WO2013073012A1 - 非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013073012A1 WO2013073012A1 PCT/JP2011/076327 JP2011076327W WO2013073012A1 WO 2013073012 A1 WO2013073012 A1 WO 2013073012A1 JP 2011076327 W JP2011076327 W JP 2011076327W WO 2013073012 A1 WO2013073012 A1 WO 2013073012A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
- H01M50/574—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current
- H01M50/581—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current in response to temperature
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
- H01M50/417—Polyolefins
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/446—Composite material consisting of a mixture of organic and inorganic materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/491—Porosity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
- H01M2200/10—Temperature sensitive devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. Specifically, the present invention relates to a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a shutdown function against abnormal battery heat generation.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries typically lithium ion batteries
- the separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode prevents a short circuit due to contact between the positive electrode and the negative electrode for the purpose of ensuring the safety of the battery and the device in which the battery is mounted. It has a role (short-circuit prevention function).
- the separator increases resistance by blocking the ion conduction path when the battery reaches a certain temperature range (typically the softening point or melting point of the separator). Let And it has the function (shutdown function) which stops charging / discharging by this resistance increase, and prevents the thermal runaway of a battery.
- a certain temperature range typically the softening point or melting point of the separator.
- shutdown function the function which stops charging / discharging by this resistance increase, and prevents the thermal runaway of a battery.
- the melting point of a constituent resin such as polyolefin is the shutdown temperature. When the separator reaches this temperature, the fine pores of the separator are blocked by melting or softening, and the resistance is increased.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a separator made of a porous film containing a resin having a melting point in the range of 80 ° C. to 130 ° C., filler particles, and a porous substrate. According to such a configuration, it is disclosed that the shape of the separator can be kept stable even at a high temperature exceeding the melting point (shutdown temperature).
- Patent Document 2 a polymer compound having a melting point of 90 ° C. to 130 ° C. and a heat of fusion of 30 J / g or more is included as a heat absorbing material in a positive electrode of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery together with a binder. It is disclosed. According to such a configuration, even if Joule heat is generated due to a short circuit, the heat absorbing material contained in the positive electrode active material layer substantially absorbs heat as melting heat, so that it is possible to suppress an increase in battery temperature. Has been.
- Patent Document 1 when the content of the resin is increased in order to enhance the shutdown function, the porosity of the porous film is lowered, resulting in a decrease in battery output. there were. Also in the proposal of Patent Document 2, when the content of the polymer compound is increased, the ratio of the positive electrode active material is decreased, which causes a similar problem of a decrease in battery output.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above points, and the main object of the present invention is to achieve both of them without excessively degrading the battery performance even when the shutdown performance is improved. It is to provide a water electrolyte secondary battery.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present invention is a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery including an electrode body including a positive electrode and a negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte.
- the electrode body is composed of a plurality of different constituent members, and at least two of the plurality of constituent members constituting the electrode body are at least 80 ° C.
- a granular polymer having a melting point is contained in a temperature range of 120 ° C. or lower, respectively.
- the granular polymer functions as a so-called shutdown resin that melts at its melting point to block the ion conduction path and increase the internal resistance of the battery.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed here is divided into two or more constituent members constituting the electrode body and blended with the granular polymer, as a shutdown resin while suppressing a decrease in battery performance
- the granular polymer can be contained in a larger amount as a whole battery, and both the battery performance and the shutdown function can be improved.
- the electrode body includes the positive electrode including a positive electrode active material layer on a positive electrode current collector, and the negative electrode active material layer on a negative electrode current collector.
- any 2 or all of the said positive electrode, the said negative electrode, and the said separator are equipped with the said granular polymer, It is characterized by the above-mentioned.
- the granular polymer softens or melts when the temperature of the constituent member containing the granular polymer rises to its softening point or melting point. Therefore, in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed herein, the above-mentioned granular polymer is mixed and mixed in the battery with any two or all of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator.
- the shutdown function can be developed step by step according to the position and timing of the constituent member that starts. Thereby, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that can more reliably prevent an increase in battery temperature during abnormal heat generation is realized. For example, by increasing the resistance in the battery from an early stage during abnormal heat generation and suppressing charging / discharging, it is possible to prevent the heat generation of the battery from proceeding at an accelerated rate (thermal runaway).
- the positive electrode includes the positive electrode current collector, the positive electrode active material layer, the positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode active material as the constituent members.
- the separator includes a conductive intermediate layer including a conductive material and a binder, and the separator includes a separator main body, and a heat resistance including an inorganic filler and a binder on at least one surface of the main body as the constituent member.
- a layer. The granular polymer is included in at least the conductive intermediate layer and the heat-resistant layer among the constituent members.
- the positive electrode can be provided with a shutdown function while suppressing deterioration of battery characteristics such as battery capacity and battery resistance.
- a shutdown function that is expressed at a low temperature can be added by the separator.
- the granular polymer contained in the conductive intermediate layer and the granular polymer contained in the heat-resistant layer are different from each other, and the conductive intermediate layer
- the melting point of the granular polymer contained in is lower than the melting point of the granular polymer contained in the heat-resistant layer.
- the internal resistance of the battery can be increased at an early stage, and then the shutdown function of the separator (heat-resistant layer and separator body) is manifested, so abnormal heat generation before thermal runaway occurs Can be controlled systematically.
- the proportion of the particulate polymer contained in the conductive intermediate layer is 10% by mass to 100% by mass when the entire conductive intermediate layer is 100% by mass. 30% by mass. According to such a configuration, by including the granular polymer in the conductive intermediate layer, it is possible to include more granular polymer without reducing the proportion of the positive electrode active material and excessively impairing the battery characteristics. In addition, it is possible to shut off the conductive path more efficiently at the time of shutdown by blending the granular polymer in the conductive intermediate layer than by dispersing and blending in the positive electrode active material layer, for example. Can be expressed more effectively.
- the proportion of the granular polymer contained in the heat resistant layer is 10% by mass to 40% by mass when the entire heat resistant layer is 100% by mass. is there. According to this configuration, more granular polymer can be included without filling the pores of the separator body.
- the conductive path can be cut off more efficiently at the time of shutdown by blending the granular polymer in the heat-resistant layer, for example, rather than dispersing and blending in the separator body, and the shutdown function is more effective. Can be expressed.
- the D 50 particle size of the inorganic filler contained in the heat-resistant layer is 0.5 ⁇ m to 5.0 ⁇ m, and the D 50 particle size of the granular polymer is 0. .1 ⁇ m to 3.0 ⁇ m.
- the porosity of the separator including the heat-resistant layer is 30% or more and 70% or less. According to such a configuration, the shutdown behavior of the granular polymer is quick when abnormal heat is generated, and the dispersed state of the inorganic filler and the granular polymer in the heat-resistant layer can be kept good. In addition, the battery performance can be kept good without increasing the overall resistance of the separator.
- the porosity of the entire separator is 30% or more and 70% or less.
- the above-described appropriate porosity can be maintained as the whole separator. Therefore, the shutdown function of the separator can be improved without reducing the porosity of the separator body and degrading the battery characteristics.
- the configuration as described above can exert its effect to the maximum when applied to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that has a high energy density and can be used at a high rate, for example.
- the present invention can be suitably applied to a battery pack in which heat dissipation tends to be delayed.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery has high safety
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing an outer shape of a lithium ion battery according to an embodiment.
- 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line II-II in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a wound electrode body according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator that constitute a wound electrode body according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a change in internal resistance with temperature of the lithium ion battery.
- FIG. 6 is a side view showing a vehicle equipped with a lithium ion battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the “secondary battery” refers to a battery that can be repeatedly charged, such as a lithium secondary battery or a nickel metal hydride battery.
- the “lithium secondary battery” refers to a battery that can be repeatedly charged using lithium ions as a charge carrier, and typically includes lithium ion batteries, lithium polymer batteries, and the like.
- the “active material” can reversibly occlude and release (typically insertion and removal) chemical species (for example, lithium ions in a lithium secondary battery) that become charge carriers in the secondary battery. Refers to a substance.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the external appearance of the lithium ion battery 10.
- 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line II-II in FIG.
- the lithium ion battery 10 includes a wound electrode body 20 and a battery case 80.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a configuration of the wound electrode body 20.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of the wound electrode body 20.
- the wound electrode body 20 includes, as constituent members, a strip-like positive electrode (hereinafter also referred to as a positive electrode sheet) 30 and a strip-like negative electrode (hereinafter also referred to as a negative electrode sheet) 50. And separators 70A and 70B are overlapped.
- the positive electrode 30 includes a positive electrode current collector 32 as a constituent member, and a positive electrode active material layer 34 on the surface of the positive electrode current collector 32.
- the positive electrode 30 shown in FIG. 4 further includes a conductive intermediate layer 36 as a constituent member between the positive electrode current collector 32 and the positive electrode active material layer 34.
- the conductive intermediate layer 36 is a functional layer having a function of increasing the conductivity between the positive electrode 30 and the positive electrode active material layer 34.
- the negative electrode 50 includes a negative electrode current collector 52 as a constituent member, and a negative electrode active material layer 54 on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 52.
- the separators 70 ⁇ / b> A and 70 ⁇ / b> B are porous members that maintain the insulation between the positive electrode 30 and the negative electrode 50 and ensure the ionic conductivity between the positive electrode 30 and the negative electrode 50.
- Separator 70A, 70B shown in this FIG. 4 is equipped with the separator main body 74 and the heat-resistant layer (HRL: heat resistance layer) 72 on the surface as a structural member.
- the heat-resistant layer 72 is a porous body containing a heat-resistant inorganic filler, and is essentially a separator for the purpose of preventing internal short circuit, oxidative decomposition, and deterioration of battery characteristics of the separators 70A and 70B due to mixing of metallic foreign matters.
- the separator body 74 for example, a laminated structure (for example, a three-layer structure) in which a porous sheet-like polyolefin resin (typically, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), etc.) is laminated. It can be preferably employed that has a shutdown function that softens or melts and blocks the current.
- the sheet-like polyolefin resin has a relatively high melting point of about 130 ° C. or higher depending on the production method (for example, uniaxial stretching).
- the separator main body 74 made of such a porous sheet-like polyolefin resin melts during abnormal heat generation of a general battery, thereby rapidly increasing the internal resistance of the battery and cutting off the current.
- the lithium ion battery 10 disclosed herein, at least two different constituent members of the plurality of constituent members constituting the wound electrode body 20 have a temperature range of 80 ° C. or higher and 120 ° C. or lower.
- granular polymers 38 and 78 having a melting point are included.
- the granular polymers 38 and 78 are insulating polymers and usually have a granular (smaller surface area) form. Then, the internal resistance of the battery 10 is increased by melting at a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point and increasing the surface area to block the ion conduction path. That is, the granular polymers 38 and 78 function as a so-called shutdown resin.
- the melting point of the granular polymers 38 and 78 is defined in a temperature range of 80 ° C. or higher and 120 ° C. or lower.
