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WO2007087626A2 - Procédé de neurostimulation de structures neuronales distinctes mettant en oeuvre un réseau d'électrode unique pour le traitement d'une pluralité de zones douloureuses et réseau d'électrodes à colonnes multiples, à rangées multiples pour une telle neurostimulation - Google Patents

Procédé de neurostimulation de structures neuronales distinctes mettant en oeuvre un réseau d'électrode unique pour le traitement d'une pluralité de zones douloureuses et réseau d'électrodes à colonnes multiples, à rangées multiples pour une telle neurostimulation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007087626A2
WO2007087626A2 PCT/US2007/061126 US2007061126W WO2007087626A2 WO 2007087626 A2 WO2007087626 A2 WO 2007087626A2 US 2007061126 W US2007061126 W US 2007061126W WO 2007087626 A2 WO2007087626 A2 WO 2007087626A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electrodes
patient
paddle
lead
paddle lead
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2007/061126
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English (en)
Other versions
WO2007087626A3 (fr
Inventor
Claudio A. Feler
John H. Erickson
Original Assignee
Advanced Neuromodulation Systems, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Advanced Neuromodulation Systems, Inc. filed Critical Advanced Neuromodulation Systems, Inc.
Publication of WO2007087626A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007087626A2/fr
Publication of WO2007087626A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007087626A3/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02—Details
    • A61N1/04—Electrodes
    • A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
    • A61N1/0551—Spinal or peripheral nerve electrodes
    • A61N1/0553—Paddle shaped electrodes, e.g. for laminotomy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/3605—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system
    • A61N1/3606—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system adapted for a particular treatment
    • A61N1/36071—Pain
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/3605—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system
    • A61N1/36128—Control systems
    • A61N1/36146—Control systems specified by the stimulation parameters
    • A61N1/36182—Direction of the electrical field, e.g. with sleeve around stimulating electrode
    • A61N1/36185—Selection of the electrode configuration

Definitions

  • the present application is generally related to providing an effective neuromodulation therapy for multiple pain locations using a multi-column, multi-row paddle lead.
  • Each exterior region, or each dermatome, of the human body is associated with a particular spinal nerve root at a particular longitudinal spinal position.
  • the head and neck regions are associated with C2-C8, the back regions extends from C2-S3, the central diaphragm is associated with spinal nerve roots between C3 and C5, the upper extremities correspond to C5 and Tl, the thoracic wall extends from Tl to TI l, the peripheral diaphragm is between T6 and TI l, the abdominal wall is associated with T6-L1, lower extremities are located from L2 to S2, and the perineum from L4 to S4.
  • a neurostimulation lead is implanted adjacent to the spinal cord at the corresponding spinal position.
  • a specific energy field is typically applied to a region between vertebrae levels T8 and T 12.
  • the specific energy field often stimulates a number of nerve fibers and structures of the spinal cord.
  • Nerve fibers extend between the brain and a nerve root along the same side of the dorsal column as the peripheral areas the fibers represent. Pain that is concentrated on only one side of the body is "unilateral" in nature. To address unilateral pain, electrical energy is applied to neural structures on the side of a dorsal column that directly corresponds to a side of the body subject to pain. Pain that is present on both sides of a patient is "bilateral.” Accordingly, bilateral pain is addressed through application of electrical energy along both sides of the column and/or along a patient's physiological midline.
  • Percutaneous leads and laminotomy leads are the two most common types of lead designs that provide conductors to deliver stimulation pulses from an implantable pulse generator (IPG) to distal electrodes adjacent to the pertinent nerve tissue.
  • IPG implantable pulse generator
  • conventional percutaneous lead 100 includes electrodes 101 that substantially conform to the body of the body portion of the lead. Due to the relatively small profile of percutaneous leads, percutaneous leads are typically positioned above the dura layer through the use of a Touhy-like needle. Specifically, the Touhy-like needle is passed through the skin, between desired vertebrae to open above the dura layer for the insertion of the percutaneous lead.
