g or less of the mixture was placed in a square alumina container, covered with a lid, and heated in a muffle furnace to obtain a composite oxide.
- the annealing temperature was 900 ° C., 920 ° C., 930 ° C. or 950 ° C.
- the annealing time was 10 hours or 30 hours.
- step S54 As an operation for suppressing the adhesion in step S54, the composite oxide was hit with a pestle to break the adhesion between the composite oxide particles. Then, for some samples, finely divided lithium fluoride was added and mixed. When the number of atoms of cobalt was 100, the mixture was mixed so that the molecular weight of lithium fluoride was 0.33.
- step S55 annealing was performed in the same manner as in step S55.
- the annealing temperature was the same as in step S53.
- step S54 and step S55 were repeated n times.
- n was set to 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
- FIG. 36A shows the surface SEM image of sample 2
- FIG. 36B shows the surface SEM image of sample 4
- FIG. 36C shows the surface SEM image of sample 6.
- a secondary battery was produced using the positive electrode active materials of Samples 1 to 21.
- a positive electrode was obtained by the above steps.
- the amount of the positive electrode supported was approximately 7 mg / cm 2 .
- the density was 3.8 g / cc or more.
- a CR2032 type (diameter 20 mm, height 3.2 mm) coin-shaped battery cell was manufactured.
- Lithium metal was used as the counter electrode.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- VC vinylene carbonate
- Polypropylene having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m was used as the separator.
- the positive electrode can and the negative electrode are those made of stainless steel (SUS) were used.
- FIGS. 37A and 37B The charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the secondary batteries of Sample 1, Sample 3, Sample 5, Sample 7, and Sample 9 in which the annealing temperature is 900 ° C. and lithium fluoride is added at the same time as the sticking suppression operation are shown in FIGS. 37A and 37B.
- FIG. 37A is the discharge capacity
- FIG. 37B is the discharge capacity retention rate.
- the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the secondary batteries of Sample 2, Sample 4, Sample 6, Sample 8 and Sample 10 to which lithium fluoride was not added are shown in FIGS. 38A and 38B.
- FIG. 38A is the discharge capacity
- FIG. 38B is the discharge capacity retention rate. Both were measured at 45 ° C.
- Charging was CC / CV (1C, 4.6V, 0.1Cut), discharging was CC (1C, 2.5Vcut), and a 10-minute rest period was provided before the next charging.
- 1C was set to 200 mA / g.
- FIGS. 39A and 39B The charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the secondary battery of the sample 6 in which the annealing at 900 ° C. for 10 hours and the sticking suppression operation were repeated three times and the sample 11 in which the annealing at 900 ° C. for 30 hours was performed once are shown in FIGS. 39A and 39B.
- 39A is the discharge capacity
- FIG. 39B is the discharge capacity retention rate. It was measured at 45 ° C.
- the charging / discharging conditions were the same as those in FIGS. 37 and 38, except that the charging / discharging was set to 0.5C.
- sample 6 and sample 11 showed much better charge / discharge cycle characteristics, even though the cumulative annealing times were the same. It is presumed that this is because the distribution of additives on the surface layer of the positive electrode active material was improved by repeating the annealing and sticking suppression operations multiple times.
- FIGS. 40A and 40B The charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the secondary batteries of Sample 12, Sample 13, Sample 14, and Sample 15 at an annealing temperature of 920 ° C. are shown in FIGS. 40A and 40B.
- FIG. 40A is the discharge capacity
- FIG. 40B is the discharge capacity retention rate. It was measured at 45 ° C.
- the charging / discharging conditions were the same as those in FIGS. 37A to 38B except that the charging / discharging was set to 0.5C.
- FIGS. 41A and 41B The charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the secondary batteries of Sample 16, Sample 17, and Sample 18 at an annealing temperature of 930 ° C. are shown in FIGS. 41A and 41B.
- FIG. 41A is the discharge capacity
- FIG. 41B is the discharge capacity retention rate. It was measured at 45 ° C.
- the charging / discharging conditions were the same as those in FIGS. 37A to 38B except that the charging / discharging was set to 0.5C.
- FIGS. 41A and 41B the same tendency as in FIGS. 37A to 38B and 40A and 40B was observed.
