WO2009119125A1 - 光電変換装置 - Google Patents
光電変換装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009119125A1 WO2009119125A1 PCT/JP2009/050098 JP2009050098W WO2009119125A1 WO 2009119125 A1 WO2009119125 A1 WO 2009119125A1 JP 2009050098 W JP2009050098 W JP 2009050098W WO 2009119125 A1 WO2009119125 A1 WO 2009119125A1
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- electrode layer
- transparent electrode
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- photoelectric conversion
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Images
Classifications
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- H01L31/022466—
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- H01L31/022483—
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- H01L31/0236—
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- H01L31/02366—
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- H01L31/0547—
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- H01L31/0687—
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- H01L31/1884—
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/02521—Materials
- H01L21/02551—Group 12/16 materials
- H01L21/02554—Oxides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/0257—Doping during depositing
- H01L21/02573—Conductivity type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02612—Formation types
- H01L21/02617—Deposition types
- H01L21/02631—Physical deposition at reduced pressure, e.g. MBE, sputtering, evaporation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/544—Solar cells from Group III-V materials
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion device, and more particularly to a solar cell using silicon as a power generation layer.
- a solar cell is known as a photoelectric conversion device that receives light and converts it into electric power.
- solar cells for example, a thin-film solar cell in which a thin-film silicon layer is stacked on a power generation layer (photoelectric conversion layer) is easy to increase in area, and the film thickness is about 1/100 that of a crystalline solar cell.
- the thin film silicon solar cell can be manufactured at a lower cost than the crystalline solar cell.
- a disadvantage of the thin-film silicon solar cell is that the conversion efficiency is lower than that of the crystal system.
- a tandem solar cell has been proposed that obtains high power generation efficiency by efficiently absorbing incident light by stacking two photoelectric conversion cells having different absorption wavelength bands.
- long wavelength light having a wavelength of 600 nm to 1000 nm is absorbed in the crystalline silicon of the photoelectric conversion cell.
- the absorption coefficient of crystalline silicon in the same wavelength region is small, the incident light is reflected in the solar cell. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the optical path length and increase the amount of light absorption in crystalline silicon. For this reason, in the super straight type in which sunlight is incident from the transparent substrate side, improvement of the back surface structure on the side opposite to the light incident side with respect to the power generation layer has been studied.
- a back electrode is formed of a metal exhibiting a high reflectance with respect to light in the wavelength range of sunlight radiation spectrum, and a transparent conductive layer is provided between the back electrode and the silicon semiconductor layer. It is disclosed to form. By forming the transparent conductive layer, it is possible to prevent the back electrode material and the silicon thin film from being alloyed, maintain the high reflectivity of the back electrode, and prevent the conversion efficiency from being lowered.
- Japanese Patent Publication No. 60-41878 Japanese Patent Publication No. 60-41878
- the present invention aims to improve the short-circuit current of the photoelectric conversion device by optimizing the transparent conductive layer.
- a photoelectric conversion device of the present invention is a photoelectric conversion device comprising a first transparent electrode layer, a power generation layer, a second transparent electrode layer, and a back electrode layer on a substrate,
- the film thickness of the second transparent electrode layer is 80 nm or more and 100 nm or less, and the light absorption rate of the second transparent electrode layer in the region of wavelength 600 nm or more and 1000 nm or less is 1.5% or less.
- the film thickness of the second transparent electrode layer When the film thickness of the second transparent electrode layer is increased, the distance between the power generation layer and the back electrode layer is increased, so that light absorption on the back electrode layer surface can be suppressed. This is because the electric field intensity distribution of light that penetrates into the back electrode layer becomes shallower and smaller as the thickness of the second transparent electrode layer increases, and the amount of light absorption in the back electrode layer decreases.
- the conventional second transparent electrode layer since the conventional second transparent electrode layer has a large light absorptance, when the film thickness of the second transparent electrode layer is increased, the amount of light reflected by the back electrode layer and reaching the power generation layer decreases. .
- the second transparent electrode layer has a film thickness of 80 nm to 100 nm, and the light absorption of the second transparent electrode layer in the wavelength region of 600 nm to 1000 nm.
- a photoelectric conversion device having a rate of 1.5% or less, light absorption at the surface of the back electrode layer can be reduced, and light absorption at the second transparent electrode layer can also be reduced.
- the amount of light absorbed by the power generation layer can be increased, and the short circuit current in the power generation layer can be increased.
- the photoelectric conversion device of the present invention is a photoelectric conversion device comprising a first transparent electrode layer, a power generation layer, a second transparent electrode layer, and a back electrode layer on a substrate, wherein the second transparent electrode layer
- the reflectance of light reflected by the interface between the second transparent electrode layer and the power generation layer and the interface between the second transparent electrode layer and the back electrode layer is a wavelength of 80 nm to 100 nm. It is characterized by being 91% or more in a region of 600 nm or more and 1000 nm or less.
- the film thickness of the second transparent electrode layer is 80 nm or more and 100 nm or less, and the second transparent electrode layer and the power generation layer
- the back electrode layer Light absorption at the surface can be reduced, and light absorption at the second transparent electrode layer can also be reduced. As a result, it is possible to increase the short-circuit current in the power generation layer.
- the power generation layer preferably includes a crystalline silicon i layer.
- Crystalline silicon absorbs light in the wavelength region of 600 nm to 1000 nm. Therefore, in the wavelength region of 600 nm to 1000 nm, the light absorptance of the second transparent electrode layer is 1.5% or less, or the reflectance of light reflected by the second transparent electrode layer and the back electrode layer is 91% or more. If so, the amount of light absorption in the crystalline silicon can be increased, so that the short-circuit current of the photoelectric conversion device is further improved.
