WO2018142943A1 - 高結晶銀微粒子の製造方法 - Google Patents
高結晶銀微粒子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018142943A1 WO2018142943A1 PCT/JP2018/001287 JP2018001287W WO2018142943A1 WO 2018142943 A1 WO2018142943 A1 WO 2018142943A1 JP 2018001287 W JP2018001287 W JP 2018001287W WO 2018142943 A1 WO2018142943 A1 WO 2018142943A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
- B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
- B22F9/24—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
- B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
- B22F1/0545—Dispersions or suspensions of nanosized particles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/07—Metallic powder characterised by particles having a nanoscale microstructure
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0466—Alloys based on noble metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C5/00—Alloys based on noble metals
- C22C5/06—Alloys based on silver
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/25—Noble metals, i.e. Ag Au, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru
- B22F2301/255—Silver or gold
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2304/00—Physical aspects of the powder
- B22F2304/05—Submicron size particles
- B22F2304/058—Particle size above 300 nm up to 1 micrometer
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing highly crystalline silver fine particles.
- Silver has an antibacterial and bactericidal action and excellent conductive properties, so it is used in a wide range of fields such as the pharmaceutical field and electronic equipment materials. Further, by making silver fine particles, functions such as lowering of the melting point, which have not been confirmed in the bulk state, are manifested, so that its uses are expanding further.
- silver fine particles of 100 nm or less are suitable for drawing fine wiring by utilizing the above-described decrease in melting point.
- the use of high-crystal silver fine particles of 100 nm or more shows a higher effect than the case of using high-crystal silver fine particles of 100 nm or less, and reliability without structural defects. In some cases, it can be expected as a material that realizes a high low resistance.
- Patent Document 1 silver carbonate powder is pulverized by an airflow pulverizer, a mixture of city gas and air is burned by a burner, and a peripheral portion is superheated, so that it is accompanied by a large amount of air.
- a method for producing a highly crystalline silver powder is disclosed in which a small amount of pulverized silver carbonate powder is ejected to produce a silver powder.
- the electric furnace since the electric furnace is installed outside the reaction vessel in addition to heating the nozzle with a burner, it is necessary to consume a large amount of energy in producing silver powder. , Requiring a great deal of cost.
- the production efficiency of the gas phase reaction is significantly inferior to that of the liquid phase reaction. Therefore, it is desired to produce highly crystalline silver fine particles by the liquid phase reaction.
- the difference between the liquid phase reaction and the gas phase reaction is that in the case of a metal reduction reaction, the solute that is the target of the reduction reaction is surrounded by solvent molecules that are not directly related to the reaction. Solute A repeatedly collides with solvent molecules and continues to move in a complex direction until it collides with solute B to be reacted. Such molecular movement is called diffusion. Since solvent molecules intervene in the liquid phase reaction, it takes more time for the solute molecule A to approach the solute molecule B than in the gas phase reaction, but once the solute molecule A and solute molecule B meet, The state of being difficult to separate from each other due to obstruction persists for a while (cage effect), and a controllable reaction can be realized.
- Patent Document 2 a water-soluble organic solvent is present in the reaction solution, and in Patent Document 3, silver fine particles are obtained using a microwave, so that the yield becomes 99.5% or more.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a method for producing silver fine particles with a yield of 99% or more, in which a silver ammine complex aqueous solution and a reducing agent solution are joined in an open space to precipitate silver fine particles.
- the silver fine particles produced by the spray method as in Patent Document 4 are different from those synthesized in the liquid phase as in the present invention, and the dispersion of the particle size distribution is large, and the average crystallite with respect to the average primary particle diameter
- the crystallinity with a diameter ratio of 80% or more is not high.
- silver fine particles having a particle diameter of 100 nm or less and silver fine particles having low crystallinity can be produced with a high reduction rate.
- the average primary particle diameter is 100 nm or more and high crystallinity. In the case of producing highly crystalline silver fine particles, it has been difficult to achieve a high reduction rate.
- At least two kinds of solutions are arranged to be opposed to each other and can be approached and separated from each other, and at least one of the first rotates relative to the other. Introduced between the processing surface and the second processing surface, the at least two solutions are merged between the first processing surface and the second processing surface, and the first processing surface and the second processing surface are combined.
- the applicant of the present invention has proposed a manufacturing method in which a thin film fluid is formed by passing between the processing surfaces, and silver fine particles are precipitated by causing the fluids to react with each other in the thin film fluid.
- the reaction space in the direction of the rotation axis is forced to have a minute interval of, for example, 0.1 mm or less, as shown in FIG. Since a very wide flow field is formed between the first processing surface and the second processing surface in the direction, the diffusion direction can be controlled macroscopically. Even in this case, the microscopic diffusion direction at the molecular level is messy, as schematically shown by the arrow Y of the molecule M in FIG.
- a reducing agent solution containing a reducing agent is introduced into the mainstream by introducing it from the side closer to the rotation axis of the processing surface.
- the silver ions are diffused in the reducing agent solution, the silver ions are reduced at the same time as silver ions are introduced between the processing surfaces, so that the reduction reaction proceeds rapidly.
- a large number of seed crystals are generated, and a polycrystal is formed due to the influence of diffusion to a non-uniform surface, and there is a problem that highly crystalline silver fine particles close to a single crystal cannot be obtained.
- the silver solution in order to improve the crystallinity of the silver fine particles to be precipitated, the silver solution is the mainstream of the silver solution containing silver ions and the reducing agent solution containing the reducing agent. It was.
- ethylene glycol showing reducibility with respect to silver is used as a main solvent of the silver solution in order to improve the speed of the reduction reaction of the silver fine particles.
- the primary particle diameter was 100 nm or more, and the ratio of the average crystallite diameter to the average primary particle diameter was 80% or more.
- the average primary particle diameter of silver fine particles to be precipitated is 100 nm or more and 1000 nm or less by continuously wet reacting a silver solution containing at least silver ions and a reducing agent solution containing at least a reducing agent. It is an object of the present invention to produce highly crystalline silver fine particles having an average crystallite size of 80% or more with respect to the average primary particle size by reducing the silver solution to silver fine particles with an extremely high reduction rate of 99% or more.
- the present invention provides a method for producing fine silver particles by a continuous wet reaction method in which a silver solution containing at least silver ions and a reducing agent solution containing at least a reducing agent are reacted. Is 99% or more, the average primary particle diameter of the silver fine particles is 100 nm or more and 1000 nm or less, and the average crystallite diameter with respect to the average primary particle diameter of the silver fine particles is 80% or more. This is a method for producing fine particles.
- the present invention provides a thin film formed between two processing surfaces in which at least one of the silver solution and the reducing agent solution, which are arranged to face each other and which can be moved toward and away from each other, is rotated relative to the other.