- sample 16 one annealing was not enough, and good charge / discharge cycle characteristics could not be obtained.
- Samples 17 and 18 in which the number of annealings was 2 and 3 showed good charge / discharge cycle characteristics. In particular, the sample 18 having three annealings was the best.
- FIGS. 42A and 42B The charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the secondary batteries of Sample 19, Sample 20, and Sample 21 at an annealing temperature of 950 ° C. are shown in FIGS. 42A and 42B.
- FIG. 42A is the discharge capacity
- FIG. 42B is the discharge capacity retention rate. It was measured at 45 ° C.
- the charging / discharging conditions were the same as those in FIGS. 37A to 38B except that the charging / discharging was set to 0.5C.
- Table 2 shows the initial discharge capacity of Samples 1 to 21 and the discharge capacity retention rate after 30 or 50 cycles.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention can produce a positive electrode active material exhibiting good cycle characteristics even at a relatively high temperature of 45 ° C.
- 100 Positive electrode active material, 100a: Surface layer, 100b: Internal, 110: Rotary kiln, 110a: Rotary kiln, 110b: Rotary kiln, 110c: Kiln, 111: Kiln body, 111a: Kiln body, 111b: Kiln body, 112: Heating means , 112a: heating means, 112b: heating means, 113: raw material supply means, 113a: raw material supply means, 113b: raw material supply means, 114: discharge unit, 115: control panel, 116: atmosphere control means 117: blades, 120 : Measuring device, 120a: Measuring device, 120b: Measuring device, 130: Mill, 131a: Mill, 131b: Mill, 150: Roller herring, 150a: Roller herring, 151: Kiln body, 152: Roller, 153a: Heating Means, 153b: Heating means, 154: Atmosphere control means, 155: Sticking suppressing means, 155a: Sticking suppressing means
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Abstract
Description
図2は正極活物質の作製方法の一例を説明する図である。
図3は正極活物質の作製方法の一例を説明する図である。
図4は正極活物質の作製方法の一例を説明する図である。
図5Aは正極活物質の上面図、図5Bは正極活物質の断面図である。
図6は正極活物質の充電深度と結晶構造を説明する図である。
図7は比較例の正極活物質の充電深度と結晶構造を説明する図である。
図8は結晶構造から計算されるXRDパターンを示す図である。
図9A乃至図9CはXRDから算出される格子定数である。
図10A乃至図10CはXRDから算出される格子定数である。