- the reason why the melting point of the granular polymers 38 and 78 is 80 ° C. or higher is that it can be determined that abnormal heat generation has occurred in the lithium ion battery 10 when the temperature of the battery is 80 ° C. or higher.
- the reason why the melting point of the granular polymers 38 and 78 is 120 ° C. or less is that the shutdown function by the granular polymers 38 and 78 is developed prior to the shutdown function by the sheet-like polyolefin resin in the separators 70A and 70B. Because.
- the melting points of the granular polymers 38 and 78 make it possible to more reliably determine the occurrence of abnormal heat generation, and to cause the shutdown function to appear sufficiently ahead of the shutdown function of the separators 70A and 70B using the sheet-like polyolefin resin. Furthermore, it is more preferable to set it as the temperature range of 90 to 110 degreeC. With this configuration, the separator 70A, 70B is completely separated from the shutdown function by the sheet-like polyolefin resin, and at least two constituent members constituting the wound electrode body 20 are preceded by the shutdown function. Can be provided.
- the constituent members including such granular polymers 38 and 78 are not limited to some of the constituent members specifically exemplified above, and other various constituent members that can constitute the wound electrode body 20 are considered. be able to. Moreover, there is no restriction
- the granular polymers 38 and 78 may be arranged, or the granular polymers 38 and 78 may be arranged on two (or more) constituent members in the separators 70A and 70B.
- the positive electrode 30 and the negative electrode 50 and separators 70A and 70B may be arranged in any two of them.
- the granular polymers 38 and 78 are included in any two or all of the constituent members of the positive electrode 30, the negative electrode 50, and the separators 70A and 70B. Indicated.
- the granular polymers 38 and 78 are specifically included in the positive electrode active material layer 34, the negative electrode active material layer 54, and the separators 70A and 70B as described above, or the positive electrode current collector 32 and the like. It can be included in various functional layers provided on the surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 52 and the separators 70A and 70B.
- the granular polymers 38 and 78 are insulative, if any one of the above-mentioned constituent members contains an amount sufficient for shutdown in the case of abnormal heat generation due to overcharge or the like, during normal use. Battery characteristics (for example, battery capacity and internal resistance) may be greatly impaired.
- the amount that can be blended is limited to a very small amount. That is, the battery characteristics and the shutdown performance need to be contradictory, and it is difficult to achieve both. This is a particularly significant problem when the battery is a large battery with poor heat dissipation.
- the granular polymers 38 and 78 are dispersed and included in any two or more of the above constituent members. According to this, a large amount of granular polymers 38 and 78 are blended in one component member, and the battery characteristics during normal operation are not greatly impaired, and the lithium ion battery 10 as a whole contains more granular polymers 38 and 78. it can.
- the shutdown is performed in stages according to the position and timing of the components starting to rise in the battery 10. Function can be expressed.
- the granular polymers 38 and 78 disposed on the closer components in the place where the abnormal heat generation has occurred due to overcharge or the like is first melted, and the internal resistance of the battery is increased from an early stage to accumulate excessive heat generation. Is suppressed. Thereafter, the granular polymers 38 and 78 disposed on the more distant constituent members are melted to further increase the internal resistance of the battery, whereby further overcharge can be suppressed.
- the sheet-like sheets constituting the separators 70A and 70B described above are used. The shutdown function by the polyolefin resin can more reliably prevent the temperature of the battery 10 from rising.
- the granular polymers 38 and 78 are included in at least the conductive intermediate layer 36 of the positive electrode 30 and the heat resistant layer 72 of the separators 70A and 70B. Is preferred.
- the granular polymer 38 is included in the positive electrode 30 if the granular polymer is added to the positive electrode active material layer 34, the amount of the positive electrode active material needs to be reduced by the amount of the granular polymer 38. Therefore, the blending of the granular polymer 38 directly affects the battery capacity, and the internal resistance of the battery 10 increases. Therefore, it is difficult to mix a sufficient amount of the granular polymer 38 in the positive electrode active material layer 34.
- the conductive intermediate layer 36 is provided on the positive electrode 30 and the granular polymer 38 is blended therein, the battery capacity is not lowered, and the conductivity of the constituent member blended with the granular polymer 38 can be ensured.
- the separators 70A and 70B can have a shutdown function in the separator body 74 itself, for example, by configuring the separator body 74 with a sheet-like polyolefin resin.
- a shutdown function by the heat resistant layer 72 can be provided separately from the separator body 74.
- the melting point of the granular polymer 78 is lower than the melting point of the sheet-like polyolefin resin constituting the separator body 74. Therefore, the shutdown in the separators 70A and 70B first appears in the heat-resistant layer 72, and the separator main body 74 continuously shuts down through the subsequent stages.
- the conductive intermediate layer 36 and the heat-resistant layer 72 are generally as thin as about several ⁇ m (for example, less than 10 ⁇ m, typically about 1 to 7 ⁇ m). Therefore, even if the blending amount of the granular polymers 38 and 78 is relatively small, the granular polymers 38 and 78 can be uniformly dispersed and arranged in the layer at a high blending ratio. Therefore, it is possible to form a resistor that quickly shuts down when abnormal heat is generated, and that is denser and has less cuts after the shutdown. In other words, the granular polymers 38 and 78 are melted to form a resistor having a more layered form, and the internal resistance of the battery 10 can be efficiently increased.
- abnormal heat generation occurs at the electrode of the negative electrode 50 or the positive electrode 30, and the heat generation can propagate to the separators 70A and 70B. Therefore, in consideration of the position and timing of the constituent member where the temperature starts to rise in the battery 10, among various constituent members constituting the battery 10, at least the combination of the positive electrode 30 or the negative electrode 50 and the separators 70A and 70B. It is preferable to provide a shutdown function. Furthermore, in consideration of the effects of the conductive intermediate layer 36 and the heat-resistant layer 72, the granular polymers 38 and 78 may be blended in a combination of the conductive intermediate layer 36 of the positive electrode 30 and the heat-resistant layer 72 of the separators 70A and 70B. It is more preferable in that the granular polymers 38 and 78 can function more effectively. In this way, the lithium ion battery 10 controls the propagation form of heat generation in the battery 10 more systematically and positively and more reliably suppress abnormal heat generation during overcharge.
- the granular polymer 38 included in the conductive intermediate layer 36 and the granular polymer 78 included in the heat resistant layer 72 may be the same or different from each other.
- polymers having different compositions and melting points may be used, or polymers having the same composition and different melting points may be used.
- the melting point of the granular polymer 38 included in the conductive intermediate layer 36 is lower than the melting point of the granular polymer 78 included in the heat-resistant layer 72. It is preferable.
- the heat generation at the positive electrode 30 is suppressed at an earlier stage after it is determined that the heat generation is abnormal, that is, while the temperature of the positive electrode 30 is relatively low.
- the shutdown function by the granular polymer 38 included in the conductive intermediate layer 36 of the positive electrode 30 is started at a lower temperature than the shutdown function by the granular polymer 78 included in the heat-resistant layer 72 of the separators 70A and 70B. At an early stage, heat propagation from the positive electrode 30 into the battery 10 can be suppressed.
- the shutdown function by the granular polymer 78 included in the heat-resistant layer 72 of the separators 70A and 70B appears after the shutdown function by the granular polymer 38 included in the conductive intermediate layer 36 of the positive electrode 30, and then the shutdown function by the separator body 74 is obtained. Expressed continuously.
- FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram illustrating the shutdown behavior of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the horizontal axis indicates the temperature inside the battery, and the vertical axis indicates the internal resistance of the battery.
- the plot (1) in the figure shows the change in internal resistance due to the temperature of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed herein, and the plot (2) relates to a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery that does not contain particulate polymer. It shows how the internal resistance changes.
- the melting points of the granular polymers 38 and 78 are adjusted as described above, the internal resistance of the battery 10 changes as shown in plot (1), for example.
- a shutdown function by the granular polymer 38 appears at the melting point of the granular polymer 38 included in the conductive intermediate layer 36 (indicated by an arrow near 100 ° C. in FIG. 5).
- the internal resistance increases.
- the temperature of the battery 10 continues to rise, and when the temperature rises to the melting point of the granular polymer 78 in the heat-resistant layer 72 (indicated by an arrow near 110 ° C. in FIG. 5), A shutdown function due to the polymer 78 appears.
- the internal resistance of the battery is further increased and the current is further suppressed.
- the shutdown function by the sheet-shaped polyolefin is activated.
- the internal resistance of the battery 10 is remarkably increased, and the current is cut off.
- the chemical reaction in the battery 10 stops, and then the temperature of the battery 10 gradually decreases.
- the internal resistance does not increase until the melting point of the sheet-like polyolefin reaches the melting point of the sheet-like polyolefin even when abnormal heat generation starts.
- the shutdown function is manifested and the internal resistance of the battery 10 is significantly increased.
- the battery is abnormally heated, when the battery current is cut off, the temperature of the battery 10 can then gradually decrease as shown in plot (2).
- the battery has a structure that easily accumulates heat, such as a large battery, the battery can be accelerated (so-called thermal runaway) when the battery temperature reaches the melting point of polyolefin.
- the temperature increase may continue even after the current is cut off, and it may be possible to increase the temperature to, for example, 250 ° C. or more, and further to a temperature exceeding 300 ° C. For this reason, increasing the internal resistance of the battery 10 and suppressing the current from an early stage before thermal runaway is extremely effective in order not to induce thermal runaway in abnormal heat generation.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed herein takes a clear step as described above (in a stepwise manner) to prevent the battery from reaching a thermal runaway.
- the proportion of the granular polymer 38 included in the conductive intermediate layer 36 is the entire conductive intermediate layer 36, that is, here, the conductive material, binder, and granular polymer included in the conductive intermediate layer 36.
- the total amount with respect to 38 is 100% by mass, it is preferably 10% by mass to 30% by mass.
- the granular polymer 38 can increase the internal resistance of the battery 10 in the event of abnormal heat generation by being mixed in the conductive intermediate layer 36 even in a small amount, and the effect increases as the amount increases.
- the blending amount is less than 10% by mass, it is difficult to effectively increase the internal resistance during abnormal heat generation.
- the blending amount of the granular polymer 38 exceeds 30% by mass, the internal resistance when using the normal battery 10 is increased, and the battery capacity is also reduced, leading to unnecessarily impaired battery characteristics.
- the blending amount of the granular polymer 38 in the conductive intermediate layer 36 is desirably about 10% by mass to 30% by mass, more preferably about 15% by mass to 20% by mass.
- the proportion of the granular polymer 78 included in the heat resistant layer 72 is the total amount of the entire heat resistant layer 72, that is, here, the inorganic filler, the binder, and the granular polymer 78 included in the heat resistant layer 72.
- the content is preferably 10% by mass to 40% by mass with respect to 100% by mass.
- the granular polymer 78 can increase the internal resistance of the battery 10 during abnormal heat generation by blending even a small amount in the heat-resistant layer 72, and the effect increases as the blending amount increases. However, if the blending amount is less than 10% by mass, it is difficult to effectively increase the internal resistance during abnormal heat generation, and the temperature of the battery 10 rises to a relatively high level.