- the method is preferably a method in which silver fine particles are precipitated by mixing in a reaction field in a fluid.
- the present invention relates to a reaction field in a thin film fluid formed between two processing surfaces which are arranged to face each other and which can be separated from each other and at least one of which rotates relative to the other.
- the silver solution is the mainstream and diffused solution, and the silver solution is substantially free of a complexing agent for silver and a reducing agent for silver, and actively diffuses the reducing agent solution containing the reducing agent into the diffused solution. It is more preferable that the method be used.
- the diffusion conditions in the reaction field can be controlled more strictly, and the diffusion conditions of the reducing agent solution into the diffusion solution can be controlled. Therefore, the reduction rate from the silver solution to the silver fine particles can be improved. It contributes to the improvement of the average crystallite diameter with respect to the average primary particle diameter of the silver fine particles.
- the silver particles containing silver ions and the reducing agent solution containing at least a reducing agent are continuously wet-reacted to produce silver fine particles.
- High crystalline silver fine particles having a ratio of average crystallite diameter (d) to average primary particle diameter (D) (d / D) of 80% or more can be produced at a very high reduction rate of 99% or more.
- An efficient manufacturing method can be provided.
- the ratio of the average crystallite diameter (d) to the average primary particle diameter (D) (d / D) is 95% by making the mainstream and diffusion solution positively diffusing the reducing agent solution into the diffusion solution.
- the above-described silver fine particles that is, silver fine particles in which all silver fine particles are close to a single crystal can be continuously obtained by the liquid phase method.
- silver fine particles having an average crystallite size of 80% or more with respect to the average primary particle size in the method for producing silver fine particles in which silver fine particles are precipitated by reducing the silver ions contained in the solution with a reducing agent, silver fine particles having an average crystallite size of 80% or more with respect to the average primary particle size.
- a manufacturing method is provided.
- a production method capable of obtaining silver fine particles having an average crystallite size of 80% or more with respect to the average primary particle size by a continuous wet reaction at a reduction rate of 99% or more is provided.
- the silver fine particles obtained by the present invention have a particle size of 100 nm to 1000 nm, preferably 300 nm to 1000 nm, more preferably 500 nm to 1000 nm.
- the average crystallite diameter with respect to the average primary particle diameter of the silver fine particles obtained is 80% or more, preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more.
- the upper limit of the particle diameter of the silver fine particles is 1000 nm.
- silver fine particles are precipitated by mixing a silver solution containing at least silver ions and a reducing agent solution containing at least a reducing agent.
- a silver solution containing at least silver ions containing at least silver ions
- a reducing agent solution containing at least a reducing agent containing at least a reducing agent.
- silver or a silver compound and a reducing agent are dissolved or molecularly dispersed in a solvent, respectively, to prepare and mix the two kinds of solutions, thereby precipitating silver fine particles.
- the silver ion in the present invention is contained in a silver solution obtained by dissolving or molecularly dispersing silver or a silver compound in a solvent described later.
- a silver solution obtained by dissolving or molecularly dispersing silver or a silver compound in a solvent described later.
- the silver or the silver compound silver alone, or a silver salt, oxide, hydroxide, hydroxide oxide, nitride, carbide, organic salt, organic complex, organic compound, or a hydrate thereof And organic solvates.
- Silver salt is not particularly limited, but silver nitrate or nitrite, sulfate or sulfite, formate or acetate, phosphate or phosphite, hypophosphite or chloride, oxy salt or Examples thereof include acetylacetonate salts or hydrates and organic solvates thereof. These silver compounds may be used alone or as a mixture.
- the concentration of the silver compound in the silver solution is not particularly limited as long as it is a concentration capable of uniformly reacting with the reducing agent.
- 0.01 to 10 wt% can be mentioned, preferably 0.1 to 5 wt% can be mentioned, more preferably 0.2 to 4 wt% can be mentioned, still more preferably 0.3 to 3 wt% can be mentioned, Particularly preferred is 0.4 to 2 wt%.
- the reducing agent solution in the present invention is a solution containing a reducing agent exhibiting reducibility to silver, and is a liquid reducing agent or a reducing agent solution obtained by dissolving or molecularly dispersing the reducing agent in a solvent described later. is there.
- the substance exhibiting reducibility with respect to silver is not particularly limited.
- hydrazines such as hydrazine, hydrazine monohydrate, hydrazine sulfate and phenylhydrazine
- amines such as dimethylaminoethanol, triethylamine, octylamine and dimethylaminoborane
- citric acid ascorbic acid, tartaric acid
- apple Organic acids such as acid, malonic acid, tannic acid, formic acid or their salts
- alcohols such as aliphatic monoalcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and butanol, and alicyclic monoalcohols such as terpineol, etc.
- Monoalcohols ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerin, trimethylolpropane, tetraethylene glycol, benzotriazole, polyethylene Glycol, polyhydric alcohols such as polypropylene glycol.
- transition metals titanium and iron
- reducing agents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a pH adjusting substance may be used in combination with the reducing agent.
- pH adjusting substances include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, aqua regia, trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, and other acidic substances such as sodium hydroxide, Examples thereof include alkali hydroxides such as potassium hydroxide, basic substances such as amines such as triethylamine and dimethylaminoethanol, and salts of the above acidic substances and basic substances.
- a pH adjusting substance may be used independently and may use 2 or more types together.
- the reducing agent is used in excess relative to the silver compound.
- the concentration of the reducing agent in the reducing agent solution is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include 1 to 80 wt%, preferably 2 to 50 wt%, more preferably 5 to 40 wt%. Particularly preferred is 10 to 30 wt%.
- the solvent that can be used for the silver solution or the reducing agent solution in the present invention is not particularly limited, but water such as ion exchange water, RO water (reverse osmosis water), pure water or ultrapure water, acetone, or methyl ethyl ketone.
- water such as ion exchange water, RO water (reverse osmosis water), pure water or ultrapure water, acetone, or methyl ethyl ketone.
- ketone organic solvents such as ketone organic solvents, ester organic solvents such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate, ether organic solvents such as dimethyl ether and dibutyl ether, aromatic organic solvents such as benzene, toluene and xylene, hexane, pentane, etc.
- aromatic organic solvents such as benzene, toluene and xylene, hexane, pentane, etc.
- examples include
- the solvent preferably degassed dissolved oxygen.
- the solvent can be degassed by bubbling an inert gas such as N 2 or by performing a vacuum treatment.
- an inert gas such as N 2
- the silver solution according to this embodiment is a solution obtained by dissolving or molecularly dispersing silver or the above silver compound in a solvent.
- dissolving and molecular dispersion are simply referred to as “dissolution”.