図11Aおよび図11Bは製造装置の一例を説明する図である。図11Cは製造装置の断面を説明する図である。
図12Aおよび図12Bは製造装置の一例を説明する図である。
図13Aは製造装置の一例を説明する図である。図13Bはローラーの配置を説明する図である。図13Cは製造装置の一例を説明する図である。
図14Aおよび図14Bは製造装置の一例を説明する図である。
図15Aおよび図15Bは導電材としてグラフェン化合物を用いた場合の活物質層の断面図である。
図16Aおよび図16Bは二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図17A乃至図17Cは二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図18Aおよび図18Bは二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図19A乃至図19Cはコイン型二次電池を説明する図である。
図20A乃至図20Dは円筒型二次電池を説明する図である。
図21Aおよび図21Bは二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図22A乃至図22Dは二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図23Aおよび図23Bは二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図24は二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図25A乃至図25Cはラミネート型の二次電池を説明する図である。
図26Aおよび図26Bはラミネート型の二次電池を説明する図である。
図27は二次電池の外観を示す図である。
図28は二次電池の外観を示す図である。
図29A乃至図29Cは二次電池の作製方法を説明する図である。
図30A乃至図30Hは電子機器の一例を説明する図である。
図31A乃至図31Cは電子機器の一例を説明する図である。
図32は電子機器の一例を説明する図である。
図33A乃至図33Cは電子機器の一例を説明する図である。
図34A乃至図34Cは、電子機器の一例を示す図である。
図35A乃至図35Cは車両の一例を説明する図である。
図36A乃至図36Cは実施例1で作製した正極活物質のSEM像である。
図37Aおよび図37Bは実施例1で作製した正極活物質のサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図38Aおよび図38Bは実施例1で作製した正極活物質のサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図39Aおよび図39Bは実施例1で作製した正極活物質のサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図40Aおよび図40Bは実施例1で作製した正極活物質のサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図41Aおよび図41Bは実施例1で作製した正極活物質のサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図42Aおよび図42Bは実施例1で作製した正極活物質のサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
本実施の形態では、図1乃至図4を用いて本発明の一態様の正極活物質の作製方法の例について説明する。本実施の形態で説明する作製方法は、作製する正極活物質の量が多い場合、たとえば10g以上のときに特に効果が大きい。
図1のステップS11として、まずリチウム、遷移金属Mおよび酸素を有する複合酸化物(LiMO2)の材料として、リチウム源および遷移金属M源を用意する。
次にステップS12として、上記のリチウム源および遷移金属M源を解砕および混合する。混合は乾式または湿式で行うことができる。混合には例えばボールミル、ビーズミル等を用いることができる。ボールミルを用いる場合は、例えばメディアとしてジルコニアボールを用いることが好ましい。
次にステップS13として、上記で混合した材料を加熱する。本工程は、後の加熱工程との区別のために、焼成または第1の加熱という場合がある。加熱は800℃以上1100℃未満で行うことが好ましく、900℃以上1000℃以下で行うことがより好ましく、950℃程度がさらに好ましい。温度が低すぎると、リチウム源および遷移金属M源の分解および溶融が不十分となるおそれがある。一方温度が高すぎると、酸化還元反応を担う遷移金属Mが過剰に還元される、リチウムが蒸散するなどの原因で欠陥が生じるおそれがある。例えば遷移金属Mとしてコバルトを用いた場合、コバルトが2価となる欠陥が生じうる。
