WO2011046204A1 - 非アルコール性脂肪肝炎関連マーカー - Google Patents
非アルコール性脂肪肝炎関連マーカー Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to detection of fatty liver disease, particularly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, detection of a disease using a marker that is a severity index, and severity / therapeutic effect. It relates to a method for evaluation. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis including evaluation using these markers, and also to a kit for performing evaluation using these markers.
- NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- simple fatty liver which is generally considered to have a good prognosis by liver biopsy (pathological findings), and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (hereinafter referred to as NASH), which has a poor prognosis.
- NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Inflammation, fattening, fibrosis or cirrhosis, and liver cancer determined as NASH by liver biopsy are the same as other causes, and many hepatitis that can be denied alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis or drug-induced liver injury Is presumed to be a pathological condition of NASH.
- NAFLD alcoholic liver disease
- 3% is NASH. It is a disease that is encountered relatively frequently both in Japan and in general practice, and the frequency of NAFLD among screening patients is 8%, and the frequency of NASH is estimated to be at least 0.5-1% of adults.
- liver biopsy tissue diagnosis is required for a definitive diagnosis of NASH, and it is considered that a liver biopsy is also necessary for determination of disease healing.
- Liver biopsy has a problem that the physical burden on the patient and the burden on the medical staff are large, and it is characteristic blood useful for diagnosing NAFLD and NASH and evaluating pathological conditions instead of invasive liver biopsy. The marker needs to be confirmed.
- the treatment method of NASH aiming at various pathological condition improvement was tried and the effectiveness was reported, the present condition is that there is no established treatment method (refer nonpatent literature 1).
- Conventional blood test indices used for NASH detection include, for example, aspartate aminotransferase (hereinafter also referred to as AST), alanine aminotransferase (hereinafter also referred to as ALT), AST / ALT ratio, serum ferritin. , Serum thioredoxin, HOMA-IR, platelet count, TNF ⁇ , adiponectin, leptin, high sensitivity CRP, hyaluronic acid, type IV collagen 7S, procollagen III polypeptide, CK18 fragment and the like.
- AST aspartate aminotransferase
- ALT alanine aminotransferase
- AST / ALT ratio serum ferritin.
- Serum thioredoxin Serum thioredoxin
- HOMA-IR platelet count
- TNF ⁇ adiponectin
- leptin high sensitivity CRP
- hyaluronic acid type IV collagen 7S
- Non-Patent Document 2 it has been reported that TNF ⁇ and CCL2 / MCP-1 increased in patients with NASH compared with patients with simple fatty liver (see Non-Patent Document 2). Further, when telmisartan (see Non-Patent Document 3) or olmesartan (see Non-Patent Document 4) was administered to a NASH model animal, liver fibrosis was suppressed, and TIMP1 of liver tissue, respectively, It has been reported that TIMP2 mRNA expression decreased (see Non-patent Document 3) and liver alpha 1 [I] procollagen gene expression decreased (see Non-Patent Document 4).
- Non-Patent Document 5 It has been reported that expression of adipsin, adiponectin and the like was induced by gene analysis in liver cells of hepatocyte-specific Pten-deficient mice as a model of steatohepatitis and liver cancer formation (see Non-Patent Document 5). .
- MMP matrix metalloproteinase
- An object of the present invention is to provide a marker useful for NASH detection and severity evaluation.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a marker useful for evaluation of therapeutic effects by a pharmaceutical composition containing a NASH therapeutic agent, particularly EPA-E as an active ingredient.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for detecting NASH in a subject, evaluating a severity, and further a method for evaluating a therapeutic effect using the marker.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a NASH treatment method for a subject whose NAS has been detected or evaluated using the marker of the present invention.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a marker measurement kit useful for NASH detection and severity evaluation.
- the present inventors conducted extensive research to solve the above-mentioned problems, and found that the amount or activity of a specific in vivo factor differs between a healthy person and a NASH patient. These factors can be measured by a measurement method known as the amount or activity of the protein, but there has been no report used as a NASH marker until now. Then, it can be confirmed that the amount or activity value of the specific factor in the NASH patient tends to correlate with the AST value that is a known indicator of liver dysfunction. The present invention has been completed by finding that it can be a useful marker for evaluating the degree and therapeutic effect. Furthermore, the second factor selected as showing the NASH / NAFLD inhibitory effect of EPA-E is provided as a marker by genetic analysis in mice described later as examples.
- the second factor is a factor selected from a gene group whose expression is varied in the liver of mice exhibiting severe fatty liver due to a high-fat / high-sucrose diet and whose expression is suppressed by EPA-E administration. is there.
- These second factor groups include factors that are conventionally considered as NASH markers, and the second factor group is also considered useful as a NASH marker.
- the second factor group can be additionally used as a factor of the NASH marker.
- these factors have been confirmed to be related to the effects of EPA-E, so that the group consisting of icosapentic acid, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof (hereinafter sometimes collectively referred to as EPAs). ) Is useful as a marker for evaluating the NASH therapeutic effect.
- the present invention provides a NASH detection method using the marker of the present invention and a method for evaluating the severity and therapeutic effect.
- a therapeutic method for administering a NASH therapeutic agent to a subject whose NASH has been detected or evaluated using the marker of the present invention, or a NASH therapeutic method including a method for evaluating the therapeutic effect using the marker of the present invention is a novel treatment.
- the NASH therapeutic agent here is preferably EPAs.
- the second factor since the second factor has been confirmed to be related to the effect of EPA-E, it is an indicator for selecting subjects suitable for treatment with EPAs from among NASH and / or NAFLD subjects, or It can be used as an index for selecting treatment by administration of EPAs from among NASH treatment methods in individual subjects. Examples of such embodiments of the present invention are shown below.
- the IL-1 receptor antagonist, sCD40, HMGB1 or sPLA2groupIIA is preferably in the form of an antigen.
- the method (1) is preferably a NASH detection method.
- the method of (1) including the process of measuring the factor of said (1) in the test subject's biological sample.
- IL-2 apolipoprotein A-IV, apolipoprotein C-II, CCL2, thrombospondin 1, trehalase, MMP12, MMP13, TIMP1, complement factor D, lipoprotein lipase, IL -3 receptors, alpha chain, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus D, COL1a1, TNFR superfamily, member 19 (TAJ), TNFAIP6, VLDLR, EarA family, members 1, 2, 3, 12, INSL5, TGF ⁇ 2, HAMP, lipase
- a method for the detection of NASH or the evaluation of severity comprising the step of measuring one or more selected from the second factor group consisting of H and CYP7B1 as a marker.
- the factor is preferably in the form of an antigen.
- the second group of factors is IL-2, apolipoprotein A-IV, apolipoprotein C-II, CCL2, thrombospondin 1, MMP12, MMP13, trehalase, TIMP1, complement factor D, lipoprotein lipase. , HAMP and lipase H, The method as described in said (5) or (6).
- a method for assessment of NASH treatment effect comprising the steps of measuring at least twice in time and comparing the measurements.
- a method for evaluating the NASH therapeutic effect comprising the following steps.
- a method of treating NASH comprising the following steps. 1) A method for detecting NASH or evaluating the severity is performed by any one of methods (1) to (7) 2) For subjects detected or evaluated in 1) above, NASH The treatment method according to (12), further comprising the following step (13): 3) The method according to (13), further comprising the following step (14) wherein the method for evaluating the NASH therapeutic effect of (8) or (9) is performed. 4) The step of determining the treatment method of the subject based on the evaluation of the therapeutic effect (15) The treatment of NASH is the administration of a pharmaceutical composition containing at least one selected from EPAs as an active ingredient (12) The treatment method according to any of (14) to (14).
- IL-1 receptor antagonist 24) IL-1 receptor antagonist, sCD40, HMGB1, sPLA2 group IIA, IL-2, apolipoprotein A-IV, apolipoprotein C-II, CCL2, thrombospondin 1, trehalase, MMP12, MMP13, TIMP1, complement factor D , Lipoprotein lipase, IL-3 receptor, alpha chain, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus D, COL1a1, TNFR superfamily, member 19 (TAJ), TNFAIP6, VLDLR, EarA family, members 1, 2, 3, 12, INSL5 For detection of NASH or evaluation of severity and therapeutic effect, comprising an antibody or antibody fragment against one or more selected from the group consisting of TGF ⁇ 2, HAMP, lipase H and CYP7B1, and / or a substrate for measuring sPLA2 activity Measurement kit.
- a marker for detection of NASH or evaluation of severity comprising one or more factors selected from the group consisting of IL-1 receptor antagonist, sCD40, HMGB1, sPLA2 group IIA and sPLA2 activity.
- a marker for detection of NASH or evaluation of severity comprising at least one selected from the group of two factors.
- IL-1 receptor antagonist IL-1 receptor antagonist
- sCD40 HMGB1, sPLA2 group IIA and sPLA2 activity
- IL-2 IL-2, apolipoprotein A-IV, apolipoprotein C-II, CCL2, thrombospondin 1, trehalase, MMP12, MMP13 for use as a marker for NASH detection or severity assessment
- TIMP1 complement factor D, lipoprotein lipase, IL-3 receptor, alpha chain, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus D, COL1a1, TNFR superfamily, member 19 (TAJ), TNFAIP6, VLDLR, EarA family, member 1,
- One or more substances selected from the second factor group consisting of 2, 3, 12, INSL5, TGF ⁇ 2, HAMP, lipase H and CYP7B1.
- the present invention provides a useful index for NASH detection / diagnosis and evaluation of severity / therapeutic effect, so that it is possible to easily detect a subject who may suffer from NASH, , NASH, NAFLD severity and therapeutic effect can be evaluated.
- the therapeutic effect can be easily evaluated. Since it is not necessary to perform a biopsy, the burden on the patient and the burden on the medical staff can be reduced.
- the marker according to the present invention may be a gene, protein, or activity as long as it can be measured as a factor in a biological sample, but is preferably a factor that can be easily measured in blood. It is desirable that the antigen be an antigen measurable with an antibody.
- IL-1 receptor antagonist, sCD40, HMGB1, sPLA2 group IIA and sPLA2 activity are provided as NASH markers.
- one or more factors selected from these factor groups may be referred to as a first factor or a first marker.
- the first factor is a factor that can be detected using a known measurement kit using a biological sample as a specimen.
- the NASH marker may be detected as a protein having these biological activities, but it may be preferably measured as an antigen. And there are no reports that they were used as NASH markers. It is a novel marker for diagnosis / detection of NASH, evaluation of severity and therapeutic effect. This will be specifically described below. In the present specification, diagnosis / detection and evaluation of severity / treatment effect may be simply referred to as evaluation.
- IL-1 receptor antagonist Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist IL-1 is a typical inflammatory cytokine along with TNF ⁇ . IL-1ra is an endogenous anti-inflammatory cytokine and inhibits IL-1 agonist activity by competitively antagonizing IL-1 receptor with IL-1.
- IL-1ra-deficient mice exhibit excessive IL-1 signaling, and exhibit NASH-like liver histology and hypercholesterolemia when administered with an arteriosclerotic diet (Japanese Clinical 64). Volume 6 (2006-6) 1063-1070). From this report, it was predicted that IL-1ra in the body was decreased in NASH patients.
- solubleCD40 (sCD40) CD40 is a 50 kDa membrane-bound glycoprotein of the TNF receptor superfamily. It is expressed in many cells and plays an important role in the control of immune responses and apoptosis. To date, it has been reported that the mean sCD40 level in the serum of subjects with liver disease was 112.9, which was higher compared to 24.2 for healthy subjects.
- Liver diseases in this report include 59 cases of viral hepatitis, 20 cases of cholestatic hepatitis, 7 cases of AIH (autoimmune hepatitis), 7 cases of alcoholic hepatitis, 7 cases of idiopathic liver disease, 4 cases of fulminant hepatitis, There were 7 hepatocellular carcinomas, 2 sarcoidosis, and 1 Wilson disease.
- the sCD40 level of alcoholic liver disease which is generally said to be close to NASH, was 12.6, indicating a value below normal (apoptosis 2004; 9: 205-). 210).
- HMGB1 High mobility group box1
- HMGB1 is a protein with a molecular weight of 30 kDa and is expressed in various cells. HMGB1 has an action of binding to and stabilizing DNA and an action as a cytokine, and is also said to be a marker of cell necrosis. So far, there has been a report evaluating HMGB1 using FaO cells (liver cancer cells) exposed to lipid emulsion for a certain period of time as a fatty fatty liver model. When FaO cells (liver cancer cells) were exposed to a lipid emulsion for 6 hours, intracellular ROS production was significantly increased. HMGB1 was used as a marker for necrotic cell death.
- HMGB1 in the plasma of a subject can be used as a NASH marker.
- sPLA2 secretory phospholipase A2 groupIIA: type2A, typeIIA Phospholipase A2 (PLA2s) is an enzyme that forms a superfamily that hydrolyzes an ester bond at the 2-position of phosphoglyceride to release free fatty acids and lysophospholipids.
- sPLA2 is a secretory enzyme and is classified into subtypes such as Group IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIC-III, V, VII, and IX depending on the molecular weight and Ca 2+ dependence.
- sPLA2groupIIA The presence of sPLA2groupIIA has been confirmed in human synovial fluid and platelets, and its involvement in inflammation has been suggested (Dennis EA et al., Trends Biochem. Sci. 22, 1-2 (1997)). There has been a report suggesting an association between sPLA2groupIIA and hypercholesterolemia regarding transgenic mice expressing the human sPLA2groupII gene.
- Human sPLA2 group II transgenic mice and non-transgenic mice (n 10) were fed a 1% cholesterol-rich diet for 13 weeks.
- sPLA2 group II transgenic mice showed decreased plasma cholesterol levels and increased free and esterified cholesterol levels in liver tissue but no change in triglyceride levels compared to non-transgenic controls.
- sPLA2 activity As mentioned above, there are several subtypes of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2s), but we measured the overall activity of sPLA2 in plasma. sPLA2 is upregulated in atheromatous plaques and has been suggested to promote the production of inflammatory lipids such as lysophospholipids by hydrolyzing LDL. Thus, sPLA2 has been suggested to be associated with atherosclerosis, inflammation, etc. (Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Nov; 1761 (11): 1309-16. Oestvang J et al.). In addition, the above document (Inflammation, Vol. 28 No.