- the reducing agent solution according to the present invention is preferably used by dissolving the above reducing agent in a solvent, but may be in another state as long as the above reducing agent is included. Further, on the condition that silver is dissolved, the silver solution or the reducing agent solution may contain a solid or crystalline state such as a dispersion or a slurry.
- the present invention is not limited to a method of depositing silver fine particles by mixing the silver solution and the reducing agent solution in the thin film fluid.
- Silver fine particles having an average primary particle size of 100 nm or more and 1000 nm or less and an average crystallite size of 80% or more with respect to the average primary particle size of the silver fine particles are reduced by 99% from the silver solution to the silver fine particles by wet reaction.
- the method is not particularly limited as long as it is a method obtained continuously.
- the method for producing highly crystalline silver fine particles of the present invention will be described with reference to the case where a continuous wet reaction is performed in the thin film space.
- the thickness of the thin-film space is forcibly set to 0.1 mm or less, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, and the diffusion direction can be controlled macroscopically because a very wide flow field is formed in the radial direction of the disk (see FIG. 1). . As seen in FIG.
- the solution flowing from the rotating shaft side (inner side) to the disk outer peripheral side (outer side) becomes the main stream in the entire thin film space, forming a thin film fluid in the thin film space.
- a solution different from the mainstream solution is introduced from an opening laid on the ring-shaped disk surface. Since the opening is located in the middle of flowing from the inside to the outside of the thin film space, as shown in FIG. 1, a solution different from the main flow is diffused into the solution flowing through the thin film space as the main flow.
- the solution different from the main stream promotes diffusion in the rotation direction and the radial direction of the ring disk.
- microscopic diffusion can be controlled by controlling the diffusion in the rotation direction and the radial direction of the ring-shaped disk. That is, the solution flowing through the thin film space as the main flow is a diffusion solution, and another solution different from the main flow is actively diffused into the diffusion solution.
- the shape of the opening is often introduced using a ring disk and a concentric ring, but in order to clarify the movement of the solution, in FIG. 1, it is introduced from the opening consisting of one hole. Shows the case.
- the average crystallite diameter with respect to the average primary particle diameter of the obtained silver fine particles is controlled by controlling the diffusion conditions in the thin film fluid in the thin film space. More specifically, in the macroscopically controlled diffusion as shown in FIG. 2, the microscopically disordered diffusion direction schematically shown by the arrow Y of the molecule M is also between the processing surfaces. The average crystallite diameter with respect to the average primary particle diameter of the silver fine particles obtained is controlled by controlling the diffusion range Dd.
- the mainstream is not limited to the one that flows from the inside to the outside of the thin film-like space. It may flow from the outside to the inside of the disk, as long as it is the mainstream in the thin film space.
- the solution different from the main flow may be any method that can be introduced into the thin film fluid formed by the main flow, preferably from the downstream side of the inlet flowing as the main flow.
- the introduction amount into the thin film fluid for maintaining the relationship between the main flow and a solution different from the main flow is volume. 1.1 times or more and 100 times or less, preferably 1.3 times or more and 70 times or less. Outside this range, the relationship between the mainstream solution and a solution different from the mainstream may be reversed, or it may be difficult to control the diffusion rate and the reduction reaction rate.
- the method of controlling the diffusion conditions, particularly the method of controlling the diffusion range Dd between the processing surfaces is not particularly limited.
- the diffusion range Dd is decreased by increasing the number of rotations, whereby the arrow Y of the molecule M tends to be uniform in the rotation direction.
- the diffusion range Dd is increased by lowering the rotational speed, and the arrow Y becomes messy in the radial direction of the processing surface.
- the influence of the flow rate of the solution introduced between the processing surfaces on the diffusion condition depends on the flow rate ratio and the total flow rate.
- the thickness (distance) between the processing surfaces and the main flow can also be controlled by the diameter of the opening laid between the processing surfaces for introducing another fluid between the processing surfaces.
- the diffusion rate of the reducing agent solution into the silver solution by using a silver solution containing at least silver ions as the main stream and using a solution different from the main stream as the reducing agent solution. It is. That is, the rate of the reduction reaction is controlled by controlling the diffusion time, which can be said to be the time for collecting the reducing agent substance sufficient to precipitate the silver ions as silver fine particles around the silver ions contained in the silver solution.
- the average crystallite size relative to the average primary particle size can be controlled.
- the reducing agent solution is the main stream and a solution different from the main stream is a silver solution, the silver solution is diffused in the reducing agent solution that forms the main stream.
- silver ions are introduced into a region containing the reducing agent substance at a higher concentration, and the silver ion reduction reaction is more likely to occur before the silver ions are diffused into the reducing agent solution. Therefore, since many nuclei of silver fine particles are generated, the average crystallite size with respect to the average primary particle size may be small.
- examples of the apparatus for forming the reaction field that is the thin-film space include apparatuses described in Patent Documents 5 and 6 and having the same principle as the apparatus presented by the applicant of the present application.
- the distance between at least two ring-shaped disks for forming the thin film-like space is 0.1 mm or less, and preferably in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m. By setting the thickness to 0.1 mm or less, the diffusion direction can be controlled, so that the speed of the reduction reaction can be controlled.
- the at least two ring-shaped discs are preferably close to and away from each other, and the distance between the discs is a pressure in a direction to separate the discs by a fluid passing between the discs and a direction in which the discs are brought close to each other. It is preferable to control by the pressure balance with the pressure. By controlling the distance between the disks by the pressure balance, the distance between the disks can be kept constant even when axial runout or center runout occurs due to rotation of at least one ring-shaped disc. Therefore, even during the continuous wet reduction reaction, there is an advantage that the diffusion conditions of the reaction field, that is, the speed of the reduction reaction between the silver ions and the reducing agent can be strictly controlled.
- the present invention can be suitably implemented as long as the solvent does not solidify and does not evaporate.
- Preferable temperature includes, for example, 0 to 100 ° C., more preferably 5 to 80 ° C., still more preferably 10 to 70 ° C., and particularly preferably 20 to 60 ° C.
- the respective temperatures of the silver solution and the reducing agent solution can be appropriately set so that the temperature at the time of mixing falls within the above temperature range.
- the silver solution contains a substance that is reducible to silver, it is difficult to control the rate of the silver ion reduction reaction in the thin film space. It is preferable that substantially no substance showing reducibility to silver is contained in. Specifically, it is preferable not to use a solvent that is reducible to silver ions, such as a polyol solvent such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, as the solvent of the silver solution.
- a solvent that is reducible to silver ions such as a polyol solvent such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol
- silver fine particles having an average primary particle diameter of 100 nm or more and 1000 nm or less and an average crystallite diameter of 80% or more with respect to the average primary particle diameter can be obtained at a reduction rate of 99% or more without affecting the effects of the present invention.