- the blending amount of the granular polymer 78 exceeds 40% by mass, the internal resistance when using the normal battery 10 is increased, and the battery characteristics are unnecessarily impaired.
- the blending amount of the granular polymer 78 in the heat resistant layer 72 is desirably about 10% by mass to 40% by mass, more preferably about 20% by mass to 30% by mass.
- the average particle size of the inorganic filler contained in the heat-resistant layer 72 is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m to 5.0 ⁇ m, and the average particle size of the granular polymer is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 3.0 ⁇ m.
- the “average particle size” disclosed herein may be indicated by a particle size distribution at a 50% integrated value in a particle size distribution determined on a volume basis (hereinafter simply referred to as an average particle size or D 50 ) by a laser diffraction scattering method.
- the average particle size of the inorganic filler By setting the average particle size of the inorganic filler to 0.5 ⁇ m to 5.0 ⁇ m, the effect of preventing the oxidative decomposition of the separators 70A and 70B and the deterioration of battery characteristics as the heat resistant layer 72 can be further enhanced.
- the average particle size of the granular polymer By setting the average particle size of the granular polymer to 0.1 ⁇ m to 3.0 ⁇ m, the reactivity of the granular polymer with respect to abnormal heat generation can be enhanced and the melting can be performed faster. And the dispersion state of the inorganic filler and granular polymer in a heat-resistant layer can be maintained in a more uniform and non-uniform state, and a good heat-resistant layer 72 can be realized.
- the porosity of the separators 70A and 70B as a whole is preferably 30% or more and 70% or less.
- This porosity means the volume ratio of the voids occupying the entire separators 70A and 70B including the heat-resistant layer 72 and the separator body 74. Since the heat-resistant layer 72 is provided on the surfaces of the separators 70A and 70B, it is necessary to have pores for securing ion conductivity between the positive electrode 30 and the negative electrode 50 together with the separators 70A and 70B. Therefore, the porosity of the separators 70A and 70B as a whole is preferably set to 30% or more in order to secure ion conductivity and reduce the resistance of the separators 70A and 70B.
- the content is preferably set to 70% or less.
- it is more preferably about 40% or more and 60% or less.
- the porosity can also be suitably controlled by adjusting the particle size of the inorganic filler and granular polymer 78 included in the heat-resistant layer 72, the inorganic filler included in the heat-resistant layer 72, and the like.
- the amount and the form of blending of the granular polymers 38 and 78 that can be blended without excessively degrading the battery characteristics of the lithium ion battery 10 are limited in each constituent member.
- the granular polymers 38 and 78 are dispersed in at least the conductive intermediate layer 36 of the positive electrode 30 and the heat resistant layer 72 of the separators 70 ⁇ / b> A and 70 ⁇ / b> B, and are mixed in an appropriate amount. .
- the usage amount of the granular polymers 38 and 78 can be increased to the maximum amount that does not cause deterioration of the battery 10 characteristics, and the shutdown effect by the granular polymers 38 and 78 can be maximized. Therefore, thermal runaway during abnormal heat generation can be more reliably prevented.
- the same shutdown function is obtained only from the granular polymer 78 blended in the heat-resistant layer 72 of the separators 70A and 70B without blending the granular polymer 38 in the conductive intermediate layer 36 of the positive electrode 30. If it is going to do, it is necessary to make the ratio of the granular polymer 78 in the heat-resistant layer 72 into 50 mass% or more. Such a blending amount makes it difficult to keep the porosity of the separator at 30% or more, which hinders the design.
- the same shutdown function may be obtained only by the granular polymer 38 blended in the conductive intermediate layer 36 of the positive electrode 30 without blending the granular polymer 78 in the heat resistant layer 72 of the separators 70A and 70B.
- an appropriate amount of the granular polymers 38 and 78 are blended in an appropriate form at a more appropriate location (component) in the battery 10.
- This lithium ion battery 10 is configured to include granular polymers 38 and 78 in the conductive intermediate layer 36 of the positive electrode 30 and the heat resistant layers of the separators 70A and 70B.
- ⁇ Positive electrode As described above, the positive electrode (positive electrode sheet) 30 includes the conductive intermediate layer 36 and the positive electrode active material layer 34 on the strip-shaped positive electrode current collector 32.
- a metal foil suitable for the positive electrode can be suitably used.
- a rod-like body, a plate-like body, a foil-like body, a net-like body or the like mainly composed of aluminum, nickel, titanium, stainless steel, or the like can be used.
- a strip-shaped aluminum foil having a predetermined width and a thickness of approximately 1 ⁇ m is used for the positive electrode current collector 32.
- the positive electrode current collector 32 is provided with an uncoated portion 33 along an edge on one side in the width direction.
- the conductive intermediate layer 36 and the positive electrode active material layer 34 are formed on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 32 except for the uncoated portion 33 set on the positive electrode current collector 32.
- the conductive intermediate layer 36 includes at least a conductive material and a granular polymer 38.
- the conductive intermediate layer 36 includes a conductive material and a granular polymer 38, which are fixed onto the positive electrode current collector 32 by a binder.
- the conductive intermediate layer 36 is typically formed by applying a composition containing these conductive material, granular polymer 38 and binder onto the positive electrode current collector 32.
- the conductive material various materials having good conductivity and granularity can be used.
- carbon powder is preferably used. More specifically, various carbon blacks (for example, acetylene black, furnace black, graphitized carbon black, ketjen black), carbon powder such as graphite powder, and the like.
- carbon blacks for example, acetylene black, furnace black, graphitized carbon black, ketjen black
- carbon powder such as graphite powder, and the like.
- conductive metal powder such as nickel powder may be used.
- the particulate polymer 38 contained in the conductive intermediate layer 36 can be used without particular limitation as long as it is a granular polymer having a melting point in a temperature range of 80 ° C. or higher and 120 ° C. or lower.
- the granular polymer 38 melts when the temperature of the conductive intermediate layer 36 increases, and increases the surface area, thereby blocking the conductive path by the conductive material.
- the internal resistance is increased in the conductive intermediate layer 36, the charge carrier movement (electrolytic solution movement) is restricted, and the reaction of the battery 10 is restricted (shutdown in the conductive intermediate layer 36).
- a resin having a desired melting point and various characteristics can be appropriately selected from polyolefin resins.
- a granular polymer 38 it is preferable to use one or more selected from polyethylene (PE) and an ethylene-vinyl monomer copolymer which are relatively easy to adjust the melting point and are easily available.
- the density of polyethylene (PE) and ethylene-vinyl monomer copolymers generally changes depending on the molecular weight and molecular structure, and the melting point can be controlled to a desired temperature by adjusting this density.
- such a granular polymer 38 preferably has a ratio of about 10% by mass to 30% by mass in terms of solid content in the conductive intermediate layer 36.
- the average particle size (D 50 ) of the granular polymer 38 is not particularly limited because it does not directly affect the battery characteristics, but from the viewpoint of its workability, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m to 3 It is preferable to use one in the range of about 0.0 ⁇ m.
- the binder has a function of fixing the conductive material and the granular polymer 38 to form the conductive intermediate layer 36 and fixing the conductive material and the granular polymer 38 on the positive electrode current collector 32.
- a binder a polymer that can be dissolved or dispersed in a solvent used in forming the conductive intermediate layer 36 can be used.
- cellulose polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), for example, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polytetrafluoro Fluorine resin such as ethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), vinyl acetate copolymer, styrene butadiene copolymer (SBR), acrylic acid modified SBR resin (SBR latex), etc.
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- PVA polytetrafluoro Fluorine resin
- PTFE tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- SBR styrene butadiene copolymer
- SBR latex acrylic acid modified SBR resin
- polymers such as a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), a polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC), a polyacrylonitrile (PAN), can be employ
- the melting point of these polymer materials will be set to be essentially higher than the melting point of the granular polymer 38.
- the conductive intermediate layer 36 is prepared by, for example, preparing a paste-like (slurry) composition obtained by mixing the above-described conductive material, granular polymer 38 and binder in a solvent or vehicle, and applying this to the positive electrode current collector 32. Then, it can be formed by drying. At this time, any of an aqueous solvent and a non-aqueous solvent can be used as the solvent of the composition.
- a suitable example of a non-aqueous solvent is typically N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the polymer material exemplified above as a binder may be used for the purpose of exhibiting a function as a thickener or other additive of the composition in addition to the function as a binder.
- the positive electrode active material layer 34 contains at least a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material layer 34 is mainly composed of a granular positive electrode active material, and includes a conductive material for enhancing conductivity, and these are fixed onto the conductive intermediate layer 36 by a binder. Yes.
- the positive electrode active material layer 34 is typically formed by applying a composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer containing the positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and a binder onto the conductive intermediate layer 36. . In the positive electrode active material layer 34 thus formed, voids are formed between the positive electrode active material particles so that the electrolyte solution can penetrate.
- the positive electrode active material various materials that can be used as the positive electrode active material of the lithium ion battery 10 can be used.
- a material capable of occluding and releasing lithium can be used, and one or more of various materials conventionally used in lithium secondary batteries should be specifically limited. It can be used without.
- a lithium transition metal oxide typically in particulate form
- an oxide having a layered structure or an oxide having a spinel structure can be appropriately selected and used.
- lithium nickel oxide typically LiNiO 2
- a lithium cobalt oxide typically LiCoO 2
- a lithium manganese oxide typically LiMn 2 O 4
- the use of one or more lithium transition metal oxides is preferred.
- the “lithium nickel oxide” refers to an oxide having Li and Ni as constituent metal elements, and one or more metal elements other than Li and Ni (that is, other than Li and Ni).
- a composite containing transition metal element and / or typical metal element) in a proportion smaller than Ni (in terms of the number of atoms; in the case where two or more metal elements other than Li and Ni are contained, both of them are less proportion than Ni) It is meant to include oxides.
- the metal element is selected from the group consisting of, for example, Co, Al, Mn, Cr, Fe, V, Mg, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Cu, Zn, Ga, In, Sn, La, and Ce. Or one or more elements.
- (1-x) LiMeO 2 (In the above formula, Me is one or more transition metals, and x satisfies 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.) It may be a so-called solid solution type lithium-excess transition metal oxide or the like.
- a lithium ion battery having both high output characteristics and high rate characteristics can be constructed.
- the positive electrode active material has a general formula of LiMAO 4 (where M is at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni and Mn, and A is P, Si, S and And an anion selected from the group consisting of V.).
- the compound constituting such a positive electrode active material can be prepared and prepared by a known method, for example. For example, some raw material compounds appropriately selected according to the composition of the target positive electrode active material are mixed at a predetermined ratio, and the mixture is fired by an appropriate means. Thereby, for example, an oxide as a compound constituting the positive electrode active material can be prepared.
- the preparation method of a positive electrode active material (typically lithium transition metal oxide) itself does not characterize this invention at all.
- the positive electrode active material prepared as described above can be pulverized, granulated and classified by an appropriate means.