- the marker of the second factor group according to the present invention is a factor group selected by the following method. (1) When mice were fed with a high fat / high sucrose diet + 5% ethyl palmitate for 20 weeks, they exhibited severe fatty liver (HF-HS group). On the other hand, when another mouse was similarly fed with a high fat / high sucrose diet + 5% EPA-E, fatty liver was not induced (EPA group). (2) Next, the gene expression in the liver was compared between the control group, the HF-HS group, and the EPA group, which were fed a normal diet.
- the group (A) is a marker extracted based on a gene whose expression is increased in the liver of a mouse exhibiting fatty liver and whose expression is suppressed by EPA-E administration. The plasma content is increased, and it is decreased by the administration of EPAs.
- the group (B) is a marker extracted based on a gene whose expression is decreased in the liver of a mouse exhibiting fatty liver and whose expression is increased by EPA-E administration. The medium content decreases, and the content increases with medication treatment of EPAs. These factors are factors whose expression fluctuates in the previous stage of NASH, that is, fatty liver condition (NAFLD), and are useful for the detection, diagnosis, and evaluation of the severity of NASH reserve group.
- NAFLD fatty liver condition
- NAFLD is used in the meaning of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease including NASH, but in particular, it may be used in the meaning of a pathological condition that exhibits fatty liver as a pre-stage of NASH that has not yet reached NASH.
- These factors are also useful as indices for evaluating the NASH therapeutic effect by the administration of EPAs, since these factors are also factors whose expression varies with the suppression of fatty liver by administration of EPA-E in a mouse model.
- these factors include an index for selecting subjects suitable for treatment with EPAs from among NASH and / or NAFLD subjects, an indicator for selecting subjects to be administered with EPAs, or In each subject, it can be used as an index for selecting treatment by administration of EPAs from among NASH treatment methods.
- Factors selected as a group include IL-2, apolipoprotein A-IV, apolipoprotein C-II, CCL2, thrombospondin 1, trehalase, MMP12, MMP13, TIMP1, complement factor D, lipoprotein Examples include lipase, IL-3 receptor, alpha chain, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus D, COL1a1, TNFR superfamily, member 19 (TAJ), TNFAIP6, VLDLR and EarA family, members 1, 2, 3, and 12.
- Factors selected as a group include INSL5, TGF ⁇ 2, HAMP, lipase H, and CYP7B1. These factors are described below.
- IL-2 interleukin 2 IL-2 is one of the cytokines and is involved in cellular immunity. IL-2 is T cell proliferation and activation, B cell proliferation and enhancement of antibody production, monocyte / macrophage activation, natural killer cell (NK cell) proliferation / activation, lymphokine activated killer cells It has an activity such as induction of (LAK cells). IL-2 is thought to be necessary for maintenance of regulatory T cells (Regulatory T Cells, Treg). It has been reported that IL-2 levels in the blood were elevated in rats induced with a high fructose diet for 10 days to induce fatty liver (Clin Biochem. 2005 Jun; 38 (6): 540-7) .
- Apolipoprotein A-IV Apolipoprotein A-IV is a component of chylomicron and high density lipoprotein. Increased liver apolipoprotein A-IV mRNA levels and serum protein levels were reported in streptozotocin-induced type I diabetes model mice and type II diabetes model ob / ob mice compared to controls. (J Lipid Res. 2006 Nov; 47 (11): 2503-14).
- Apolipoprotein C-II is an apoprotein essential for the expression of the activity of lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides in chylomicron and VLDL. Apolipoprotein C-II is elevated in hyperlipidemias type IIb, III, IV and V (Japanese Clinical Vol. 62, Suppl. 12 2004).
- CCL2 chemokine (CC motif) ligand 2
- CCL2 is one of the cytokine genes and is involved in immune regulation and inflammation.
- CRP CRP
- TNF ⁇ TNF ⁇
- IL-6 CCL2 / MCP-1
- CCL19 CCL21, etc.
- IL-6, CCL2 / MCP-1, and CCL19 increased in NAFLD patients compared to healthy subjects.
- TNF ⁇ and CCL2 / MCP-1 were increased in patients with NASH compared with patients with simple fatty liver (Haukeland et al. J Hepatol. 2006 Jun; 44 (6): 1167- 74).
- TSP1 Thrombospondin 1
- the protein encoded by this gene is an adhesion glycoprotein that mediates cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions, and is known to work in platelet aggregation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and the like.
- Visceral fat and subcutaneous fat TSP mRNA of 86 non-diabetic subjects, 14 patients undergoing surgery, and 38 glucose-deficient subjects taking metformin or pioglitazone for 10 weeks were measured TSP1 mRNA has been reported to be associated with obesity (BMI), adipocyte inflammation, and insulin resistance (Varma et al. Diabetes. 2008 Feb; 57 (2): 432-9, Epub 2007 Dec 5.).
- thrombospondin 1 protein
- IL-3 receptor (interleukin-3 receptor) alpha chain IL-3 receptor is a receptor with high affinity for IL-3, and is found in hematopoietic progenitor cells, bone marrow progenitor cells, eosinophils, and basophils.
- the IL-3 receptor is formed by a dimer of an IL-3 receptor alpha subunit and a cytokine receptor common beta subunit.
- lymphocyte antigen 6 comlex locus D It is known to be expressed in keratinocytes.
- MMP12, 13 atrix metallopeptidase 12, atrix metallopeptidase 13 MMP is an enzyme that degrades extracellular matrix.
- MMP12 is secreted mainly from macrophages and is considered to be associated with various inflammatory diseases.
- MMP13 is involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix in skeletal tissue.
- a proposal has been made to use matrix metalloprotease inhibitors for NASH and NAFLD (see Patent Document 1).
- Trehalase brush-border membrane glycoprotein This gene encodes the enzyme trehalase, which hydrolyzes the disaccharide trehalose.
- Trehalase is an enzyme that produces glucose by hydrolyzing the disaccharide trehalose. It exists widely in nature and is found in various human tissues as well as in human plasma. The synthesis and degradation of the substrate trehalose is thought to be related to the carbohydrate transport mechanism.
- TIMP1 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1
- CDAA L-amino acid deficiency
- COL1a1 procollagen type I, alpha 1
- a methionine / choline-deficient diet was given to a diabetic model rat, olmesartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, was liver fibrosis, stellate cell activity, fibrosis gene (TGF- ⁇ , alpha1 [I] procollagen Etc.) (Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Jul 7; 588 (2-3): 316-24).
- Complement factor D is a serine protease that is secreted into the blood from adipocytes and is essential for the initiation of complement activation. Serum complement factor D levels are controlled through catabolism in the kidney, and patients with kidney disease have elevated levels of complement factor D. In hepatocyte-specific Pten-deficient mice, steatohepatitis and liver cancer formation occurred, and it was reported that expression of adipocyte-specific genes (adipsin, adiponectin, etc.) was induced from RT-PCT analysis in liver cells. (Watanabe et al., Hepatology October 2004 428A 609). This time we have confirmed for the first time that complement factor D is elevated in the plasma of NAFLD patients. Complement factor D has been shown to be a measurable marker in blood.
- Tumor necrosis factor receptor member 19
- TJ Tumor necrosis factor receptor
- TNFAIP Tumor necrosis factor alpha induced protein 6
- the TNFAIP6 protein is a cleavage signal peptide consisting of 277 amino acids. Its expression is activated by TNF ⁇ , IL-1, and lipopolysaccharide in fibroblasts, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, synoviocytes, and chondrocytes.
- VLDLR Very low density lipoprotein receptor VLDLR is an 846 amino acid protein with 5 domains and a 27-residue signal peptide. The VLDLR gene is expressed in heart, muscle and adipose tissue and is activated by fatty acid metabolism.
- Lipoprotein lipase is an enzyme that mainly hydrolyzes triglycerides contained in chylomicron and VLDL into glyceryl and fatty acids.
- Ear Esinophil associated ribonuclease A family, members 1, 2, 3, 12 It is a member of the ribonuclease (RNAse) family.
- INSL5 Insulin like 5 INSL5 is a hormone of the insulin gene superfamily, presumed to be a 135 amino acid protein, and regulates cell growth, metabolism, and tissue-specific functions. This family member is characterized by a signal peptide.
- TGF ⁇ 2 Transforming growth factor beta 2 Transforming growth factor beta (TGF- ⁇ ) controls proliferation, cell differentiation, and other functions in many cells. It plays a role in immunity, cancer, heart disease, diabetes and the like. TGF- ⁇ acts as an antiproliferative factor in normal epithelial cells and early stages of tumor formation. Some cells secrete TGF- ⁇ and have a receptor for TGF- ⁇ . TGF- ⁇ is a secreted protein in which three isoforms, TGF- ⁇ 1, TGF- ⁇ 2, and TGF- ⁇ 3 exist.
- HAMP Hepcidin antimicrobial peptide 1 HAMP is an antibacterial and antifungal protein expressed in the liver, and is also a signal molecule in iron metabolism. HAMP circulates in the blood and inhibits iron absorption in the small intestine when the supply of iron in the body becomes excessive.
- Lipase H Lipase member H (LIPH) Lipase H is a member of the lipase family of triglycerides and is a protein consisting of 451 amino acids. Lipase H protein is a secreted protein having a molecular weight of about 63 kDa. Like other members, lipase H has been suggested to be associated with lipid and energy metabolism.
- LIPH Lipase member H
- CYP7B1 Cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily b polypeptide 1 Bile acid synthesis from cholesterol consists of two pathways: a neutral pathway involving cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and an acidic pathway involving microsomal oxysterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7B1). happenss through. CYP7B1 knockout mice are known to have elevated levels of two oxysterols, 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol, in serum and tissue.
- markers that are preferably used for NASH detection / diagnosis, severity / therapeutic effect evaluation are IL-2, apolipoprotein A-IV, CCL2 from the viewpoint of simplicity of measurement.
- Thrombospondin 1 trehalase, MMP12, MMP13, TIMP1, complement factor D, apolipoprotein C-II, lipoprotein lipase, HAMP, and lipase H.
- These markers are particularly useful for evaluating the NASH therapeutic effect by a pharmaceutical composition containing at least one selected from EPA as an active ingredient.
- apolipoprotein A-IV, thrombospondin 1, trehalase, complement factor D, apolipoprotein C-II, and lipase H are particularly preferable, and thrombospondin 1 and complement factor D are particularly preferable.
- the biological sample in the present invention refers to blood, plasma, serum, urine, body fluid, tissue and the like collected from a subject, but is not particularly limited. Preferred are blood, plasma and serum. Collection of a biological sample from a subject is performed according to a known method.
- the measurement of “amount” when the factor serving as the marker of the present invention is a protein is not particularly limited.
- the absolute amount and concentration of a marker in a blood sample can be measured.
- an antigen recognized by a corresponding antibody can be used as a marker.
- the marker of the present invention may be a partial sequence of the amino acid sequence of the marker of interest, that is, a part of the marker protein, as long as it is an antigen that can be recognized and measured by the corresponding antibody.
- a chain or lipid may be added.
- the specific measuring method is not specifically limited, It is preferable to use an immunological measuring method. Any of competitive method and non-competitive method (sandwich method) may be used.
- ELISA enzyme immunoassay
- EIA method radioimmunoassay
- FIA fluorescent immunoassay
- LIA luminescent immunoassay
- An aggregation method, a Western blotting method, a method using a protein chip, or the like may be used.
- you may measure by a proteomics method etc. it is not limited to these.
- a protein is used as the marker of the present invention, it may be evaluated by measuring “activity”.
- the method for measuring the “activity” of the marker of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the marker is produced by reacting a protein serving as a marker with a substrate of the protein for a certain period of time, or it is secondarily produced.
- a method for determining the activity of a protein by quantifying a substance is mentioned.
- Antibody used for measurement of marker The type and origin of the antibody used for protein detection are not particularly limited as long as it has specific binding property to the protein. Monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies can be used, but monoclonal antibodies are preferred.
- the production method of the antibody is not particularly limited, and an animal can be immunized with the target protein or a partial sequence peptide thereof to produce a monoclonal antibody or a polyclonal antibody.
- monoclonal antibodies for example, hybridomas with autonomous growth ability are created by cell fusion of antibody-producing cells with myeloma cells, and only clones producing antibodies with the desired specificity are screened. To do. It is obtained by culturing the cells and purifying the secreted antibody.
- a polyclonal antibody When a polyclonal antibody is produced, it can be obtained by collecting it as animal serum and purifying it.
- a phage display method or the like may be used.
- the marker of the present invention is a gene
- the gene may be DNA such as cDNA and RNA such as mRNA.
- the method for measuring the gene expression level is not particularly limited, and examples include microarray, real-time PCR, Southern blotting, Northern blotting, in situ hybridization, and dot plotting.
- the biological sample is preferably a tissue, particularly a liver tissue.
- the method for evaluating NASH according to the present invention is a method for providing an index for the judgment of a doctor when a doctor diagnoses NASH or evaluates the severity and therapeutic effect.
- the method for detecting NASH and evaluating the severity and therapeutic effect of the present invention uses at least the first factor as a marker.
- the method for detecting NASH in a subject of the present invention is a method comprising the step of A) measuring the amount and / or activity of one or more first factors in a biological sample of a subject.
- the method may further comprise measuring the amount and / or activity of one or more second factors.
- B) It is desirable to further include a step of determining a cutoff value that is a boundary value between the positive and negative of the disease in advance for the target marker, and comparing the measured value of the subject in the above A) with the cutoff value. .
- the presence of NASH in the subject is suggested when the measured value of the subject is positive compared to the cutoff value.
- the method for determining the cut-off value is not particularly limited.
- the average value of healthy subjects ⁇ 2SD (standard deviation), or the average value of healthy subjects ⁇ 1SD, the average value of healthy subjects ⁇ 3SD, the healthy subject May be used as the cutoff value.
- the average value of healthy subjects is preferably ⁇ 2SD.