- the power generation layer includes two or more battery layers, and has at least one intermediate contact layer provided between one battery layer and another battery layer closest to the one battery layer. Also good.
- the intermediate contact layer has an effect of enhancing optical confinement.
- the reflected light from the back electrode layer and the second transparent electrode layer can be increased, and the short-circuit current improvement effect is enhanced.
- the power generation layer is composed of a single battery layer, the battery layer has an amorphous silicon i layer, and the light absorption rate of the second transparent electrode layer is 1 in a region having a wavelength of 600 nm to 800 nm. It is preferably 0.0% or less.
- the power generation layer comprises a single battery layer
- the battery layer has an amorphous silicon i layer, an interface between the second transparent electrode layer and the power generation layer, and the second transparent electrode layer
- the reflectance of the light reflected at the interface between the back electrode layer and the back electrode layer is preferably 91% or more in a region having a wavelength of 600 nm to 800 nm.
- the back electrode layer preferably includes one or more kinds of thin films selected from a silver thin film, an aluminum thin film, a gold thin film, and a copper thin film. Since the listed thin films have high reflectance, the amount of light absorbed by the power generation layer can be increased, and the short-circuit current in the power generation layer can be increased.
- the film thickness of the second transparent electrode layer is 80 nm or more and 100 nm or less, and the light absorption rate of the second transparent electrode layer in the region of wavelength 600 nm or more and 1000 nm or less is 1.5% or less.
- the amount of light absorption in the power generation layer is increased, and a photoelectric conversion device showing a high short-circuit current is obtained.
- the thickness of the second transparent electrode layer is 80 nm or more and 100 nm or less, the interface between the second transparent electrode layer and the power generation layer, and the second transparent electrode layer and the back electrode.
- the reflectance of the light reflected at the interface with the layer is 91% or more in the wavelength region of 600 nm or more and 1000 nm or less, the amount of light absorption in the power generation layer is increased, and a photoelectric conversion device showing a high short-circuit current is obtained. .
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a photoelectric conversion apparatus according to the present embodiment.
- the photoelectric conversion device 100 is a silicon-based solar cell, and includes a substrate 1, a first transparent electrode layer 2, a first battery layer 91 (amorphous silicon) as a power generation layer 3, and a second battery layer 92 (crystalline silicon). System), the second transparent electrode layer 6 and the back electrode layer 4 are provided as a back surface structure.
- the silicon-based is a generic name including silicon (Si), silicon carbide (SiC), and silicon germanium (SiGe).
- the crystalline silicon system means a silicon system other than the amorphous silicon system, and includes a microcrystalline silicon and a polycrystalline silicon system.
- FIG. 2 As the substrate 1, a soda float glass substrate (for example, 1.4 m ⁇ 1.1 m ⁇ plate thickness: a large area substrate having a side of 3 to 6 mm exceeding 1 m) is used.
- the end face of the substrate is preferably subjected to corner chamfering or R chamfering to prevent damage due to thermal stress or impact.
- FIG. 2 (b) As the first transparent electrode layer 2, a transparent electrode film having a thickness of about 500 nm or more and 800 nm or less mainly composed of tin oxide (SnO 2 ) is formed at about 500 ° C. with a thermal CVD apparatus. At this time, a texture with appropriate irregularities is formed on the surface of the transparent electrode film.
- an alkali barrier film (not shown) may be formed between the substrate 1 and the transparent electrode film.
- a silicon oxide film (SiO 2 ) having a thickness of 50 nm or more and 150 nm or less is formed at about 500 ° C. using a thermal CVD apparatus.
- FIG. 2 (c) Thereafter, the substrate 1 is set on an XY table, and the first harmonic (1064 nm) of the YAG laser is incident from the layer surface side of the first transparent electrode layer as indicated by an arrow in the figure.
- the laser power is adjusted so that the processing speed is appropriate, and the substrate 10 and the laser beam are moved relative to each other in the direction perpendicular to the series connection direction of the power generation cells so that the groove 10 is formed. And laser etching into a strip shape having a predetermined width of about 6 mm to 15 mm.
- FIG. 2 (d) As the first battery layer 91, a p layer, an i layer, and an n layer made of an amorphous silicon thin film are formed by a plasma CVD apparatus. Using SiH 4 gas and H 2 gas as main raw materials, amorphous silicon p from the incident side of sunlight on the first transparent electrode layer 2 at a reduced pressure atmosphere: 30 Pa to 1000 Pa, substrate temperature: about 200 ° C. The layer 31, the amorphous silicon i layer 32, and the amorphous silicon n layer 33 are formed in this order. The amorphous silicon p layer 31 is an amorphous B-doped silicon film and has a thickness of 10 nm to 30 nm.
- the amorphous silicon i layer 32 has a thickness of 200 nm to 350 nm.
- the amorphous silicon n layer 33 is a P-doped amorphous silicon film and has a thickness of 30 nm to 50 nm.
- a crystalline silicon film may be formed, or a laminated structure of an amorphous silicon film and a crystalline silicon film may be used.
- a buffer layer may be provided between the amorphous silicon p layer 31 and the amorphous silicon i layer 32 in order to improve interface characteristics.
- p layer, i layer, and n layer which consist of a crystalline silicon thin film as a 2nd battery layer 92 are formed into a film with a plasma CVD apparatus.
- SiH 4 gas and H 2 gas as main raw materials, under reduced pressure atmosphere: 3000 Pa or less, substrate temperature: about 200 ° C., plasma generation frequency: 40 MHz or more and 100 MHz or less, crystalline silicon p layer 41, crystalline silicon i layer 42 Then, the crystalline silicon n layer 43 is formed in this order.