- a lithium transition metal oxide powder substantially composed of secondary particles having an average particle size in the range of approximately 1 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m (typically approximately 2 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m) is used as the positive electrode in the technology disclosed herein. It can preferably be employed as an active material.
- the granular positive electrode active material powder substantially comprised by the secondary particle which has a desired average particle diameter and / or particle size distribution can be obtained.
- the conductive material has a role of securing a conductive path between the positive electrode active material that is not highly conductive and the positive electrode current collector 32.
- various conductive materials having good conductivity can be used.
- various conductive materials having good conductivity can be used.
- carbon materials such as carbon powder and fibrous carbon are preferably used. More specifically, various carbon blacks (for example, acetylene black, furnace black, graphitized carbon black, ketjen black), carbon powder such as graphite powder, acicular graphite, vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF), etc. Fibrous carbon or the like. These may use together 1 type, or 2 or more types.
- conductive metal powder such as nickel powder may be used.
- the same binder as that used in the conductive intermediate layer 36 can be used.
- polymers such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene butadiene copolymer (SBR), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) can be preferably used.
- the positive electrode active material layer 34 is prepared, for example, by preparing a paste-like (slurry) positive electrode active material layer forming composition obtained by mixing the above-described positive electrode active material or conductive material in a solvent or vehicle, and using this as a conductive intermediate layer. It can be formed by applying to 36, drying and rolling.
- any of an aqueous solvent and a non-aqueous solvent can be used as the solvent for the composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer.
- a suitable example of a non-aqueous solvent is typically N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the polymer material exemplified as the binder may be used for the purpose of exhibiting a function as a thickener or other additive of the composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer in addition to the function as a binder.
- the usage amount of the conductive material is 1 to 20 parts by mass (preferably 5 to 15 parts by mass) with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material. Is done.
- the binder is exemplified by 0.5 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material.
- the negative electrode (negative electrode sheet) 50 includes a negative electrode active material layer 54 containing a negative electrode active material on a strip-shaped negative electrode current collector 52.
- a metal foil suitable for the negative electrode can be suitably used.
- a rod-like body, a plate-like body, a foil-like body, a net-like body or the like mainly composed of copper, nickel, titanium, stainless steel, or the like can be used.
- the negative electrode current collector 52 is a strip-shaped copper foil having a predetermined width and a thickness of approximately 10 ⁇ m. In such a negative electrode current collector 52, an uncoated portion 53 is set along one edge portion in the width direction.
- the negative electrode active material layers 54 are formed on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 52 except for the uncoated portion 53 set on the negative electrode current collector 52.
- the negative electrode active material layer 54 mainly includes a granular negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material is fixed onto the negative electrode current collector 52 with a binder.
- the negative electrode active material layer 54 is typically formed by applying a negative electrode active material layer-forming composition containing these negative electrode active material and binder onto the negative electrode current collector 52. In the negative electrode active material layer 54 formed in this manner, voids are formed between the negative electrode active material particles so that the electrolyte solution can penetrate.
- the negative electrode active material one type or two or more types of materials conventionally used for lithium ion batteries can be used without particular limitation.
- a particulate carbon material carbon particles including a graphite structure (layered structure) at least in part.
- the negative electrode active material is, for example, natural graphite, natural graphite coated with an amorphous carbon material, graphite (graphite), non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon), graphitizable carbon ( Soft carbon) or a carbon material combining these may be used.
- a metal compound preferably silicide or metal oxide having Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Al, Ga, In, As, Sb, Bi, or the like as a constituent metal element may be used.
- LTO lithium titanate
- the negative electrode active material particles can also be used as the negative electrode active material particles.
- the negative electrode active material which consists of a metal compound the surface of a metal compound may be fully coat
- the negative electrode active material layer may not contain a conductive material, and the content rate of the following conductive material may be reduced as compared with the conventional case.
- the additional aspect of these negative electrode active materials and forms, such as a particle size, can be suitably selected according to a desired characteristic.
- the conductive intermediate layer 36 can be disposed. That is, for example, this conductive intermediate layer may contain a granular polymer having a melting point in the temperature range of 80 ° C. or higher and 120 ° C. or lower. Also by this, the lithium ion battery 10 which can suppress the abnormal heat generation of a battery more reliably and safely is realizable.
- the negative electrode active material layer 54 may include a conductive material.
- the conductive material has a role of securing a conductive path between the negative electrode active material that is not highly conductive and the negative electrode current collector 52.
- the conductive material of the positive electrode active material layer 34 can be similarly used.
- the materials exemplified as the binder, solvent, and thickener of the positive electrode active material layer 34 can be similarly used.
- the solvent any of an aqueous solvent and a non-aqueous solvent used in the positive electrode active material layer 34 can be used.
- a preferred example of the non-aqueous solvent is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the polymer material exemplified as the binder of the positive electrode active material layer 34 is used for the purpose of exhibiting the function as a thickener and other additives of the composition for forming the negative electrode active material layer in addition to the function as a binder. It can be done.
- the amount of the conductive material used is about 1 to 30 parts by mass (preferably about 2 to 20 parts by mass, for example, about 5 to 10 parts by mass) with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode active material. can do. Further, the amount of the binder used with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode active material can be, for example, 0.5 to 10 parts by mass.
- the separators 70A and 70B are components that insulate the positive electrode sheet 30 and the negative electrode sheet 50 and allow the electrolyte to move.
- the separators 70 ⁇ / b> A and 70 ⁇ / b> B include a heat-resistant layer 72 on one surface of the separator body 74.
- the material constituting the separator body 74 is not particularly limited as long as it satisfies the requirements as the separators 70A and 70B. And as such a separator main body 74, the separator similar to the past can be used.
- a porous body, a nonwoven fabric, a cloth, or the like having fine pores that can move lithium ions can be used.
- a porous sheet made of resin a microporous resin sheet
- polyolefin resins such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene are preferable.
- a porous structure such as a PE sheet, a PP sheet, a two-layer structure sheet in which a PE layer and a PP layer are laminated, and a three-layer structure sheet in which one PE layer is sandwiched between two PP layers.
- a polyolefin sheet can be suitably used.
- a strip-shaped sheet material having a predetermined width and having a plurality of minute holes is used as the separator body 74.
- the width b1 of the negative electrode active material layer 54 is slightly wider than the width a1 of the positive electrode active material layer 34.
- the widths c1 and c2 of the separators 70 and 72 are a little wider than the width b1 of the negative electrode active material layer 54 (c1, c2>b1> a1).
- the separator body 74 includes a heat resistant layer containing an inorganic filler on at least one surface.
- the porosity of the separators 70A and 70B as a whole including the heat-resistant layer is preferably, for example, 30% or more and 70% or less (more preferably 40% or more and 60% or less).
- a separator is unnecessary (that is, in this case, the electrolyte itself can function as a separator). possible.
- the thickness of the heat-resistant layer 72 provided in the separators 70A and 70B is not particularly limited, but is approximately 10 ⁇ m or less, typically 0.5 ⁇ m to 7 ⁇ m, and more specifically about 2 ⁇ m to 6 ⁇ m. Can do.
- the heat-resistant layer 72 includes an inorganic filler, a granular polymer 78 having a melting point in a temperature range of 80 ° C. or higher and 120 ° C. or lower, and a binder.
- the melting points of the materials constituting the separators 70 ⁇ / b> A and 70 ⁇ / b> B excluding the granular polymer 78 are set higher than that of the granular polymer 78. Therefore, when the lithium ion battery 10 generates heat for some reason and the temperature of the separators 70A and 70B reaches the melting point of the granular polymer 78, the granular polymer 78 contained in the separators 70A and 70B is melted.
- the molten granular polymer 78 closes the fine pores of the separators 70A and 70B, and shuts off (shuts down) the ion conduction path of lithium ions that are charge carriers. Thereby, for example, abnormal heating of the battery can be prevented.
- the inorganic filler various insulating materials can be used.
- one or more kinds selected from fillers such as insulating metal oxides and metal hydroxides, glass, various inorganic minerals and inorganic pigments can be used.
- alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), boehmite (Al 2 O 3 .H 2 O), magnesia (MgO), mica, talc, titania, glass beads, glass fiber, and the like can be used.
- alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), boehmite (Al 2 O 3 .H 2 O), magnesia (MgO), etc. which are stable in quality and inexpensive and easily available, are used. Is preferred.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the inorganic filler is desirably 0.5 ⁇ m to 5.0 ⁇ m.
- any composition can be used without particular limitation as long as it is a granular polymer having a melting point in a temperature range of 80 ° C. or higher and 120 ° C. or lower.
- the granular polymer 78 melts when the temperature of the heat-resistant layer 72 provided on the surfaces of the separators 70A and 70B becomes higher than the melting point of the granular polymer 78, and increases the surface area, whereby the heat-resistant layer 72 and the separators 70A and 70B.
- the conductive path is blocked by filling the holes. This increases the internal resistance of the heat-resistant layer 72 and the separators 70A and 70B, restricts the charge carrier movement (electrolyte movement), and restricts the reaction of the battery 10 (shutdown in the heat-resistant layer 72).
- the granular polymer 78 can be appropriately selected from those similar to the granular polymer 38 in the conductive intermediate layer 36 described above.
- the granular polymer 78 may be the same as or different from the granular polymer 38 included in the conductive intermediate layer 36.
- Even materials of the same composition may have different melting points. That is, the melting point of the granular polymer 78 included in the heat-resistant layer 72 and the melting point of the granular polymer 38 included in the conductive intermediate layer 36 are both set to a temperature range of 80 ° C. or higher and 120 ° C. or lower.
- the melting points can be determined independently of each other. However, from the viewpoint of more effective shutdown, it is preferable that the melting point of the granular polymer 78 included in the heat resistant layer 72 is higher than the melting point of the granular polymer 38 included in the conductive intermediate layer 36.
- the proportion of the particulate polymer 78 in the heat-resistant layer 72 is preferably about 10% by mass to 40% by mass in terms of solid content.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the granular polymer 38 is not particularly limited because it does not directly affect the battery characteristics. From the viewpoint of its workability and the design of the heat-resistant layer, for example, It is preferable to use those in the range of about 0.1 ⁇ m to 3.0 ⁇ m. Thereby, the shutdown function in the heat-resistant layer 72 can be adjusted.
- the heat-resistant layer 72 is prepared, for example, by preparing a paste-like (slurry) composition obtained by mixing the above-described inorganic filler, granular polymer 78 and binder in a solvent or vehicle, and applying this to the separators 70A and 70B and drying. Can be formed. At this time, any of an aqueous solvent and a non-aqueous solvent can be used as the solvent of the composition.
- a suitable example of a non-aqueous solvent is typically N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the polymer material exemplified above as a binder may be used for the purpose of exhibiting a function as a thickener or other additive of the composition in addition to the function as a binder.
- the mass ratio of the binder in the heat-resistant layer can be set to a desired value within a range of 1 mass% to 60 mass%, for example.
- the solid content of the composition for forming the heat-resistant layer can be, for example, about 30% by mass to 50% by mass.