- An example using the first factor described in Example 1 of the present invention is as follows. When the average value + 2SD is used as a method for determining the cutoff value, the cutoff value is 652 (pg / mL) in the case of IL-1ra. At this time, the sensitivity is 100% and the specificity is 100%.
- the cutoff value of sCD40 is 17.2 (pg / mL)
- the sensitivity is 100%
- the specificity is 90%.
- the cut-off value of HMGB1 can be calculated as 3.4 (ng / mL)
- the sensitivity is 86%
- the specificity is 100%.
- the cutoff value may be determined using a Roc curve.
- An example of a method using a Roc curve is to measure a target marker in a biological sample of a healthy person and a NASH patient, and measure sensitivity (positive rate), specificity, false positive rate (1-specificity) in each measured value. ) And plot the false positive rate (1-specificity) on the X-axis and the sensitivity (positive rate) on the Y-axis to create a Roc curve.
- the cutoff value may be determined by a method using Youden index.
- the cut-off value varies depending on the NASH definition and the marker measurement method. Therefore, it is preferable to confirm the measurement values of healthy subjects and NASH patients in advance, determine the cutoff value, and detect the target marker accordingly.
- NASH can be detected with reference to the numerical value obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- the method for assessing the severity of NASH in a subject of the present invention is a method used to assess the severity of NASH in a subject, and at least A) one or more first in a subject's biological sample.
- a method comprising the step of measuring the amount and / or activity of a factor.
- the method may further comprise measuring the amount and / or activity of one or more second factors.
- a step of determining a cutoff value in advance and comparing the measured value of A) with the cutoff value may be included.
- NASH is not so severe that the marker measurement value of a test subject approaches the average value of a healthy person.
- the marker measurement value of the subject becomes far from the average value of the healthy person, NASH is serious or the pathological condition is worsened.
- the method for evaluating the NASH therapeutic effect in the subject of the present invention is a method used for evaluating the therapeutic effect when a subject who is NASH is treated, and at least the first factor group in the biological sample of the subject And a step of measuring at least twice using a factor of 1 or more selected from the group consisting of the second factor group as a marker, and comparing the measured values.
- the method may include a step of comparing the marker measurement value of the subject with the cutoff value.
- the NASH treatment in the present invention includes NASH therapeutic drug administration, exercise therapy, diet therapy, and other treatment methods such as hemoptysis and surgical treatment performed for the purpose of NASH treatment.
- the period during which NASH treatment is performed is referred to as NASH treatment period.
- the method for evaluating the therapeutic effect if the measured value of the marker of the subject fluctuates so as to approach the average value of healthy subjects, it is suggested that the NASH therapeutic effect is obtained. On the contrary, if the marker measurement value of the subject fluctuates so as to be far from the average value of the healthy person, it is suggested that the therapeutic effect is not obtained.
- the fixed period is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 week, more preferably 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and may be a period of 1 year or more.
- a mode in which a marker (factor) in a biological sample of a subject is measured periodically every three months is desirable.
- the NASH therapeutic agent is as described in the NASH therapeutic method described below and is not particularly limited, but preferably from EPAs It is a pharmaceutical composition containing at least one selected as an active ingredient.
- the aspect of this invention is a) obtaining a first determination of one or more measured values selected from a second factor group in a biological sample of a subject b) administering a pharmaceutical composition containing as an active ingredient at least one selected from EPAs Step c) obtaining a second determination of the measured value of the factor obtained in step a) in the biological sample of the subject d) comparing the first determination and the second determination of the subject to determine the state of the subject
- a method for evaluating NASH therapeutic effect by a pharmaceutical composition containing at least one EPA as an active ingredient in a subject comprising a step of evaluating.
- the marker according to the present invention may be used alone, but it is also possible to increase the accuracy of NASH detection and evaluation by using a plurality of markers in combination.
- This marker usually comprises at least a first factor.
- the presence of NASH in the subject may be suggested when both markers are positive.
- another marker of the present invention may be measured, or the presence of NASH may be suggested in combination with other diagnostic methods.
- a preferred embodiment of the marker combination of the present invention is not particularly limited, but it is desirable that an IL-1 receptor antagonist is included as a marker used for NASH detection, severity / treatment effect evaluation, It is also preferable to combine sCD40, which is said to be related to apoptosis, and HMGB1, which is said to be related to necrosis. Since the tendency for sCD40 and HMGB1 to correlate with AST was obtained, an embodiment used for evaluation of severity and therapeutic effect is also preferable.
- the marker of the present invention may be used in combination with a conventionally used test for NASH diagnosis or evaluation, a blood test marker, an image test (such as ultrasound, CT, MRI), a therapeutic effect index, or the like. . In the present invention, these are collectively referred to as other inspection indices. It may be used in combination with a diagnostic technique. By combining a plurality of diagnostic methods, it is possible to improve the accuracy of detection and evaluation.
- an index used for detection and evaluation of NASH for example, serum lipid data (TG, LDL, HDL, TC, VLDL, EPA concentration, EPA / arachidonic acid (AA) ratio, etc.), free fatty acid, obesity, AST , ALT, AST / ALT ratio, serum ferritin, serum thioredoxin, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, nitric oxide, HOMA-IR, platelet count, TNF ⁇ , adiponectin, leptin, high sensitivity CRP, hyaluronic acid, type IV collagen 7S, procollagen III polypeptide, CK18 fragment, pathological findings (fatty liver: steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning, parenchymal inflammation: lobular inflammation, inflammation in lobule: ballooning inflammation, hepatocyte swelling: ballooning degeneration, liver fibrosis: fibrosis, mallory body formation, NAS score (Kle iner lipid data (TG
- HbA1c fasting blood glucose, body weight, waist circumference, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
- the fatty acid content and fatty acid composition ratio in blood and liver are also preferably used.
- the fatty acid can be measured by, for example, a known method of fatty acid 24 fractionation, and can be calculated by mol% in the total fatty acid.
- Examples of the fatty acid composition ratio include oleic acid (OA) / stearic acid (SA) ratio, stearic acid (SA) / palmitic acid (PA) ratio, and oleic acid (OA) / palmitic acid (PA) ratio.
- SA stearic acid
- PA palmitic acid
- PA oleic acid
- OA oleic acid
- PA palmitic acid
- the present invention provides a NASH treatment method in which NASH treatment is performed on a subject evaluated by the above-described method for NASH detection and / or severity evaluation.
- the NASH treatment is preferably a medication of a pharmaceutical composition containing as an active ingredient at least one selected from NASH therapeutic agents, more preferably EPAs.
- the present invention includes a method for performing NASH treatment while evaluating the therapeutic effect of a NASH therapeutic agent using the marker of the present invention.
- the NASH therapeutic agent used in the treatment method of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a drug used for treating, reducing, or alleviating the pathology of NASH, but at least one selected from EPAs described below is effective.
- thiazolidine derivatives such as pioglitazone, rosiglitazone
- biguanides such as metformin
- ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitors such as metformin
- sulfonylureas such as nateglinides
- DPP-4 inhibitors such as pioglitazone, rosiglitazone
- biguanides such as metformin
- ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitors such as metformin
- ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitors such as metformin
- ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitors such as metformin
- sulfonylureas such as metformin
- nateglinides such as DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, alogliptin, vildagliptin) , Saxagliptin, linagliptin, etc.)
- GLP-1 receptor agonists lairaglutide, exenat
- the NASH therapeutic agent is dosed in a therapeutically effective amount.
- These drugs can be administered in combination with a pharmaceutical composition containing at least one selected from EPA as an active ingredient, and an excellent therapeutic effect is exhibited by the combined use.
- a pharmaceutical composition containing at least one selected from EPAs as an active ingredient and an antidiabetic agent should be used in combination Is desirable. It is desirable to continue the medication (for example, blood pressure lowering agent, hyperlipidemia agent, antithrombotic agent, etc.) that the subject is taking.
- the antithrombotic drugs warfarin and clopidogrel may be administered in combination with a pharmaceutical composition containing as an active ingredient at least one selected from EPAs.
- EPAs used in the present invention are commercially available products, fish oil, EPA-producing bacteria, and culture solutions thereof in known methods such as a continuous distillation method, urea addition method, liquid chromatography method, supercritical fluid chromatography method, etc. Or it can obtain by refine
- EPAs include salts and esters as described above, in addition to EPA educts.
- those that are pharmaceutically acceptable are preferred.
- EPA is preferably used in the ester form of EPA-E.
- the pharmaceutical composition containing as an active ingredient at least one selected from the EPAs used in the present invention may contain a pure product of EPAs and may contain other fatty acids as active ingredients together with the EPAs. .
- fatty acids are docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosamonoenoic acid, arachidonic acid, icosatetraenoic acid, icosatrienoic acid, icosamonoenoic acid octadecatetraenoic acid, ⁇ -linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitooleic acid, hexagonal acid
- unsaturated fatty acids such as decatraenoic acid, hexadecatrienoic acid and hexadecadienoic acid
- saturated fatty acids such as behenic acid, arachidic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid and myristic acid.
- the fatty acids in the above examples include salts with inorganic bases such as sodium salts, salts with organic bases such as benzylamine salts, and alkyl esters or glycerides such as ethyl esters thereof.
- An ester body may be sufficient.
- the EPAs are 50% by weight or more in the total fatty acids, preferably It is desirable to contain 70% by weight or more, more preferably 85% by weight or more, more preferably 90% by weight or more, and particularly preferably 96.5% by weight or more.
- a low arachidonic acid content is desired.
- the composition ratio of EPA-E / DHA-E and the content ratio of EPA-E + DHA-E in the total fatty acids are not particularly limited.
- -E / DHA-E is preferably 0.8 or more, more preferably 1.0 or more, and still more preferably 1.2 or more.
- EPA-E + DHA-E has a high purity, for example, the content ratio of EPA-E + DHA-E in all fatty acids and derivatives thereof is preferably 40% by mass or more, more preferably 55% by mass or more, and more preferably 84% by mass. The above are more preferable, and those of 96.5% by mass or more are more preferable.
- the content of other long-chain saturated fatty acids is preferably low, and even long-chain unsaturated fatty acids are desired to have a low ⁇ 6 type, particularly arachidonic acid content, preferably less than 2% by mass, and more preferably less than 1% by mass.
- the pharmaceutical composition containing at least one selected from the EPAs of the present invention as an active ingredient is, for example, an excipient, a binder, a lubricant, a coloring agent, a flavoring agent, sterile water, a vegetable oil, a harmless organic solvent, Harmless solubilizers (eg glycerin, propylene glycol), emulsifiers, suspending agents (eg Tween 80, gum arabic solution), tonicity agents, pH adjusters, stabilizers, soothing agents, etc. as required Can be used.
- Harmless solubilizers eg glycerin, propylene glycol
- emulsifiers eg.glycerin, propylene glycol
- suspending agents eg Tween 80, gum arabic solution
- tonicity agents eg Tween 80, gum arabic solution
- pH adjusters e.glycerin, propylene glycol
- soothing agents eg.glycerin,
- the above preparation contains an antioxidant in an effective amount that suppresses oxidation of EPAs.
- an antioxidant for example, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, gallic acid, pharmaceutically acceptable quinone and ⁇ -tocopherol can be used.
- the dosage form of the preparation includes tablets, capsules, microcapsules, granules, fine granules, powders, oral liquid preparations, suppositories, syrups, inhalants, eye drops, ointments, injections (emulsification) , Suspension, non-aqueous), or in the form of a solid injection to be used after being emulsified or suspended.
- soft capsules containing EPA-E there are few side effects and it is a safe drug for treating obstructive arteriosclerosis and hyperlipidemia in Japan under the brand names Epadale and Epadale S (both manufactured by Mochida Pharmaceutical).
- EPA-E-containing soft capsules Commercially available products of high-purity EPA-E-containing soft capsules commercially available in (1) can be used. Further, a mixture of EPA-E and DHA-E is, for example, Lovaza (Lovaza: GlaxoSmithKline: EPA-E approximately 46.5% by mass, DHA- A soft capsule containing about 37.5% by mass of E) can also be used.
- Lovaza Lovaza: GlaxoSmithKline: EPA-E approximately 46.5% by mass
- the dosage of the pharmaceutical composition containing at least one selected from the EPAs of the present invention as an active ingredient is an amount sufficient to exhibit the intended action, but its dosage form, administration method, per day
- the dosage may be appropriately increased or decreased depending on the frequency of administration, the degree of symptoms, body weight, age, and the like.
- 0.1 to 9 g / day, preferably 0.5 to 6 g / day, more preferably 1 to 3 g / day as EPA is administered in three divided doses. May be administered once or divided into several times.
- EPA-E and / or DHA-E is 0.1 to 10 g / day, preferably 0.3 to 6 g / day, more preferably 0.6 to 4 g / day, and further preferably 0.9 to It may be administered at 2.7 g / day, or 0.9-1.8 g / day.
- NASH treatment method of the present invention it is also desirable to incorporate the method for evaluating the therapeutic effect into the NASH treatment method. That is, as another aspect of the present invention, at least twice in a certain period of time, using as a marker one or more factors selected from the group consisting of the first factor group and the second factor group in the biological sample of the subject.
- a NASH treatment method comprising measuring and comparing the measured values to evaluate NASH treatment effect is provided. This treatment method may further include a step of determining a treatment method for the subject based on the evaluation of the treatment effect.
- the therapeutic agent For example, increase the dose of the therapeutic agent, add another therapeutic method / therapeutic agent, or treat other subjects who have not been able to obtain the therapeutic effect of the NASH therapeutic agent or are evaluated to be insufficient You may switch to a method and a therapeutic agent. In addition, it is desirable to continue the administration as it is for a subject who has been evaluated as having a therapeutic effect with the NASH therapeutic agent.
- a particularly preferred therapeutic agent is a pharmaceutical composition containing at least one selected from EPAs as an active ingredient, and in this case, a marker for the second factor is used for evaluation of the therapeutic effect. It is preferable.
- the NASH treatment method of the present invention measures one or more factors selected from the group consisting of the first factor group and the second factor group, which are markers of the present invention, from a biological sample of a subject as a marker, and evaluates the measured value.
- a method of treating NASH by selecting a method of treating NASH with EPAs and administering the pharmaceutical composition containing the EPAs to the subject.