- the crystalline silicon p layer 41 is a B-doped crystalline silicon film having a thickness of 10 nm to 50 nm.
- the film thickness of the crystalline silicon i layer 42 is 1.2 ⁇ m or more and 3.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the crystalline silicon n layer 43 is a P-doped crystalline silicon film having a thickness of 20 nm to 50 nm.
- the intermediate contact layer 5 serving as a semi-reflective film is formed on the first battery layer 91 in order to improve the contact between the first battery layer 91 and the second battery layer 92 and to achieve current matching. You may do it.
- a target: Ga-doped ZnO sintered body is used to form a GZO (Ga-doped ZnO) film having a film thickness of 20 nm or more and 100 nm or less using a DC sputtering apparatus.
- FIG. 2 (e) The substrate 1 is placed on an XY table, and the second harmonic (532 nm) of the laser diode-pumped YAG laser is incident from the film surface side of the photoelectric conversion layer 3 as shown by the arrow in the figure.
- Pulse oscillation The laser power is adjusted to be 10 kHz or more and 20 kHz or less so as to be suitable for the processing speed, and the groove 11 is formed on the lateral side of the laser etching line of the first transparent electrode layer 2 from about 100 ⁇ m to 150 ⁇ m.
- Laser etching The laser may be incident from the substrate 1 side.
- the position of the laser etching line is selected in consideration of positioning tolerances so as not to intersect with the etching line in the previous process.
- FIG. 3 (a) A second transparent electrode layer 6 and a back electrode layer 4 are formed in this order on the crystalline silicon n layer 43 of the second battery layer 92.
- a target Ga-doped ZnO sintered body, discharge gas: argon and oxygen, oxygen partial pressure: 0.5% to 2%, substrate temperature: 20 ° C to 200 ° C
- a GZO film is formed under the condition of 0 ° C. or lower.
- the film thickness of the second transparent electrode layer 6 is not less than 80 nm and not more than 100 nm, preferably not less than 90 nm and not more than 100 nm.
- the transparency of the second transparent electrode layer is improved by forming the GZO film while introducing oxygen.
- the appropriate value of the oxygen partial pressure is set by measuring the absorption rate and conductivity of the second transparent electrode layer. That is, if the oxygen partial pressure is too high, the absorptance becomes small, but the conductivity is deteriorated and it does not function as a transparent electrode layer. If the oxygen partial pressure is too low, the conductivity will be good, but the absorption rate will deteriorate.
- the thickness of the second transparent electrode layer of the solar cell is determined by exposing the cross section of the solar cell by cutting, polishing, focused ion beam (FIB) processing, etc., and then scanning electron microscope (SEM) or transmission electron microscope (TEM). The cross section is observed and measured using
- a silver thin film is formed at a target: Ag, a discharge gas: argon, and a film forming temperature: about 150 ° C. by a sputtering apparatus.
- a silver thin film 200 to 500 nm and a titanium thin film having a high anticorrosive effect as a protective film: 10 to 20 nm may be laminated in order to form a silver thin film / titanium thin film laminated film. good. In this case, it is set as the layer structure by which a silver thin film is installed in the board
- an aluminum thin film, a gold thin film, or a copper thin film can be formed. In particular, it is preferable to form an aluminum thin film because the material cost can be greatly reduced. Further, for example, a back electrode layer made of a laminated film of a silver thin film / aluminum thin film may be formed.
- FIG. 3 (b) The substrate 1 is placed on the XY table, and the second harmonic (532 nm) of the laser diode pumped YAG laser is incident from the substrate 1 side as indicated by the arrow in the figure.
- the laser light is absorbed by the photoelectric conversion layer 3, and the back electrode layer 4 is exploded and removed using the high gas vapor pressure generated at this time.
- Laser power is adjusted so as to be suitable for processing speed, and laser etching is performed so that grooves 12 are formed on the lateral side of the laser etching line of the transparent electrode layer 2 from about 250 ⁇ m to 400 ⁇ m. To do.
- FIG. 3 (c) The power generation region is divided to eliminate the influence that the serial connection portion due to laser etching is likely to be short-circuited at the film edge around the substrate edge.
- the substrate 1 is placed on an XY table, and the second harmonic (532 nm) of the laser diode pumped YAG laser is incident from the substrate 1 side. Laser light is absorbed by the transparent electrode layer 2 and the photoelectric conversion layer 3, and the back electrode layer 4 explodes using the high gas vapor pressure generated at this time, and the back electrode layer 4 / photoelectric conversion layer 3 / transparent electrode Layer 2 is removed.
- Pulse oscillation 1 kHz or more and 10 kHz or less
- the laser power is adjusted so as to be suitable for the processing speed, and the position of 5 mm to 20 mm from the end of the substrate 1 is placed in the X-direction insulating groove as shown in FIG.
- Laser etching is performed to form 15.
- the Y-direction insulating groove does not need to be provided because the film surface polishing removal process in the peripheral region of the substrate 1 is performed in a later step.
- the insulating groove 15 has an effective effect in suppressing external moisture intrusion into the solar cell module 7 from the end of the solar cell panel by terminating the etching at a position of 5 mm to 10 mm from the end of the substrate 1. Therefore, it is preferable.
- the laser beam in the above steps is a YAG laser
- a YVO4 laser or a fiber laser there are some that can use a YVO4 laser or a fiber laser in the same manner.
- Processing is performed so that power can be extracted from the terminal box portion on the back side of the solar cell panel by collecting copper foil from the one end solar cell and the other end solar cell.