- a slight amount of a substance that is reducible to silver such as the above-mentioned polyol solvent, it is not denied. In the present invention, this means that the reducing agent for silver is not
- various dispersants and surfactants can be used according to the purpose and necessity. Although it does not specifically limit, As a surfactant and a dispersing agent, various commercially available products generally used, products, or newly synthesized ones can be used. Although it does not specifically limit, Dispersants, such as anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, various polymers, etc. can be mentioned. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Further, when a polyol solvent such as polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol is used as a solvent for the reducing agent solution, the polyol also acts as a dispersant.
- a polyol solvent such as polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol
- silver ions and ammonia When silver ions and ammonia are present in the silver solution, particularly under basic conditions, the silver ions are present as silver ammine complex ions ([Ag (NH 3 ) 2 ] + ) in formula (1).
- a reducing agent for silver By introducing a reducing agent for silver into the silver solution, when the silver ion is subjected to reduction conditions, high-order silver ammine complex ions ([Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ] + ) undergoes reduction of silver ions via lower-order silver ammine complex ions ([Ag (NH 3 )] + ). That is, when a complexing agent is contained in a silver solution containing silver ions, not all silver ions immediately undergo a reduction reaction when the reducing agent is added.
- the reaction of generating silver ions from the silver ammine complex ions in the second stage only occurs after the silver fine particles to be seed crystals are deposited, and the silver ions generated later can be used efficiently for the growth of the particles. Since it is considered difficult, it becomes difficult to control the rate of the reduction reaction from the silver solution to the silver fine particles by controlling the diffusion rate, which leads to the generation of many seed crystals and the formation of polycrystals. For this reason, it is difficult to improve the average crystallite size relative to the average primary particle size.
- the complexing agent is substantially added to the reducing agent solution. It is preferably not included.
- the complexing agent for silver examples include ammonia and ethylenediamine. This makes it possible to control the diffusion rate when a reduction reaction is performed by mixing a silver solution and a reducing agent solution in a thin film space, and the rate of the instantaneous reduction reaction between silver ions and the reducing agent can be controlled. Furthermore, the reduction rate of silver ions tends to be 99% or more. However, silver fine particles having an average primary particle diameter of 100 nm or more and 1000 nm or less and an average crystallite diameter of 80% or more with respect to the average primary particle diameter can be obtained at a reduction rate of 99% or more without affecting the effects of the present invention. As long as the complexing agent is slightly included, it is not denied. In the present invention, this means that substantially no complexing agent for silver is contained.
- the pH of the silver solution and the reducing agent solution used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately selected depending on the average primary particle diameter or average crystallite diameter of the target silver fine particles.
- the average crystallite size with respect to the average primary particle size is increased even in the case of particles having an average primary particle size of 100 nm to 1000 nm that is difficult to control crystallinity.
- Silver fine particles having an average crystallite size of 80% or more with respect to the average primary particle size can be obtained at a high reduction rate of 99% or more, and more preferably, the average crystallite with respect to the average primary particle size It becomes possible to obtain silver fine particles having a diameter of 90% or more at a reduction rate as high as 99% or more and substantially 100%.
- the method for analyzing the average primary particle diameter of silver fine particles in the present invention is not particularly limited.
- a method of measuring the particle diameter of silver fine particles with a transmission electron microscope (TEM), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), etc., and obtaining an average value of a plurality of particle diameters, a particle size distribution measuring device, A method of measuring by an X-ray small angle scattering method (SAXS) or the like may be used.
- the method for analyzing the average crystallite size of the silver fine particles in the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), the average crystallite size is calculated using the Scherrer equation from the half-value width of the obtained diffraction peak and the half-value width obtained from the peak of the standard sample. Or a method of calculating the average crystallite diameter by a method such as Rietveld analysis.
- XRD X-ray diffraction analysis
- the method for analyzing the reduction rate in the method for producing silver fine particles of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the liquid after the silver solution and the reducing agent solution are mixed and the silver fine particles are precipitated is filtrated by ICP analysis, fluorescent X-ray analysis, or ion chromatography with respect to the filtrate obtained by filtering the supernatant liquid or filter.
- a method of calculating the concentration of silver ions not reduced or precipitated by analyzing the concentration of silver ions remaining therein may be used.
- the reduction rate is a value obtained by subtracting the molar concentration (%) of unreduced silver ions contained in the liquid after the silver fine particles are precipitated from 100%.
- Example 2 when the silver solution of the present invention is the mainstream in the thin film space between the ring-shaped disks (Example 1), and when the reducing agent solution is the mainstream in the thin film space (Comparative Example 1), When the silver solution without the complexing agent of the present invention is used as the main stream in the thin film space (Example 2), and when the silver solution with the complexing agent is used as the main stream in the thin film space (Comparative Example 2).
- Example 1 The silver solution and the reducing agent solution having the formulations shown in Table 1 can be approached and separated from each other at least by using the fluid treatment device described in Patent Documents 5 and 6 shown in FIG.
- One was mixed as a thin film fluid in a thin film space formed between the processing surfaces 1 and 2 rotating relative to the other, and silver fine particles were precipitated in the thin film fluid.
- the first fluid was fed into a sealed thin film space (between the processing surfaces) between the processing surface 1 of the processing unit 10 and the processing surface 2 of the processing unit 20 in FIG.
- the rotational speed of the processing unit 10 is shown in Table 2 as operating conditions.
- the first fluid formed a forced thin film fluid between the processing surfaces 1 and 2 and was discharged from the outer periphery of the processing portions 10 and 20.
- a reducing agent solution is directly introduced into the thin film fluid formed between the processing surfaces 1 and 2 as the second fluid.
- a slurry containing silver fine particles (silver fine particle dispersion) becomes a processing surface 1.
- 2 was discharged as a discharge liquid.
- the silver fine particle dispersion and the dry powder of silver fine particles obtained from the silver fine particle dispersion were analyzed.
- Preparation of the first fluid was prepared by dissolving AgNO 3 in N 2 gas atmosphere in pure water dissolved oxygen was below 1.0 mg / L by bubbling N 2 gas.
- Preparation of the second fluid a dissolved oxygen by bubbling N 2 gas was prepared by dissolving FeSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O as a reducing agent under N 2 gas atmosphere pure water below 1.0 mg / L.
- AgNO 3 is silver nitrate (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd.)
- FeSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O is iron sulfate (II) heptahydrate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries).
- EDA is ethylenediamine (manufactured by Kanto Chemical)
- Ag is silver.
- pure water having a pH of 5.89 and a conductivity of 0.51 ⁇ S / cm was used as the pure water shown in the examples of the present invention.
- the prepared first fluid and second fluid were fed under the conditions shown in Table 2 in the examples.