次にステップS14として、上記で焼成した材料を回収し、リチウム、遷移金属Mおよび酸素を有する複合酸化物(LiMO2)を得る。具体的には、コバルト酸リチウム、マンガン酸リチウム、ニッケル酸リチウム、コバルトの一部がマンガンで置換されたコバルト酸リチウム、コバルトの一部がニッケルで置換されたコバルト酸リチウム、またはニッケル−マンガン−コバルト酸リチウムなどを得る。
次にステップS21として、混合物902の材料として、フッ素源およびマグネシウム源を用意する。またリチウム源も用意することが好ましい。
次に、ステップS22において、上記の混合物902の材料を混合および粉砕する。混合は乾式または湿式で行うことができるが、湿式はより小さく粉砕することができるため好ましい。混合には例えばボールミル、ビーズミル等を用いることができる。ボールミルを用いる場合は、例えばメディアとしてジルコニアボールを用いることが好ましい。この混合および粉砕工程を十分に行い、混合物902を微粉化することが好ましい。
次に、ステップS23において、上記で混合、粉砕した材料を回収し、混合物902を得る。
次にステップS41において、ステップS14で得られるLiMO2と、混合物902と、を混合する。リチウム、遷移金属および酸素を有する複合酸化物LiMO2中の遷移金属の原子数Mと、混合物902が有するマグネシウムの原子数Mgとの比は、M:Mg=100:y(0.1≦y≦6)であることが好ましく、M:Mg=100:y(0.3≦y≦3)であることがより好ましい。
次にステップS42において、上記で混合した材料を回収し、混合物903を得る。
次にステップS43において、混合物903を、酸素を含む雰囲気中で加熱する。該加熱は、混合物903の粒子同士が固着しないよう、固着抑制効果のある加熱とすることが好ましい。本工程は先の加熱工程との区別のために、アニール、固着抑制アニールまたは第2の加熱という場合がある。
次にステップS44において上記で固着抑制アニールをした材料を回収し、正極活物質100を作製することができる。このとき、回収された正極活物質100をさらに、ふるいにかけることが好ましい。
図2および図4のステップS53において、混合物903を、酸素を含む雰囲気中で加熱する。このとき特に攪拌等は行わなくてもよい。他の条件はステップS43の記載を参酌することができる。混合物903を1回以上加熱したものを複合酸化物ということとする。
次にステップS54において、上記の複合酸化物について固着抑制操作を行う。複合酸化物の固着抑制操作としては、乳棒で解砕する、ボールミルを用いて混合する、自転交転式ミキサーを用いて混合する、ふるいにかける、複合酸化物の入った容器を振動させる、等があげられる。本工程も、乾燥雰囲気でなく水を含む雰囲気で行うことが好ましい場合がある。雰囲気中に適度な量の水が存在すると、フッ化マグネシウムをはじめとするフッ化物の加水分解を促進することができる場合がある。そのためたとえば本工程中の雰囲気として大気を用いてもよい。大気を用いると生産性がよく好ましい。また本工程中の雰囲気として大気と酸素ガスを混合して用いてもよい。大気と酸素ガスを混合して用いると、生産性を向上させつつ、酸素分圧を上げることができ好ましい。
次にステップS55において、固着抑制操作後の複合酸化物を、酸素を含む雰囲気中で加熱する。加熱条件はステップS53の記載を参酌することができる。
本実施の形態では、図5乃至図10を用いて本発明の一態様の正極活物質について説明する。
正極活物質100は、リチウムと、遷移金属Mと、酸素と、添加物と、を有する。正極活物質100はLiMO2で表される複合酸化物に添加物が添加されたものといってもよい。
図7に示す正極活物質は、後述する作製方法にてフッ素およびマグネシウムが添加されないコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)である。図7に示すコバルト酸リチウムは、非特許文献1および非特許文献2等で述べられているように、充電深度によって結晶構造が変化する。
≪内部≫
本発明の一態様の正極活物質100は、高電圧の充放電の繰り返しにおいて、CoO2層のずれを小さくすることができる。さらに、体積の変化を小さくすることができる。よって、本発明の一態様の正極活物質は、優れたサイクル特性を実現することができる。また、本発明の一態様の正極活物質は、高電圧の充電状態において安定な結晶構造を取り得る。よって、本発明の一態様の正極活物質は、高電圧の充電状態を保持した場合において、ショートが生じづらい場合がある。そのような場合には安全性がより向上するため、好ましい。
マグネシウムは本発明の一態様の正極活物質100の粒子全体に分布していることが好ましいが、これに加えて表層部100aのマグネシウム濃度が、粒子全体の平均よりも高いことが好ましい。例えば、XPS等で測定される表層部100aのマグネシウム濃度が、ICP−MS等で測定される粒子全体の平均のマグネシウム濃度よりも高いことが好ましい。
本発明の一態様の正極活物質100が有する添加物は、内部にランダムかつ希薄に存在していてもよいが、一部は粒界に偏析していることがより好ましい。