- the copper foil arranges an insulating sheet wider than the copper foil width.
- a back sheet 24 having a high waterproofing effect is installed on the EVA.
- the back sheet 24 has a three-layer structure of PET sheet / Al foil / PET sheet so that the waterproof and moisture-proof effect is high.
- the one with the back sheet 24 arranged at a predetermined position is deaerated inside in a reduced pressure atmosphere by a laminator and pressed at about 150 ° C. to 160 ° C., and EVA is crosslinked and brought into close contact.
- FIG. 5 (a) The terminal box 23 is attached to the back side of the solar cell module 7 with an adhesive.
- FIG. 5 (12) FIG. 5 (b) The copper foil and the output cable of the terminal box 23 are connected with solder or the like, and the inside of the terminal box is filled with a sealing agent (potting agent) and sealed. Thus, the solar cell panel 50 is completed.
- a sealing agent potting agent
- FIG. 5 (c) A power generation inspection and a predetermined performance test are performed on the solar cell panel 50 formed in the steps up to FIG.
- the power generation inspection is performed using a solar simulator of AM1.5 and solar radiation standard sunlight (1000 W / m 2 ).
- FIG. 5 Before and after the power generation inspection (FIG. 5C), a predetermined performance inspection is performed including an appearance inspection.
- the second transparent electrode layer having the above thickness, the distance between the silicon as the power generation layer and the silver thin film as the back electrode layer is increased, and the absorption on the surface of the silver thin film is reduced.
- the film thickness of the second transparent electrode layer is 80 nm or more and 100 nm or less.
- the light absorption rate of the second transparent electrode layer in the region of wavelength 600 nm to 1000 nm is 1.5% or less, or in the region of wavelength 600 nm to 1000 nm, the interface between the second transparent electrode layer and the power generation layer and the second (2)
- the reflectance of light reflected at the interface between the transparent electrode layer and the back electrode layer is 91% or more.
- the second transparent electrode layer has a film thickness of 80 nm or more and 100 nm or less and has high transparency, the distance between the power generation layer and the silver thin film as the back electrode layer is increased, and the surface of the silver thin film is increased. Absorption and light loss in the second transparent electrode layer are reduced. As a result, the amount of light absorbed by the second battery layer increases and the short-circuit current of the solar battery increases.
- the battery layer is an amorphous silicon single solar cell having an amorphous silicon i layer
- the light absorption rate of the second transparent electrode layer in the region of the wavelength of 600 nm to 800 nm is 1.0% or less, or the wavelength In the region of 600 nm or more and 800 nm or less
- the reflectance of light reflected at the interface between the second transparent electrode layer and the power generation layer and the interface between the second transparent electrode layer and the back electrode layer is set to 91% or more.
- the light loss in the second transparent electrode layer is reduced.
- the amount of light absorbed by the battery layer increases and the short-circuit current of the solar battery increases.
- the absorptivity spectrum of a structural model (structure model 1) in which GZO films having light absorption characteristics (A), (B), and (C) were formed on a glass substrate was calculated.
- structure model 1 light generated on the air side is incident on the GZO film, part of which is reflected on the air side, and part of the light is transmitted on the glass side.
- the absorption of light in the GZO film can be obtained without adding the absorption in the semi-infinite medium on both sides of the GZO film to the calculation.
- the absorption spectrum of the structural model 1 can be experimentally observed by using a sufficiently transparent optical glass for the glass substrate.
- FIG. 6 shows an example of calculation of the absorptivity spectrum of (A): structural model 1 in which a GZO film having a small optical absorptance is formed.
- FIG. 7 shows an example of calculation of the absorptivity spectrum of (B): structural model 1 in which a GZO film having a medium optical absorptance is formed.
- FIG. 8 shows a calculation example of the absorptivity spectrum of (C): structural model 1 in which a GZO film having a large light absorptance is formed. 6 to 8, the horizontal axis represents wavelength and the vertical axis represents absorption rate.
- FIG. 6 The GZO film having a small light absorption rate has a light absorption rate of 0.2% or less in a region having a film thickness of 100 nm or less and a wavelength of 600 nm or more and 1000 nm or less.
- the GZO film having a large light absorption rate had a film thickness of 50 nm and a light absorption rate on the long wavelength side (wavelength of 950 nm or more) of greater than 1.5%. As the GZO film thickness increased, the wavelength range exceeding 1.5% of the light absorptance increased.
- a reflectance spectrum was calculated for the structural model 2 in which a GZO film and a silver thin film (film thickness: 300 nm) were laminated in this order on a glass substrate.
- the glass substrate, the GZO film, and the silver thin film were assumed to be smooth.
- the structure model 2 light generated on the glass side is incident on the laminated film of the GZO film and the silver thin film, and a part of the light is reflected on the glass side.
- the reflectance of the laminated film of the GZO film and the silver thin film can be obtained without adding the glass absorption to the calculation.
- the reflectance spectrum of the structural model 2 can be experimentally observed by using a sufficiently transparent optical glass for the glass substrate.
- FIG. 9 shows a calculation example of the reflectance spectrum of (A): structural model 2 in which a GZO film having a small light absorption rate is formed.
- FIG. 10 shows a calculation example of the reflectance spectrum of the structural model 2 in which (B): a GZO film having a light absorptance is formed.
- FIG. 11 shows an example of calculation of the reflectance spectrum of the structural model 2 in which (C): a GZO film having a large light absorption rate is formed.
- the horizontal axis represents wavelength and the vertical axis represents reflectance.