- the discharged silver fine particle dispersion is centrifuged (18000 G for 20 minutes) to settle the silver fine particles, and after removing the supernatant liquid, washing with pure water is performed three times. Drying was performed at an atmospheric pressure of ° C. to prepare a dry powder of silver fine particles.
- the following measurement and analysis were performed on the pH of the silver solution, the reducing agent solution, and the silver fine particle dispersion, and the obtained silver fine particle dispersion and the dry powder of the silver fine particles.
- PH measurement A pH meter of model number D-51 manufactured by HORIBA was used for pH measurement. Before introducing the silver solution and the reducing agent solution into the fluid treatment apparatus, the pH of each solution was measured at room temperature. Further, the pH of the silver fine particle dispersion, which is the discharge liquid, was measured at room temperature.
- X-ray diffraction measurement calculation of average crystallite diameter
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- a powder X-ray diffraction measurement apparatus X'Pert PRO MPD manufactured by XRD Spectris PANalytical Division
- the measurement conditions are Cu counter cathode, tube voltage 45 kV, tube current 40 mA, 0.016 step / 10 sec, and measurement range is 10 to 100 [° 2 Theta] (Cu).
- the average crystallite size of the obtained silver fine particles was calculated from the XRD measurement results.
- ICPS-8100 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation was used for quantification of elements contained in the discharged silver fine particle dispersion by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP).
- ICP inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
- a desktop ultracentrifuge MAX-XP manufactured by Beckman Coulter was used for the ultracentrifugation treatment.
- the supernatant obtained from the discharged silver fine particle dispersion (the supernatant obtained by centrifugation (18000 G for 20 minutes in the washing of Ag fine particles) above) was solidified by ultracentrifugation (1000000 G for 20 minutes).
- the molar concentration of silver ions that are not reduced in the supernatant (Ag molar concentration) and the molar concentration of all silver and silver ions contained in the discharge liquid (total Ag) Molar concentration) was measured, the Ag molar concentration relative to the total Ag molar concentration was defined as unreduced silver [%], and the value obtained by subtracting unreduced silver [%] from 100% was defined as the reduction rate.
- the atomic weight of silver was 107.9, and the formula weight of silver nitrate was 169.87.
- FIG. 4 shows an SEM photograph of the silver fine particles prepared in Example 1
- FIG. 5 shows a diffraction pattern obtained by XRD measurement.
- the reduction rate was 99% or more under the prescription conditions and the liquid feeding conditions in Examples 1 to 3, and the average crystallite diameter with respect to the average primary particle diameter (D) of the obtained silver fine particles
- the ratio (d / D) of (d) is 80% or more, and furthermore, it is possible to realize even higher crystallinity of 90% or more.
- Comparative Example 1 is an example in which the first fluid and the second fluid are exchanged so that the silver ion concentration and the reducing agent concentration in the discharge liquid are equal to those in Example 1.
- the reducing agent solution and silver solution having the formulation shown in Table 4 were mixed under the processing conditions shown in Table 5 using the fluid processing apparatus shown in FIG. Silver fine particles were obtained.
- the results are shown in Table 6.
- the supply pressure of the first fluid is as described above.
- the replacement described here does not simply replace the mainstream silver solution and the reducing agent solution different from the mainstream, but the silver ion concentration and the reducing agent concentration in the discharge liquid before and after the replacement. This means that the main solution is replaced after changing the concentration of raw materials and the treatment flow rate so as to be equal.
- FIG. 6 shows an SEM photograph of the silver fine particles produced in Comparative Example 1
- FIG. 7 shows a diffraction pattern obtained by XRD measurement.
- the silver fine particles obtained in Comparative Example 1 had a d / D of less than 80% and a reduction rate of less than 99%.
- Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 an example was shown in which the main solution of the reducing agent solution and the silver solution was replaced so that the silver raw material concentration and the reducing agent concentration contained in the discharge liquid were equal.
- the ratio (d / D) of the average crystallite diameter (d) to the aforementioned average primary particle diameter (D) is It was found that it was possible to produce silver fine particles of 80% or more.
- Example 2 Using the fluid treatment apparatus shown in FIG. 3 as in Example 1 except that the reducing agent solution and silver solution having the formulations shown in Table 1 were mixed under the processing conditions shown in Table 2, the same method as in Example 1 was used. Silver particles were obtained. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Comparative Example 2 is the same as Example 1 except that ethylenediamine was added to the first fluid as a complexing agent for silver without changing the silver ion concentration in the first fluid and the reducing agent concentration in the second fluid in Example 2. This is an example of obtaining silver fine particles by the same method.
- Example 3 In the same manner as in Example 1, except that the silver solution and the reducing agent solution having the formulations shown in Table 1 were mixed under the processing conditions shown in Table 3 using the fluid processing apparatus shown in FIG. Silver fine particles were obtained.
- Comparative Example 3 silver fine particles were obtained by the same method as in Example 1 except that the first fluid and the second fluid in Example 3 were mixed by batch operation at the same ratio as in Example 3.
- the silver solution and the reducing agent solution having the same formulation as in Example 3 shown in Table 4 were reduced with stirring with a magnetic stirrer with respect to 60 mL of the silver solution in the beaker prepared to have the same ratio as in Example 3. 10 mL of the agent solution was added and mixed to precipitate silver fine particles. Thereafter, the silver fine particle dispersion and the dry powder of silver fine particles obtained from the silver fine particle dispersion were analyzed. The results are shown in Table 6.
- Example 3 the average primary particle diameter and the average crystallite diameter of the silver fine particles were controlled, and the ratio of the average crystallite diameter (d) to the above-mentioned average primary particle diameter (D) (d / D ) was able to produce silver fine particles with 80% or more.
- Table 6 in Comparative Example 3 in which solutions of the same formulation were mixed in a batch operation to precipitate silver fine particles, the d / D was less than 80%.
- Example 4 to 6 Comparative Examples 4 to 6
- Example 4 to 6 and Comparative Examples 4 to 6 were carried out except that the silver solution and reducing agent solution feeding temperature and the feeding flow rate in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were changed to produce silver fine particles.
- Silver fine particles were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Table 7 shows prescription conditions in Examples 4 to 6,
- Table 8 shows liquid feeding conditions, and
- Table 9 shows analysis results of the obtained silver fine particles.
- Table 10 shows prescription conditions in Comparative Examples 4 to 6
- Table 11 shows liquid feeding conditions
- Table 12 shows analysis results of the obtained silver fine particles.
- the reduction rate was 99% or more under the prescription conditions and the liquid feeding conditions in Examples 4 to 6, and the average crystallite diameter with respect to the average primary particle diameter (D) of the obtained silver fine particles It can be seen that the ratio (d / D) of (d) is 80% or more, and furthermore, it is possible to realize even higher crystallinity of 90% or more.