  • conventional laminotomy or paddle lead 150 has a paddle configuration and typically possesses a plurality of electrodes 151 (commonly, two, four, eight, or sixteen) arranged in columns. Due to their dimensions and physical characteristics, conventional laminotomy leads require a surgical procedure (a partial laminectomy) for implantation. Multi-column laminotomy leads enable more reliable positioning of a plurality of electrodes as compared to percutaneous leads. Also, laminotomy leads offer a more stable platform that tends to migrate less after implantation and that is capable of being sutured in place. Laminotomy leads also create a uni-directional electrical field and, hence, can be used in a more electrically efficient manner than typical percutaneous leads.
  • multi- programmable IPGs enable the pattern of electrical pulses to be varied across the electrodes of a lead.
  • electrodes of a connected stimulation lead to be set as an anode (+), as a cathode (-), or to a high-impendence state (OFF).
  • OFF high-impendence state
  • negatively charged ions and free electrons flow away from a cathode toward an anode. Consequently, using laminotomy lead 150 of FIGURE IB as an example, a range of very simple to very complex electrical fields can be created by defining different electrodes in various combinations of (+), (-), and OFF.
  • a functional combination must include at least one anode and at least one cathode (although in some cases, the "can" of the IPG can function as an anode).
  • a paddle lead is provided with multiple columns and multiple rows.
  • the paddle lead is preferably implanted within a patient such that the electrodes are positioned within the cervical or thoracic spinal levels.
  • an electrode combination on a first row of electrodes can be determined that is effective for a first pain location with minimal effects on other regions of the body.
  • the first pain location can be addressed by stimulating a first dorsal column fiber due to the relatively fine electrical field resolution achievable by the multiple columns.
  • another electrode combination on a second row of electrodes can be determined for a second pain location with minimal effects on other regions of the body.
  • the second pain location could be addressed by stimulating a second dorsal column fiber.
  • the patient's IPG can be programmed to deliver pulses using the first and second rows according to the determined electrode combinations.
  • the patient's IPG can be programmed to deliver pulses using the first and second rows according to the determined electrode combinations.
  • FIGURES IA and IB respectively depict conventional percutaneous and paddle leads.
  • FIGURE 2 depicts the spinal cord and the nerve roots in relation to the vertebral spinal canal.
  • FIGURE 3 depicts the anatomical structures of the spinal cord and FIGURES 4A and 4B depict the dermatomes areas.
  • FIGURES 5A and 5B respectively depict a planar view and a cross- sectional view of a multi-column, multi-row paddle lead usable according to representative embodiments.
  • FIGURES 5C and 5D depict main electrodes with encircling and interstitial electrodes designs that could be employed within the paddle of FIGURES 5A and 5B.
  • FIGURE 6 depicts a system for implantable pulse generator with a multi-column, multi-row paddle lead in communication with a wireless programming device according to one representative embodiment.
  • FIGURE 7 depicts a stimulation paddle according to another representative embodiment.
  • dorsal column refers to conducting pathways in the spinal cord that are located in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord between the posterior horns, and which comprises afferent somatosensory neurons.
  • the dorsal column is also known as the posterior funiculus.
  • spinal cord spinal nervous tissue associated with a vertebral segment
  • nervous tissue associated with a vertebral segment or “spinal cord associated with a vertebral segment or level” includes any spinal nervous tissue associated with a vertebral level or segment.
  • spinal cord and tissue associated therewith are associated with cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
  • Cl refers to cervical vertebral segment 1
  • C2 refers to cervical vertebral segment 2, and so on.
  • Tl refers to thoracic vertebral segment 1
  • T2 refers to thoracic vertebral segment 2, and so on.
  • Ll refers to lumbar vertebral segment 1
  • L2 refers to lumbar vertebral segment 2
  • spinal cord nerve roots leave the bony spine at a vertebral level different from the vertebral segment with which the root is associated.
  • the Tl 1 nerve root leaves the spinal cord myelum at an area located behind vertebral body T8-T9 but leaves the bony spine between TI l and T 12.
  • chronic pain refers to a persistent state of pain experienced for a substantial amount of time (e.g., longer than three months).
  • CRPS complex regional pain syndrome
  • the nervous system comprises two general components, the central nervous system, which is composed of the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which is composed of ganglia or dorsal root ganglia and the peripheral nerves that lie outside the brain and the spinal cord.