- the solid content is typically about 40% by weight for solvent-based materials and 50% to 52% by weight for water-based materials.
- the binder amount and solid content are not limited to the above values.
- the battery case 80 is a so-called square battery case, and includes a container body 84 and a lid 82.
- the container main body 84 has a bottomed rectangular tube shape and is a flat box-shaped container having one side surface (upper surface) opened.
- the lid 82 is a member that is attached to the opening (opening on the upper surface) of the container body 84 and closes the opening.
- the battery case 80 has a flat rectangular internal space as a space for accommodating the wound electrode body 20. Further, as shown in FIG. 2, the flat internal space of the battery case 80 is slightly wider than the wound electrode body 20.
- a positive terminal 40 and a negative terminal 60 are attached to the lid 82 of the battery case 80. The positive and negative terminals 40 and 60 pass through the battery case 80 (lid 82) and come out of the battery case 80.
- the lid 82 is provided with a safety valve 88.
- the wound electrode body 20 includes a strip-like positive electrode sheet 30, a negative electrode sheet 50, and separators 70A and 70B.
- the positive electrode sheet 30 and the negative electrode sheet 50 are laminated via the separators 70A and 70B.
- the uncoated portion 33 of the positive electrode active material layer 34 of the positive electrode sheet 30 and the uncoated portion 53 of the negative electrode active material layer 54 of the negative electrode sheet 50 protrude from both sides in the width direction of the separator separators 70A and 70B.
- the positive electrode sheet 30 and the negative electrode sheet 50 are overlapped with a slight shift in the width direction.
- the laminated body thus stacked is wound, and then the obtained wound body is crushed from the side surface direction and ablated to produce the flat wound electrode body 20.
- a wound core portion (that is, the positive electrode active material layer 34 of the positive electrode sheet 30, the negative electrode active material layer 54 of the negative electrode sheet 50, the separator 70A, 70B) is formed.
- uncoated portions 33 and 53 of the positive electrode sheet 30 and the negative electrode sheet 50 protrude outward from the wound core portion at both ends of the wound electrode body 20 in the winding axis direction.
- a positive electrode lead terminal 41 and a negative electrode lead terminal 61 are attached to the protruding portion (that is, the portion where the positive electrode active material layer 34 is not formed) and the negative electrode side protruding portion (that is, the portion where the negative electrode active material layer 54 is not formed), respectively.
- the wound electrode body 20 is accommodated in a flat internal space of the container body 84 as shown in FIG.
- the container body 84 is closed by the lid 82 after the wound electrode body 20 is accommodated.
- the joint of the lid body 82 and the container main body 84 is sealed by welding, for example, by laser welding.
- the wound electrode body 20 is positioned in the battery case 80 by the positive terminal 40 and the negative terminal 60 fixed to the lid 82 (battery case 80).
- an electrolytic solution is injected into the battery case 80 from a liquid injection hole 86 provided in the lid 82.
- the electrolytic solution used here one kind or two or more kinds similar to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution used in the conventional lithium secondary battery can be used without any particular limitation.
- Such a non-aqueous electrolyte typically has a composition in which an electrolyte (that is, a lithium salt) is contained in a suitable non-aqueous solvent.
- the electrolyte concentration is not particularly limited, but a nonaqueous electrolyte solution containing an electrolyte at a concentration of about 0.1 mol / L to 5 mol / L (preferably about 0.8 mol / L to 1.5 mol / L) is preferably used. be able to. Further, it may be a solid (gel) electrolytic solution in which a polymer is added to the liquid electrolytic solution.
- aprotic solvents such as carbonates, esters, ethers, nitriles, sulfones and lactones
- Examples include 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, acetonitrile, propionitrile, nitromethane, N, N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane, and ⁇ -butyrolactone.
- electrolyte examples include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , LiClO 4 and the like.
- the oxidation potential is not less than the operating voltage of the lithium secondary battery (for example, 4.2 V or more in the case of a lithium secondary battery that is fully charged at 4.2 V). Any compound that generates a large amount of gas when oxidized can be used without any particular limitation. However, if the oxidation potential is close to the operating voltage of the battery, a local voltage increase occurs even at a normal operating voltage. There is a risk of gradually decomposing. On the other hand, when the decomposition voltage is 4.9 V or more, there is a possibility that thermal runaway may occur due to the reaction of the main component of the non-aqueous electrolyte and the electrode material before gas generation due to oxidative decomposition of the additive.
- a lithium secondary battery that is fully charged at 4.2 V preferably has an oxidation reaction potential in the range of 4.6 V or more and 4.9 V or less.
- a biphenyl compound, a cycloalkylbenzene compound, an alkylbenzene compound, an organic phosphorus compound, a fluorine atom-substituted aromatic compound, a carbonate compound, a cyclic carbamate compound, an alicyclic hydrocarbon, and the like can be given.
- biphenyl alkylbiphenyl, terphenyl, 2-fluorobiphenyl, 3-fluorobiphenyl, 4-fluorobiphenyl, 4,4′-difluorobiphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene (CHB), trans-butylcyclohexyl Benzene, cyclopentylbenzene, t-butylbenzene, t-aminobenzene, o-cyclohexylfluorobenzene, p-cyclohexylfluorobenzene, tris- (t-butylphenyl) phosphate, phenyl fluoride, 4-fluorophenyl acetate, diphenyl carbonate, Examples thereof include methyl phenyl carbonate, bicterary butyl phenyl carbonate, diphenyl ether, dibenzofuran, and the like.
- cyclohexylbenzene (CHB) and a cyclohexylbenzene derivative are preferably used.
- the amount of the overcharge inhibitor used relative to 100% by mass of the electrolyte used can be, for example, about 0.01% to 10% by mass (preferably about 0.1% to 5% by mass).
- an electrolytic solution in which LiPF 6 is contained at a concentration of about 1 mol / liter in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate (for example, a mixed solvent having a volume ratio of about 1: 1) is used. Yes. Thereafter, a metal sealing cap 87 is attached (for example, welded) to the liquid injection hole to seal the battery case 80.
- the positive electrode active material layer 34 and the negative electrode active material layer 54 have minute gaps that should be referred to as cavities, for example, between the particles of the electrode active material and the conductive material.
- An electrolytic solution (not shown) can penetrate into such a minute gap.
- such a gap (cavity) is appropriately referred to as a “gap”.
- the positive electrode active material layer 34 and the negative electrode active material layer 54 are infiltrated with the electrolytic solution.
- the flat internal space of the battery case 80 is slightly wider than the wound electrode body 20 deformed flat.
- a gap 85 is provided between the wound electrode body 20 and the battery case 80.
- the gap 85 becomes a gas escape path.
- the abnormally generated gas is smoothly exhausted out of the battery case 80 through the gap 85 between the wound electrode body 20 and the battery case 80 on both sides of the wound electrode body 20 and the safety valve 88.
- the positive electrode current collector 32 and the negative electrode current collector 52 are electrically connected to an external device through electrode terminals 40 and 60 that penetrate the battery case 80. Thereby, the lithium ion battery 10 as a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is provided.
- the granular polymers 38 and 78 that are shutdown resins are dispersed and included in at least two constituent members of the positive electrode 30, the negative electrode 50, and the separators 70A and 70B. It is.
- the lithium ion battery 10 having a high energy density characteristic that is inferior in heat dissipation than a general battery, even when abnormal heat generation due to overcharge or the like occurs, it is included in a component closer to the place where the abnormal heat generation occurred
- the granular polymer is melted to increase the internal resistance of the battery from an early stage, and then the granular polymer contained in the distant component is melted to prevent heat generation and thermal runaway. Further, by dispersing and blending the granular polymer in a plurality of constituent members, the shutdown function is effectively expressed without excessively degrading the battery characteristics.
- the configuration as described above can be preferably applied to the lithium ion battery 10 which has a high energy density and can be used at a high rate, and can maximize its effects.
- the present invention can also be suitably applied to a battery pack 100 in which heat dissipation tends to be delayed by connecting a plurality of lithium ion batteries 10. That is, since the lithium ion battery 10 disclosed herein has high safety during abnormal heat generation as described above, it can be used as a power source for, for example, a hybrid vehicle and a plug-in hybrid vehicle.
- the vehicle 1 provided with the lithium ion battery 10 disclosed here is suitably provided.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the dispersion of the solid material was agitated for 25 minutes at a rotational speed of 20000 rpm using an ultra-precision dispersion emulsifier (manufactured by MTechnic Co., Ltd., CLEARMIX).
- the composition for the positive electrode active material layer was prepared by blending such that it was 93: 4: 3 when expressed as a conductive material: binder, and was dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent. .
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the dispersion of the solid material was agitated for 25 minutes at a rotational speed of 20000 rpm using an ultra-precision dispersion emulsifier (manufactured by MTechnic Co., Ltd., CLEARMIX).
- the composition for forming the conductive intermediate layer is applied to both sides of an Al foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m as a current collector using a gravure coater so that the thickness is 2 ⁇ m (per one side), and dried. Then, the above composition for forming the positive electrode active material layer is applied on both sides of the conductive intermediate layer, dried, and then pressed to a total thickness of 170 ⁇ m to form the positive electrode (positive electrode sheet). Produced. The positive electrode is cut to a length of 4500 mm and used for battery assembly.
- the negative electrode is 98: 1 when the mass ratio of graphite as the negative electrode active material, SBR as the binder, and CMC as the thickener is expressed as negative electrode active material: binder: thickener. 1 was mixed and dispersed in water as a solvent to prepare a composition for forming a negative electrode active material layer.
- This negative electrode active material forming composition was applied to both sides of a Cu foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m as a current collector, dried, and then pressed to a total thickness of 150 ⁇ m to produce a negative electrode.
- the negative electrode is cut to a length of 4700 mm and used for battery assembly.
- a three-layer porous film having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m made of polypropylene (PP) / polyethylene (PE) / polypropylene (PP) was used as the separator.
- the composition for forming the heat-resistant layer was applied to one side of the separator to a thickness of 5 ⁇ m using a gravure coater and dried to form a heat-resistant layer on the separator. Two sheets of this separator were prepared.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode were overlapped and wound through two separators, and then the wound body was crushed from the side surface to produce a flat wound electrode body.
- the wound electrode body thus obtained was housed in a metal box-type battery case together with the electrolytic solution, and the opening of the battery case was hermetically sealed to construct a lithium ion battery for evaluation.
- a positive electrode and a separator were prepared without blending the granular polymer in both the positive electrode conductive intermediate layer and the heat resistant layer of the separator, and a lithium ion battery was constructed in the same manner. That is, a positive electrode including a conductive intermediate layer in which the mass ratio of materials in the composition for forming the conductive intermediate layer and the conductive material: binder: particulate polymer was 50: 50: 0 was prepared. Moreover, the mass ratio of each material in the composition for heat-resistant layer formation and the separator provided with the heat-resistant layer whose inorganic filler: binder: particulate polymer is 96: 4: 0 were produced.