- Comparative Example 4 is an example in which the first fluid and the second fluid are exchanged so that the silver ion concentration and the reducing agent concentration in the discharge liquid are equal to those in Example 4, as shown in Table 10.
- the reducing agent solution and silver solution having the formulation shown in Table 10 were mixed in the same manner as in Example except that the fluid treatment device shown in FIG. Silver fine particles were obtained. The results are shown in Table 12.
- Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 the silver solution that is the mainstream in the thin film space between the ring-shaped disks and the reducing agent solution different from the mainstream are not replaced as they are, but before and after the replacement.
- the main solution was changed after changing the concentration and the treatment flow rate so that the silver ion concentration and the reducing agent concentration in the discharge liquid were equal.
- the silver fine particles obtained in Comparative Examples 4 to 6 had a d / D of less than 80% and a reduction rate of less than 99%. From the results of Examples 4 to 6 and Comparative Examples 4 to 6, the ratio of the average crystallite diameter (d) to the average primary particle diameter (D) of the silver fine particles produced (d / It was found that D) was 80% or more.
- silver fine particles having an average crystallite size of 80% or more with respect to the average primary particle size can be continuously produced at a reduction rate of 99% or more according to the present invention.
- the conductor film is excellent in heat shrink resistance.
- the surface roughness of the conductor film is smooth.
- the present invention greatly contributes to the improvement of the quality of the conductor formed using the conductive paste and the efficiency in the production of the silver paste itself.
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Abstract
Description
本願発明における上記銀イオンは、銀又は銀化合物を後述する溶媒に溶解又は分子分散させることによって得られる銀溶液に含まれるものである。上記銀又は銀化合物の一例としては、銀の単体、又は銀の塩、酸化物、水酸化物、水酸化酸化物、窒化物、炭化物、有機塩、有機錯体、有機化合物又はそれらの水和物、有機溶媒和物等が挙げられる。銀の塩としては特に限定されないが、銀の硝酸塩や亜硝酸塩、硫酸塩や亜硫酸塩、蟻酸塩や酢酸塩、リン酸塩や亜リン酸塩、次亜リン酸塩や塩化物、オキシ塩やアセチルアセトナート塩又はそれらの水和物、有機溶媒和物等が挙げられる。これらの銀化合物は、それぞれ単独で用いてもよく、複数の混合物として用いてもよい。
銀溶液中の銀化合物の濃度としては、均一に還元剤と反応することができる濃度であれば、特に制限されない。例えば、0.01~10wt%が挙げられ、好ましくは0.1~5wt%が挙げられ、より好ましくは0.2~4wt%が挙げられ、さらに好ましくは0.3~3wt%が挙げられ、特に好ましくは0.4~2wt%が挙げられる。
本願発明における還元剤溶液は、銀に対して還元性を示す還元剤を含む溶液であり、液状の還元剤、又は後述する溶媒に還元剤を溶解若しくは分子分散させることによって得られる還元剤溶液である。上記銀に対して還元性を示す物質としては特に限定されない。一例を挙げると、ヒドラジン、ヒドラジン一水和物、硫酸ヒドラジン、フェニルヒドラジン等のヒドラジン類や、ジメチルアミノエタノール、トリエチルアミン、オクチルアミン、ジメチルアミノボラン等のアミン類、クエン酸、アスコルビン酸、酒石酸、リンゴ酸、マロン酸、タンニン酸、ギ酸又はそれらの塩等の有機酸類や、アルコール類として、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロピルアルコールやブタノール等の脂肪族モノアルコール類やターピネオール等の脂環族モノアルコール類等のモノアルコール類、エチレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール、トリエチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、ジプロピレングリコール、グリセリン、トリメチロールプロパン、テトラエチレングリコール、ベンゾトリアゾール、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリプロピレングリコール等の多価アルコール類が挙げられる。また、水素化ホウ素ナトリウム、水素化ホウ素リチウム、水素化トリエチルホウ素リチウム、水素化アルミニウムリチウム、水素化ジイソブチルアルミニウム、水素化トリブチル錫、水素化トリ(sec-ブチル)ホウ素リチウム、水素化トリ(sec-ブチル)ホウ素カリウム、テトラブチルアンモニウムボロヒドリド、水素化ホウ素亜鉛、アセトキシ水素化ホウ素ナトリウム等のヒドリド類や、グルコース等の糖類や、その他ホルムアルデヒド、ホルムアルデヒドスルホキシル酸ナトリウム、次亜リン酸ナトリウム(NaH2PO2)、硫酸鉄等の遷移金属(チタンや鉄)の塩や、それらの水和物や溶媒和物等を用いることができる。これらの還元剤は、単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を併用してもよい。また、還元作用において一定のpH領域の確保を必要とする還元剤を用いる場合には、還元剤と共にpH調整物質を併用してもよい。pH調整物質の一例としては、塩酸や硫酸、硝酸や王水、トリクロロ酢酸やトリフルオロ酢酸、リン酸やクエン酸、アスコルビン酸等の無機又は有機の酸のような酸性物質や、水酸化ナトリウムや水酸化カリウム等の水酸化アルカリや、トリエチルアミンやジメチルアミノエタノール等のアミン類等の塩基性物質、上記の酸性物質や塩基性物質の塩等が挙げられる。pH調整物質は、単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を併用してもよい。