- the factors in the second factor group were confirmed to be related to the effects of EPA-E, suggesting that subjects with a large degree of abnormality in the second factor group can easily obtain therapeutic effects by EPAs.
- a marker used for selecting treatment with EPAs is preferably a marker selected from the group consisting of the second factor group, and more preferably thrombospondin 1 and complement factor D.
- SCD40 and HMGB1 are also desirable as markers used for selecting treatment with EPAs.
- Other inspection indices may also be used. For example, it is desirable that a subject whose complement factor D, which is a factor of the second factor group, is measured and is higher than a predetermined reference value is treated with a pharmaceutical composition containing EPAs. . In addition, for example, it is desirable that a subject whose complement factor D, sCD40 and HMGB1 are measured and is higher than a predetermined reference value is treated with a pharmaceutical composition containing EPAs.
- the method for determining the reference value here is not particularly limited, but a medical worker can determine the reference value based on the average values of factors in healthy persons, NAFLD patients, and NASH patients. Furthermore, a treatment method may be determined in combination with other examination indices (for example, NAS score, ALT value, EPA / AA ratio, etc.). In other words, in this method, a NASH and / or NAFLD subject is selected from subjects who are suitable for treatment by administration of EPAs by the marker of the present invention, and the subject is administered a pharmaceutical composition containing EPAs. How to treat.
- Kit In the present invention, one or more selected from the group consisting of a first factor and a second factor in a biological sample of a subject used in a method for detection of NASH, evaluation of severity and therapeutic effect, preferably Provides a kit for measuring one or more amounts and / or activities selected from the first factor group.
- the measurement kit in the case of using these proteins as the marker of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it has a means for measuring the marker, but preferably contains an antibody against the marker.
- the antibody against the protein may be an antibody fragment, and preferably contains a labeled antibody.
- a measurement kit by the sandwich method is desirable.
- the measurement kit for measuring the activity of the protein of the marker of the present invention as an index contains a substrate specific for the protein.
- the substrate for measuring sPLA2 activity is not particularly limited, but since PLA2 is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipid at the position of sn-2, phospholipid is used as the substrate. It is preferable to include. Examples include, but are not limited to, Diheptanoyl Thio-phosphatydylcholine.
- the measurement kit of the present invention preferably contains a standard product of the protein and a coloring reagent. EXAMPLES Next, although an Example demonstrates this invention concretely, this invention is not limited to these Examples.
- Example 1 Confirmation test of human NASH patients IL-1ra, sCD40, HMGB1, and sPLA2groupIIA of human NASH patients diagnosed with NASH by liver biopsy (7 samples) and healthy plasma (10 samples) Each concentration as an antigen amount and sPLA2 activity were measured and compared.
- IL-1ra For measurement, a commercially available measurement kit, IL-1ra (catalog number: DRA00B / R & D Systems Inc .: US), sCD40 (KT-003 / KAMIYA BIOMEDICAL COMPANY: Seattle WA), HMGB1 (326054329 / Shino-Test Corporation: Japan) , SPLA2 group IIA (585000 / Cayman Chemical Company: US), sPLA2 activity (765001 / Cayman Chemical Company: US). That is, IL-1ra was measured by (1) adding a sample to a microplate on which an anti-IL-1ra monoclonal antibody was immobilized and reacting, and then (2) adding a labeled polyclonal antibody to react.
- sCD40 was measured using (1) anti-sCD40 monoclonal antibody, (2) labeled polyclonal antibody, HMGB1 was measured using (1) anti-HMGB1 polyclonal antibody, and (2) labeled anti-HMGB1, 2 monoclonal antibody.
- sPLA2groupIIA was measured by using an anti-sPLA2groupIIA monoclonal antibody in (1), adding an acetylcholinesterase: Fab ′ complex that selectively binds to different epitopes of the sPLA2 molecule, adding a sample, and reacting.
- the concentrations of IL-1ra, sCD40, HMGB1, and sPLA2groupIIA in the plasma of NASH patients were significantly increased compared to healthy subjects.
- the sPLA2 activity in the plasma of NASH patients was significantly reduced compared to healthy subjects.
- the sPLA2 activity was measured not only for sPLA2groupIIA but also for sPLA2 as a whole. May have been obtained.
- sPLA2groupIIA which has no activity, was measured by sPLA2groupIIA antibody.
- each of the above factors can be used as a marker for detecting NASH, evaluating the severity, and / or a marker for determining the NASH therapeutic effect by a drug.
- Group I Ordinary food (F1 without fish meal) (Funabashi Farm)
- Group II High fat / high sucrose diet (Harlan Laboratories) + 5% ethyl palmitate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries)
- Group III High fat / high sucrose diet (Harlan Laboratories) + 5% EPA-E (Nihon Suisan) After 20 weeks of breeding, group II had fatty liver, but group I and group III had no fatty liver.
- (1) Pick up genes whose group II / group I expression ratio is twice or more and group III / group II expression ratio is 1/2 or less.
- (2) Pick up genes having an expression ratio of group II / group 1 ⁇ 2 or less and an expression ratio of group III / group ⁇ 2 times.
- (3) In any of the groups I, II, and III, a gene that has no meaningful expression is picked up.
- Example 3 Confirmation test of human NAFLD patient using factor 2
- concentrations in the plasma of human NAFLD patients and healthy subjects are measured.
- the measurement can be performed by using a commercially available measurement kit or using a corresponding antibody. If the corresponding antibody is not available, it can be prepared as described above.
- Thrombospondin 1 (catalog number: DTSP10 / R & D Systems Inc .: US), complement factor D (DFD00 / R & D Systems Inc .: US) were used for the measurement.
- Thrombospondin 1 is reacted by adding (1) a sample to a microplate to which an anti-thrombospondin 1 monoclonal antibody is bound, and then (2) adding a labeled anti-thrombospondin 1 polyclonal antibody to react. It was measured.
- complement factor D was measured using (1) anti-complement factor D monoclonal antibody and (2) labeled anti-complement factor D polyclonal antibody. Table 4 shows the measurement results.
- the thrombospondin 1 concentration and the complement factor D concentration in the plasma of NAFLD patients were significantly increased compared to healthy subjects.
- the factors in Table 2 are factors that increase gene expression in the liver of mice showing fatty liver, but in the plasma of human NAFLD patients, there is a possibility that the protein concentration corresponding to these will increase compared to healthy subjects. The possibility of becoming a marker of NAFLD measurable in blood was high.
- Test Example 1 Method for NASH Detection, Method for Evaluation of Treatment Effect, and Treatment Method Plasma of 30 subjects who may be NASH is collected, and IL-1ra, sCD40, and HMGB1 are measured. , Each factor is compared with a predetermined cutoff value.
- the cut-off value can be appropriately set by a medical staff before the test.
- the cut-off values for IL-1ra are 652 (pg / mL), sCD40 is 17.2 (pg / mL), and HMGB1 is 3.4 (ng / mL).
- a liver biopsy of the subject is performed, and a NAS score (NAFLD activity score) is determined from the severity of histological findings.
- the NAS score is scored in a range of 0 to 8 in the following manner: steatosis: steatosis (0-3), global inflammation: inflammation of leaflets (0-3), ballooning: ballooning (0-2). If the NAS score is 5 or more, the possibility of NASH is high. (Kleiner et al .: Hepatology 2005; 41: 1313-1321). The severity of liver fibrosis is also scored. NASH is diagnosed from these histological findings. A subject diagnosed with NASH from histological findings has IL-1ra, sCD40, and HMGB1 values exceeding the cut-off value, and NASH can be easily detected by measuring IL-1ra, sCD40, and HMGB1.
- IL-1ra, sCD40, and HMGB1 are even more accurate when evaluated in combination with some of the following other test indices.
- Other examination indices include abdominal ultrasonography, CT examination, serum lipid data (TG, HDL, LDL, TC, VLDL, etc.), free fatty acid, serum 24 fraction, blood fatty acid ratio (OA / SA ratio, EPA) / AA ratio, etc.), fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, HbA1c, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, bilirubin, albumin, ferritin, thioredoxin, HOMA-IR, platelet count, TNF ⁇ , sTNF-R1, sTNF-R2, CTGF, Adiponectin, leptin, high sensitivity CRP, hyaluronic acid, type IV collagen 7S, procollagen III polypeptide, CK18 fragment, Fas, etc. can be used.
- Epadale S (Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), which is a high-purity EPA-E-containing preparation, is used as a pharmaceutical composition containing EPAs as an active ingredient for subjects whose markers of the present invention have been measured and passed through the method for NASH detection. 2700 mg / day for 12 months.
- Antidiabetic drugs thiazolidine derivatives, biguanides, ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitors, sulfonylureas, nateglinides, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 analogs, etc. are co-administered to diabetic subjects.
- IL-1ra, sCD40, HMGB1, thrombospondin 1, TIMP1, MMP12, 13 and complement factor D which are markers of the present invention, are measured before the start of dosing and at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after dosing To do. In addition, other inspection indices are also measured.
- subject's liver biopsy is performed again to assess NAS score and fibrosis level. The subject's IL-1ra value is higher than the cut-off value before the start of administration, but decreases with the decrease of the NAS score as the EPA-E preparations have been administered for 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. To do.
- sCD40, HMGB1, thrombospondin 1, TIMP1, MMP12, 13, and complement factor D decrease with administration of the EPA-E preparation.
- a subject whose marker value of the present invention has decreased with administration of a NASH therapeutic agent (and / or showed a variation approaching that of a healthy person) can be evaluated as having a NASH therapeutic effect.
- Changes in thrombospondin 1, TIMP1, MMP12, 13, and complement factor D are particularly highly correlated with the therapeutic effect of the EPA-E preparation.
- the above-mentioned other test indices can also be measured together before the start of medication and over time after the medication, and used for evaluation of the therapeutic effect.
- Subjects with a NAS score of 6 or more before the start of medication tend to have a greater decrease in NAS score due to the administration of the EPA-E formulation compared to subjects with a NAS score of 4 or less before the start of medication (eg, 3 reductions)
- a high therapeutic effect can be obtained with the EPA-E preparation.
- This tendency is the same for IL-1ra, sCD40, HMGB1, thrombospondin 1, TIMP1, MMP12, 13 and complement factor D markers, and the subject marker values and predetermined reference values (for example, NASH subjects)
- the subjects who are higher than the average value have a large decrease in the marker value, and a high therapeutic effect can be obtained with the EPA-E preparation.
- the EPA-E preparation is more preferable as a NASH therapeutic agent for a subject having a NAS score of 6 or more.
- the EPA-E preparation is more preferable as a NASH therapeutic agent for a subject having a large degree of abnormality of IL-1ra, sCD40, HMGB1, thrombospondin 1, TIMP1, MMP12, 13, and complement factor D markers.