  • the central nervous system which is composed of the brain and the spinal cord
  • the peripheral nervous system which is composed of ganglia or dorsal root ganglia and the peripheral nerves that lie outside the brain and the spinal cord.
  • the nervous system may be linguistically separated and categorized, but functionally they are interconnected and interactive.
  • the central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord, which together function as the principal integrator of sensory input and motor output.
  • the brain consists of the cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres and the diencephalons), the brainstem (midbrain, pons, and medulla); and the cerebellum.
  • the spinal cord is organized into segments, for example, there are 8 cervical (C1-C8), 12 thoracic (Tl -T 12), 5 lumbar (L1-L5), 5 sacral (S1-S5), and 1 cocygeal (Col) spinal segments. In adults, the spinal cord typically ends at the level of the Ll or L2 vertebral bones.
  • the nerve roots travel downward to reach their exit points at the appropriate levels.
  • Left and right sensory and motor nerve roots arise from each segment of the spinal cord except for the Cl and Col segments, which have no sensory roots.
  • the sensory nerve root 301 and motor nerve root 302 fuse to form a single mixed spinal nerve 303 for each segment.
  • the mixed spinal nerves further fuse and intermingle peripherally to form plexuses and nerve branches.
  • peripheral nervous system is divided into the autonomic system (parasympathetic and sympathetic), the somatic system and the enteric system.
  • the term peripheral nerve is intended to include both motor and sensory neurons and neuronal bundles of the autonomic system, the somatic system, and the enteric system that reside outside of the spinal cord and the brain.
  • Peripheral nerve ganglia and nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord are also described by the term peripheral nerve.
  • the spinal cord is known to contain a butterfly-shaped central gray matter surrounded by ascending and descending white matter columns or funiculi.
  • Sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia have axons that bifurcate.
  • One branch relays sensory information from the periphery and the other branch carries this information through the dorsal nerve root filaments into the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord.
  • the peripheral region that is innervated by sensory fibers from a single nerve root is known as a dermatome. As shown in FIGURES 4A and 4B, dermatomes are divided into sacral (S1-S5), lumbar (L1-L5), thoracic (T1-T12) and cervical (C2-C8).
  • FIGURE 3 shows that the central gray matter 10 of the spinal cord can be divided into the dorsal (posterior) horn 11 that is involved in sensory processing, an intermediate zone 12 that contains interneurons and specialized nuclei and a ventral (anterior) horn 13 that contains motor neurons.
  • the white matter 20 of the spinal cord is divided into dorsal or posterior columns 30, lateral columns 40 and ventral or anterior columns 50.
  • the spinal cord does not appear the same at all levels; for example, the white matter is thickest in the cervical levels, where the most ascending fibers have already entered the cord and the most descending fibers have not yet terminated on their targets, while the sacral cords are mostly gray matter.
  • the spinal cord has two enlargements, the cervical enlargement and the lumosacral enlargement that give rise to the nerve plexuses for the arms and legs.
  • the spinal cord has more gray matter at the cervical and lumbosacral levels than at the thoracic levels particularly in the ventral horns where lower motor neurons for the arms and legs reside.
  • the present application is directed to stimulation of fibers within the dorsal column of the spinal cord and not the dorsal roots of the spinal cord according to some representative embodiments. Based upon the below description, one of skill in the art understands the fiber types that would need to be stimulated to produce the desired effect.
  • the dorsal column of the spinal cord contains four different fiber types that are classified according to axon diameter, for example A- ⁇ or I has a diameter of 13-20 ⁇ m, A- ⁇ or II has a diameter of 6-12 ⁇ m, A- ⁇ or III has a diameter of 1-5 ⁇ m and C or IV has a diameter of 0.2-1.5 ⁇ m.
  • the dorsal column or posterior column of the spinal cord is associated with the somatosensory pathways that is divided into to two pathways: the posterior column-medial lemniscal system that conveys proprioception, vibration sense, and fine and discriminative touch and the anterolateral systems that conveys pain, temperature sense and crude touch.