銀化合物の還元率を向上させるために、還元剤は銀化合物に対して過剰に用いる。還元剤溶液中の還元剤の濃度としては、特に制限されるものではないが、例えば1~80wt%が挙げられ、好ましくは2~50wt%が挙げられ、より好ましくは5~40wt%が挙げられ、特に好ましくは10~30wt%が挙げられる。
上記銀溶液と還元剤溶液とを連続的に混合して還元反応を行う連続湿式還元を行うための好ましい形態の一例として、本発明においては少なくとも一方が他方に対して相対的に回転する少なくとも2枚のリング状ディスク間において、上記ディスク間に形成される0.1mm以下、例えば0.1μmから50μm程度の薄膜状空間を反応場とし、当該反応場において、少なくとも銀イオンを含む銀溶液と、少なくとも還元剤を含む還元剤溶液とを薄膜流体中において混合させることで連続湿式反応させて銀微粒子を析出させることが好ましい。しかし、本発明は、上記銀溶液と上記還元剤溶液とを、上記薄膜流体中において混合させて銀微粒子を析出させる方法に限定されるものではない。平均一次粒子径が100nm以上1000nm以下であり、銀微粒子の平均一次粒子径に対する平均結晶子径が80%以上である銀微粒子を、湿式反応によって上記銀溶液から銀微粒子への還元率が99%以上として連続的に得られる方法であれば特に限定されない。
好ましい形態の一例として上記薄膜状空間において、連続湿式反応を行う場合を挙げて本発明の高結晶銀微粒子の製造方法を説明する。薄膜状空間の厚みは0.1mm以下、例えば0.1μmから50μmで強制され、ディスクの径方向は非常に広範囲な流れ場が構成されるため拡散方向を巨視的に制御できる(図1参照)。図1に見られるように、薄膜状空間の全域において、回転軸側(内側)からディスク外周側(外側)に流れる溶液が主流となって、薄膜状空間に薄膜流体を形成している。次にリング状ディスク面に敷設された開口部から、上記主流となる溶液とは別の溶液を導入する。開口部は上記薄膜状空間の内側から外側に流れる途中に位置するので、図1に見られるように、主流として薄膜状空間を流れている溶液に、主流とは別の溶液を拡散させる。主流とは別の溶液は、回転方向並びにリング状ディスクの径方向への拡散が助長されるため、上記薄膜状空間の薄膜流体中においては、リング状ディスクの回転軸方向の拡散の制御に加えて、回転方向並びにリング状ディスクの径方向への拡散の制御により微視的な拡散も制御可能となる。すなわち、上記主流として薄膜状空間を流れる溶液は被拡散溶液であり、当該被拡散溶液に上記主流とは異なる別の溶液を積極的に拡散させるものである。なお、通常、開口部の形状はリング状ディスクと同心円環状のものを用いて溶液を導入することが多いが、溶液の動きを明瞭にするため、図1では一つの穴からなる開口部より導入した場合を示している。
本実施形態においては、目的や必要に応じて各種分散剤や界面活性剤を用いる事ができる。特に限定されないが、界面活性剤及び分散剤としては一般的に用いられる様々な市販品や、製品又は新規に合成したもの等を使用できる。特に限定されないが、陰イオン性界面活性剤、陽イオン性界面活性剤、非イオン性界面活性剤や、各種ポリマー等の分散剤等を挙げることができる。これらは単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を併用してもよい。また、ポリエチレングリコールやポリプロピレングリコール等、ポリオール系溶媒を還元剤溶液の溶媒として用いた場合には、ポリオールが分散剤としても作用する。
本願発明の製造方法を用いることによって、結晶性を制御することが困難な平均一次粒子径が100nm以上1000nm以下の粒子の場合であっても、平均一次粒子径に対する平均結晶子径を大きくするように制御できる利点があり、平均一次粒子径に対する平均結晶子径が80%以上である銀微粒子を99%以上もの高い還元率で得ることができ、さらに好ましくは、平均一次粒子径に対する平均結晶子径が90%以上である銀微粒子を99%以上、実質100%もの高い還元率で得ることすら可能となる。
本発明における銀微粒子の平均一次粒子径の分析方法は特に限定されない。一例を挙げると、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)や走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)等によって、銀微粒子の粒子径を計測し、複数個の粒子径の平均値とする方法や、粒度分布測定装置、X線小角散乱法(SAXS)等によって計測する方法を用いてもよい。
本発明における銀微粒子の平均結晶子径の分析方法は特に限定されない。一例を挙げると、X線回折を用いた分析(XRD)を用いて、得られた回折ピークの半値幅と標準試料のピークより得られる半値幅からScherrerの式を用いて平均結晶子径を算出する方法や、リートベルト解析等の方法によって平均結晶子径を算出する方法等を用いてもよい。
本願発明の銀微粒子の製造方法における還元率の分析方法としては特に限定されない。銀溶液と還元剤溶液とを混合し、銀微粒子を析出させた後の液を、遠心分離した上澄み液やフィルターにて濾過した濾液について、ICP分析や蛍光X線分析、イオンクロマトグラフィーにて液中に残る銀イオンの濃度を分析することによって還元・析出していない銀イオン濃度を算出する等の方法を用いても良い。なお、本発明においては、銀微粒子を析出させた後の液中に含まれる、未還元の銀イオンのモル濃度(%)を100%から引いた値を還元率としている。
表1に示す処方の銀溶液と還元剤溶液とを図3に示される、特許文献5、6に記載された流体処理装置を用いて、対向して配設された接近・離反可能な、少なくとも一方が他方に対して相対的に回転する処理用面1,2間に形成される薄膜状空間において薄膜流体として混合し、上記薄膜流体中で銀微粒子を析出させた。具体的には、中央から第1流体(主流)として銀溶液を供給圧力=0.50MPaGで送液した。第1流体は、図3の処理用部10の処理用面1と処理用部20の処理用面2との間の密封された薄膜状空間(処理用面間)に、送液した。処理用部10の回転数は運転条件として表2に示す。第1流体は処理用面1,2間において強制された薄膜流体を形成し、処理用部10,20の外周より吐出させた。第2流体として還元剤溶液を処理用面1,2間に形成された薄膜流体に直接導入する。微小間隔に調整された処理用面1,2間において銀溶液と還元剤溶液とを混合させ、銀微粒子を析出させることにより、銀微粒子を含むスラリー(銀微粒子分散液)が、処理用面1,2間より吐出液として吐出された。上記銀微粒子分散液並びに銀微粒子分散液より得られた銀微粒子の乾燥粉体を分析した。
第2流体の調製:N2ガスをバブリングすることにより溶存酸素を1.0mg/L以下にした純水にN2ガス雰囲気下で還元剤としてFeSO4・7H2Oを溶解して調製した。