- the GZO film having a small light absorption rate has a reflectivity of 93% or more in a region where the film thickness is 100 nm or less and the wavelength is 600 nm or more and 1000 nm or less.
- the GZO film in the light absorptance had a reflectance of 91% or more in a region having a film thickness of 100 nm or less and a wavelength of 600 nm or more and 1000 nm or less.
- C As shown in FIG. 11, the GZO film having a large light absorptivity had a reduced reflectance when the film thickness was large, and a wavelength region where the reflectance was less than 91% when the film thickness was 70 nm or more appeared.
- the reflectance spectrum was calculated for the structural model 3 shown in FIG.
- the structural model 3 in FIG. 12 has a configuration in which a crystalline silicon layer 111 (film thickness: semi-infinite), a GZO film 112, and a silver thin film 113 (film thickness: 300 nm) are stacked in this order.
- An air layer 114 was provided on the opposite side of the silver thin film 113 from the GZO film 112.
- light generated on the crystalline silicon layer side is incident on the laminated film of the GZO film and the silver thin film, and a part of the light is reflected on the crystalline silicon side.
- the reflectance of the laminated film of the GZO film and the silver thin film can be obtained without adding the absorption in the crystalline silicon layer to the calculation.
- the structure model 3 is similar in structure to the structure model 2, but the medium on the light incident side is different. That is, since the boundary conditions for solving the optical thin film interference are different, the obtained results are completely different. Furthermore, the structural model 3 is theoretically impossible to observe experimentally, and the phenomenon can be examined only by calculation.
- the thickness of the GZO film having a maximum reflectance becomes 80 nm or more and 100 nm or less, and shifts to the thicker film side than the GZO film having a large light absorption rate.
- the transparency of the GZO film is improved to reduce the light loss in the GZO film, and the GZO film is thickened to increase the distance between the power generation layer and the silver thin film, thereby reducing the absorption on the surface of the silver thin film. Therefore, it was found that the amount of light reflected by the second transparent electrode layer and the back electrode layer and returning to the power generation layer can be increased.
- An amorphous silicon p layer, an amorphous silicon i layer and a crystalline silicon n layer, a second transparent electrode layer, and a back electrode layer are sequentially formed on a glass substrate as a first transparent electrode layer and a power generation layer.
- a silicon solar battery cell was produced.
- the film thickness of the first transparent electrode layer was 700 nm
- the film thickness of the amorphous silicon p layer was 10 nm
- the film thickness of the amorphous silicon i layer was 200 nm
- the film thickness of the crystalline silicon n layer was 30 nm.
- a DC sputtering apparatus is used as the second transparent electrode layer, and a GZO film is formed at a target: Ga-doped ZnO sintered body, discharge gas: argon and oxygen, oxygen partial pressure: 0.5%, and substrate temperature: 60 ° C. did. Under the above film forming conditions, the light absorption rate of the second transparent electrode layer in the region of the wavelength of 600 nm or more and 1000 nm or less was 0.2% or less.
- a DC sputtering apparatus was used as the back electrode layer, and a silver thin film having a thickness of 250 nm was formed at a target: Ag, a discharge gas: argon, and a substrate temperature: 135 ° C. After forming the back electrode layer, an annealing treatment was performed in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 160 ° C. and a treatment time of 2 hours.
- FIG. 16 the graph showing the relationship between the film thickness of a 2nd transparent electrode layer (GZO film) and the short circuit current of an amorphous silicon photovoltaic cell is shown.
- the horizontal axis represents the film thickness
- the vertical axis represents the relative value of the short-circuit current when the short-circuit current at the second transparent electrode layer thickness of 40 nm is used as a reference.
- the value of the short circuit current is an average value obtained by measuring 15 cells in a 5 cm square substrate surface and 5 substrates.
- the short circuit current was almost the same, but the short circuit current was increased at the film thickness of 80 nm and 100 nm.
- a first transparent electrode layer On a glass substrate, a first transparent electrode layer, a power generation layer made of amorphous silicon (first battery layer), an intermediate contact layer, a power generation layer made of crystalline silicon (second battery layer), a second transparent electrode layer, And the back electrode layer was formed in order and the tandem type photovoltaic cell was produced.
- the power generation layers were formed in the order of p layer, i layer, and n layer from the substrate side.
- the film thickness of the first transparent electrode layer was 700 nm.
- the film thickness of the first battery layer p layer was 10 nm, the film thickness of the first battery layer i layer was 200 nm, and the film thickness of the first battery layer n layer was 30 nm.
- the film thickness of the intermediate contact layer was 70 nm.
- the film thickness of the second battery layer p layer was 30 nm, the film thickness of the second battery layer i layer was 2000 nm, and the film thickness of the second battery layer n layer was 30 nm.
- a DC sputtering apparatus is used as the second transparent electrode layer, and a GZO film is formed at a target: Ga-doped ZnO sintered body, discharge gas: argon and oxygen, oxygen partial pressure: 0.5%, and substrate temperature: 60 ° C. did. Under these film forming conditions, the light absorptance of the second transparent electrode layer in the wavelength region of 600 nm to 1000 nm was 0.2% or less.
- a DC sputtering apparatus was used as the back electrode layer, and a silver thin film having a thickness of 250 nm was formed at a target: Ag, a discharge gas: argon, and a substrate temperature: 135 ° C. After forming the back electrode layer, an annealing treatment was performed in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 160 ° C. and a treatment time of 2 hours.
- FIG. 17 is a graph showing the relationship between the film thickness of the second transparent electrode layer (GZO film) and the short-circuit current of the tandem solar cell.