  • the large-diameter, myelinated axons of the posterior column-medial lemniscal system conveys proprioception, vibration sense, and fine and discriminative touch. These axons enter the spinal cord via the medial portion of the dorsal root entry zone and ascend to the posterior column nuclei in the medulla.
  • Somatotopic organization of the dorsal column reveals fibers that are added laterally from higher levels as the dorsal columns ascend.
  • the medial portion of the dorsal column is the gracile fascilculus 31 and carries information from the legs and lower trunk while the more lateral portion of the dorsal column, cuneate fasciculus 32, carries information from the upper trunk above about T6 and from the arms and neck.
  • First-order sensory neurons that have axons in the gracile and cuneate fasciculi synapse onto second-order neurons in the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus, respectively, which decussate as internal arcuate fibers and then form the meidal lemniscus on the other side of the medulla.
  • VPL ventral posterior lateral nucleus
  • This part of the somatosensory system contains smaller-diameter and unmyelinated axons that carry or relay information about pain and temperature sense.
  • the axons also enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root entry zone, however, they synapse in the gray matter of the spinal cord, mainly the dorsal horn marginal zone (lamina I) and/or lamina V.
  • the second-order sensory neurons in the central gray matter cross over in the spinal cord anterior (ventral) commissure to ascend into the anterolateral white matter.
  • Somatotopic organization reveals that the feet are most laterally represented fibers are added medially as the anterolateral pathways ascend the spinal cord. Eventually, the information is relayed in the thalamus which projects to the somatosensory cortex.
  • FIGURE 5A depicts an example laminotomy lead 210 for treatment of multi-location pain locations according to one representative embodiment.
  • Laminotomy lead 210 includes proximal end 212 and distal end 214.
  • Proximal end 212 includes a plurality of electrically conductive terminals 218.
  • Distal end 214 includes a plurality of electrically conductive electrodes 220 (only electrodes 220- 1 through 220-10 are annotated for the sake of clarity) arranged within a flat, thin paddle-like structure 216.
  • the electrodes 220 are mutually separated by insulative material of the paddle.
  • the electrodes are preferably spaced 1.5 mm laterally and 2.5 mm longitudinally.
  • the electrodes are preferably spaced by 1.0 mm laterally and 2 mm or 3 mm longitudinally.
  • Conductors 222 (which are embedded within the insulative material of the lead body) electrically connect electrodes 220 to terminals 218.
  • paddle 216 includes five columns and four rows of electrodes 220.
  • Alternative numbers of columns and rows may be employed.
  • thirty-two or more electrodes are distributed into multiple rows and multiple columns.
  • every row need not contain the same number of columns.
  • a number of rows can include a "tri-pole" design having three columns of electrodes while additional rows can include five or more columns of electrodes to enable a greater amount of electrical field resolution (see paddle 700 as shown in FIGURE 7).
  • the multiple columns of electrodes enable lateral control of the applied electrical field to stimulate the exact lateral position of the pertinent nerve fiber(s).
  • the multiple columns of paddles provide sufficient resolution to relatively finely control the stimulation of one or several specific fibers. Additionally, the multiple columns provide a degree of positional tolerance during the surgical placement of paddle 216 within the epidural space, because any one of the columns can be used to stimulate the pertinent nerve fiber(s). Also, if paddle 216 is displaced relative to the pertinent nerve fibers subsequent to implantation (e.g., due to lead migration), the stimulation pattern applied by the pulse generator can be shifted between columns to compensate for the displacement.
  • the multiple rows of paddles enable multiple pain locations to be treated with a single implanted lead.
  • a first row can be used to treat a first pain complaint (e.g., pain in the lower extremities) and a second row can be used to treat a second pain location (e.g., post-laminectomy pain in the back).
  • the stimulation in first and second rows may occur in a substantially independent basis.
  • anodes on the second row will have relatively minimal effect on the field distribution generated by cathodes on the first row.
  • a paddle lead can be implanted within a patient such that the electrodes are positioned within the cervical or thoracic spinal levels.
  • an electrode combination on a first row of electrodes can be determined that is effective for a first pain location with minimal effects on other regions of the body.