- a positive electrode was prepared without blending a granular polymer in the conductive intermediate layer of the positive electrode, and thereafter a lithium ion battery was constructed in the same manner. That is, a positive electrode provided with a conductive intermediate layer in which the mass ratio of each material in the composition for forming the conductive intermediate layer, conductive material: binder: granular polymer is 50: 50: 0 is prepared, and the battery is constructed. Provided.
- a separator was prepared without blending a granular polymer in the heat-resistant layer of the separator, and thereafter a lithium ion battery was constructed in the same manner. That is, a mass ratio of each material in the composition for forming a heat-resistant layer, an inorganic filler: binder: granular polymer is blended so as to be 96: 4: 0, and a separator having a heat-resistant layer is produced to construct a battery. Provided.
- thermocouple was attached to the side surface of the battery case of each battery, the temperature of the battery case was measured, and the battery voltage was measured. As a result, the temperature at which the shutdown was started was taken as the SD start temperature (° C.), and the temperature at which the temperature of the battery case became the highest was shown as the maximum attained temperature (° C.). In addition, when the shutdown due to the separator itself was not possible, the temperature behavior of the battery was observed for at least 5 minutes. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the battery of Sample 1 according to the invention disclosed herein has the lowest SD start temperature as 89 ° C. as the battery surface temperature, and the lowest reached temperature on the battery surface as 120 ° C. became. That is, by providing a shutdown function for both the positive electrode and the separator, first, the battery resistance is increased at an earlier stage to suppress further overcharge and heat accumulation, and then the internal resistance is increased in stages. It is considered that the current could be stopped reliably. In the battery of Sample 1, abnormal heat generation was positively controlled from an early stage of heat generation, and the heat generation could be suppressed extremely safely.
- the battery of Sample 2 did not have a shutdown function due to the granular polymer, and the shutdown by the separator itself started late and the battery temperature was as high as 130 ° C. For this reason, the battery temperature has already started to rise at the time of this shutdown, and the battery temperature continues to rise even after the battery cannot be energized, reaching the maximum temperature of 350 ° C. It was.
- the battery of Sample 3 has a shutdown function using a granular polymer (melting point: 100 ° C.) only in the heat-resistant layer.
- the shutdown by the heat-resistant layer started slightly at 95 ° C. at the battery surface temperature.
- the shutdown start temperature is lower than that of Sample 2
- the battery temperature has already begun to increase at an accelerated rate, and the battery temperature continued to increase even after the energization was disabled, and the maximum temperature reached 295 ° C. It can be seen that if only the heat-resistant layer is provided with the shutdown function by the granular polymer, the shutdown start temperature and the maximum temperature are lowered, and there is a temporary effect.
- the heat generation at an early stage cannot be suppressed and the effect until the thermal runaway is prevented cannot be obtained.
- the battery of sample 4 has a shutdown function by a granular polymer (melting point 94 ° C.) in the conductive intermediate layer.
- the shutdown by the conductive intermediate layer started at a temperature as high as 110 ° C. on the battery surface. For this reason, the battery temperature has already started to rise at an accelerated rate, and the battery temperature has continued to rise even after the current cannot be supplied.
- the maximum temperature reached 280 ° C. This indicates that since the absolute amount of the granular polymer that can be blended in the conductive intermediate layer is small, only this conductive intermediate layer cannot provide a sufficient shutdown effect to prevent thermal runaway due to overcharging.
- the battery of sample 4 had a higher shutdown start temperature than the battery of sample 3, the maximum temperature reached a decrease. This is because the internal resistance of the battery can be increased from an earlier stage by providing a shutdown function in the conductive intermediate layer of the positive electrode, so that the effect of suppressing further overcharge from being accelerated is obtained. The result is considered.
- the granular polymer in the heat-resistant layer, the average particle diameter (D 50) was changed to ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer of 0.5 [mu] m, along with this, and a binder an aqueous acrylic binder, a solvent and water. Further, the blending amount of the granular polymer was changed between 91 to 46: 4: 5 to 50 as the mass ratio of each material and inorganic filler: binder: granular polymer.
- Samples 11 to 15 vary the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the granular polymer of the heat-resistant layer in Sample 1, the type and particle diameter of the conductive material and the granular polymer in the conductive intermediate layer, and further, A lithium ion battery is constructed by changing the blending amount.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the granular polymer of the heat-resistant layer in Sample 1 was changed to 1.5 ⁇ m, and the blending ratio was changed to 20% by mass.
- the type of conductive material in the conductive intermediate layer was changed to KS4.
- the granular polymer in the conductive intermediate layer is changed to an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, the average particle diameter (D 50 ) is changed to 1.5 ⁇ m, and the mass ratio of each material is changed to conductive material: binder: granular.
- the blending ratio of the polymer was changed between 15 to 42: 50: 8 to 35.
- the internal resistance (IV resistance value) of each battery was measured. That is, each battery was discharged at a constant current to 3.0 V under a temperature condition of 25 ° C., and then charged at a constant current and a constant voltage to adjust to SOC (state of charge) 50%. Thereafter, a discharge pulse current for 10 seconds was applied at 25 ° C. and 1 C, and the voltage at 10 seconds was measured. Then, for the battery adjusted to SOC 50% again, the pulse current is increased stepwise in the order of 2C, 5C, and 10C to alternately discharge and charge, and measure the voltage 10 seconds after the start of each discharge. An IV characteristic graph of each battery was prepared. The IV resistance value (m ⁇ ) at 25 ° C. was calculated from the slope of this IV characteristic graph. Table 2 shows the internal resistance value of the battery.