本発明の一態様の正極活物質100の粒径は、大きすぎるとリチウムの拡散が難しくなる、集電体に塗工したときに活物質層の表面が粗くなりすぎる、等の問題がある。一方、小さすぎると、集電体への塗工時に活物質層を担持しにくくなる、電解液との反応が過剰に進む等の問題点も生じる。そのため、平均粒子径(D50:メディアン径ともいう。)が、1μm以上100μm以下が好ましく、2μm以上40μm以下であることがより好ましく、5μm以上30μm以下がさらに好ましい。
ある正極活物質が、高電圧で充電されたときO3’型の結晶構造を示す本発明の一態様の正極活物質100であるか否かは、高電圧で充電された正極を、XRD、電子線回折、中性子線回折、電子スピン共鳴(ESR)、核磁気共鳴(NMR)等を用いて解析することで判断できる。特にXRDは、正極活物質が有するコバルト等の遷移金属の対称性を高分解能で解析できる、結晶性の高さおよび結晶の配向性を比較できる、格子の周期性歪みおよび結晶子サイズの解析ができる、二次電池を解体して得た正極をそのまま測定しても十分な精度を得られる、等の点で好ましい。
ある複合酸化物が、本発明の一態様の正極活物質100であるか否かを判断するための高電圧充電は、例えば対極リチウムでコインセル(CR2032タイプ、直径20mm高さ3.2mm)を作製して充電することができる。
XRD測定の装置および条件は特に限定されない。たとえば下記のような装置および条件で測定することができる。
XRD装置 :Bruker AXS社製、D8 ADVANCE
X線源 :CuKα線
出力 :40KV、40mA
スリット系 :Div.Slit、0.5°
検出器:LynxEye
スキャン方式 :2θ/θ連続スキャン
測定範囲(2θ) :15°以上90°以下
ステップ幅(2θ) :0.01°設定
計数時間 :1秒間/ステップ
試料台回転 :15rpm
X線光電子分光(XPS)では、表面から2乃至8nm程度(通常5nm程度)の深さまでの領域の分析が可能であるため、表層部100aの深さ方向の約半分の領域について、各元素の濃度を定量的に分析することができる。また、ナロースキャン分析をすれば元素の結合状態を分析することができる。なおXPSの定量精度は多くの場合±1原子%程度、検出下限は元素にもよるが約1原子%である。
本発明の一態様の正極活物質100は、表面がなめらかで凹凸が少ないことが好ましい。表面がなめらかで凹凸が少ないことは、表層部100aにおける添加物の分布が良好であることを示す一つの要素である。
本実施の形態では、図11乃至図14を用いて本発明の一態様である製造装置について説明する。該製造装置は、先の実施の形態で説明した正極活物質を作製するのに好適である。
図11Aにバッチ式のロータリーキルン110の断面模式図を示す。ロータリーキルン110は、キルン本体111と、加熱手段112と、原料供給手段113と、雰囲気制御手段116を有する。またロータリーキルン110は制御盤115、および測定装置120を有することが好ましい。
またバッチ式に限らず、連続式のロータリーキルンとしてもよい。また原料供給手段を複数有し、加熱の途中で新たな原料を供給する機能を有していてもよい。またキルン本体の内部にミルを有し、該ミルにより被処理物の固着を抑制してもよい。
また図12Bに示すように、縦型のキルン110cとしてもよい。図12Bはキルン110cの断面模式図である。キルン110cはキルン本体111bと、加熱手段112aおよび加熱手段112bと、第1のミル131aおよび第2のミル131bと、原料供給手段113を有する。
また本発明の一態様の製造装置は、容器に入った被処理物を連続的に処理するローラーハースキルンであってもよい。図13Aはローラーハースキルン150の断面模式図である。図13Bは、ローラーハースキルンが有する複数のローラー152を説明する図である。
また本発明の一態様の製造装置は、搬送手段としてメッシュベルトを用い、容器に入った被処理物を連続的に処理するメッシュベルトキルンであってもよい。図14Aはメッシュベルトキルン170の断面模式図である。
また本発明の一態様の製造装置は、バッチ式のマッフル炉であってもよい。図14Bはマッフル炉180の断面模式図である。
本実施の形態では、図15乃至図18を用いて本発明の一態様の二次電池の例について説明する。
以下に、正極、負極および電解液が、外装体に包まれている二次電池を例にとって説明する。
正極は、正極活物質層および正極集電体を有する。正極活物質層は正極活物質を有し、導電材およびバインダを有していてもよい。正極活物質には、先の実施の形態で説明した作製方法を用いて作製した正極活物質を用いる。
負極は、負極活物質層および負極集電体を有する。また、負極活物質層は、導電材およびバインダを有していてもよい。
負極活物質としては、例えば合金系材料や炭素系材料等を用いることができる。
負極集電体には、正極集電体と同様の材料を用いることができる。なお負極集電体は、リチウム等のキャリアイオンと合金化しない材料を用いることが好ましい。