- the horizontal axis represents the film thickness
- the vertical axis represents the relative value of the short-circuit current when the short-circuit current at the second transparent electrode layer thickness of 40 nm is used as a reference.
- the value of the short circuit current is an average value obtained by measuring 15 cells in a 5 cm square substrate surface and 5 substrates.
- the short-circuit current was almost the same, but the short-circuit current increased when the film thickness was 80 nm and 100 nm.
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Abstract
Description
最適な第2透明電極層の膜厚及び光学特性を検討した結果、第2透明電極層の膜厚が80nm以上100nm以下であり、波長600nm以上1000nm以下の領域における第2透明電極層の光吸収率が1.5%以下である光電変換装置とすることにより、裏面電極層表面での光吸収を低減させるとともに、第2透明電極層での光吸収も低減させることができる。この結果、発電層で吸収される光の光量を増大させ、発電層での短絡電流を増加させることができる。
列挙した薄膜は反射率が高いため、発電層で吸収される光の光量を増大させ、発電層での短絡電流を増加させることができる。
また、本発明の光電変換装置は、第2透明電極層の膜厚が80nm以上100nm以下であり、前記第2透明電極層と前記発電層との界面及び前記第2透明電極層と前記裏面電極層との界面で反射された光の反射率が、波長600nm以上1000nm以下の領域で91%以上であるため、発電層での光吸収量が増大し、高い短絡電流を示す光電変換装置となる。
2 第1透明電極層
3 光電変換層
4 裏面電極層
5 中間コンタクト層
6 第2透明電極層
7 太陽電池モジュール
31 非晶質シリコンp層
32 非晶質シリコンi層
33 非晶質シリコンn層
41 結晶質シリコンp層
42 結晶質シリコンi層
43 結晶質シリコンn層
91 第1電池層
92 第2電池層
100 光電変換装置
図1は、本実施形態に係る光電変換装置の構成を示す概略図である。光電変換装置100は、シリコン系太陽電池であり、基板1、第1透明電極層2、発電層3としての第1電池層91(非晶質シリコン系)及び第2電池層92(結晶質シリコン系)、裏面構造として第2透明電極層6及び裏面電極層4を備える。なお、ここで、シリコン系とはシリコン(Si)やシリコンカーバイト(SiC)やシリコンゲルマニウム(SiGe)を含む総称である。また、結晶質シリコン系とは、非晶質シリコン系以外のシリコン系を意味するものであり、微結晶シリコンや多結晶シリコン系も含まれる。
基板1としてソーダフロートガラス基板(例えば、1.4m×1.1m×板厚:3~6mmの一辺が1mを超える大面積基板)を使用する。基板端面は熱応力や衝撃などによる破損防止にコーナー面取りやR面取り加工されていることが望ましい。
第1透明電極層2として酸化錫(SnO2)を主成分とする膜厚約500nm以上800nm以下の透明電極膜を、熱CVD装置にて約500℃で製膜する。この際、透明電極膜の表面には、適当な凹凸のあるテクスチャが形成される。第1透明電極層2として、透明電極膜に加えて、基板1と透明電極膜との間にアルカリバリア膜(図示されず)を形成しても良い。アルカリバリア膜は、膜厚50nm以上150nm以下の酸化シリコン膜(SiO2)を熱CVD装置にて約500℃で製膜する。
その後、基板1をX-Yテーブルに設置して、YAGレーザーの第1高調波(1064nm)を、図の矢印に示すように、第1透明電極層の層面側から入射する。加工速度が適切となるようにレーザーパワーを調整して、透明電極膜を発電セルの直列接続方向に対して垂直な方向へ、基板1とレーザー光を相対移動して、溝10を形成するように幅約6mmから15mmの所定幅の短冊状にレーザーエッチングする。
第1電池層91として、非晶質シリコン薄膜からなるp層、i層及びn層を、プラズマCVD装置により製膜する。SiH4ガス及びH2ガスを主原料にして、減圧雰囲気:30Pa以上1000Pa以下、基板温度:約200℃にて、第1透明電極層2上に太陽光の入射する側から非晶質シリコンp層31、非晶質シリコンi層32、非晶質シリコンn層33の順で製膜する。非晶質シリコンp層31は非晶質のBドープシリコン膜であり、膜厚10nm以上30nm以下である。非晶質シリコンi層32は、膜厚200nm以上350nm以下である。非晶質シリコンn層33はPドープ非晶質シリコン膜であり、膜厚30nm以上50nm以下である。非晶質シリコンn層33に代えて、結晶質シリコン膜を形成しても良く、あるいは、非晶質シリコン膜と結晶質シリコン膜との積層構造としても良い。非晶質シリコンp層31と非晶質シリコンi層32の間には、界面特性の向上のためにバッファー層を設けても良い。
基板1をX-Yテーブルに設置して、レーザーダイオード励起YAGレーザーの第2高調波(532nm)を、図の矢印に示すように、光電変換層3の膜面側から入射する。パルス発振:10kHz以上20kHz以下として加工速度に適切となるようにレーザーパワーを調整して、第1透明電極層2のレーザーエッチングラインの約100μmから150μmの横側を、溝11を形成するようにレーザーエッチングする。またこのレーザーは基板1側から入射しても良い。この場合は光電変換層3の第1電池層91で吸収されたエネルギーで発生する高い蒸気圧を利用できるので、更に安定したレーザーエッチング加工を行うことが可能となる。レーザーエッチングラインの位置は前工程でのエッチングラインと交差しないように位置決め公差を考慮して選定する。
第2電池層92の結晶質シリコンn層43上に、順に第2透明電極層6及び裏面電極層4を形成する。
第2透明電極層6として、スパッタリング装置により、ターゲット:GaドープZnO焼結体を用いて、放電ガス:アルゴン及び酸素、酸素分圧:0.5%以上2%以下、基板温度20℃以上200℃以下の条件で、GZO膜を製膜する。第2透明電極層6の膜厚は、80nm以上100nm以下、好ましくは90nm以上100nm以下、とする。上記のように、本実施形態では、酸素を導入しながらGZO膜を製膜することによって、第2透明電極層の透明性を向上させる。
なお、酸素分圧の適正値は、第2透明電極層の吸収率と導電性を計測し、設定する。すなわち、酸素分圧が高すぎると吸収率は小さくなるが、導電性が悪化し、透明電極層として機能しなくなる。酸素分圧が低すぎると、導電性は良好となるが、吸収率が悪化する。