- any of the batteries of Sample 1, Samples 5 to 10 and Samples 11 to 15 is granular in the heat resistant layer of the separator and the conductive intermediate layer of the positive electrode. Since the shutdown function by the polymer is provided, the maximum temperature of the battery is significantly lower than the above samples 2 to 4, and the heat generation behavior is suppressed while controlling the heat generation behavior of the battery during overcharge well. I was able to confirm that I was able to.
- the ratio of the granular polymer added to the heat-resistant layer and the conductive intermediate layer is preferably 10% by mass or more, so that the effect of increasing the internal resistance at the time of abnormal heat generation is suitably obtained, and abnormal heat generation is performed with higher safety. You can see that it can be stopped. It can also be seen that the ratio of the granular polymer added to the heat resistant layer is sufficient to be about 40% by mass or less, and the ratio of the granular polymer added to the conductive layer is sufficient to be about 30% by mass or less.
- the maximum temperature reached is a very low range of about 115 ° C to 135 ° C. It was confirmed that it could be suppressed.
- the location where the shutdown function is manifested, the timing, and the effect of the shutdown function are balanced, making it safer and more reliable to suppress abnormal heat generation. I understand that I can do it.
- the battery characteristics during normal use are not unnecessarily degraded.
- any of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries disclosed herein are provided as safer and more reliable while having high energy density characteristics.
- it may have both battery performance and safety suitable for a battery mounted on a vehicle, a power source for a power storage system, and the like. Therefore, according to the present invention, as shown in FIG. 6, any one of the lithium ion batteries 10 disclosed herein (which may be in the form of an assembled battery 100 to which a plurality of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries are connected) is provided.
- a vehicle 1 is provided.
- a vehicle for example, an automobile
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery as a power source (typically, a power source of a hybrid vehicle, a plug-in hybrid vehicle, a fuel cell vehicle, or the like) is provided.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be provided.
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Abstract
Description
この非水電解質二次電池において、正極と負極との間に介在されるセパレータは、電池およびこの電池が搭載された機器の安全性を確保する目的から、正極および負極の接触による短絡を防止する役割(短絡防止機能)を備えている。また、この短絡防止機能に加えて、セパレータは、電池内が一定の温度域(典型的には該セパレータの軟化点または融点)に達した際に、イオン伝導パスを遮断することで抵抗を増大させる。そしてこの抵抗の増大により充放電を停止し、電池の熱暴走を防ぐ機能(シャットダウン機能)も備えている。一般的なセパレータは、構成材料であるポリオレフィン等の樹脂の融点がシャットダウン温度となっており、セパレータがこの温度に到達すると、セパレータの微細な空孔が溶融または軟化によって閉塞し、抵抗が増大される。
本発明は、かかる点に鑑みてなされたものであり、その主な目的は、シャットダウン性能を向上させた場合であっても、電池性能を過度に損ねることなく、これらを両立することができる非水電解質二次電池を提供することである。
さらに、本明細書において「活物質」は、二次電池において電荷担体となる化学種(例えば、リチウム二次電池ではリチウムイオン)を可逆的に吸蔵および放出(典型的には挿入および離脱)可能な物質をいう。
正極30は、その構成部材として、正極集電体32と、この正極集電体32の表面に正極活物質層34とを備えている。そして、この図4に示す正極30は、正極集電体32と正極活物質層34との間に、さらに構成部材としての導電性中間層36を備えている。導電性中間層36は、正極30と正極活物質層34との間の導電性を高める働きを有する機能性層である。また、負極50は、構成部材として、負極集電体52と、この負極集電体52の表面に負極活物質層54とを備えている。
シート状のポリオレフィン樹脂は、その製造方法(例えば、一軸延伸)により融点がおよそ130℃以上と比較的高いものとなる。このような多孔質シート状のポリオレフィン樹脂からなるセパレータ本体74は、一般的な電池の異常発熱時には溶融することで電池の内部抵抗を急激に増大し、電流を遮断し得る。しかしながら、例えば、電池10が高エネルギー密度特性を備える場合は、その高エネルギー密度特性が故に一般的な電池に比べて放熱性が低くなり、過充電時には発熱が蓄積して電池の温度が急激に上昇し得る。そのような事態に陥ると、セパレータ本体74が溶融して電流を一旦遮断(シャットダウン)しても電池10の温度は上昇を続け、セパレータ70A、70Bとしての耐熱性の限界を超える可能性がある。
かかる粒状ポリマー38、78は、絶縁性のポリマーであって、通常は粒状(より表面積が小さい)の形態を有している。そして上記の融点以上の温度で溶融し、表面積を増大させてイオン伝導パスを遮断することで、電池10の内部抵抗を増大させる。すなわち、この粒状ポリマー38、78は、いわゆるシャットダウン樹脂として機能するものである。
ここで、この粒状ポリマー38、78は絶縁性であるため、過充電等による異常発熱時のシャットダウンに十分な量を上記のいずれか1つの構成部材に含ませるようにすると、通常の使用時の電池特性(例えば、電池容量および内部抵抗等)を大きく損ねることに繋がり得る。その逆に、通常時の電池特性を大きく損ねることなく上記のいずれか1カ所に含ませるようにすると、配合できる量がごく少量に制限されてしまう。すなわち、電池特性とシャットダウン性能とは相反する構成を要するものであり、これらを両立することは難しい。これは、特に、電池が放熱性に劣る大型電池である場合にとりわけ顕著となる問題である。
正極30に粒状ポリマー38を含ませる場合、正極活物質層34に粒状ポリマーを配合しようとすると、粒状ポリマー38の分だけ正極活物質の配合量を減らす必要がある。そのため、粒状ポリマー38の配合が直接的に電池容量に影響を与えるとともに、電池10の内部抵抗が増加してしまう。したがって、正極活物質層34に十分な量の粒状ポリマー38を配合するのは困難である。しかしながら、正極30に導電性中間層36を設けてここに粒状ポリマー38を配合すれば、電池容量は低下されず、粒状ポリマー38を配合した構成部材の導電性をも確保することができる。
上記のように粒状ポリマー38、78の融点を調整すると、電池10の内部抵抗は、例えば、プロット(1)に示したように変化する。すなわち、先ず、異常発熱が始まると、導電性中間層36に含まれる粒状ポリマー38の融点(図5では100℃近傍の矢印で示される。)において粒状ポリマー38によるシャットダウン機能が発現し、電池10の内部抵抗が増大する。これにより電流は抑制されつつもさらに電池10の温度は上昇を続け、耐熱層72における粒状ポリマー78の融点(図5では110℃近傍の矢印で示される。)にまで昇温したときに、粒状ポリマー78によるシャットダウン機能が発現する。ここで電池の内部抵抗がさらに増大し、そして電流はさらに抑制される。その後もさらに電池10の温度は上昇し、セパレータ本体74を構成するシート状のポリオレフィンの融点(図5では130℃近傍の矢印で示される。)に達した時に、シート状のポリオレフィンによるシャットダウン機能が発現して電池10の内部抵抗が著しく高められ、電流は遮断される。これにより電池10における化学反応が停止し、その後電池10の温度は徐々に低下する。
ここに開示される非水電解質二次電池は、上記のとおり明確なステップを踏んで(段階的に)電池が熱暴走に至るのを抑制するようにしている。
粒状ポリマー38は、導電性中間層36に少量でも配合することで異常発熱時に電池10の内部抵抗を高めることができ、その配合量が多いほどその効果は大きくなる。しかしながら、10質量%未満の配合量では異常発熱時の内部抵抗を効果的に高めることが難しい。一方で、粒状ポリマー38の配合量が30質量%を超過すると、通常の電池10使用時の内部抵抗が高くなり、また電池容量も低下するため、電池特性を必要以上に損なうことにつながる。これらのことを考慮すると、導電性中間層36への粒状ポリマー38の配合量は10質量%~30質量%程度、より好ましくは15質量%~20質量%程度とすることが望ましい。これにより、導電性中間層36において粒状ポリマー38によるシャットダウン機能を効果的に発現させ、より早い段階から電池10の異常発熱を抑制することができる。
粒状ポリマー78は、耐熱層72に少量でも配合することで異常発熱時に電池10の内部抵抗を高めることができ、その配合量が多いほどその効果は大きくなる。しかしながら、10質量%未満の配合量では異常発熱時の内部抵抗を効果的に高めることが難しく、電池10の温度が比較的高くまで上昇する。一方で、粒状ポリマー78の配合量が40質量%を超過すると、通常の電池10使用時の内部抵抗が高くなり、電池特性を必要以上に損なうために好ましくない。これらのことを考慮すると、耐熱層72への粒状ポリマー78の配合量は10質量%~40質量%程度、より好ましくは20質量%~30質量%程度とするのが望ましい。これにより、耐熱層72において粒状ポリマー78によるシャットダウン機能を効果的に発現させ、より早い段階で電池10の異常発熱を停止することができる。
≪正極≫
かかる正極(正極シート)30は、上記のとおり、帯状の正極集電体32上に、導電性中間層36と、正極活物質層34とを備えている。
このようなバインダとしては、導電性中間層36の形成の際に使用する溶媒に溶解または分散可能なポリマーを用いることができる。例えば、水性溶媒を用いて導電性中間層36を形成する際には、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース(HPMC)などのセルロース系ポリマー、また例えば、ポリビニルアルコール(PVA)や、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、テトラフルオロエチレン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)などのフッ素系樹脂、酢酸ビニル共重合体やスチレンブタジエン共重合体(SBR)、アクリル酸変性SBR樹脂(SBR系ラテックス)などのゴム類;などの水溶性または水分散性ポリマーを好ましく採用することができる。また、非水溶媒を用いて導電性中間層36を形成する際は、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、ポリ塩化ビニリデン(PVdC)、ポリアクリルニトリル(PAN)などのポリマーを好ましく採用することができる。これらのポリマー材料の融点は、本質的に粒状ポリマー38の融点と比較して高く設定されることになる。
Li(LiaMnxCoyNiz)O2
(前式中のa、x、y、zはa+x+y+z=1を満たす。)
で表わされるような、遷移金属元素を3種含むいわゆる三元系で、マンガンサイトにリチウムを過剰に含み得るリチウム過剰遷移金属酸化物や、一般式:
xLi[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2・(1-x)LiMeO2
(前式中、Meは1種または2種以上の遷移金属であり、xは0<x≦1を満たす。)
で表わされるような、いわゆる固溶型のリチウム過剰遷移金属酸化物等であってもよい。正極活物質として、例えば、固溶型のリチウム過剰遷移金属酸化物等を用いることで、高出力特性とハイレート特性を兼ね備えたリチウムイオン電池を構築することができる。
正極活物質層34は、例えば、上述した正極活物質や導電材を溶媒またはビヒクルに混ぜ合わせたペースト状(スラリー状)の正極活物質層形成用組成物を調整し、これを導電性中間層36に塗布し、乾燥させ、圧延することによって形成することができる。この際、正極活物質層形成用組成物の溶媒としては、水性溶媒および非水溶媒の何れも使用可能である。非水溶媒の好適な例として、典型的には、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)が挙げられる。上記バインダとして例示したポリマー材料は、バインダとしての機能の他に、正極活物質層形成用組成物の増粘剤その他の添加剤としての機能を発揮する目的で使用されることもあり得る。
かかる負極(負極シート)50は、帯状の負極集電体52上に、負極活物質を含む負極活物質層54を備えている。
負極集電体52としては、負極に適する金属箔が好適に使用され得る。例えば、銅、ニッケル、チタン、ステンレス鋼等を主体とする棒状体、板状体、箔状体、網状体等を用いることができる。この例において、具体的には、負極集電体52には、所定の幅を有し、厚さがおよそ10μmの帯状の銅箔を用いている。このような負極集電体52には、幅方向の片側縁端部に沿って未塗工部53が設定されている。負極集電体52に設定された未塗工部53を除いて、負極集電体52の両面に負極活物質層54が形成される。
溶媒としては、上記正極活物質層34で用いる水性溶媒および非水溶媒のいずれも使用可能である。非水溶媒の好適な例としてN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)が挙げられる。