  • the first pain location can be addressed by stimulating a specific dorsal column fiber due to the relatively fine electrical field resolution achievable by the multiple columns.
  • another electrode combination on a second row of electrodes can be determined for a second pain location with minimal effects on other regions of the body.
  • the second pain location could be addressed by stimulating another dorsal column fiber as an example.
  • the patient's IPG can be programmed to deliver pulses using the first and second rows according to the determined electrode combinations.
  • the selection of electrodes to function as anodes can often facilitate isolation of the applied electrical field to desired fibers and other neural structures.
  • the selection of an electrode to function as an anode at a position adjacent to another electrode functioning as a cathode causes the resulting electron/ion flow to be limited to tissues immediately surrounding the two electrodes.
  • By alternating through the possible anode/cathode combinations it is possible to gain greater resolution in the stimulation of dorsal column fibers. Also, it is possible to confine the applied electrical field to or away from the periphery of the paddle structure.
  • anodes can also be used to hyperpolarize neural tissue. Depending on the anode amplitude and the proximity to the pertinent neural tissue, the hyperpolarization can be used to prevent selected neural tissue from propagating action potentials. The hyperpolarization can also be used to prevent an adjacent cathode from initiating propagation of an action potential beginning at the selected neural tissue.
  • the multiple columns of electrodes also enable lateral "steering" of the electrical field using a single channel pulse generator.
  • a single channel pulse generator refers to a pulse generator that provides an equal magnitude pulse to each active electrode at a given time.
  • each electrode is either “active” (i.e., it is coupled to the pulse generator output during pulse generation by a suitable gate or switch) or “inactive” (i.e., the gate or switch does not couple the electrode to the pulse generator output).
  • Each "active" electrode experiences the same amplitude; only the polarity varies depending upon whether the electrodes are set as cathodes or anodes as defined by the positions of the respective gates or switches.
  • the steering of the electrical field occurs by selecting appropriate states for the electrodes. Depending upon the desired neural tissue to be stimulated, it may be beneficial to confine the electrical field along the periphery of paddle 216. Confinement of the electrical field along the periphery can be accomplished by setting electrode 220-1 to function as a cathode and setting electrode 220-2 to function as an anode. Because the electrical field will generally be confined between these two electrodes during stimulation pulses, only nerve fibers within the adjacent area will be stimulated. Generally speaking, nerve fibers past electrode 220-2 would not be stimulated when a pulse is delivered via electrode 220-1 due to the anodal blocking.
  • an initial "inward” adjustment in the electrical field can be accomplished by setting electrode 220-1 as a cathode, setting electrode 220-2 as an anode, and setting electrode 220-3 as an anode thereby steering the stimulation toward the inward lateral direction.
  • Another inward adjustment could be made by setting electrode 220-1 to the cathode state, setting electrode 220-2 to the high impedance state, and setting electrode 220-3 to the anode state.
  • the anodal blocking may be programmed to work in similar manner to controllably steer the stimulation toward the outward lateral direction and guard tissues at the periphery of the paddle 216.
  • electrode 220-3 can be set to function as a cathode and electrodes 220-2 and/or 220-1 can be set to the anodal state.
  • each main electrode 220 of paddle structure 216 can be associated with one or several smaller encircling electrodes 250.
  • the encircling electrodes 250 can be set as anodes to confine the electrical field during pulse generation substantially within the perimeter defined by the encircling electrodes 250.
  • other adjacent main electrodes 220 could be selectively set as anodes to stretch the field in a specific direction beyond the perimeter of the respective encircling electrodes 250, if desired.
  • each encircling electrode 250 can be coupled to the same conductor 222 to minimize the number of conductors 222 within the lead 210.
  • FIGURE 5D depicts another design in which main electrodes 220 are associated with interstitial electrodes 260 for anodal blocking. In a similar manner, interstitial electrodes 250 could be coupled to a common conductor.
  • Conductors 222 are carried in sheaths 224.
  • each sheath 224 carries eight conductors 222. With only two sheaths 224 with eight conductors each, there would only be sixteen conductors 222.
  • multiple electrodes 220 are coupled to the same conductor 222 (and, hence, to a common terminal 218).