裏面電極層4として、アルミ薄膜、金薄膜、または銅薄膜を形成することも可能である。特に、アルミ薄膜を形成する場合は、材料コストを大幅に削減できるため好ましい。また、例えば、銀薄膜/アルミ薄膜の積層膜からなる裏面電極層を形成しても良い。
基板1をX-Yテーブルに設置して、レーザーダイオード励起YAGレーザーの第2高調波(532nm)を、図の矢印に示すように、基板1側から入射する。レーザー光が光電変換層3で吸収され、このとき発生する高いガス蒸気圧を利用して裏面電極層4が爆裂して除去される。パルス発振:1kHz以上10kHz以下として加工速度に適切となるようにレーザーパワーを調整して、透明電極層2のレーザーエッチングラインの約250μmから400μmの横側を、溝12を形成するようにレーザーエッチングする。
発電領域を区分して、基板端周辺の膜端部においてレーザーエッチングによる直列接続部分が短絡し易い影響を除去する。基板1をX-Yテーブルに設置して、レーザーダイオード励起YAGレーザーの第2高調波(532nm)を、基板1側から入射する。レーザー光が透明電極層2と光電変換層3とで吸収され、このとき発生する高いガス蒸気圧を利用して裏面電極層4が爆裂して、裏面電極層4/光電変換層3/透明電極層2が除去される。パルス発振:1kHz以上10kHz以下として加工速度に適切となるようにレーザーパワーを調整して、基板1の端部から5mmから20mmの位置を、図3(c)に示すように、X方向絶縁溝15を形成するようにレーザーエッチングする。このとき、Y方向絶縁溝は後工程で基板1周囲領域の膜面研磨除去処理を行うので、設ける必要がない。
後工程のEVA等を介したバックシート24との健全な接着・シール面を確保するために、基板1周辺(周囲領域14)の積層膜は、段差があるとともに剥離し易いため、積層膜を除去する。基板1の端から5mmから20mmで基板1の全周囲にわたり、X方向は前述の図3(c)工程で設けた絶縁溝15よりも基板端側において、Y方向は基板端側部付近の溝10よりも基板端側において、裏面電極層4/光電変換層3/透明電極層2を、砥石研磨やブラスト研磨などを用いて除去を行う。研磨屑や砥粒は基板1を洗浄処理して除去する。
端子箱取付け部分はバックシート24に開口貫通窓を設けて集電板を取出す。この開口貫通窓部分には絶縁材を複数層設置して外部からの湿分などの浸入を抑制する。
太陽電池モジュール7の裏側に端子箱23を接着剤で取付ける。
銅箔と端子箱23の出力ケーブルとをハンダ等で接続し、端子箱内部を封止剤(ポッティング剤)で充填して密閉する。これで太陽電池パネル50が完成する。
図5(b)までの工程で形成された太陽電池パネル50について発電検査ならびに、所定の性能試験を行う。発電検査は、AM1.5、全天日射基準太陽光(1000W/m2)のソーラシミュレータを用いて行う。
発電検査(図5(c))に前後して、外観検査をはじめ所定の性能検査を行う。
光吸収特性(透明性)が(A):光吸収率小、(B):光吸収率中程度、(C):光吸収率大のGZO膜を形成したモデルについて、フレネル反射に基づく光学薄膜干渉計算を行った。計算ソフトは、サイバネット社のOPTAS-FILMを使用した。ガラス及び銀薄膜の媒質データは、公知文献に記載のデータを用いた。GZO膜の媒質データは、ガラス上に形成したGZO膜を光学計測して求めた。結晶質シリコンの媒質データは、公知文献に記載の単結晶Siのデータを用いた。空気は、屈折率1、消衰係数0とした。
α = 100-(R+T) ・・・(1)
から求めた。
図9に、(A):光吸収率小のGZO膜を形成した構造モデル2の反射率スペクトルの計算例を示す。図10に、(B):光吸収率中のGZO膜を形成した構造モデル2の反射率スペクトルの計算例を示す。図11に、(C):光吸収率大のGZO膜を形成した構造モデル2の反射率スペクトルの計算例を示す。図9乃至図11において、横軸は波長、縦軸は反射率である。
ガラス基板上に第1透明電極層、発電層として、非晶質シリコンp層、非晶質シリコンi層及び結晶質シリコンn層、第2透明電極層、及び裏面電極層を順次形成し、アモルファスシリコン太陽電池セルを作製した。第1透明電極層の膜厚を700nm、非晶質シリコンp層の膜厚を10nm、非晶質シリコンi層の膜厚を200nm、結晶質シリコンn層の膜厚を30nmとした。第2透明電極層として、DCスパッタリング装置を用い、ターゲット:GaドープZnO焼結体、放電ガス:アルゴン及び酸素、酸素分圧:0.5%、基板温度:60℃にてGZO膜を製膜した。上記製膜条件において、波長600nm以上1000nm以下の領域における第2透明電極層の光吸収率は0.2%以下であった。裏面電極層として、DCスパッタリング装置を用い、ターゲット:Ag、放電ガス:アルゴン、基板温度:135℃で膜厚250nmの銀薄膜を製膜した。裏面電極層を形成後、窒素雰囲気にて温度:160℃、処理時間:2時間のアニール処理を行った。
第2透明電極層の膜厚が40nm及び60nmのアモルファスシリコン太陽電池セルでは、短絡電流はほぼ同程度であったが、膜厚が80nm及び100nmで短絡電流が増大した。
Claims (7)
- 基板上に第1透明電極層と、発電層と、第2透明電極層と、裏面電極層とを備える光電変換装置であって、
前記第2透明電極層の膜厚が80nm以上100nm以下であり、
波長600nm以上1000nm以下の領域における前記第2透明電極層の光吸収率が1.5%以下であることを特徴とする光電変換装置。 - 基板上に第1透明電極層と、発電層と、第2透明電極層と、裏面電極層とを備える光電変換装置であって、
前記第2透明電極層の膜厚が80nm以上100nm以下であり、
前記第2透明電極層と前記発電層との界面及び前記第2透明電極層と前記裏面電極層との界面で反射された光の反射率が、波長600nm以上1000nm以下の領域で91%以上であることを特徴とする光電変換装置。 - 前記発電層が、結晶質シリコンi層を含む請求項1または請求項2に記載の光電変換装置。
- 前記発電層が、2以上の電池層を備え、
1つの電池層と該1つの電池層に最も近い他の電池層との間に設けられた中間コンタクト層を少なくとも1つ有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換装置。 - 前記発電層が単一の電池層からなり、該電池層が非晶質シリコンi層を有し、
波長600nm以上800nm以下の領域における前記第2透明電極層の光吸収率が1.0%以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光電変換装置。 - 前記発電層が単一の電池層からなり、該電池層が非晶質シリコンi層を有し、
前記第2透明電極層と前記発電層との界面及び前記第2透明電極層と前記裏面電極層との界面で反射された光の反射率が、波長600nm以上800nm以下の領域で91%以上であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の光電変換装置。 - 前記裏面電極層が、銀薄膜、アルミ薄膜、金薄膜、銅薄膜の中から選択される1種類以上の薄膜を備えることを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換装置。