また、上記正極活物質層34のバインダとして例示したポリマー材料は、バインダとしての機能の他に、負極活物質層形成用組成物の増粘剤その他の添加剤としての機能を発揮する目的で使用されることもあり得る。
セパレータ70A、70Bは、図2~図4に示すように、正極シート30と負極シート50とを絶縁するとともに、電解質の移動を許容する構成部材である。図4に示す例では、セパレータ70A、70Bは、セパレータ本体74の片方の面に耐熱層72を備えている。上記のセパレータ70A、70Bとしての要件を満たすものであれば、本質的にはセパレータ本体74を構成する材料は特に限定されない。そして、このようなセパレータ本体74としては、従来と同様のセパレータを使用することができる。代表的には、リチウムイオンが移動できる程度の微細な細孔を有する多孔質体、不織布状体、布状体等とすることができる。例えば、樹脂からなる多孔性シート(微多孔質樹脂シート)を好ましく用いることができる。かかる多孔性シートの構成材料としては、ポリエチレン(PE)、ポリプロピレン(PP)、ポリスチレン等のポリオレフィン系樹脂が好ましい。特に、PEシート、PPシート、PE層とPP層とが積層された二層構造シート、二層のPP層の間に一層のPE層が挟まれた態様の三層構造シート等、の多孔質ポリオレフィンシートを好適に使用し得る。この例では、セパレータ本体74として、微小な孔を複数有する所定幅の帯状のシート材を用いている。また、図2~図4に示すように、負極活物質層54の幅b1は、正極活物質層34の幅a1よりも少し広い。そして、セパレータ70、72の幅c1、c2は、負極活物質層54の幅b1よりもさらに少し広い(c1、c2>b1>a1)。かかるセパレータ本体74は、少なくとも一方の表面に、無機フィラーを含む耐熱層を備えている。耐熱層を含むセパレータ70A、70B全体の空孔率は、たとえば、30%以上70%以下(より好ましくは、40%以上60%以下。)とするのが好ましい。なお、ここに開示されるリチウムイオン電池10において、電解質として固体電解質もしくはゲル状電解質を使用する場合には、セパレータが不要な場合(すなわちこの場合には電解質自体がセパレータとして機能し得る。)があり得る。
また、この例では、電池ケース80は、図1に示すように、いわゆる角型の電池ケースであり、容器本体84と、蓋体82とを備えている。容器本体84は、有底四角筒状を有しており、一側面(上面)が開口した扁平な箱型の容器である。蓋体82は、当該容器本体84の開口(上面の開口)に取り付けられて当該開口を塞ぐ部材である。
捲回電極体20を作製するに際しては、正極シート30と負極シート50とがセパレータ70A、70Bを介して積層される。このとき、正極シート30の正極活物質層34の未塗工部33と負極シート50の負極活物質層54の未塗工部53とがセパレータセパレータ70A、70Bの幅方向の両側からそれぞれはみ出すように、正極シート30と負極シート50とを幅方向にややずらして重ね合わせる。このように重ね合わせた積層体を捲回し、次いで得られた捲回体を側面方向から押しつぶして拉げさせることによって扁平状の捲回電極体20が作製され得る。
その後、蓋体82に設けられた注液孔86から電池ケース80内に電解液が注入される。ここで用いられる電解液には、従来のリチウム二次電池に用いられる非水電解液と同様の一種または二種以上のものを特に限定なく使用することができる。かかる非水電解液は、典型的には、適当な非水溶媒に電解質(即ち、リチウム塩)を含有させた組成を有する。電解質濃度は特に制限されないが、電解質を凡そ0.1mol/L~5mol/L(好ましくは、凡そ0.8mol/L~1.5mol/L)程度の濃度で含有する非水電解液を好ましく用いることができる。また、かかる液状電解液にポリマーが添加された固体状(ゲル状)の電解液であってもよい。
また、電解質としては、例えばLiPF6、LiBF4、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiCF3SO3、LiC4F9SO3、LiC(SO2CF3)3、LiClO4等が例示される。
ここで、正極活物質層34および負極活物質層54は、例えば、電極活物質と導電材の粒子間などに、空洞とも称すべき微小な隙間を有している。かかる微小な隙間には電解液(図示省略)が浸み込み得る。ここでは、かかる隙間(空洞)を適宜に「空隙」と称する。このように、リチウムイオン電池10の内部では正極活物質層34と負極活物質層54には、電解液が染み渡っている。
また、この例では、当該電池ケース80の扁平な内部空間は、扁平に変形した捲回電極体20よりも少し広い。捲回電極体20の両側には、捲回電極体20と電池ケース80との間に隙間85が設けられている。当該隙間85は、ガス抜け経路になる。例えば、過充電が生じた場合などにおいて、リチウムイオン電池10の温度が異常に高くなると、電解液が分解されてガスが異常に発生する場合がある。この実施形態では、異常に発生したガスは、捲回電極体20の両側における捲回電極体20と電池ケース80との隙間85、および、安全弁88を通して、電池ケース80の外にスムーズに排気される。
<サンプル1>
導電性材料としてのAB(アセチレンブラック)と、バインダとしてのPVdFと、粒状ポリマーとしてのポリエチレン(D50=0.3μm、融点97℃)とを、これらの材料の質量比が導電性材料:バインダ:粒状ポリマーで表わしたときに30:50:20となるように配合し、これを溶媒としてのN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)に分散させて導電性中間層形成用の組成物を調製した。固形分材料の分散は、超精密分散乳化機(エムテクニック社製、クレアミックス)を用いて回転数20000rpmで25分間の撹拌を行った。
負極は、負極活物質としての黒鉛と、バインダとしてのSBRと、増粘剤としてのCMCとを、これらの材料の質量比が負極活物質:バインダ:増粘剤で表わしたときに98:1:1となるように配合し、これを溶媒としての水に分散させて、負極活物質層形成用の組成物を調製した。この負極活物質形成用の組成物を集電体としての厚さ20μmのCu箔に両面に塗布し、乾燥させた後、全体の厚みが150μmとなるようにプレスして負極を作製した。負極は、長さ4700mmにカットして電池の組み立てに供する。
無機フィラーとしてのアルミナ(D50=0.7μm)と、バインダとしてのPVdFと、粒状ポリマーとしてのポリエチレン(D50=0.8μm、融点100℃)とを、これらの材料の質量比が無機フィラー:バインダ:粒状ポリマーで表わしたときに71:4:25となるように配合し、これを溶媒としてのNMPに分散させて耐熱層形成用の組成物を調製した。固形分材料の分散は、超精密分散乳化機(エムテクニック社製、クレアミックス)を用いて回転数20000rpmで25分間の撹拌を行った。
上記の耐熱層形成用の組成物を、セパレータの片面に、グラビアコーターを用いて厚さ5μmとなるように塗布し、乾燥させて、セパレータ上に耐熱層を形成した。このセパレータを2枚用意した。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジメチルカーボネート(DMC)とエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)とを3:4:3の体積比で含む混合溶媒に、支持塩としてのLiPF6を約1mol/リットルの濃度で含有させた非水電解液を使用した。
上記の正極および負極を2枚のセパレータを介して重ね合わせて捲回した後、この捲回体を側面方向から押しつぶすことにより、扁平状の捲回電極体を作製した。このようにして得られた捲回電極体を、電解液とともに金属製の箱型の電池ケースに収容し、電池ケースの開口部を気密に封口して、評価用のリチウムイオン電池を構築した。
サンプル1の電池において、正極の導電性中間層およびセパレータの耐熱層の両方に粒状ポリマーを配合せずに正極およびセパレータを作製し、後は同様にしてリチウムイオン電池を構築した。
すなわち、導電性中間層形成用の組成物における材料の質量比、導電性材料:バインダ:粒状ポリマーが、50:50:0である導電性中間層を備える正極を作製した。
また、耐熱層形成用の組成物における各材料の質量比、無機フィラー:バインダ:粒状ポリマーが、96:4:0である耐熱層を備えるセパレータを作製した。
サンプル1の電池において、正極の導電性中間層に粒状ポリマーを配合せずに正極を作製し、後は同様にしてリチウムイオン電池を構築した。
すなわち、導電性中間層形成用の組成物における各材料の質量比、導電性材料:バインダ:粒状ポリマーが、50:50:0である導電性中間層を備える正極を作製し、電池の構築に供した。
サンプル1の電池において、セパレータの耐熱層に粒状ポリマーを配合せずにセパレータを作製し、後は同様にしてリチウムイオン電池を構築した。
すなわち、耐熱層形成用の組成物における各材料の質量比、無機フィラー:バインダ:粒状ポリマーを、96:4:0となるように配合して耐熱層を備えるセパレータを作製し、電池の構築に供した。
上記で構築した評価用のリチウムイオン電池(サンプル1~4)に適当なコンディショニング処理(0.1Cの充電レートで4.1Vまで定電流定電圧で充電する操作と、0.1Cの放電レートで3.0Vまで定電流定電圧放電させる操作を、3回繰り返す初期充放電処理)を行った。
その後、SOC100%に調整された各電池に対し、温度25℃にて、48A(2C相当)のレートで充電上限電圧20Vまで充電し、次いで20VでSOC200%となるまで充電する、CC-CV充電を行った。このとき、各電池の電池ケースの側面に熱電対を貼り付けて該電池ケースの温度を測定するとともに、電池電圧を測定した。
その結果、シャットダウンが開始した温度をSD開始温度(℃)とし、電池ケースの温度が最も高くなった温度を最高到達温度(℃)として、表1に示した。また、セパレータ自体によるシャットダウンが起こり通電不可となった場合も、少なくとも5分間は電池の温度挙動を観察した。その結果を表1に示した。
サンプル5~10は、サンプル1における耐熱層の無機フィラーの種類と導電性中間層における粒状ポリマーの量を変え、さらに、粒状ポリマーの種類と、サンプルごとに耐熱層における粒状ポリマーの配合量を変化させて、リチウムイオン電池を構築したものである。
すなわち、サンプル5~10は、サンプル1における無機フィラーをベーマイト(D50=1.2μm)に変更した。
また、導電性中間層における材料の質量比、導電性材料:バインダ:粒状ポリマーを、35:50:15に変更した。
そして、耐熱層における粒状ポリマーを、平均粒径(D50)が0.5μmのエチレン酢酸ビニル共重合体に変更し、これに伴い、バインダを水系アクリルバインダ、溶媒を水とした。また、粒状ポリマーの配合量を各材料の質量比、無機フィラー:バインダ:粒状ポリマーとして、91~46:4:5~50の間で変化させた。
サンプル11~15は、サンプル1における耐熱層の粒状ポリマーの平均粒径(D50)、導電性中間層における導電材料および粒状ポリマーの種類と粒径を変え、さらに、サンプルごとにこの粒状ポリマーの配合量を変化させてリチウムイオン電池を構築したものである。
また、導電性中間層における導電性材料の種類をKS4に変更した。
さらに、導電性中間層における粒状ポリマーをエチレン酢酸ビニル共重合体に変更し、その平均粒径(D50)を1.5μmに変更し、各材料の質量比を、導電性材料:バインダ:粒状ポリマーの配合割合を15~42:50:8~35の間で変化させた。
サンプル1、サンプル5~10およびサンプル11~15のセパレータの空孔率を、耐熱層を含めた状態で測定し、表2に示した。
サンプル1、サンプル5~10およびサンプル11~15のリチウムイオン電池の電池容量および内部抵抗を測定した。
すなわち、先ず、25℃の温度条件下において、定電流-定電圧方式により8A(C/3相当)の電流密度で上限電圧4.1Vまで充電を行い、その後、同じ電流密度で下限電圧3.0Vまで定電流放電を行うことで電池容量を測定した。表2に電池容量の測定値を示す。
電池容量の測定後、各電池の内部抵抗(IV抵抗値)を測定した。すなわち、25℃の温度条件下において各電池を3.0Vまで定電流放電した後、定電流定電圧で充電を行ってSOC(state of charge)50%に調整した。その後、25℃にて1Cで10秒間の放電パルス電流を印加し、10秒目の電圧を測定した。その後、再びSOC50%に調整した電池に対し、パルス電流を2C、5C、10Cの順に段階的に増加させて放電と充電を交互に行い、各放電の開始から10秒後の電圧を測定し、各電池のI-V特性グラフを作成した。このI-V特性グラフの傾きから25℃におけるIV抵抗値(mΩ)を算出した。表2に電池の内部抵抗値を示す。
サンプル1と同様に、サンプル5~10およびサンプル11~15のリチウムイオン電池に対して連続過充電試験を行い、シャットダウン開始温度と最高到達温度(℃)の測定を行った。その結果を表2に示した。
10 リチウムイオン電池
20 捲回電極体(電極体)
30 正極(正極シート)
32 正極集電体
33 未塗工部
34 正極活物質層
36 導電性中間層
38 粒状ポリマー
40 正極端子
41 正極リード端子
50 負極シート(負極)
52 負極集電体
53 未塗工部
54 負極活物質層
60 負極端子
61 負極リード端子
70A、70B セパレータ
72 耐熱層
78 粒状ポリマー
80 電池ケース
82 蓋体
84 容器本体
85 隙間
86 注入孔
87 封止キャップ
88 安全弁
100 組電池
WL 捲回軸
Claims (9)
- 正極および負極を含む電極体と非水電解質とを備えた非水電解質二次電池であって、
前記電極体は複数の異なる構成部材により構成されており、
前記電極体を構成する複数の構成部材のうちの少なくとも2つの相互に異なる構成部材に、80℃以上120℃以下の温度範囲に融点を有する粒状ポリマーがそれぞれ含まれている、非水電解質二次電池。 - 前記電極体は、正極集電体上に正極活物質層を備える前記正極と、負極集電体上に負極活物質層を備える前記負極と、前記正極と前記負極との間に介在するセパレータとを備えており、
前記正極、前記負極および前記セパレータのうちのいずれか2つまたは全部に、前記粒状ポリマーを備えている、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池。 - 前記正極は、前記構成部材として、前記正極集電体と、前記正極活物質層と、前記正極集電体と前記正極活物質層との間に導電性材料およびバインダを含む導電性中間層とを備えており、
前記セパレータは、前記構成部材として、セパレータ本体と、該本体の少なくとも一方の表面に無機フィラーおよびバインダを含む耐熱層とを備え、
前記粒状ポリマーは、前記構成部材のうちの少なくとも前記導電性中間層と前記耐熱層とに含まれる、請求項1または2に記載の非水電解質二次電池。 - 前記導電性中間層に含まれる粒状ポリマーと前記耐熱層に含まれる粒状ポリマーとは、相互に異なっており、前記導電性中間層に含まれる粒状ポリマーの融点が、前記耐熱層に含まれる粒状ポリマーの融点よりも低い、請求項3に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記導電性中間層に含まれる粒状ポリマーの割合が、前記導電性中間層の全体を100質量%としたときに10質量%~30質量%である、請求項3または4に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記耐熱層に含まれる粒状ポリマーの割合が、前記耐熱層の全体を100質量%としたときに10質量%~40質量%である、請求項3~5のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記耐熱層に含まれる前記無機フィラーのD50粒径が0.5μm~5.0μmであり、前記粒状ポリマーのD50粒径が0.1μm~3.0μmである、請求項3~6のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記セパレータ全体の空孔率が、30%以上70%以下である、請求項2~7のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載される非水電解質二次電池を備えた、車両。
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