  • electrodes 220-1 and 220-4 are coupled to a common conductor 222
  • electrodes 220-5 and 220-6 are coupled to a common conductor 222
  • electrodes 220-7 and 220-8 are coupled to a common conductor
  • electrodes 220-9 and 220-10 are coupled to a common conductor.
  • Electrodes 222 can be employed to minimize the number of conductors 222 required to support the various electrodes 220.
  • a relatively large number of electrodes e.g., thirty-two, sixty- four, and greater
  • the electrodes could be coupled to one or several electrical gates (e.g., as deposited on a flex circuit).
  • the electrical gates can be controllably configured to couple each electrode to a conductor 222 carrying cathode pulses, to couple each electrode to an anode termination, or to maintain each electrode at a high impedance state.
  • the electrical gates could be controlled using a main controller (a logic circuit) on the paddle structure that is coupled to a data line conductor 222.
  • the data line conductor 222 is used to communicate signals from the IPG that identify the desired electrode states.
  • the main controller responds to the signals by setting the states of the electrical gates as appropriate.
  • a cathode conductor line 222 and an anode conductor line 222 are provided in one or several lead bodies along with a plurality of optical fibers.
  • the optical fibers are used to carry optical control signals that control the electrode states.
  • the paddle structure includes photodetectors (e.g., photodiodes) that gate connections to the anode conductor line and the cathode conductor line.
  • the use of optical fibers to carry optical control signals is advantageous, because the diameter of optical fibers suitable for such functionality is smaller than electrical conductors. Therefore, a larger number of electrodes (as compared to using a separate electrical conductor for each electrode) can be independently controlled while maintaining the lead body diameters at an acceptable size.
  • Terminals 218 and electrodes 220 are preferably formed of a non- corrosive, highly conductive material. Examples of such material include stainless steel, MP35N, platinum, and platinum alloys. In a preferred embodiment, terminals 218 and electrodes 220 are formed of a platinum- iridium alloy. Each conductor 222 is formed of a conductive material that exhibits desired mechanical properties of low resistance, corrosion resistance, flexibility, and strength. While conventional stranded bundles of stainless steel, MP35N, platinum, platinum-iridium alloy, drawn-brazed silver (DBS) or the like can be used, a preferred embodiment uses conductors 222 formed of multi-strands of drawn-filled tubes (DFT).
  • DFT drawn-filled tubes
  • Each strand is formed of a low resistance material and is encased in a high strength material (preferably, metal).
  • a selected number of "sub-strands" are wound and coated with an insulative material. With regard to the operating environment of representative embodiments, such insulative material protects the individual conductors 222 if its respective sheath 224 was breached during use.
  • conductors 222 formed of multi-strands of drawn- filled tubes provide a low resistance alternative to other materials. Specifically, a stranded wire, or even a coiled wire, of approximately 60 cm and formed of MP35N or stainless steel or the like would have a measured resistance in excess of 30 ohms. In contrast, for the same length, a wire formed of multi-strands of drawn-filled tubes could have a resistance less than 4 ohms.
  • Sheaths 224 and paddle structure 216 are preferably formed from a medical grade, substantially inert material, for example, polyurethane, silicone, or the like.
  • such material should be non-reactive to the environment of the human body, provide a flexible and durable (i.e., fatigue resistant) exterior structure for the components of lead 210, and insulate adjacent terminals 218 and/or electrodes 220.
  • Additional structure e.g., a nylon mesh, a fiberglass substrate (not shown) can be internalized within the paddle structure 216 to increase its overall rigidity and/or to cause the paddle structure 216 to assume a prescribed cross-sectional form.
  • the paddle structure may be fabricated to possess a substantially flat profile.
  • the paddle structure may be fabricated to possess a prescribed arc along a transverse or lateral direction of the paddle structure 216 as shown in the cross-sectional view of FIGURE 5B.
  • "wing" structures 232 may be formed for the purpose of retaining paddle structure 216 within the central portion of the epidural space.
  • one or several electrodes 220 could be disposed on the wing structures 232.
  • FIGURE 6 depicts paddle lead 210 coupled to IPG 310 which is in wireless communication with programmer device 320.