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Abstract
Description
また、NASHモデル動物に対して、テルミサルタン(非特許文献3参照)、あるいは、オルメサルタン(非特許文献4参照)が投薬されたところ、肝臓線維化が抑制されるとともに、それぞれ、肝組織のTIMP1、TIMP2のmRNA発現が低下した(非特許文献3参照)、肝臓のalpha 1[I]procollagenの遺伝子発現が低下した(非特許文献4参照)ことが報告されている。
脂肪性肝炎、肝臓の癌形成のモデルとしての肝細胞特異的Pten欠損マウスの肝臓細胞における遺伝子解析により、adipsin、adiponectinなどの発現が誘導されたことが報告されている(非特許文献5参照)。
またさらに、実施例として後述するマウスにおける遺伝子解析により、EPA-EのNASH・NAFLD抑制効果を示すものとして選抜される第2因子をマーカーとして提供する。第2因子は、高脂肪・高ショ糖食により重篤な脂肪肝を呈するマウスの肝臓で発現が変動し、かつ、EPA-E投与によりその発現が抑制された遺伝子群から選抜された因子である。これら第2因子群中には、従来NASHマーカーと考えられている因子も含まれており、第2因子群はNASHマーカーとしても有用と考えられる。第2因子群は上記NASHマーカーの因子に付加的に使用することもできる。特に、これら第2因子は、EPA-Eの効果との関連が確認されたことから、イコサペント酸、その製薬学上許容しうる塩およびエステルからなる群(以下、EPA類と総称することもある)によるNASH治療効果を評価できるマーカーとしての有用性が考えられる。
したがって、本発明は、本発明のマーカーを用いたNASH検出方法、重篤度・治療効果の評価のための方法を提供する。また、本発明のマーカーを用いてNASHの検出又は評価された被験者にNASH治療薬を投薬する治療方法、あるいは本発明のマーカーによる治療効果の評価のための方法を含むNASH治療方法を新規な治療方法として提供することができる。ここでのNASH治療薬は、好ましくはEPA類である。特に第2因子は、EPA-Eの効果との関連が確認されたことから、NASH及び/又はNAFLDの被験者の中から、EPA類の投薬による治療が適する被験者を選択するための指標、あるいは、個々の被験者において、NASH治療方法の中からEPA類の投薬による治療を選択するための指標とすることができる。
このような本発明の態様例を以下に示す。
上記IL-1レセプターアンタゴニスト、sCD40、HMGB1またはsPLA2groupIIAは、好ましくは抗原の形態である。(1)の方法は、好ましくはNASHの検出方法である。
(2)A)被験者の生体試料における、上記(1)の因子を測定する工程を含む、(1)の方法。
上記因子は、好ましくは抗原の形態である。
(6)被験者の生体試料における、上記(5)の第2の因子群より選ばれる1以上をさらにマーカーとして用いる上記(1)ないし(4)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(9)次の工程を含む、NASH治療効果の評価のための方法。
A)被験者の生体試料における、IL-1レセプターアンタゴニスト、sCD40、HMGB1、sPLA2group IIA、sPLA2活性、及び第2因子群からなる群より選ばれる1以上の因子をマーカーとして測定する工程
B)非アルコール性脂肪肝炎の治療を行う工程
C)前記A)の測定時から一定期間以上経過した後、被験者の生体試料における前記A)で用いた同一因子を測定する工程
D)前記A)とC)で得られた測定値を比較する工程
(11)前記NASH治療薬がEPA類から選ばれる少なくとも1つを有効成分として含有する医薬組成物であり、少なくとも第2因子群より選ばれる1以上がマーカーとして用いられる(10)に記載の方法。
1)(1)~(7)のいずれかの方法によりNASHの検出又は重篤度の評価のための方法が行われる工程
2)前記1)で検出又は評価された被験者に対して、NASHの治療を行う工程
(13)さらに次の工程を含む(12)に記載の治療方法。
3)前記(8)又は(9)のNASH治療効果の評価のための方法が行われる工程
(14)さらに次の工程を含む(13)に記載の治療方法。
4)治療効果の評価に基づいて被験者の治療方法が決定される工程
(15)上記NASHの治療がEPA類から選ばれる少なくとも1つを有効成分として含有する医薬組成物の投薬である(12)~(14)のいずれかに記載の治療方法。
(16)前記NASH治療効果の評価のための方法が、少なくとも第2因子群より選ばれる1以上をマーカーとして用いて行われる(15)に記載の治療方法。
(17)被験者の生体試料における、IL-1レセプターアンタゴニスト、sCD40、HMGB1、sPLA2group IIA、sPLA2活性からなる群より選ばれる1以上の因子により非アルコール性脂肪肝炎の存在が示唆された被験者に対して、有効量のNASH治療薬を投与することを含む、非アルコール性脂肪肝炎の治療方法。
(18)前記NASH治療薬がEPA類から選ばれる少なくとも1つを有効成分として含有する医薬組成物である(17)に記載の方法。
(19)さらに、その他の検査指標からなる群から1以上が検出又は評価に用いられる、(1)~(18)に記載の方法。
(20)被験者の生体試料における、IL-1レセプターアンタゴニスト、sCD40、HMGB1、sPLA2group IIA、sPLA2活性、及び第2因子群からなる群より選ばれる1以上の因子をマーカーとして、EPA類によるNASH治療を選択する方法。
(21)(20)によりEPA類によるNASH治療が選択された被験者に対して、EPA類から選ばれる少なくとも1つを有効成分として含有する医薬組成物が投薬されるNASH治療方法。
(22)被験者の生体試料における、IL-1レセプターアンタゴニスト、sCD40、HMGB1、sPLA2group IIA、sPLA2活性、及び第2因子群からなる群より選ばれる1以上の因子をマーカーとして、NASH及び/又はNAFLDの被験者の中からEPA類によるNASH治療が適する被験者を選択する方法。
(23)(22)により選択された被験者に対して、EPA類から選ばれる少なくとも1つを有効成分として含有する医薬組成物が投薬されるNASH治療方法。
(25)IL-1レセプターアンタゴニスト、sCD40、HMGB1、sPLA2group IIAおよびsPLA2活性からなる群より選ばれる1以上の因子よりなるNASHの検出又は重篤度の評価のためのマーカー。
(26)IL-2、アポリポタンパクA-IV、アポリポタンパクC-II、CCL2、トロンボスポンジン1、トレハラーゼ、MMP12、MMP13、TIMP1、補体D因子、リポタンパクリパーゼ、IL-3レセプター、 alpha chain、lymphocyte antigen 6 complex、 locus D、COL1a1、TNFRスーパーファミリー、メンバー19(TAJ)、TNFAIP6、VLDLR、EarAファミリー、 メンバー1,2,3,12、INSL5、TGFβ2、HAMP、リパーゼHおよびCYP7B1からなる第2因子群より選ばれる1以上よりなるNASHの検出又は重篤度の評価のためのマーカー。
(27)NASHの検出又は重篤度の評価のためのマーカーに使用するための、IL-1レセプターアンタゴニスト、sCD40、HMGB1、sPLA2group IIAおよびsPLA2活性からなる群より選ばれる1以上の因子。
(28)NASHの検出又は重篤度の評価のためのマーカーに使用するための、IL-2、アポリポタンパクA-IV、アポリポタンパクC-II、CCL2、トロンボスポンジン1、トレハラーゼ、MMP12、MMP13、TIMP1、補体D因子、リポタンパクリパーゼ、IL-3レセプター、 alpha chain、lymphocyte antigen 6 complex、 locus D、COL1a1、TNFRスーパーファミリー、メンバー19(TAJ)、TNFAIP6、VLDLR、EarAファミリー、 メンバー1,2,3,12、INSL5、TGFβ2、HAMP、リパーゼHおよびCYP7B1からなる第2因子群より選ばれる1以上の物質。
特に、EPA類によるNASH治療を行う場合に、簡便に、その治療効果を評価することが可能になる。生検を行う必要がないため、患者の負担、及び、医療従事者の負担も軽減することができる。
1.マーカー
本発明に係るマーカーは、生体試料中の因子として測定することができれば、遺伝子、タンパク質、活性のいずれであってもよいが、好ましくは、血中で簡便に測定できる因子であり、タンパク質であることが望ましく、抗体で測定可能な抗原であることがより望ましい。
<第1因子群>
本発明では、IL-1レセプターアンタゴニスト、sCD40、HMGB1、sPLA2groupIIAおよびsPLA2活性をNASHマーカーとして提供する。説明の便宜上、これら因子群より選ばれる1つ以上の因子を第1因子または第1マーカーと称することもある。第1因子は、生体試料を検体として公知の測定キットを用いて検出しうる因子である。NASHマーカーとしてはこれらの生物活性のあるタンパク質として検出してもよいが、好ましくは抗原として測定できればよい。そして、それらはNASHマーカーとして使用された報告はない。NASHの診断・検出、重篤度・治療効果の評価のための新規なマーカーである。以下に、具体的に説明する。なお、本明細書において、診断・検出、重篤度・治療効果の評価を単に評価と記載することがある。
IL-1は、TNFαと並び、代表的な炎症性サイトカインである。IL-1raは、内因性の抗炎症サイトカインであり、IL-1受容体に対し、IL-1と競合拮抗することにより、IL-1のアゴニスト活性を阻害する。
これまで、IL-1ra欠損マウスは、IL-1シグナル伝達が過剰となり、動脈硬化食を投与すると、NASH類似の肝組織像と高コレステロール血症を呈するとの報告がなされている(日本臨床64巻6号(2006-6)1063-1070頁)。この報告から、NASH患者では、体内のIL-1raが低下していることが予測された。
今回、我々は、NASH患者と健常者において、血漿中のIL-1ra濃度を比較したところ、予想に反して、NASH患者の血漿中のIL-1ra濃度は、健常者と比較して有意に上昇していた。このように、本発明において、IL-1raのNASHマーカーとしての有用性が示された。
CD40は、TNFレセプタースーパーファミリーの50kDaの膜結合糖タンパクである。多くの細胞に発現していて、免疫反応とアポトーシスの制御に重要な役割を果たす。
これまでに、肝臓疾患をもつ被験者の血清中の平均sCD40レベルは112.9であり、健常者の24.2と比較して高かったことが報告されている。この報告における肝臓疾患とは、ウイルス性肝炎59例、胆汁鬱滞性肝炎20例、AIH(自己免疫性肝炎)7例、アルコール性肝炎7例、特発性肝疾患7例、劇症肝炎4例、肝細胞癌7例、サルコイドーシス2例、ウィルソン病1例であった。疾患別にsCD40濃度を比較すると、一般的に、NASHに病態が近いといわれているアルコール性肝疾患のsCD40レベルは12.6であり、健常者以下の値を示した(apoptosis2004;9:205-210)。この報告から、NASH患者のsCD40レベルは、健常者と比較しても同等かそれ以下であることが予想された。
また、FaO細胞(肝臓癌細胞)を24時間脂質エマルジョンに暴露した細胞死は、アポトーシスではなく、ネクローシスであったとの文献も存在していた(Nutrition25(2009)200-208)。
今回、我々は、NASH患者と健常者において、血漿中のsCD40濃度を比較したところ、予想に反して、NASH患者の血漿中のsCD40濃度は、健常者と比較して有意に上昇していた。sCD40のNASHマーカーとしての有用性が示された。
HMGB1は、分子量30kDaのタンパク質であり、様々な細胞で発現している。HMGB1は、DNAと結合し安定化させる作用、サイトカインとしての作用をもち、細胞ネクローシスのマーカーともいわれている。
これまでに、一定時間脂質エマルジョンに暴露したFaO細胞(肝臓癌細胞)をビトロの脂肪肝モデルとして使用して、HMGB1を評価した報告がある。
FaO細胞(肝臓癌細胞)を脂質エマルジョンに6時間暴露したところ、細胞内のROS産生が顕著に増加した。HMGB1はネクローシス細胞死のマーカーとして使用された。FaO細胞を脂質エマルジョンに24時間暴露したところ、HMGB1の低下が観察された。カスパーゼ3活性は、アポトーシス細胞死のマーカーとして使用された。24時間の暴露によってカスパーゼ3活性は変化せず、肝臓細胞死はネクローシスであったとされている(Nutrition25(2009)200-208)。
今回、我々は、NASH患者と健常者において、血漿中のHMGB1濃度を測定したところ、NASH患者の血漿中のHMGB1濃度は、健常者と比較して有意に上昇していた。今回初めて、被験者の血漿中のHMGB1が、NASHマーカーとして使用できることが示された。
ホスフォリパーゼA2(PLA2s)は、ホスフォグリセリドの2位の位置でエステル結合を加水分解し、遊離脂肪酸とリゾリン脂質を遊離させる、スーパーファミリーを形成する酵素である。sPLA2は分泌型の酵素であり、分子量やCa2+依存性などにより、GroupIA、IB、IIA、IIB、IIC-III、V、VII、IXなどのサブタイプに分類される。sPLA2groupIIAは、ヒト滑液、血小板に存在が確認され、炎症への関与が示唆されている(Dennis E.A.ら、Trends Biochem.Sci.22,1-2(1997))。
ヒトsPLA2groupII遺伝子を発現させたトランスジェニックマウスに関し、sPLA2groupIIAと高コレステロール血症との関連を示唆する報告がある。ヒトsPLA2groupIIトランスジェニックマウスと非トランスジェニックマウス(n=10)に、1%コレステロールリッチな食餌を13週間摂食させた。sPLA2groupIIトランスジェニックマウスは、非トランスジェニックのコントロールと比較して、血漿コレステロールレベルが低下し、肝臓組織では遊離およびエステル化コレステロール濃度が上昇したが、トリグリセライド濃度は変化しなかったことが示された。この結果から、この文献の著者らは、「sPLA2groupIIAの過剰発現は、コレステロールの肝臓への輸送を増加させることが示唆される。このメカニズムは、炎症性疾患をもつ患者においてみられる高コレステロール血症の進展に寄与しているかもしれない」と考察し、上記sPLA2groupIIAと高コレステロール血症との関連を示唆している(Inflammation Vol.28 No.2(2004))。
しかし、これまで、sPLA2groupIIA について、NASHとの関連は知られておらず、ヒトNASH患者の血漿でsPLA2groupIIA濃度がどのような動きをするのか予測もされていなかった。
今回、我々は、NASH患者と健常者において、血漿中のsPLA2groupIIA濃度を測定したところ、NASH患者の血漿中のsPLA2groupIIA濃度は、健常者と比較して有意に上昇していた。今回初めて、被験者の血漿中のsPLA2groupIIAが、NASHマーカーとして使用できることが示された。
分泌型ホスフォリパーゼA2(sPLA2s)には、いくつかのサブタイプが存在することは前記のとおりであるが、我々は、血漿中のsPLA2全体の活性を測定した。
sPLA2は、アテローム性プラークにおいて発現が上昇していて、LDLを加水分解することによるリゾリン脂質のような炎症性の脂質の産生を促進することが示唆されている。このように、sPLA2は、アテローム性動脈硬化、炎症などとの関連が示唆されている(Biochim Biophys Acta.2006 Nov;1761(11):1309-16.Oestvang Jら)。