電解液は、溶媒と電解質を有する。電解液の溶媒としては、非プロトン性有機溶媒が好ましく、例えば、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ブチレンカーボネート、クロロエチレンカーボネート、ビニレンカーボネート、γ−ブチロラクトン、γ−バレロラクトン、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ギ酸メチル、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル、プロピオン酸プロピル、酪酸メチル、1,3−ジオキサン、1,4−ジオキサン、ジメトキシエタン(DME)、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジエチルエーテル、メチルジグライム、アセトニトリル、ベンゾニトリル、テトラヒドロフラン、スルホラン、スルトン等の1種、又はこれらのうちの2種以上を任意の組み合わせおよび比率で用いることができる。
また二次電池は、セパレータを有することが好ましい。セパレータとしては、例えば、紙、不織布、ガラス繊維、セラミックス、或いはナイロン(ポリアミド)、ビニロン(ポリビニルアルコール系繊維)、ポリエステル、アクリル、ポリオレフィン、ポリウレタンを用いた合成繊維等で形成されたものを用いることができる。セパレータはエンベロープ状に加工し、正極または負極のいずれか一方を包むように配置することが好ましい。
二次電池が有する外装体としては、例えばアルミニウムなどの金属材料や樹脂材料を用いることができる。また、フィルム状の外装体を用いることもできる。フィルムとしては、例えばポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリカーボネート、アイオノマー、ポリアミド等の材料からなる膜上に、アルミニウム、ステンレス、銅、ニッケル等の可撓性に優れた金属薄膜を設け、さらに該金属薄膜上に外装体の外面としてポリアミド系樹脂、ポリエステル系樹脂等の絶縁性合成樹脂膜を設けた三層構造のフィルムを用いることができる。
以下に、二次電池の構成の一例として、固体電解質層を用いた二次電池の構成について説明する。
本発明の一態様の二次電池400の外装体には、様々な材料および形状のものを用いることができるが、正極、固体電解質層および負極を加圧する機能を有することが好ましい。
本実施の形態では、先の実施の形態で説明した正極を有する二次電池の形状の例について説明する。本実施の形態で説明する二次電池に用いる材料は、先の実施の形態の記載を参酌することができる。
まずコイン型の二次電池の一例について説明する。図19Aはコイン型(単層偏平型)の二次電池の外観図であり、図19Bは、その断面図である。
次に円筒型の二次電池の例について図20を参照して説明する。円筒型の二次電池600の外観図を図20Aに示す。図20Bは、円筒型の二次電池600の断面を模式的に示した図である。図20Bに示すように、円筒型の二次電池600は、上面に正極キャップ(電池蓋)601を有し、側面および底面に電池缶(外装缶)602を有している。これら正極キャップと電池缶(外装缶)602とは、ガスケット(絶縁パッキン)610によって絶縁されている。
二次電池の別の構造例について、図21乃至図25を用いて説明する。
次に、ラミネート型の二次電池の例について、図25乃至図35を参照して説明する。ラミネート型の二次電池は、可撓性を有する構成とすれば、可撓性を有する部位を少なくとも一部有する電子機器に実装すれば、電子機器の変形に合わせて二次電池も曲げることもできる。
ここで、図27に外観図を示すラミネート型二次電池の作製方法の一例について、図29B、図29Cを用いて説明する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である二次電池を電子機器に実装する例について説明する。
本実施の形態では、先の実施の形態で説明した二次電池を用いた電子機器の例について図33乃至図34を用いて説明する。
本実施の形態では、車両に本発明の一態様である二次電池を搭載する例を示す。
図4に示す作製方法を参照しながら本実施例で作製したサンプルについて説明する。
図36Aにサンプル2、図36Bにサンプル4、図36Cにサンプル6の表面SEM像を示す。
サンプル1乃至サンプル21の正極活物質を用いて二次電池を作製した。まずサンプル1乃至サンプル21の正極活物質、ABおよびPVDFを、活物質:AB:PVDF=95:3:2(重量比)で混合してスラリーを作製し、該スラリーをアルミニウムの集電体に塗工した。スラリーの溶媒としてNMPを用いた。