  • IPG an example of a commercially available IPG is the EonTM Rechargeable IPG manufactured by Advanced Neuromodulation Systems, Inc, although any suitable IPG, such as RF powered devices, could be alternatively employed.
  • paddle lead 210 is coupled to the headers ports 311 of IPG 310. Each header port 311 electrically couples the respective terminals 218 (shown previously in FIGURE 5A) to a switch matrix (not shown) within IPG 310.
  • the switch matrix selectively connects the pulse generating circuitry (not shown) of IPG 310 to the various terminals 218, and, hence to the electrodes 220.
  • the sealed portion 312 of IPG 310 contains the pulse generating circuitry, communication circuitry, control circuitry, and battery (not shown) within an enclosure to protect the components after implantation within a patient.
  • the control circuitry may comprise a microprocessor, one or more ASICs, and/or any suitable circuitry for controlling the pulse generating circuitry.
  • the control circuitry controls the pulse generating circuitry to apply electrical pulses to the patient via electrodes 220 of paddle 210 according to multiple pulse parameters (e.g., pulse amplitude, pulse width, pulse frequency, etc.).
  • the electrodes 220 are set to function as cathodes or anodes or set to a high-impedance state for a given pulse according to the couplings provided by the switch matrix.
  • the electrode states may be changed between pulses.
  • paddle lead 210 When paddle lead 210 is initially implanted within the patient, a determination of the set(s) of pulse parameters and the electrode configuration(s) that effectively treat the patient's condition is made.
  • the determination or programming typically occurs through a physician's interaction with configuration software 321 executed on the programmer device 320.
  • Configuration software 321 steps the physician through a number of parameters and electrode configurations.
  • the electrode configurations are stepped through by laterally "steering" the electrical field by moving the anodes and/or cathodes along a row of the paddle as discussed above.
  • the patient provides feedback to the physician regarding the perceived stimulation that occurs in response the pulse parameters and electrode configuration(s).
  • the physician effects changes to the parameters and electrode configuration(s) until optimal pulse parameters and electrode configuration(s) are determined.
  • the final pulse parameters and configurations are stored within IPG 310 for subsequent use.
  • the pulse parameters and configurations are used by IPG 310 to control the electrical stimulation provided to the patient via paddle lead 310.
  • the stimulation system is utilized to preferentially stimulate nerve fibers in the dorsal column of the spinal cord.
  • One technique that offers the ability to affect neuronal function is the delivery of electrical stimulation to target tissues via an implanted device having a probe.
  • the probe is, for example, a stimulation lead or electrode assembly.
  • An electrode assembly may be one electrode, multiple electrodes, or an array of electrodes in or around the target area.
  • the proximal end of the probe is coupled to the system to operate the device to stimulate the target site.
  • the probe is coupled to an electrical signal source, which, in turn, is operated to stimulate the predetermined treatment site of the dorsal column. Stimulation of the predetermined site is performed to modulate neuronal fibers of the dorsal column.
  • Modulation of this neuronal tissue may result in efficacious treatment of a neurological disorder, for example, pain, in a subject. While optimal results from the treatment may result in the complete cessation of pain in a subject, any lessening of the amplitude of a subject's pain may be considered successful according to the representative embodiments.
  • Electrodes can be delivered through electrodes positioned external to the dura layer surrounding the spinal cord. Stimulation on the surface of the cord (subdurally) is also contemplated; for example, stimulation may be applied to the dorsal columns as well as to the dorsal root entry zone or the dorsal root ganglia and/or nerve root.
  • the dorsal column of the spinal cord is stimulated; more particularly, any neuronal tissue of the dorsal column associated with any of the cervical vertebral segments (Cl, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, Cl) and/or any tissue associated with any of the thoracic vertebral segments (Tl, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, TlO, TI l, 12) and/or any tissue associated with any of the lumbar vertebral segments (Ll, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6) and/or any tissue associated with the sacral vertebral segments (Sl, S2, S3, S4, S5).
  • Such electrical energy is provided by the laminotomy leads discussed above.