また、前記文献(Inflammation,Vol.28No.2(2004))では、sPLA2groupIIを高発現させたトランスジェニックマウスでは、血漿中のsPLA2活性が上昇したことが示されている。
これまで、sPLA2活性とNASHとの関連をみた報告はない。しかし、sPLA2活性に関するこれまでの報告から予測するとすれば、NASH患者において、TNFαなど炎症性の指標の上昇が報告されているから、sPLA2活性も上昇することが予測された。
今回、血漿中のsPLA2活性を、NASH患者と健常者とで比較したところ、予想外にも、NASH患者の血漿中のsPLA2活性は、健常者と比較して有意に低下していた。
本発明において、初めて、sPLA2活性が、NASHマーカーとして使用できることが示された。
本発明に係る第2因子群のマーカーは以下の方法により選抜された因子群である。すなわち、(1)マウスに高脂肪・高ショ糖食+5%パルミチン酸エチルを20週間摂食させたところ、重篤な脂肪肝を呈した(HF-HS群)。一方、別のマウスに高脂肪・高ショ糖食+5%EPA-Eを同様に摂食させたところ、脂肪肝は誘発されなかった(EPA群)。
(2)次に、通常食を与えたコントロール群、HF-HS群、及びEPA群の3群で、肝臓の遺伝子発現を比較した。コントロール群と比較して、HF-HS群で変動の見られた遺伝子で、かつ、HF-HS群と比較してEPA群で変動の見られた遺伝子を抽出した。(3)さらに、この遺伝子の中から、対応するタンパク質が血中に分泌する可能性のある因子、かつ、NASHと関連する可能性のある因子を抽出した。
具体的には実施例2として後述するが、上記(2)における、各群間の遺伝子の比較の条件に基づいて以下の2つのグループ(A)および(B)として選択される。
(A):HF-HS群/コントロール群≧2かつEPA群/HF-HS群≦0.5。
(B):HF-HS群/コントロール群≦0.5かつEPA群/HF-HS群≧2。
また、上記(3)におけるNASHと関連する可能性のあるとは、脂質代謝に関連する、炎症に関連する、SREBPトランスジェニックマウスの肝臓で発現が上昇する、のいずれかであればよい。
(B)グループは、脂肪肝を呈するマウスの肝臓で発現が低下し、EPA-E投与により発現が上昇する遺伝子をもとに抽出されたマーカーであるから、NAFLDにおいて生体試料中含量好ましくは血漿中含量が低下し、EPA類の投薬治療によりその含量は上昇する。
これらの因子は、NASHの前段階、すなわち、脂肪肝の状態(NAFLD)で発現が変動する因子であり、NASHの予備群の検出、診断、重篤度の評価に有用である。
本発明においてNAFLDとは、NASHも含む非アルコール性脂肪性肝疾患の意味で用いられるが、特にNASHには至っていないNASHの前段階としての脂肪肝を呈する病態との意味に用いられることがある。
また、これらの因子は、マウスモデルにおいてEPA-E投与により脂肪肝の抑制とともに発現が変動した因子でもあることから、EPA類の投薬治療によるNASH治療効果を評価する指標としても有用である。また、これらの因子は、NASH及び/又はNAFLDの被験者の中から、EPA類の投薬による治療が適する被験者を選択するための指標、EPA類の投薬対象となる被験者を選択するための指標、あるいは、個々の被験者において、NASH治療方法の中からEPA類の投薬による治療を選択するための指標とすることができる。
(B)グループとして選抜される因子としては、INSL5、TGFβ2、HAMP、リパーゼHおよびCYP7B1が挙げられる。
これら因子を以下に説明する。
IL-2はサイトカインのひとつであり、細胞性免疫に関与する。
IL-2は、T細胞の増殖及び活性化、B細胞の増殖と抗体産生能の亢進、単球・マクロファージの活性化、ナチュラルキラー細胞(NK細胞)の増殖・活性化、リンホカイン活性化キラー細胞(LAK細胞)の誘導などの活性をもつ。
また、IL-2は制御性T細胞(Regulatory T Cell、Treg)の維持に必要であると考えられている。
10日間高フルクトース食を負荷して脂肪肝を誘発させたラットで、血中のIL-2レベルが上昇したことが報告されている(Clin Biochem. 2005 Jun;38(6):540-7)。
アポリポタンパクA-IVは、カイロミクロンと高密度リポタンパクの構成要素である。ストレプトゾトシン誘発のI型糖尿病モデルのマウス、及び、II型糖尿病モデルのob/obマウスにおいて、コントロールと比較して、肝臓のアポリポタンパクA-IVのmRNAレベルと、血清タンパクレベルの上昇が報告されている(J Lipid Res. 2006 Nov;47(11):2503-14)。
アポリポタンパクC-IIは、カイロミクロン、VLDL中のトリグリセリドを加水分解する酵素であるリポタンパクリパーゼの活性発現に不可欠のアポタンパクである。
アポリポタンパクC-IIは、高脂血症のIIb、III、IV、V型において上昇が認められる(日本臨床 Vol.62, Suppl.12 2004)。
CCL2は、サイトカイン遺伝子の1つであり、免疫調節と炎症に関わる。
NAFLDにおける全身性炎症の役割を明らかにするために、22例の単純脂肪肝と25例のNASHの血清サンプルのCRP、TNFα、IL-6、CCL2/MCP-1、CCL19、CCL21などを測定したところ、健常者と比較して、NAFLD患者では、IL-6、CCL2/MCP-1、CCL19が増加していた。そして、NASH患者では、単純脂肪肝の患者と比較して、TNFα、CCL2/MCP-1が上昇したことが報告されている(Haukeland et al. J Hepatol. 2006 Jun;44(6):1167-74)。
この遺伝子によってコードされるタンパク質は、細胞どうし、ならびに細胞-基質間の相互作用を仲介する接着糖タンパク質であり、血小板凝集、血管新生、腫瘍形成などにおいて働くことが知られている。
86例の非糖尿病の被験者の皮下脂肪と、14例の手術を受けた患者及び、メトホルミン又はピオグリタゾンを10週間服用している38例の耐糖能異常の被験者の内臓脂肪と皮下脂肪のTSPmRNAが測定され、TSP1mRNAは肥満(BMI)、脂肪細胞の炎症、インスリン抵抗性に関連するとの報告がある(Varma et al. Diabetes. 2008 Feb;57(2):432-9、Epub 2007 Dec 5.)。
これまで、NASH、NAFLD患者の血中トロンボスポンジン1が測定された例はなかったが、今回、NAFLD患者の血漿でトロンボスポンジン1(タンパク)が上昇することが確認され、血中で測定可能なマーカーであることが示された。
IL-3レセプターは、IL-3に高親和性のレセプターであり、造血前駆細胞、骨髄前駆細胞、好酸球、好塩基球に見られる。
IL-3レセプターは、IL-3レセプターアルファサブユニットとサイトカインレセプター共通ベータサブユニットの2量体により形成される。
ケラチノサイトに発現することが知られている。
MMPは細胞外基質を分解する酵素である。MMP12は主にマクロファージから分泌され、各種炎症性疾患と関連があると考えられている。MMP13は骨格組織における細胞外基質の分解に関与する。マトリックスメタロプロテアーゼ阻害剤をNASH、NAFLDに用いる提案がなされている(特許文献1参照)。
この遺伝子は、ジサッカライドのトレハロースを加水分解する酵素トレハラーゼをコードする。
トレハラーゼは、ジサッカライドのトレハロースを加水分解してグルコースを産生する酵素である。自然界に広く存在し、ヒト血漿中と同様に様々なヒト組織にも見られる。基質であるトレハロースの合成と分解は、炭水化物輸送メカニズムに関連すると考えられている。
コリン欠乏、L-アミノ酸欠乏(CDAA)食8週間投与により誘導されたラットNASHモデルでは、肝線維化が見られたが、その後、アンギオテンシンIIタイプ1レセプターアンタゴニストのテルミサルタンを10週間投与することにより、TIMP1、2のmRNA発現が低下し、肝線維化が抑制されたことが報告されている(Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Dec 28;364(4):801-7)。
糖尿病モデルラットにメチオニン・コリン欠乏食を与えた脂肪性肝炎モデルにおいて、アンギオテンシンIIタイプ1レセプターブロッカーのオルメサルタンは、肝線維化、星細胞の活性、線維化遺伝子(TGF-β、alpha1[I]procollagenなど)の発現を抑制したことが報告されている(Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Jul 7;588(2-3):316-24)。
補体D因子は、脂肪細胞から血中に分泌される、補体活性化の開始に必須のセリンプロテアーゼである。血清補体D因子濃度は、腎臓における異化を介して制御されていて、腎臓疾患をもつ患者では、補体D因子レベルの上昇がみられる。
肝細胞特異的Pten欠損マウスは、脂肪性肝炎、肝臓の癌形成が起こり、肝臓細胞におけるRT-PCT解析から、脂肪細胞特異的遺伝子(adipsin,adiponectinなど)の発現が誘導されたことが報告されている(Watanabe et al.,Hepatology October 2004 428A 609)。
今回、我々は、初めて、NAFLD患者の血漿において補体D因子が上昇することを確認した。補体D因子は、血中で測定可能なマーカーとなりうることが示された。
腫瘍壊死因子レセプター(Tumor necrosis factor receptor)スーパーファミリーのメンバーは、タイプI型の膜タンパクであり、細胞外ドメインにおいて相同性が高い。
TNFAIP6タンパクは、277アミノ酸からなる切断シグナルペプチドである。
その発現は、線維芽細胞、末梢血単核細胞、滑膜細胞、軟骨細胞において、TNFα、IL-1、リポポリサッカライドにより活性化される。
VLDLRは、5つのドメインからなり、27残基のシグナルペプチドをもつ、846アミノ酸のタンパク質である。VLDLRの遺伝子は、心臓、筋肉、脂肪組織で発現していて、脂肪酸代謝で活性化される。
リポタンパクリパーゼは、主に、カイロミクロン、VLDLに含まれるトリグリセリドをグリセリールと脂肪酸に加水分解する酵素である。
リボヌクレアーゼ(RNAse)ファミリーのメンバーである。
INSL5は、インスリン遺伝子のスーパーファミリーのホルモンであり、135アミノ酸のタンパク質と推定されていて、細胞の成長、代謝、組織特異的機能を調節する。このファミリーメンバーは、シグナルペプチドにより特徴づけられる。
Transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β)は、多くの細胞において、増殖、細胞の分化、その他の機能をコントロールする。免疫、癌、心疾患、糖尿病などにおいて役割を果たす。TGF-βは正常の上皮細胞や腫瘍形成の早期のステージにおいて、抗増殖因子として働く。いくつかの細胞は、TGF-βを分泌し、TGF-βに対するレセプターを持っている。TGF-βは、TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3という3つのアイソフォームが存在する分泌タンパクである。
HAMPは、肝臓に発現する、抗バクテリア、抗真菌性のタンパクであり、鉄代謝におけるシグナル分子でもある。HAMPは血中を循環し、体内における鉄の供給が過剰になったときに、小腸での鉄吸収を阻害する。
リパーゼHは、トリグリセリドのリパーゼファミリーのメンバーであり、451アミノ酸からなるタンパク質である。リパーゼHタンパクは、約63kDaの分子量をもつ分泌タンパクである。他のメンバーと同様に、リパーゼHは脂質とエネルギー代謝に関連することが示唆されている。
コレステロールからの胆汁酸の合成は、cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase(CYP7A1)が関与する中性の経路と、ミクロソームオキシステロール7-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7B1)が関与する酸性の経路の、2つの経路を介して起こる。
CYP7B1ノックアウトマウスでは、血清と組織において、2つのオキシステロール、25-hydroxycholesterol と27-hydroxycholesterolレベルが上昇したことが知られている。
本発明における生体試料とは、被験者から採取された、血液、血漿、血清、尿、体液、組織などをいうが、特に限定されない。好ましくは、血液、血漿、血清である。被験者からの生体試料の採取は、公知の方法に従って行う。
本発明のマーカーとなる因子がタンパク質である場合の「量」の測定は、特に限定されないが、例えば、血液試料中におけるマーカーの絶対量や濃度を測定することができる。
本発明においては、対応する抗体が認識する抗原をマーカーとすることができる。本発明のマーカーは、対応する抗体が認識して測定できる抗原である限り、対象となるマーカーのアミノ酸配列の部分配列、つまりマーカータンパク質の一部であってもよく、その立体構造の変化、糖鎖もしくは脂質等の付加されたものであってもよい。
具体的な測定方法は、特に限定されないが、免疫学的測定法を用いることが好ましい。競合法、非競合法(サンドイッチ法)のいずれを用いてもよく、例えば、酵素免疫分析(ELISA)、EIA法、放射免疫分析(RIA)、蛍光免疫分析(FIA)、発光免疫分析(LIA)などが用いられる。凝集法、ウエスタンブロッティング法、プロテインチップを用いた方法などを用いてもよい。その他、プロテオミクス手法等により測定されてもよいが、これらに限定されない。また、市販の測定キットを使用して測定してもよい。
本発明のマーカーとしてタンパク質を用いる場合は、「活性」を測定することにより評価されてもよい。本発明のマーカーの「活性」の測定方法は、特に限定されないが、例えば、マーカーとするタンパク質と、該タンパク質の基質とを一定時間反応させて、生成された物質又は二次的に生成された物質を定量することによりタンパク質の活性をみる方法が挙げられる。
タンパク質の検出に用いられる抗体は、該タンパク質に特異的結合性を有する限り、その種類や由来などは特に限定されない。モノクローナル抗体及びポリクローナル抗体を使用できるが、好ましくはモノクローナル抗体である。
抗体の作製方法は、特に限定されないが、目的とするタンパク質またはその部分配列ペプチドで動物を免疫して、モノクローナル抗体、又はポリクローナル抗体を作製することができる。モノクローナル抗体を作製する場合、例えば、抗体産生細胞を骨髄腫細胞と細胞融合させることで自律増殖能を持ったハイブリドーマを作成し、目的の特異性をもった抗体を産生しているクローンのみをスクリーニングする。この細胞を培養し、分泌する抗体を精製することによって得られる。ポリクローナル抗体を作製する場合は、動物の血清として回収し、精製して得ることができる。その他、ファージディスプレイ法などが用いられてもよい。
本発明のマーカーが遺伝子である場合、遺伝子はcDNA等のDNA、及びmRNA等のRNAであってもよい。遺伝子発現量の測定方法は、特に限定されないが、マイクロアレイ、リアルタイムPCR、サザンブロット法、ノーザンブロット法、in situハイブリダイゼーション法、ドットプロット法などが挙げられる。この場合の生体試料は組織、特に肝組織が好ましい。
本発明において、NASHの検出・診断、重篤度・治療効果の評価を単に「評価」と称することがある。本発明のNASHの評価のための方法は、医師がNASHの診断を、あるいは重篤度・治療効果の評価を行う場合に、医師の判断のための指標を提供するための方法である。