アニール温度を900℃とし、固着抑制操作と同時にフッ化リチウムを追加したサンプル1、サンプル3、サンプル5、サンプル7およびサンプル9の二次電池の充放電サイクル特性を図37Aおよび図37Bに示す。図37Aが放電容量、図37Bが放電容量維持率である。フッ化リチウムを追加しなかったサンプル2、サンプル4、サンプル6、サンプル8およびサンプル10の二次電池の充放電サイクル特性を図38Aおよび図38Bに示す。図38Aが放電容量、図38Bが放電容量維持率である。いずれも45℃で測定した。充電はCC/CV(1C,4.6V,0.1Ccut)、放電はCC(1C,2.5Vcut)とし、次の充電の前に10分休止時間を設けた。なお本実施例等において1Cは200mA/gとした。
Claims (10)
- リチウムと、遷移金属と、酸素およびフッ素を有する正極活物質の作製方法であって、
被処理物の加熱中に固着抑制工程を有する、正極活物質の作製方法。 - 請求項1において、
前記固着抑制工程は、前記加熱中に炉を回転させることによる攪拌である正極活物質の作製方法。 - 請求項1において、
前記固着抑制工程は、前記加熱中に被処理物の入った容器を振動させることによる攪拌である正極活物質の作製方法。 - リチウムと、遷移金属と、酸素およびフッ素を有する正極活物質の作製方法であって、
複数の加熱工程の間に、固着抑制工程を有する、正極活物質の作製方法。 - 請求項4において、
前記固着抑制工程は、
前記加熱中に被処理物の入った容器を振動させることによる攪拌と、
前記複数の加熱工程の間に行われる解砕の、
少なくとも一である正極活物質の作製方法。 - 請求項2において、
前記炉に前記被処理物と共にセラミックボールを投入する、正極活物質の作製方法。 - 投入された被処理物を連続的に処理するロータリーキルンであって、
前記ロータリーキルンは、キルン本体と、ミルと、第1の加熱手段と、第2の加熱手段と、第1の原料供給手段と、第2の原料供給手段と、雰囲気制御手段と、を有し、
前記キルン本体は略円筒状であり、回転することで前記被処理物を攪拌する機能を有し、
前記キルン本体は上流部分と、下流部分と、を有し、前記被処理物を前記上流部分に1時間以上100時間以下滞留させる機能を有し、前記下流部分に1時間以上100時間以下滞留させる機能を有し、
前記ミルは前記被処理物の固着を抑制する機能を有し、
前記第1の加熱手段は前記キルン本体の前記上流部分を800℃以上1100℃以下に加熱する機能を有し、
前記第2の加熱手段は前記キルン本体の前記下流部分を500℃以上1130℃以下に加熱する機能を有し、
前記第1の原料供給手段は前記キルン本体の前記上流部分に前記被処理物を供給する機能を有し、
前記第2の原料供給手段は前記キルン本体の前記下流部分に追加原料を供給する機能を有し、
前記雰囲気制御手段は前記キルン本体の内部に酸素含有ガスを導入する酸素含有ガス導入ラインである、ロータリーキルン。 - 投入された被処理物を連続的に処理するキルンであって、
前記キルンは、キルン本体と、第1のミルと、第2のミルと、第1の加熱手段と、第2の加熱手段と、原料供給手段と、を有し、
前記キルン本体は略円筒状であり、内部に掻揚羽根を有し、
前記掻揚羽根は前記被処理物を攪拌する機能を有し、
前記キルン本体は上流部分と、下流部分と、を有し、前記被処理物を前記上流部分に1時間以上100時間以下滞留させる機能を有し、前記下流部分に1時間以上100時間以下滞留させる機能を有し、
前記第1のミルおよび前記第2のミルは前記上流部分と前記下流部分の間に設けられ、前記被処理物の固着を抑制する機能を有し、
前記第1の加熱手段は前記キルン本体の前記上流部分を800℃以上1100℃以下に加熱する機能を有し、
前記第2の加熱手段は前記キルン本体の前記下流部分を500℃以上1130℃以下に加熱する機能を有し、
前記原料供給手段は前記キルン本体の前記上流部分に前記被処理物を供給する機能を有する、キルン。 - 容器に入った被処理物を連続的に処理するローラーハースキルンであって、
前記ローラーハースキルンは、トンネル状のキルン本体と、複数のローラーと、第1の加熱手段と、第2の加熱手段と、雰囲気制御手段と、固着抑制手段と、を有し、
前記複数のローラーは、前記容器を搬送する機能を有し、
前記キルン本体は、前記複数のローラーの搬送方向に沿って、上流部分と、下流部分と、を有し、
前記第1の加熱手段は、前記上流部分を800℃以上1100℃以下に加熱する機能を有し、
前記第2の加熱手段は、前記下流部分を500℃以上1130℃以下に加熱する機能を有し、
前記雰囲気制御手段は前記キルン本体の内部に酸素含有ガスを導入する酸素含有ガス導入ラインであり、
前記固着抑制手段は、前記容器を振動させる機能を有する、ローラーハースキルン。 - 容器に入った被処理物をバッチ処理する加熱炉であって、
前記加熱炉は、加熱手段と、加熱炉内空間と、雰囲気制御手段と、固着抑制手段と、を有し、
前記加熱手段は前記加熱炉内空間を800℃以上1100℃以下に加熱する機能を有し、
前記雰囲気制御手段は前記加熱炉内空間に酸素含有ガスを導入する酸素含有ガス導入ラインであり、
前記固着抑制手段は前記容器を振動させる機能を有する、加熱炉。
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