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AU2009230532A AU2009230532A1 (en) | 2008-03-28 | 2009-01-07 | Photovoltaic converter |
CN200980100102A CN101779293A (zh) | 2008-03-28 | 2009-01-07 | 光电转换装置 |
EP09725180A EP2190028A1 (en) | 2008-03-28 | 2009-01-07 | Photoelectric converter |
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US9437758B2 (en) | 2011-02-21 | 2016-09-06 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Photoelectric conversion device |
US9246434B2 (en) * | 2011-09-26 | 2016-01-26 | First Solar, Inc | System and method for estimating the short circuit current of a solar device |
JP5492354B1 (ja) * | 2012-10-02 | 2014-05-14 | 株式会社カネカ | 結晶シリコン太陽電池の製造方法、太陽電池モジュールの製造方法、結晶シリコン太陽電池並びに太陽電池モジュール |
FR3061606A1 (fr) * | 2016-12-29 | 2018-07-06 | Sunpartner Technologies | Procede d'ablation laser de couches minces pour la realisation de modules photovoltaiques semi-transparents |
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JPH05206490A (ja) * | 1992-01-27 | 1993-08-13 | Sharp Corp | 光電変換装置 |
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JPH11274528A (ja) * | 1998-03-25 | 1999-10-08 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 光起電力装置 |
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JP2003188401A (ja) * | 2001-10-09 | 2003-07-04 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | タンデム型シリコン系薄膜光電変換装置 |
JP2003298088A (ja) * | 2002-04-02 | 2003-10-17 | Kanegafuchi Chem Ind Co Ltd | シリコン系薄膜光電変換装置 |
JP2006120737A (ja) * | 2004-10-19 | 2006-05-11 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 光電変換素子 |
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2008
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2009
- 2009-01-07 WO PCT/JP2009/050098 patent/WO2009119125A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2009-01-07 US US12/671,868 patent/US20100229935A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-01-07 EP EP09725180A patent/EP2190028A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-01-07 KR KR1020107001431A patent/KR20100028112A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2009-01-07 CN CN200980100102A patent/CN101779293A/zh active Pending
- 2009-01-07 TW TW098100415A patent/TW200947719A/zh unknown
- 2009-01-07 AU AU2009230532A patent/AU2009230532A1/en not_active Abandoned
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JPH05110125A (ja) * | 1991-10-17 | 1993-04-30 | Canon Inc | 光起電力素子 |
JPH05206490A (ja) * | 1992-01-27 | 1993-08-13 | Sharp Corp | 光電変換装置 |
JPH07321362A (ja) * | 1994-05-24 | 1995-12-08 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 光起電力装置 |
JPH11274528A (ja) * | 1998-03-25 | 1999-10-08 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 光起電力装置 |
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JP2006120737A (ja) * | 2004-10-19 | 2006-05-11 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 光電変換素子 |
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TW200947719A (en) | 2009-11-16 |
JP2009246031A (ja) | 2009-10-22 |
AU2009230532A1 (en) | 2009-10-01 |
KR20100028112A (ko) | 2010-03-11 |
US20100229935A1 (en) | 2010-09-16 |
EP2190028A1 (en) | 2010-05-26 |
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