本発明のNASHの検出、重篤度・治療効果の評価のための方法は、少なくとも上記第1因子をマーカーとして用いる。
本発明の被験者におけるNASHの検出方法は、A)被験者の生体試料における、1以上の第1因子の量及び/又は活性を測定する工程を含む方法である。この方法は、1以上の第2因子の量及び/又は活性を測定する工程をさらに含んでもよい。B)目的とするマーカーについて、事前に疾患の陽性と陰性の境界値であるカットオフ値を決定し、上記A)の被験者の測定値とカットオフ値とを比較する工程をさらに含むことが望ましい。この場合、被験者の測定値がカットオフ値と比較して陽性のときに被験者におけるNASHの存在が示唆される。
本発明において、カットオフ値の決定方法は、特に限定されないが、例えば、健常者の平均値±2SD(標準偏差)、あるいは健常者の平均値±1SD、健常者の平均値±3SD、健常者の平均値をカットオフ値として用いてもよい。好ましくは健常者の平均値±2SDである。
本発明の実施例1に記載の第1因子を用いる一例を示すと、カットオフ値の決定方法として平均値+2SDを用いるとすると、IL-1raの場合、カットオフ値は652(pg/mL)となり、このとき、感度は100%、特異度は100%となる。同様に、カットオフ値の決定方法として平均値+2SDを用いると、sCD40のカットオフ値は17.2(pg/mL)、感度は100%、特異度は90%である。HMGB1のカットオフ値は3.4(ng/mL)、感度は86%、特異度は100%と計算できる。
カットオフ値を用いてNASHを検出する場合、NASHの定義やマーカーの測定方法によって、カットオフ値が変わってくる。従って、目的とするマーカーについて、健常者、NASH患者の測定値を事前に確認して、カットオフ値を決めて、それに従って検出することが好ましい。本発明の実施例に従って、被験者の血漿を用いてマーカーの測定を行う場合には、本発明の実施例で得られた数値を参考にNASHを検出することができる。
本発明の被験者におけるNASH重篤度の評価のための方法は、被験者におけるNASHの重篤度を評価するために用いられる方法であり、少なくとも、A)被験者の生体試料における、1以上の第1因子の量及び/又は活性を測定する工程を含む方法である。この方法は、1以上の第2因子の量及び/又は活性を測定する工程をさらに含んでもよい。
前記のNASH検出方法と同様に、事前にカットオフ値を決定し、A)の測定値と、カットオフ値とを比較する工程を含んでもよい。また、被験者の生体試料におけるマーカー(因子)の測定値の経時的変化を比較する工程を含んでもよい。
この方法において、被験者のマーカー測定値が健常者の平均値に近づくほど、NASHが重篤ではないことが示唆される。逆に、被験者のマーカー測定値が健常者の平均値から遠くなるに従い、NASHが重篤である、あるいは、病態の悪化が示唆される。
本発明の被験者におけるNASH治療効果の評価のための方法は、NASHである被験者に治療を行った場合の治療効果の評価に用いられる方法であり、少なくとも、被験者の生体試料における、第1因子群および第2因子群からなる群より選ばれる1以上の因子をマーカーとして、一定期間以上の間を空けて少なくとも2回測定し、測定値を比較する工程を含む。
この方法は、少なくとも第1因子群より選ばれる1以上の因子をマーカーとして用いることが望ましい。マーカーの測定が一定期間以上の間を空けて複数回行われ、マーカー測定値の経時的変化を比較する工程を含む態様も望ましい。前記と同様に、被験者のマーカー測定値をカットオフ値と比較する工程を含んでもよい。
本発明におけるNASH治療とは、NASH治療薬の投薬、運動療法、食事療法、その他NASH治療を目的として行われる瀉血、外科的治療等の治療方法を含む。本発明においてNASH治療が行われる期間をNASH治療期という。
この治療効果の評価のための方法において、被験者のマーカー測定値が健常者の平均値に近づくように変動すれば、NASH治療効果が得られていることが示唆される。逆に、被験者のマーカー測定値が健常者の平均値から遠くなるように変動すれば、治療効果が得られていないことが示唆される。
すなわち、この発明の態様は、
a)被験者の生体試料における第2因子群から選択される1以上の測定値の第1の決定を得る工程
b)EPA類から選ばれる少なくとも1つを有効成分として含有する医薬組成物を投薬する工程
c)被験者の生体試料におけるa)で測定値を得た因子の測定値の第2の決定を得る工程
d)被験者の第1の決定と第2の決定を比較して、被験者の状態を評価する工程
を含む、被験者における、EPA類の少なくとも1つを有効成分として含有する医薬組成物によるNASH治療効果の評価のための方法である。
本発明に係るマーカーは、単独で用いられてもよいが、複数のマーカーを組み合わせて用いて、NASHの検出、評価の精度を高めることも可能である。このマーカーは、通常、少なくとも第1の因子を含む。
例えば、NASHの検出において本発明の2種のマーカーを用いる場合、2種のマーカーがどちらも陽性であるときに被験者におけるNASHの存在を示唆してもよい。いずれか一方のみが陽性の場合には、例えば、本発明の他のマーカーを測定したり、その他の診断方法と組み合わせてNASHの存在を示唆してもよい。
本発明のマーカーの組み合わせの好ましい態様は、特に限定されないが、NASHの検出、重篤度・治療効果の評価のために用いられるマーカーとして、IL-1レセプターアンタゴニストが含まれていることが望ましく、また、アポトーシスに関連するといわれるsCD40とネクローシスに関連するといわれるHMGB1とを組み合わせることも好ましい。sCD40とHMGB1はASTと相関する傾向が得られたことから、重篤度・治療効果の評価のために用いられる態様も好ましい。
診断手法と組み合わせて使用されてもよい。複数の診断方法を組み合わせることにより、検出、評価の精度を高めることも可能である。
従来、NASHの検出や評価に用いられる指標としては、例えば、血清脂質データ(TG、LDL、HDL、TC、VLDL、EPA濃度、EPA/アラキドン酸(AA)比など)、遊離脂肪酸、肥満、AST、ALT、AST/ALT比、血清フェリチン、血清チオレドキシン、malondialdehyde、4-hydroxynonenal、 nitric oxide、HOMA-IR、血小板数、TNFα、アディポネクチン、レプチン、高感度CRP、ヒアルロン酸、IV型コラーゲン7S、プロコラーゲンIIIポリペプチド、CK18フラグメント、病理所見(脂肪肝:steatosis、肝細胞風船様腫大:hepatocellular ballooning、実質炎症:lobular inflammation、小葉内の炎症:ballooning inflammation、肝細胞膨化:ballooning degeneration、肝線維化:fibrosis、マロリー体形成:Mallory body)、NASスコア(Kleinerらの文献:Hepatology2005;41:1313-1321),Fas(Gastroenterology.2003;125(2)437-43),HbA1c,空腹時血糖、体重、腹囲などが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
例えば、本発明のマーカーであるsCD40、HMGB1及び補体D因子とその他の検査指標であるNASスコア及びALTとを組み合わせて評価することも望ましい。また、例えば、本発明のマーカーであるHMGB1とその他の検査指標であるFasを組み合わせて評価されることも望ましい。
NASHの治療効果の指標として、血中や肝臓の脂肪酸含量や脂肪酸組成比も好ましく用いられる。脂肪酸は、例えば、脂肪酸24分画の公知の手法により測定でき、全脂肪酸中のモル%で算出することができる。脂肪酸組成比とは、例えば、オレイン酸(OA)/ステアリン酸(SA)比、ステアリン酸(SA)/パルミチン酸(PA)比、オレイン酸(OA)/パルミチン酸(PA)比などが使用できるが、特にこれらに限定されない(WO2009/151125参照)。
本発明では、上記NASHの検出及び/又は重篤度の評価のための方法で評価された被験者に対して、NASH治療を行う、NASH治療方法を提供する。本発明においてNASH治療は、好ましくは、NASH治療薬、さらに好ましくはEPA類から選ばれる少なくとも1つを有効成分として含有する医薬組成物の投薬である。さらに、本発明のマーカーを用いてNASH治療薬の治療効果の評価を行いながら、NASH治療を行う方法を含む。
本発明の治療方法において用いられるNASH治療薬は、NASHの病態を治療、軽減、緩和するために使用される薬物であれば特に限定されないが、次に述べるEPA類から選ばれる少なくとも1つを有効成分として含有する医薬組成物の他、例えば、チアゾリジン誘導体(ピオグリタゾン、ロシグリタゾンなど)、ビグアナイド薬(メトホルミンなど)、αグルコシダーゼ阻害剤、スルホニルウレア剤、ナテグリニド、DPP-4阻害剤(シタグリプチン、アログリプチン、ビルダグリプチン、サクサグリプチン、リナグリプチンなど)、GLP-1受容体作動薬(リラグルチド、エキセナチド、タスポグルタイドなど)、PDE-4阻害剤、フィブラート系薬剤(ベザフィブラートなど)、HMG-CoA還元酵素阻害剤(プラバスタチン、アトルバスタチンなど)、プロブコール、アンギオテンシンII-1型受容体拮抗薬(ARB:ロサルタンなど)、ウルソデオキシコール酸、タウリン、ポリエンホスファチジルコリン、抗酸化剤(ビタミンE、ビタミンC、ニコチン酸トコフェロール、N-アセチルシステインなど)、抗TNF治療(抗TNFα抗体など)、ペントキシフィリン、S-アデノシルメチオニン、Milk Thistle,プロバイオティクスなどが挙げられる。NASH治療薬は、治療上有効量が投薬される。これらの薬物は、EPA類から選ばれる少なくとも1つを有効成分として含有する医薬組成物と併用して投薬されることも可能であり、併用により優れた治療効果が発揮される。糖尿病をもつNASH患者は、特に、EPA類から選ばれる少なくとも1つを有効成分として含有する医薬組成物と抗糖尿病薬(例えば、ピオグリタゾン、スルホニルウレア剤、DPP-4阻害剤など)が併用されることが望ましい。被験者が服用している薬剤(例えば、血圧低下剤、高脂血症剤、抗血栓剤など)は継続されることが望ましい。例えば、抗血栓薬のワーファリンやクロピドグレルがEPA類から選ばれる少なくとも1つを有効成分として含有する医薬組成物と併用投与されてもよい。
本発明に用いられるEPA類は、市販品の他、魚油やEPA産生菌およびその培養液を公知の方法、例えば連続式蒸留法、尿素付加法、液体クロマトグラフィー法、超臨界流体クロマトグラフィー法等あるいはこれらの組み合わせで精製して得ることができ、必要によりエステル化処理してエチルエステル等のアルキルエステルやグリセリド等のエステルとすることができる。また、ナトリウム塩、カリウム塩等の無機塩基またはベンジルアミン塩、ジエチルアミン塩等の有機塩基あるいはアルギニン塩、リジン塩等の塩基性アミノ酸との塩とすることができる。
本発明に用いられるEPA類から選ばれる少なくとも1つを有効成分として含有する医薬組成物は、EPA類の純品を使用できることはもちろん、EPA類とともに他の脂肪酸を有効成分として含有してもよい。これらの脂肪酸は、ドコサヘキサエン酸、ドコサペンタエン酸、ドコサモノエン酸、アラキドン酸、イコサテトラエン酸、イコサトリエン酸、イコサモノエン酸オクタデカテトラエン酸、α-リノレン酸、リノール酸、オレイン酸、パルミトオレイン酸、ヘキサデカトラエン酸、ヘキサデカトリエン酸およびヘキサデカジエン酸等の不飽和脂肪酸あるいはベヘン酸、アラキジン酸、ステアリン酸、パルミチン酸およびミリスチン酸等の飽和脂肪酸等が例示される。また、上述の例の脂肪酸は遊離体のほか、それらのナトリウム塩等の無機塩基との塩またはベンジルアミン塩等の有機塩基との塩、さらにはそれらのエチルエステル等のアルキルエステルまたはグリセリド等のエステル体であってもよい。
なおEPA-E含有軟カプセル剤であれば、副作用の発現が少なく、安全な閉塞性動脈硬化症および高脂血症治療薬としてエパデールおよびエパデールS(いずれも持田製薬社製)の商品名で国内で市販されている高純度EPA-E含有軟カプセル剤の市販品を使用することができる。また、EPA-EとDHA-Eの混合物は、たとえば、米国で高TG血症治療薬として市販されているロバザ(Lovaza:グラクソ・スミス・クライン:EPA-E約46.5質量%、DHA-E約37.5質量%含有する軟カプセル剤)を使用することもできる。
経口投与する場合には、EPAとして0.1~9g/日、好ましくは0.5~6g/日、さらに好ましくは1~3g/日を3回に分けて投与するが、必要に応じて全量を1回あるいは数回に分けて投与してもよい。また、例えば、EPA-E及び/又はDHA-Eとして0.1~10g/日、好ましくは0.3~6g/日、より好ましくは0.6~4g/日、さらに好ましくは0.9~2.7g/日、あるいは0.9~1.8g/日で投与されてもよい。
本発明のNASH治療方法は、前記の治療効果を評価するための方法をNASH治療方法の中にとり入れることも望ましい。すなわち、本発明の別の態様として、被験者の生体試料における、第1因子群および第2因子群からなる群より選ばれる1以上の因子をマーカーとして、一定期間以上の間を空けて少なくとも2回測定し、測定値を比較してNASH治療効果を評価することを含むNASH治療方法を提供する。この治療方法は、治療効果の評価に基づいて被験者の治療方法が決定される工程をさらに含んでもよい。例えば、NASH治療薬による治療効果が得られていない、あるいは十分でないと評価された被験者に対して、同治療薬の用量を増加する、他の治療方法・治療薬を追加する、又は他の治療方法・治療薬に切り替える等を行ってもよい。また、NASH治療薬による治療効果が得られていると評価された被験者に対しては、そのまま投薬を継続することが望ましい。
本発明のNASH治療方法は、被験者の生体試料の、本発明のマーカーである第1因子群および第2因子群からなる群より選ばれる1以上の因子をマーカーとして測定し、測定値の評価からEPA類によるNASH治療方法を選択し、該被験者にEPA類を含有する医薬組成物を投薬するNASHを治療する方法である。特に第2因子群の因子は、EPA-Eの効果との関連が確認できたことから、第2因子群の異常の度合いが大きい被験者はEPA類による治療効果を得やすいことが示唆される。
EPA類による治療を選択するのに用いられるマーカーとして望ましいのは、第2因子群からなる群より選ばれるマーカーであり、さらに望ましくは、トロンボスポンジン1、補体D因子である。また、sCD40、HMGB1もEPA類による治療を選択するのに用いられるマーカーとして望ましい。その他の検査指標も併せて用いられてもよい。
例えば、被験者の、第2因子群の因子である補体D因子が測定され、事前に定めた基準値と比較して高い被験者はEPA類を含有する医薬組成物による治療が行われることが望ましい。また、例えば、被験者の、補体D因子、sCD40及びHMGB1が測定され、事前に定めた基準値と比較して高い被験者はEPA類を含有する医薬組成物による治療が行われることが望ましい。ここでの基準値の決定方法は、特に限定されないが、医療従事者が、健常者、NAFLD患者及びNASH患者における因子の平均値をもとに決定することができる。さらに、その他の検査指標(例えば、NASスコア、ALT値、EPA/AA比など)と組み合わせて治療方法が決定されてもよい。
この方法は、いいかえると、本発明のマーカーによりNASH及び/又はNAFLDの被験者の中からEPA類の投薬による治療が適する被験者を選択し、該被験者にEPA類を含有する医薬組成物を投薬するNASHを治療する方法である。