  • the stimulation device is used to stimulate fiber types of the dorsal column, more specifically in the area of the mid-thoracic and low-thoracic vertebral levels (T8-T11) or the high cervical levels (C1-C2).
  • T8-T11 mid-thoracic and low-thoracic vertebral levels
  • C1-C2 high cervical levels
  • the advantage of high cervical stimulation of the dorsal column is that the white matter of the dorsal column is thickest in the cervical levels because this is where most of the ascending fibers have already entered the cord and most descending fibers have not yet terminated. Thus, stimulation of these fibers may result in a greater effect than stimulating the thoracic areas. Also, stimulation in this cervical area of the dorsal column may also elicit a sympathetic response in the peripheral nervous system.
  • the laminotomy lead of representative embodiments is implanted such that it stimulates the dorsal column of the spinal cord, more specifically, it stimulates a predetermined fiber type of the dorsal column.
  • the pain modulation may be altered by stimulating non-pain fibers, such as A- ⁇ fibers.
  • the periaqueductal gray receives inputs from the hypothalamus, amygdala, and cortex, and inhibits pain transmission in the dorsal horn via a relay in the rostral ventral medulla.
  • Pain can include chronic pain, for example CRSII or CRSI.
  • CRSII chronic pain
  • CRSI CRSI
  • representative embodiments are applicable to other animals which experience pain. This may include, for example, primates, canines, felines, horses, elephants, dolphins, etc.
  • one skilled in the art may be able to modulate the pain via dorsal column stimulation to achieve a desirable result.
  • the predetermined site is stimulated in an effective amount or effective treatment regimen to decrease, reduce, modulate or abrogate the pain.
  • a subject is administered a therapeutically effective stimulation so that the subject has an improvement in the parameters relating to pain.
  • the improvement is any observable or measurable improvement.
  • Treatment regimens may vary as well, and often depend on the health and age of the patient. Obviously, certain types of disease will require more aggressive treatment, while at the same time, certain patients cannot tolerate more taxing regimens. The clinician will be best suited to make such decisions based on the known subject's history.
  • beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, improvement of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether objective or subjective.
  • the improvement is any observable or measurable improvement.
  • a treatment may improve the patient condition, but may not be a complete cure of the disease.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Neurosurgery (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Neurology (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)

Abstract

Dans certains modes de réalisation, l'invention concerne un réseau d'électrodes implanté chez un patient de sorte que les électrodes soient positionnées à l'intérieur de niveaux vertébraux cervical ou thoracique. Une combinaison d'électrodes sur une première rangée d'électrodes peut être déterminée pour être efficace pour une première zone douloureuse avec des effets minimaux sur d'autres régions du corps. La première zone douloureuse peut être traitée par la stimulation d'une première fibre de la colonne dorsale grâce à la résolution de champ électrique relativement fine susceptible d'être obtenue par une pluralité de colonnes. Ensuite, une autre combinaison d'électrodes sur une seconde rangée d'électrodes peut être déterminée pour une seconde zone douloureuse avec des effets minimaux sur d'autres régions. La seconde zone douloureuse peut être traitée par la stimulation d'une seconde fibre de la colonne dorsale. Suite à la détermination des électrodes appropriées pour la stimulation, le générateur d'impulsions implantable du patient peut être programmé pour la délivrance d'impulsions au moyen des première et seconde rangées selon les combinaisons d'électrodes déterminées.
PCT/US2007/061126 2006-01-26 2007-01-26 Procédé de neurostimulation de structures neuronales distinctes mettant en oeuvre un réseau d'électrode unique pour le traitement d'une pluralité de zones douloureuses et réseau d'électrodes à colonnes multiples, à rangées multiples pour une telle neurostimulation WO2007087626A2 (fr)

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US20130030501A1 (en) 2013-01-31
US20110270350A1 (en) 2011-11-03
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US7979133B2 (en) 2011-07-12
US20130006341A1 (en) 2013-01-03
US20100030310A1 (en) 2010-02-04
WO2007087626A3 (fr) 2008-02-14
US20100030300A1 (en) 2010-02-04
US7979131B2 (en) 2011-07-12
US8615300B2 (en) 2013-12-24
US9962543B2 (en) 2018-05-08

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