なお、表1から後述する表8までの表中における略記号は、AgNO3は硝酸銀(関東化学製)、FeSO4・7H2Oは硫酸鉄(II)七水和物(和光純薬製)、EDAはエチレンジアミン(関東化学製)、Agは銀である。また本発明の実施例に示した純水には、pHが5.89、導電率が0.51μS/cmの純水を用いた。調製した第1流体と第2流体とを実施例においては表2に示した条件で送液した。
吐出された銀微粒子分散液を遠心分離処理(18000G 20分間)にて銀微粒子を沈降させ、上澄み液を除去した後に、純水にて洗浄する作業を3回行い、得られたウェットケーキを25℃の大気圧にて乾燥し、銀微粒子の乾燥粉体を作製した。
pH測定には、HORIBA製の型番D-51のpHメーターを用いた。銀溶液及び還元剤溶液を流体処理装置に導入する前に、その各溶液のpHを室温にて測定した。また吐出液である銀微粒子分散液のpHを室温にて測定した。
走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)観察には、電界放射型走査電子顕微鏡(FE-SEM):日本電子製のJSM-7500Fを使用した。観察条件としては、観察倍率を5千倍以上とし、粒子の最外周間の距離を計測して一次粒子径とした。平均一次粒子径(D)については、SEM観察にて確認された銀微粒子100個の一次粒子径を単純平均した値を採用した。
平均結晶子径を算出するためのX線回折(XRD)測定には、粉末X線回折測定装置 X‘Pert PRO MPD(XRD スペクトリス PANalytical事業部製)を使用した。測定条件は、Cu対陰極、管電圧45kV、管電流40mA、0.016step/10sec、測定範囲は10から100[°2Theta](Cu)である。得られた銀微粒子の平均結晶子径をXRD測定結果より算出した。標準試料であるシリコン多結晶盤のXRD測定結果より、47.3°に確認されるピークを使用し、得られた銀微粒子の回折パターンにおける38.1°付近のピークにScherrerの式を当てはめた。上記平均一次粒子径(D)と平均結晶子径(d)より、以下式(4)にて平均一次粒子径(D)に対する平均結晶子径(d)の比率(d/D)を算出した。
(d/D)=d ÷ D ×100 [%] (4)
誘導結合プラズマ発光分光分析(ICP)による、吐出された銀微粒子分散液中に含まれる元素の定量には、島津製作所製のICPS-8100を用いた。また、超遠心分離処理には卓上型超遠心機 MAX-XP(ベックマンコールター製)を使用した。吐出された銀微粒子分散液から得られた上澄み液(上記Ag微粒子の洗浄において、遠心分離処理(18000G 20分間)にて得られた上澄み液)を超遠心分離処理(1000000G 20分間)にて固体成分を沈降させ得られた上澄みを測定することにより、上澄みにおいて未還元である銀イオンのモル濃度(Agモル濃度)、並びに吐出液中に含まれる全ての銀及び銀イオンのモル濃度(全Agモル濃度)を測定し、全Agモル濃度に対するAgモル濃度を未還元の銀[%]とし、100%より未還元の銀[%]を引いた値を還元率とした。銀の原子量は107.9、硝酸銀の式量は169.87の値を用いた。
比較例1は表5に示すとおり、吐出液中の銀イオン濃度並びに還元剤濃度が実施例1と等しくなるように、上記第1流体と第2流体を入れ替えた例である。表4に示す処方の還元剤溶液と銀溶液とを、実施例1と同様に図3に示す流体処理装置を用い表5に示す処理条件にて混合した以外は実施例1と同じ方法にて銀微粒子を得た。結果を表6に示す。なお、第1流体の供給圧力は、上述の通りである。また、ここで述べる入れ替えとは、単に主流となる銀溶液と主流とは別の還元剤溶液とを、そのまま入れ替えるといったものではなく、入れ替えの前後において吐出液中の銀イオン濃度並びに還元剤濃度が等しくなるよう、原料の濃度並びに処理流量を変更した上で、上記主流となる溶液を入れ替えることを言う。
表1に示す処方の還元剤溶液と銀溶液とを、表2に示す処理条件にて混合した以外は実施例1と同様に図3に示す流体処理装置を用い、実施例1と同じ方法にて銀微粒子を得た。結果を表3に示す。
比較例2は実施例2における第1流体中の銀イオン濃度及び第2流体中の還元剤濃度を変更せず第1流体に銀に対する錯化剤としてエチレンジアミンを添加した以外は、実施例1と同じ方法で銀微粒子を得た例である。
表1に示す処方の銀溶液と還元剤溶液とを、実施例1と同様に図3に示す流体処理装置を用い表3に示す処理条件にて混合した以外は実施例1と同じ方法にて銀微粒子を得た。
比較例3は、実施例3における第1流体と第2流体とを、実施例3と同比率にてバッチ操作にて混合した以外は、実施例1と同じ方法にて銀微粒子を得た。表4に示す実施例3と同処方の銀溶液中と還元剤溶液とを、実施例3と同じ比率となるように調製したビーカー中の銀溶液60mLに対して、マグネティックスターラーで撹拌しながら還元剤溶液10mLを投入混合し、銀微粒子を析出させた。その後、この銀微粒子分散液並びに銀微粒子分散液より得られた銀微粒子の乾燥粉体を分析した。結果を表6に示す。
実施例4~6及び比較例4~6においては、実施例1及び比較例1における銀溶液、還元剤溶液の送液温度、並びに送液流量を変更して銀微粒子を作製した以外は、実施例1と同じ方法にて銀微粒子を得た。実施例4~6における処方条件を表7に、送液条件を表8に、得られた銀微粒子の分析結果を表9に示す。また比較例4~6における処方条件を表10に、送液条件を表11に、また得られた銀微粒子の分析結果を表12に示す。
比較例4は表10に示す通り、吐出液中の銀イオン濃度並びに還元剤濃度が実施例4と等しくなるように、上記第1流体と第2流体を入れ替えた例である。表10に示す処方の還元剤溶液と銀溶液とを、実施例4と同様に図3に示す流体処理装置を用い表11に示す処理条件にて混合した以外は、実施例と同じ方法にて銀微粒子を得た。結果を表12に示す。なお、実施例1並びに比較例1と同様に、リング状ディスク間の薄膜状空間における主流となる銀溶液と、主流とは別の還元剤溶液とを、そのまま入れ替えるといったものではなく、入れ替えの前後において吐出液中の銀イオン濃度並びに還元剤濃度が等しくなるよう、濃度並びに処理流量を変更した上で上記主流となる溶液を入れ替えた。
2 第2処理用面
10 第1処理用部
11 第1ホルダ
20 第2処理用部
21 第2ホルダ
d1 第1導入部
d2 第2導入部
d20 開口部
Claims (4)
- 還元反応による銀微粒子の製造方法において、
少なくとも銀イオンを含む銀溶液と、少なくとも還元剤を含む還元剤溶液と、を連続湿式還元法で反応させて、銀微粒子を析出させ、
上記銀溶液から銀微粒子への還元率が99%以上であり、上記銀微粒子の平均一次粒子径が100nm以上1000nm以下であり、上記銀微粒子の平均一次粒子径に対する平均結晶子径が80%以上であることを特徴とする高結晶銀微粒子の製造方法。 - 上記銀微粒子の平均一次粒子径に対する平均結晶子径が90%以上であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の高結晶銀微粒子の製造方法。
- 上記銀溶液と還元剤溶液とを対向して配設された接近・離反可能な、少なくとも一方が他方に対して相対的に回転する二つの処理用面の間にできる薄膜流体中の反応場で混合して銀微粒子を析出させることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の高結晶銀微粒子の製造方法。
- 上記反応場において、上記銀溶液を主流とし、かつ被拡散溶液とし、上記銀溶液には銀に対する錯化剤及び銀に対する還元剤が実質的に含まれず、還元剤を含む還元剤溶液を上記被拡散溶液に積極的に拡散させることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の高結晶銀微粒子の製造方法。
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