本発明において、NASHの検出、重篤度・治療効果の評価のための方法に用いられる、被験者の生体試料中の第1因子および第2因子からなる群から選択される1つ以上、好ましくは第1因子群から選択される1つ以上の量及び/又は活性を測定するキットを提供する。
本発明のマーカーとしてこれらのタンパク質を用いる場合の測定キットは、該マーカーを測定する手段を備えていればよく、特に限定されないが、好ましくは、該マーカーに対する抗体を含むことが望ましい。該タンパク質に対する抗体は、抗体フラグメントであってもよく、標識された抗体を含むことが望ましい。サンドイッチ法による測定キットが望ましい。
本発明のマーカーのタンパク質の活性を指標として測定する場合の測定キットは、該タンパク質に特異的な基質を含む。本発明のマーカーとして、sPLA2活性を測定する場合、sPLA2活性測定用基質は、特に限定されないが、PLA2がリン脂質をsn-2の位置で加水分解する酵素であるため、基質にはリン脂質を含むことが好ましい。例えば、Diheptanoyl Thio‐phosphatydylcholineなどが挙げられるが、これに限定されない。
本発明の測定キットは、該タンパク質の標準品や発色試薬を含むことも望ましい。
次に本発明を実施例により具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれら実施例に限定されるものではない。
肝生検によりNASHと診断されたヒトNASH患者の血漿(7検体)、健常者の血漿(10検体)の、IL-1ra、sCD40、HMGB1、sPLA2groupIIAの抗原量としての各濃度、及び、sPLA2活性を測定し、比較した。
測定には市販の測定キット、IL-1ra(カタログ番号:DRA00B/R&D Systems Inc.:US)、sCD40(KT-003/KAMIYA BIOMEDICAL COMPANY:Seattle WA)、HMGB1(326054329/Shino-Test Corporation:Japan)、sPLA2groupIIA(585000/Cayman Chemical Company:US)、sPLA2活性(765001/Cayman Chemical Company:US)を用いて行った。
すなわち、IL-1raは、(1)抗IL-1raモノクローナル抗体が固定化されたマイクロプレートに検体を加えて反応させ、その後、(2)標識したポリクローナル抗体を加えて反応させて測定した。上記と同様に、sCD40は(1)抗sCD40モノクローナル抗体、(2)標識したポリクローナル抗体を、HMGB1は(1)抗HMGB1ポリクローナル抗体、(2)標識した抗HMGB1、2モノクローナル抗体を用いて測定した。sPLA2groupIIAは(1)に抗sPLA2groupIIAモノクローナル抗体を用い、sPLA2分子の異なるエピトープに選択的に結合するアセチルコリンエステラーゼ:Fab'複合体を加えて、検体を加えて反応させて測定した。sPLA2活性は、基質としてDiheptanoyl Thio‐phosphatydylcholineが用いられ、検体と反応させて遊離したthiolsをDTNBにより検出した。
測定結果を表1に示す。測定結果は、平均値(mean)±標準偏差(SD)で示す。有意差の検定には、Wilcoxon検定を用いた。Wilcoxon検定(健常者vs NASH患者)は、+(p<0.05)、++(p<0.01)で示す。
以上より、上記各因子は、NASHを検出、重篤度を評価するマーカー、及び/又は、薬剤によるNASH治療効果を判定するマーカーとして使用できることが示唆された。
B6マウス(10週齢)を、コントロール群(I)、HF-HS群(II)、EPA群(III)に分け(n=7-10)、以下の飼料の自由摂食により20週飼育した。
I群:通常食(魚粉抜きF1)(フナバシファーム社製)
II群:高脂肪/高ショ糖食(Harlan Laboratories)+5%パルミチン酸エチル(和光純薬)
III群:高脂肪/高ショ糖食(Harlan Laboratories)+5%EPA-E(日本水産)
20週間の飼育の後、II群では脂肪肝を認めたが、I群及びIII群では脂肪肝を認めなかった。
(1)II群/I群の発現比が2倍以上、かつ、III群/II群の発現比が1/2以下の遺伝子をピックアップする。
(2)II群/I群の発現比が1/2以下、かつ、III群/II群の発現比が2倍以上の遺伝子をピックアップする。
(3)I、II、III群のいずれにおいても、意味のある発現をしていない遺伝子をピックアップする。
(4)(1)から(3)を除いた遺伝子をピックアップする。
(5)(2)から(3)を除いた遺伝子をピックアップする。
上記(4)の遺伝子の中から、タンパクが血中に分泌される可能性のある因子をピックアップし、さらにこの中から、脂質代謝に関連する、炎症に関連する、SREBPトランスジェニックマウスの肝臓で発現が上昇する、のうちのいずれかを満たす遺伝子をピックアップした。得られた遺伝子群(第2因子(A)群)を表2に示す。
表2、3に記載の因子について、ヒトNAFLD患者、健常者の血漿中の各濃度を測定する。測定には、市販の測定キットを用いるか、対応する抗体を用いることにより測定可能である。対応する抗体が入手できない場合には、前記のとおり作製することができる。
(A)群(表2)中のThrombospondin (トロンボスポンジン)1とcomplement factor D(補体D因子)について、ヒトNAFLD患者(肝生検によりNASHと診断されたヒトNASH患者は除外した)の血漿(3検体)、及び、健常者の血漿(10検体)中の各濃度を測定した。
測定には市販の測定キット、Thrombospondin1(カタログ番号:DTSP10/R&DSystems Inc.:US)、complement factor D(DFD00/R&D Systems Inc.:US)を用いた。
トロンボスポンジン1は、(1)抗トロンボスポンジン1モノクローナル抗体を結合させたマイクロプレートに検体を加えて反応させ、その後、(2)標識した抗トロンボスポンジン1ポリクローナル抗体を加えて反応させて測定した。同様に、補体D因子は、(1)に抗補体D因子モノクローナル抗体、(2)に標識した抗補体D因子ポリクローナル抗体を用いて測定した。
測定結果を表4に示す。測定結果は、平均値(mean)±標準偏差(SD)で示す。有意差の検定には、Wilcoxon検定を用いた。Wilcoxon検定(健常者vs NAFLD患者)は、+(p<0.05)、++(p<0.01)で示す。
表2中の因子は、脂肪肝を示すマウスの肝臓で遺伝子発現が上昇する因子であるが、ヒトNAFLD患者の血漿においても健常者と比較して、これらに対応するタンパク濃度が上昇する可能性が高く、血中で測定可能なNAFLDのマーカーとなる可能性が示された。
NASHである可能性のある被験者30例の血漿を採取し、IL-1ra、sCD40、HMGB1を測定し、それぞれの因子について予め定めたカットオフ値と比較する。カットオフ値は試験前に医療従事者により適宜設定されうる。今回のカットオフ値は、IL-1raは652(pg/mL)、sCD40は17.2(pg/mL)、HMGB1は3.4(ng/mL)と定める。
被験者の肝生検を行い、組織学的所見の重症度からNASスコア(NAFLD activity score)を決定する。NASスコアは、steatosis:脂肪変性(0-3),lobular inflammation:小葉の炎症(0-3),balooning:バルーニング(0-2)の、0~8の幅でスコア化する。NASスコアが5以上であればNASHである可能性が高い。(Kleinerらの文献:Hepatology2005;41:1313-1321)。
肝臓の線維化の重症度もスコア化する。これらの組織学的所見からNASHと診断する。
組織学的所見からNASHと診断された被験者は、IL-1ra、sCD40、HMGB1の値がカットオフ値を超えており、IL-1ra、sCD40、HMGB1の測定により簡易にNASHを検出できる。
IL-1ra、sCD40、HMGB1は、次のその他の検査指標のいくつかと組み合わせて評価されたとき、さらに精度が高まる。その他の検査指標としては、腹部超音波検査、CT検査、血清脂質データ(TG,HDL,LDL,TC,VLDLなど)、遊離脂肪酸、血清24分画、血中脂肪酸比(OA/SA比、EPA/AA比など),空腹時血糖、食後血糖、HbA1c、AST,ALT,ALP,GGT,ビリルビン、アルブミン、フェリチン、チオレドキシン、HOMA-IR,血小板数、TNFα、sTNF-R1,sTNF-R2,CTGF,アディポネクチン、レプチン、高感度CRP、ヒアルロン酸、IV型コラーゲン7S,プロコラーゲンIIIポリペプチド、CK18フラグメント、Fasなどが用いられ得る。
糖尿病をもつ被験者には抗糖尿病薬(チアゾリジン誘導体、ビグアナイド薬、αグルコシダーゼ阻害剤、スルホニルウレア剤、ナテグリニド、DPP-4阻害剤、GLP-1アナログなど)が併用投薬される。
投薬開始前、投薬後1ヵ月、3ヶ月、6ヶ月、12ヶ月に、本発明のマーカーであるIL-1ra、sCD40、HMGB1、トロンボスポンジン1、TIMP1,MMP12,13,補体D因子を測定する。併せて、その他の検査指標も測定する。
投薬終了時に、再び被験者の肝生検を実施して、NASスコア及び線維化レベルを評価する。
被験者のIL-1ra値は、投薬開始前はカットオフ値より高値を示すが、EPA-E製剤の投薬後1ヵ月、3ヶ月、6ヶ月の経過に伴い、NASスコアの低下に連動して低下する。sCD40、HMGB1、トロンボスポンジン1、TIMP1,MMP12,13,補体D因子も同様に、EPA-E製剤の投薬に伴い低下する。
本発明のマーカー値がNASH治療薬の投薬に伴い低下した(及び/又は健常者の値に近づく変動を示した)被験者はNASH治療効果が得られていると評価できる。トロンボスポンジン1、TIMP1,MMP12,13,補体D因子の変動は、特にEPA-E製剤による治療効果と高い相関が得られる。
上記のその他の検査指標も、投薬開始前と投薬後経時的に併せて測定して、治療効果の評価に用いることができる。
投薬開始前のNASスコアが6以上の被験者は、投薬開始前のNASスコアが4以下の被験者と比較して、EPA-E製剤の投薬により、NASスコアの低下がより大きい傾向(例えば、3低下する)を示し、EPA-E製剤により高い治療効果を得られる。
この傾向は、IL-1ra、sCD40、HMGB1、トロンボスポンジン1、TIMP1,MMP12,13,補体D因子のマーカーでも同様であり、被験者のマーカー値と事前に定めた基準値(例えば、NASH被験者の平均値)と比較して高い被験者は、マーカー値の低下が大きく、EPA-E製剤により高い治療効果を得られる。このように、これらのマーカーによりEPA-E製剤による治療が適する被験者を選択することができる。
すなわち、EPA-E製剤は、NASスコアが6以上の被験者のためのNASH治療薬としてより好ましい。また、EPA-E製剤は、IL-1ra、sCD40、HMGB1、トロンボスポンジン1、TIMP1,MMP12,13,補体D因子のマーカーの異常の程度の大きい被験者のためのNASH治療薬としてより好ましい。
Claims (6)
- 被験者の生体試料における、IL-1レセプターアンタゴニスト、sCD40、HMGB1、sPLA2groupIIAおよびsPLA2活性からなる群より選ばれる1以上の因子をマーカーとして測定する工程を含む、非アルコール性脂肪肝炎の検出又は重篤度の評価のための方法。
- A)被験者の生体試料における請求項1に記載の因子の量および/または活性値を測定する工程、および
B)前記A)で測定した値を、カットオフ値と比較する工程
を含む請求項1に記載の方法。 - 被験者の生体試料における、IL-2、アポリポタンパクA-IV、アポリポタンパクC-II、CCL2、トロンボスポンジン1、トレハラーゼ、MMP12、MMP13、TIMP1、補体D因子、リポタンパクリパーゼ、IL-3レセプター、 alpha chain、lymphocyte antigen 6 complex、 locus D、COL1a1、TNFRスーパーファミリー,メンバー19(TAJ)、TNFAIP6、VLDLR、EarAファミリー, メンバー1,2,3,12、INSL5、TGFβ2、HAMP、リパーゼHおよびCYP7B1からなる第2の因子群より選ばれる1以上をさらにマーカーとして測定する工程を含む請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 被験者の生体試料における、IL-1レセプターアンタゴニスト、sCD40、HMGB1、sPLA2groupIIA、sPLA2活性、および請求項3に記載の第2因子群からなる群より選ばれる1以上の因子をマーカーとして、一定期間以上の間を空けて少なくとも2回測定し、測定値を比較する工程を含む、非アルコール性脂肪肝炎治療効果の評価のための方法。
- 前記非アルコール性脂肪肝炎治療のためにイコサペント酸、その製薬学上許容しうる塩およびエステルからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1つを有効成分として含有する医薬組成物が投薬され、少なくとも第2因子群より選ばれる1以上がマーカーとして用いられる請求項4に記載の方法。
- IL-1レセプターアンタゴニスト、sCD40、HMGB1、sPLA2groupIIA、IL-2、アポリポタンパクA-IV、アポリポタンパクC-II、CCL2、トロンボスポンジン1、トレハラーゼ、MMP12、MMP13、TIMP1、補体D因子、リポタンパクリパーゼ、IL-3レセプター、 alpha chain、lymphocyte antigen 6 complex、 locus D、COL1a1、TNFRスーパーファミリー、メンバー19(TAJ)、TNFAIP6、VLDLR、EarAファミリー、 メンバー1,2,3,12、INSL5、TGFβ2、HAMP、リパーゼHおよびCYP7B1からなる群より選ばれる1以上に対する抗体又は抗体フラグメント、および/または、sPLA2活性測定用基質を含む、非アルコール性脂肪肝炎の検出又は重篤度・治療効果の評価のための測定キット。
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US13/500,753 US9060981B2 (en) | 2009-10-16 | 2010-10-15 | Marker associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis |
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Also Published As
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JPWO2011046204A1 (ja) | 2013-03-07 |
EP2490026A1 (en) | 2012-08-22 |
CA2777013A1 (en) | 2011-04-21 |
US20150247869A1 (en) | 2015-09-03 |
EP2490026A4 (en) | 2013-08-21 |
US20120231471A1 (en) | 2012-09-13 |
US9060981B2 (en) | 2015-06-23 |
JP5758298B2 (ja) | 2015-08-05 |
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